WS P.table (8 Files Merged)

1
Periodic Table
1. The element with a proton number 12 has similar chemical properties to the element with
the proton number
A 2.
B 11.
C 13.
D 20.
Ans:[D]
D – Element with proton number 12 will have the electronic structure 2, 8, 2; the one with proton number
20 will be 2, 8, 8, 2. Both of them have 2 electrons in the valence shell, hence, similar chemical properties.
2. Which statement about the Periodic Table is correct?

A the melting point of the elements increases down Group I
B the reactivity of the elements increases down Group VII
C the reactivity of the elements decreases down Group I
D the colour of the elements becomes darker down Group VII
Ans:[D]
Exp: D – In Group VII elements, reactivity decreases but the color intensity increases down the group;
whereas in Group I, reactivity increases and melting point decreases down the group.
3. Which property describes the order of the elements in the Periodic Table?
A The masses of their atoms
B The number of electrons in the outer shell
C The number of neutrons in the nucleus
D The number of protons in the nucleus
Ans: [D]
Exp: D – The elements are arranged in consecutively increasing order of atomic number starting with 1 for
H (hydrogen)
4. Which element is in Group IV, period 5 of the Periodic Table?

A Antimony C Lead
B Arsenic D Tin
Ans:[D]
Exp: Refer to the Periodic Table. Look for the element in period 5 in group IV, which is Tin (Sn)
5 Many properties of an element and its compounds can be predicted from the position of the
element in the Periodic Table.
What property could not be predicted in this way?
A the acidic or basic nature of its oxide
B the formula of its oxide
C the number of isotopes it has
D its metallic or non-metallic properties
Ans: [C]
Exp: C – The number of isotopes (atoms of the same element with a different nucleon (mass)
number) are not stated in the Periodic Table.
1
2
6 Elements X and Y are in Group VII of the Periodic Table. X is a liquid at room temperature.
Y is a solid at room temperature.
1. Atoms of Y have more protons than atoms of X.
2. Molecules of Y have more atoms than molecules of X.
3. Y displaces X from aqueous solutions of X- ions.
Which statements are correct?
[ANS=A]
A 1 only C 3 only
B 2 only D 1,2 and 3
Exp: A – Melting points of members of Group VII increase down the group, hence Y is below X; therefore, Y is
a larger atom than X and is less reactive. All members of this group have diatomic molecules.
7. Two particles X and Y have the composition shown in the table.

[ANS=C]
particle No. of electrons No. of neutrons No. of protons
X 10 8 8
Y 18 18 17
The particles X and Y are

A metal atoms.
B non-metal atoms.
C negative ions.
D positive ions.
Exp: C – The difference between the protons and electrons shows that both are negative ions as
the number of electrons is greater than that of protons.
2
3
8 The diagrams show the arrangements of the electrons of four elements.
Which two elements are metals?

[ANS=B]
A 1 and 2
B 1 and 3
C 2 and 4
D 3 and 4
Exp: B – The number of valence electrons shows the group number of an atom. Group 1 and 2 are metals whereas
Group 5 is non-metals.
9 Use the Periodic Table to decide which element has all four of the properties shown.
_ high melting point
_ variable oxidation states
_ good electrical conductivity
_ forms coloured compounds
[ANS=B]
A caesium, Cs
B cobalt, Co
C iodine, I
D strontium, Sr
Exp: B – Variable oxidation states and colored compounds are the properties shown only by
transition elements; Na and Cs are Group 1 metals whereas Iodine is a halogen.
10 Part of the Periodic Table is shown. The letters are not the symbols of the elements.
Period Group
I II III IV V VI VII 0
1
2 V W X
3 Y Z
3
4
Which statement is correct?

A V is more reactive than Y
B W has more metallic character than V
C Y has a lower melting point than V
D Z is more reactive than X
[Ans=C]
Exp: C – V is above Y in the Group I, hence is less reactive; metallic character decreases from left to right,
hence V is more reactive than W; in Group VII, reactivity decreases down the group, hence X is more
reactive than Z.
11. Using the apparatus shown, chlorine was passed through the tube. After a short time,
colored substances were seen at P, Q and R.
Potassium
iodide
P Q R
Chlorine
Potassium
bromide Gentle heat Cotton wool soaked
in concentrated
aqueous ammonia
What were these colored substances?

