Atomic Number, Atomic Symbol, and Element Name

E
X number for each of the following elements.
Find the atomic symbol and atomic
(a) silicon A
(b) potassium M
(c) gold P
(d) antimony
L
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Solution:
As you become familiar with the4periodic table, you will be able to quickly locate elements on it. For now, it might
be easier to find them in the alphabetical listing on the inside back cover of this book, but you should also find their
.
position in the periodic table.
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Introductory Chemistry, Third Edition

By Nivaldo J. Tro Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 Atomic Number, Atomic Symbol, and Element Name
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Continued X
A
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Atomic Number, Atomic Symbol, and Element Name

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Find the name and atomicKnumber for each of the following elements.
(a) Na I
(b) Ni
(c) P L
(d) Ta L
B
U Problems 43, 44, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52.
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Introductory Chemistry, Third Edition
By Nivaldo J. Tro E Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 Classifying Elements as Metals, Nonmetals, or Metalloids
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X
Classify each of the following elements as a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid.
(a) Ba A
(b) I M
(c) O P
(d) Te
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Solution:
(a) Barium is on the left side of the
4 periodic table; it is a metal.
(b) Iodine is on the right side of the periodic table; it is a nonmetal.
.
(c) Oxygen is on the right side of the periodic table; it is a nonmetal.
2 section of the periodic table, along the line that divides the metals from the
(d) Tellurium is in the middle-right
nonmetals; it is a metalloid.

Classifying Elements as Metals, Nonmetals, or Metalloids

S
Classify each of the following K elements as a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid.
(a) S I
(b) Cl
(c) Ti L
(d) Sb L
B
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IF Problems 53, 54, 55, 56.
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By Nivaldo J. Tro
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Introductory Chemistry, Third Edition
M Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 Groups and Families of Elements
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X
Classify each of the following elements as a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid.
(a) Ba A
(b) I M
(c) O P
(d) Te
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Solution:
(a) Mg is in Group 2A; it is an alkaline
4 earth metal.
(b) N is in Group 5A.
.
(c) K is in Group 1A; it is an alkali metal.
3
(d) Br is in Group 7A; it is a halogen.

Groups and Families of Elements

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To which group or familyKof elements does each of the following elements belong?
(a) Li I
(b) B
(c) I L
(d) Ar L
B
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IF Problems 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66
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Introductory Chemistry, Third Edition
By Nivaldo J. Tro O
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Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 Determining Ion Charge from Numbers of Protons and Electrons
E
X
Determine the charge of each of the following ions.
A
(a) a magnesium ion with 10 electrons
(b) a sulfur ion with 18 electronsM
(c) an iron ion with 23 electronsP
L
Solution: E
To determine the charge of each ion, we use the ion charge equation.
Ion charge = #p – #e–
4
The number of electrons is given in the problem. The number of protons is obtained from the element’s atomic
number in the periodic table. .
(a) magnesium with atomic number 4 12
Ion charge = 12 – 10 = 2+ (Mg2+)
(b) sulfur with atomic number 16
Ion charge = 16 - 18 = 2 – (S2 –)
(c) iron with atomic number 26
Ion charge = 26 – 23 = 3+ (Fe3+)

Determining Ion Charge from Numbers of Protons and Electrons

S
Determine the charge of each K of the following ions.
(a) a nickel ion with 26 electrons I
(b) a bromine ion with 36Lelectrons
(c) a phosphorus ion withL18 electrons
B
U
Introductory Chemistry, Third Edition
By Nivaldo J. Tro I Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 Determining Ion Charge from Numbers of Protons and Electrons
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Continued
X
A
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P Example 4.10; Problems 75, 76.
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Introductory Chemistry, Third Edition

By Nivaldo J. Tro Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 Determining the Number of Protons and Electrons in an Ion
E
Find the number of protons and X electrons in the Ca2+ ion.
A
From the periodic table, find thatMthe atomic number Solution:
for calcium is 20, so calcium hasP20 protons. The Ion charge = #p – #e–
number of electrons can be found using the ion 2+ = 20 – #e–