At P At Q At R
A Green gas Violet vapor Black solid
B Green gas Red brown Violet vapor
vapor
C Red brown Violet vapor Black solid
vapor
D Violet vapor Red brown Red brown
vapor vapor
[Ans= C]
Exp: C – When Cl2 passes through KBr, Br– ions are oxidized to Br2 by Cl2.
– –
Cl2 + 2Br → 2Cl + Br2
Hence at P, reddish brown Br2 vapor is observed. Some of these Br2 and the unreacted Cl2 then passes
–
through KI and oxidize I to I2. Hence violet vapor of I2 is observed at Q. On moving further (away from
heating) I2 vapors solidify to for black deposit at R.
12 The proton number of Indium, In, is 49. What is the most likely formula for the oxide of
indium?
A In2O
B In2O3
C InO
D InO2
[Ans=B
Exp: B – It is a group III metal with a valency of 3.
4
5
13 Which atom has the same electronic configuration as the strontium ion?
A Calcium
B Krypton
C Rubidium
D Selenium
[Ans:B]
Exp: B – Both strontium ion, Sr2+, and Kr have the same number of electrons, i.e. 36, and hence, have the
same electronic configuration.
14 Which statement about a new element, which has seven outer electrons in its atoms, is
correct?
A It is monatomic
B It forms a covalent compound with hydrogen
C It forms a positive ion
D It forms covalent compounds with Group I elements
[Ans: B]
Exp: B – An element with seven outer electrons should be classified under halogens in Group VII of the
Periodic Table. It would form a covalent molecule with hydrogen, e.g. HX and an ionic compound with Group I
elements, e.g. NaX.
15 The ion XH4+ can be represented by the ‘dot and cross’ diagram shown:
To which group in the Periodic Table does X belong?

A I
B III
C IV
D V
[Ans=D]
Exp: D – Since element X has 5 outer electrons, it must be found in Group V. The ‘dot and cross’ diagram
+
given could be NH4 ion.
16 Element X is a solid at room temperature. It needs one electron per atom to gain the
electronic structure of a noble gas. It is the least reactive element in its group. What is the
element X?
[ANS=A]
A At C F
B Cs D Li
Exp: A – Needing one electron to complete the outermost shell means that it belongs to Group
VII. The reactivity in this group decreases down the group
5
6
17 Element Z has the following properties.•

 It has a high melting point.
 Its presence can lower the activation energy for a reaction.
What type of element is Z?
[ANS=D]
A a halogen C a noble gas
B an alkali metal D a transition metal
Exp: D – Transition metals act as catalysts and have high melting and boiling points.
18 Two elements are in the same group of the Periodic Table. Which property will be the
same for both elements?
[ANS=A]
A the charge on their ions
B their electronic structure
C their melting point
D their reactivity with water or acids
EXp: A – Reactivity and melting point are group trends, every element has a different electronic structure. Only the
valency (charge on ions) is the same for members of the same group.
19 Part of the Periodic Table is shown. The letters are not the symbols of the elements.
Period Group
I II III IV V VI VII 0
1
2 V W X
3 Y Z

A V is more reactive than Y
B W has more metallic character than V
C Y has a lower melting point than V
D Z is more reactive than X
[Ans=C]
Exp: C – V is above Y in the Group I, hence is less reactive; metallic character decreases from left to right,
hence V is more reactive than W; in Group VII, reactivity decreases down the group, hence X is more reactive
than Z.
6
7
20 Ruthenium, Ru, is immediately below iron in the Periodic Table.

It can be predicted that ruthenium is extracted by ____1____ of its oxide, which has the
formula ____2_____.
What fills the two gaps?
Gap 1 Gap 2
A Chemical Ru2O
reduction
B Chemical Ru2O3
reduction
C Electrolysis Ru2O
D Electrolysis Ru2O3
[Ans=B]
B – Ru is less reactive than Fe metal. Ru is thus extracted by chemical reduction of its oxide by heating with a
reducing agent. Since Ru is a transition metal in the same Group as Fe, its oxide is Ru2O3.
21 Which electron arrangement is that of a metallic element?