charge equation.
L #e– = 20 – 2 = 18
E

4
Therefore the number of electrons is 18. The Ca2+ ion has 20 protons and 18 electrons.
.
5
Determining the Number of Protons and Electrons in an Ion
S
Find the number of protonsKand electrons in the S2 – ion.
I
L Example 4.11; Problems 77, 78.
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Introductory Chemistry, Third Edition
By Nivaldo J. Tro A
5 Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
C Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 Charge of Ions from Position in Periodic Table
E
X
Based on their position in the periodic table, what ions will barium and iodine tend to form?
A
Solution: M
P tend to form a cation with a 2+ charge (Ba2+). Since iodine is in Group 7A, it
Since barium is in Group 2A, it will
will tend to form an anion with aL1– charge (I–)
E
Charge of Ions from Position in Periodic Table
S4
Based on their position inK the periodic table, what ions will potassium and sulfur tend to form?
.
I6
L Problems 81, 82.
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Introductory Chemistry, Third Edition
By Nivaldo J. Tro Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
C Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 Atomic Numbers, Mass Numbers, and Isotope Symbols
E
What are the atomic number (Z),Xmass number (A), and symbols of the carbon isotope with 7 neutrons?
A
Solution: M
From the periodic table, we findPthat the atomic number (Z) of carbon is 6, so carbon atoms have 6 protons. The
mass number (A) for the isotope with 7 neutrons is the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons.
A = 6 + 7 = 13
L
E for the isotope are C-13 and
So, Z = 6, A = 13 and the symbols

4
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Atomic Numbers, Mass Numbers, and Isotope Symbols
7
S
What are the atomic number,
K mass number, and symbols for the chlorine isotope with 18 neutrons?
I
L Example 4.12; Problems 87, 89, 91, 92.
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Introductory Chemistry, Third Edition
By Nivaldo J. Tro Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
T Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 Numbers of Protons and Neutrons from Isotope Symbols
E
How many protons and neutronsXare in the following chromium isotope?
A
M
P
The number of protons is equal to
L Z (lower left Solution:
number). E #p = Z = 24

4
The number of neutrons is equal to A #n = A – Z
.
(upper left number) – Z (lower left number). = 52 – 24
8 = 28

Numbers of Protons and Neutrons from Isotope Symbols

S
How many protons and neutrons K are in the following potassium isotope?
I
L
L
B Example 4.13; Problems 93, 94.
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Introductory Chemistry, Third Edition
By Nivaldo J. Tro R Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 Calculating Atomic Mass
E
Gallium has two naturally occurring
X isotopes: Ga-69 with mass 68.9256 amu and a natural abundance of 60.11%,
and Ga-71 with mass 70.9247 amuA and a natural abundance of 39.89%. Calculate the atomic mass of gallium.
M
P
Convert the percent natural abundances into decimal
form by dividing by 100. L
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Use the fractional abundances and
9 the atomic masses
of the isotopes to compute the atomic mass according
to the atomic mass definition given earlier.

Calculating Atomic Mass

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Magnesium has three naturally occurring K isotopes with masses of 23.99, 24.99, and 25.98 amu and natural
abundances of 78.99%, 10.00%,Iand 11.01%. Calculate the atomic mass of magnesium.
L
L Example 4.14; Problems 97, 98.
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Introductory Chemistry, Third Edition
By Nivaldo J. Tro OE Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 Determining Ion Charge from Numbers of Protons and Electrons
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X
Determine the charge of a selenium
A ion with 36 electrons.
M
Solution: P
Selenium is atomic number 34; therefore,
L it has 34 protons.
Ion charge = 34 – 36 = 2–
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0

Introductory Chemistry, Third Edition

By Nivaldo J. Tro Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 Determining the Number of Protons and Electrons in an Ion
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X
Find the number of protons and electrons in the O2– ion.
A
Solution:
M
P
The atomic number of O is 8; therefore, it has 8 protons.
Ion charge = #p – #e – L
2- = 8 – #e- E
#e- = 8 + 2 = 10

The ion has 8 protons and 10 electrons.

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1

Introductory Chemistry, Third Edition

By Nivaldo J. Tro Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 Determining Atomic Numbers, Mass Numbers, and Isotope Symbols
forE an Isotope
X
What are the atomic number (Z),Amass number (A), and symbols for the iron isotope with 30 neutrons?
M
Solution: P
The atomic number of iron is 26.L
A = 26 + 30 = 56
The mass number is 56. E

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2

Introductory Chemistry, Third Edition

By Nivaldo J. Tro Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 Number of Protons and Neutrons from Isotope Symbols
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X
How many protons and neutrons are in
A
Solution:
M
28 protons P
L
#n = 62 – 28 = 34 neutrons
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Introductory Chemistry, Third Edition

By Nivaldo J. Tro Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
 Calculating Atomic Mass from Percent Natural Abundances and
Isotopic
E Masses
X
A isotopes: Cu-63 with mass 62.9395 amu and a natural abundance of 69.17%,
Copper has two naturally occurring
and Cu-65 with mass 64.9278 amuM and a natural abundance of 30.83%. Calculate the atomic mass of copper.
P
Solution: L
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4

Introductory Chemistry, Third Edition

By Nivaldo J. Tro Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458