A 2,1
B 2,4
C 2,5
D 2,7
[Ans=A]
Exp: A – Metallic atoms usually have 1, 2 or 3 electrons in their valence shell.
22 The table shows the electron structure of four elements:

Element Electronic
structure
W 2,6
X 2,8
Y 2,8,1
Z 2,8,7
[ANS=A]
Which pair of atoms will form a covalent substance?
A Two atoms of W
B Two atoms of X
C An atom of W and an atom of X
D An atom of Y and an atom of Z
Exp: A – W is a non-metal from Group VI of the Periodic Table, which forms a covalent bond
among themselves by sharing electrons. X is a noble gas which does not form any bond. X is a noble gas
which will not form a bond with any atom. Y is a metal from Group I which forms an ionic bond with Z from
Group VII.
7
8
23 Element X has an electronic structure 2,8,8,1.

Element Y has an electronic structure 2,8,6.
What is made when X and Y react?
Type of compound Formula
A Covalent compound X2Y
B Covalent compound XY2
C Ionic compound X2Y
D Ionic compound XY2
[Ans=C]
Exp: C – Element X is a metal from Group I and element Y is a non-metal from group 6 of the Periodic
Table. Two atoms of element X transfer their valence electrons to one atom of element Y to form a stable
ionic compound, X2Y.
24 Elements X, Y and Z are in the same period of the Periodic Table.

X is a metal, Y is a non-metal and Z shows properties of both metals and non-metals.
What is the order to increasing proton (atomic) number?
Lowest → Highest
A X Y Z
B X Z Y
C Y Z X
D Z Y X
[Ans=B]
Exp: B – Group I and II metals and transition metals are found on the left side of the Periodic Table. Non-
metals are found on the right side and the metalloids are found beneath the staircase line separating the
metals from non-metals in the Periodic Table.
25 Sodium, aluminium and sulphur are in the same period of the Periodic Table.
What trend in types of oxide occurs across this period?
[Ans=D]
Exp: D – Metals form basic oxides, Al, Zn and Pb form amphoteric oxides whereas non-metals form acidic
oxides.
8
9
26 Which statement about the alkali metals is true?

A they form covalent bonds with Group VII elements
B they form oxides on reacting with water
C their melting points decrease on descending Group I
D their reactivities decrease on descending Group I
[Ans=C]
Exp: C – Alkali metals form ionic compounds with elements of Group VI and VII, and produce
hydroxides on reaction with water. Their reactivity increases down the group.
27 Which gas is present in the light bulb?
A Argon
B Krypton
C Nitrogen
D Oxygen
[Ans=A]
Exp: A – Noble gases are used in electrical appliances; krypton being radioactive is not used in household
appliances.
28 Rubidium is above sodium in the reactivity series.
What is formed when concentrated aqueous rubidium chloride is electrolysed?
[Ans= C]
9
10
Exp: C – Since Rubidium is in the same group as Na, it will have the same products of electrolysis as
Na; When a concentrated aqueous solution of NaCl is electrolyzed, hydrogen is produced at the cathode
(Na or Rb being more reactive will not be discharged) and Cl gas is liberated at the anode due to high
concentration.
29 Which statement is true about the elements in Group I of the Periodic Table?
A They are equally reactive.
B They become less metallic as the proton (atomic) number increases.
C They form chlorides of similar formulae.
D The proton (atomic) number of an element is one greater than that of the
element above it.
[Ans=C]
Exp: C – Group I metals have a valency of one and form chlorides with the general formula MCl, e.g.
NaCl, KCl, etc.
30 When chlorine water is added to a colourless solution of X, a dark brown solution is

obtained.
What is X?
A KCl
B KI
C NaBr
D NaF
[Ans=B]
Exp: B – Chlorine water will not produce any change in KCl and NaF; with KBr, the solution will turn red- brown
and not dark brown.
31 X and Y are diatomic elements. X is less reactive than Y.
What are elements X and Y?
[ANS]
X Y
A bromine iodine
B iodine bromine
C Potassium sodium
D Sodium potassium
[Ans=B]
Exp: B – Only gases other than noble gases and the halogens form diatomic molecules, and their
reactivity decreases down the group.
32 The results of three halogen displacement experiments are shown.

The table shows the results.
10
11
What are halogens X, Y and Z?
[Ans=D]
Exp: D – Since X replaces Y from its aqueous solution, X is more reactive than Y. Y does not replace any
ion, so it is the weakest. Z does not replace X, it is weaker than X. Hence the order of reactivity becomes
X > Z > Y, or Cl > Br > I.
33 Fluorine is the first element in Group VII of the Periodic Table.

Which statement about fluorine is not correct?
A It is a gas at room temperature and pressure
B Its molecules are monatomic at room temperature
C It is a more powerful oxidizing agent than chlorine
D It forms ionic compounds with metals
[Ans=B]
Exp: B – Fluorine gas exists as diatomic molecules.
34 Astatine (At) is in Group VII of the Periodic Table.

Which of the following is a property of astatine?
A It forms a basic oxide
B It is a good conductor of electricity
C It is displaced by chlorine from aqueous potassium astatide.
D It displaces iodine from aqueous potassium iodide.
[Ans=C]
Exp: C – ‘At’ is below iodine in Group VII. Since iodine is displace by Cl2 from I– (aq), At– can also be
displaced by Cl2 from its aqueous solution.
35 Which list contains three elements that all exist as diatomic molecules at room
temperature?
A Hydrogen, fluorine, neon
B Nitrogen, chlorine, neon
C Nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine
D Oxygen, chlorine, helium
[Ans=C]
Exp: C – Noble gases are mono-atomic.
11
12
36 Which statement about all the noble gases is correct?

[ANS=B]
A The number of protons in the atoms equals the number of neutrons.
B Their atoms each have a stable arrangement of electrons.
C Their atoms each have eight electrons in their outer shell.
D They exist as molecules containing two atoms.
Exp: B – All the noble gases are un-reactive gases which have a complete valence shell and hence
form monoatomic molecules.
37 Which element in the table is likely to be a transition metal?
Melting Color of
Element
point chloride
A High Blue
B Low Green
C High White
D Low White
[ans=A]
A – Transition metals have high density, high melting and boiling points and form colored compounds.
38 A metal X forms oxides with the formula XO and X2O3.

Where is X in the Periodic Table?
A In Group II
B In Group III
C The second period
D In the transition elements
[Ans=D]
Exp: D – Transitions metals have variable valency.
39 Which element in the table is most likely to be a transition metal?
Melting Density Number of
point in C in g/cm3 chlorides
o
known
A –7 3.10 2
B 113 2.0 1
C 1083 8.92 2
D 1521 1.12 1
[Ans=C]
Exp: C –Transition metals have high melting points due to their strong metallic bonds. They also have high
densities and variable oxidation states.
12
13
40 Which shows the correct catalyst for each industrial process?
[Ans=C]
Exp: C – V2O5 is used in the contact process; iron or iron(III) oxide is used in Haber process and Ni is used
in the hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons.
41 In which process is a catalyst not used?

A The Blast furnace for the manufacture of iron.
B The Contact process for the manufacture of sulphuric acid.
C The Haber process for the manufacture of ammonia.
D The manufacture of margarine from unsaturated vegetable oils.
[Ans=A]
Exp: A – The Contact process uses V2O5; The Haber process uses Fe or Fe2O3 and production of margarine
employs Ni as the catalyst. In the blast furnace, CO does the reduction of iron(III) oxide to iron and no
catalyst is used.
13
14
Theory(paper2)
Periodic Table
A1. These diagrams show the electron arrangement in the outer shells of five elements, A to E.
All elements are from Period 3 of the Periodic Table.
(a) Put the letters A to E in the table to show which elements are metals and which are
nonmetals.
Metals Non-metals
Elements
[2]
(b) Which element is most likely to be in Group VI?
...........................................................................................................................
[1]
+
(c) Which element will form an ion of the type X2 ?
...............................................................................................................................
[1]
(d) Which element has an atomic number of 15?
...............................................................................................................................
14
15
[1]
(e) Which two elements will form an ionic compound with a formula of the type YZ2?
...............................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total: 6 marks]
Answer:
A1 Solutions:
(a) .
Metals Non-metals
Elements C, D A, B, E
(b) A
(c) D
(d) E
(e) D and B
A3 This question is about the Periodic Table.
The diagram below shows part of the original Periodic Table first published by Mendeleev
in 1869.
The asterisks (*) show gaps in the table that Mendeleev deliberately left.
15
16
(a) Which group of elements in a modern Periodic Table is missing from Mendeleev’s
Periodic Table?...................................................................[1]
(b) Write two other differences between Mendeleev’s original table and a modern
Periodic Table
……………………………………...............................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
..............................................................[2]
(c) Find rubidium, Rb, in the Periodic Table provided on page 16. Predict the reaction
between rubidium and cold water. Include observations and the chemical equation
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................[3]
Answers:
A3. Solutions:
(a) Group 0 or the noble gas group or Group 8

(b) Mendeleev’s table has Groups and periods reversed, no Ar, no atomic numbers, no transition metals,
periods 4 and/or 5 and all or a specific group has two elements, group numbers Arabic rather than
Roman
(c) any two observations like Rb fizzes / runs on the surface of water, flame is seen, metal dissolves or
explodes /melts
equation
2 Rb + 2 H2O → 2 RbOH + H2
A2 The diagram below shows the outer shell electrons of an atom of element X.
(a) To which group of the Periodic Table does X belong?

…………………………………………………………………………………………
..
[1]
(b) Draw a ‘dot and cross’ diagram to show the bonding in the compound of X with
carbon. Your diagram should show outer electrons only.
16
17
[2]
(c) (i) Write the formula for the compound of element X with sodium.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) Predict the type of bonding present in the compound of X with sodium.
………………………………………………………………………………………
[2]
Answers:
A2 Solutions:
(a) Group VII
(b)
(c) (i) NaX

(ii) Ionic bonding
B9 The Periodic Table is arranged in groups.

(a) Rubidium, Rb, is in Group I of the Periodic Table. It reacts with water according to
the equation below.
2Rb(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2RbOH(aq) + H2(g)
Predict what you would see when a small piece of rubidium is added to cold water.
[3]
(b) Chlorine is in Group VII of the Periodic Table. Chlorine, Cl2, reacts with aqueous
sodium bromide.
i) Predict what you would see in this reaction.
ii) Write a balanced ionic equation for this reaction.
[2]
(c) Lithium reacts with fluorine to form lithium fluoride.
i) Draw a ‘dot and cross’ diagram to show the bonding in lithium fluoride.
You should show all the electrons.
ii) Explain why lithium fluoride conducts electricity when molten but not as a
solid.
iii) State one other physical property of lithium fluoride.
[5]
Answers:
17
18
B9 Solutions:
(a) The metal floats on the surface of water, reacting vigorously and then dissolves away.
(b) (i) A brown color will be produced.
– –
(ii) 2Br + Cl2 → 2Cl + Br2
(c) (i) LiF
(ii) LiF is an ionic compound and produces Li+ and F– ions when molten. The movement of these ions
enables LiF to conduct electricity in molten state. In solid state, these ions are not free to move,
hence no conductance.
(iii) It has a very high melting point.
A4 Potassium, atomic number 19, is an element in Group I.

(d) Describe what you observe when a small piece of potassium is added to water.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
[2]
(e) Potassium fluoride is an ionic solid with a high melting point.
i) Draw a ‘dot and cross’ diagram to show the bonding in potassium fluoride.
You only need to show the outer (valence) electrons.
ii) Explain why the melting point of potassium fluoride is very high.
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
[3]
(f) Caesium, atomic number 55, is another element in Group I.
Use your knowledge of Group I elements to complete the table of information for
caesium.
18
19
Symbol Cs
Number of electrons in outer
shell
Formula of caesium oxide
Names of products of the
reaction between caesium
and water
[3]
(g) The reaction between caesium and water is more vigorous than the reaction between
potassium and water. Explain why this is so?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
[2
Answers:
A4 Solutions:
(a) Potassium melts into a silvery ball and darts around on the surface of the water. It reacts violently with
water releasing hydrogen gas. The heat released ignites the hydrogen gas causing potassium to burn with
a violet flame.
(b) (i)
(ii) The potassium ions and fluoride ions are held in fixed positions in the ionic crystal lattice by strong
electrostatic forces of attraction. A large amount of energy has to be applied to overcome the strong
ionic bonds in order for the ions to move further apart during melting.
(c) .
Symbol Cs
Number of electrons in outer shell 1
Formula of caesium oxide Cs2O
Names of products of the reaction Caesium
between caesium and water hydroxide and
hydrogen gas
(d) Caesium is a more reactive metal than potassium.

Reactivity of metals increases down Group I in the Periodic Table.
B10: A metallic element, M, has the following properties:

Less dense than water,
Soft,
Melts below 100 oC,
Occurs naturally as its chloride MCl,
The oxide of M reacts with water to form a soluble hydroxide
(a) i) Suggest to which group of the Periodic Table metal M belongs.
ii) Suggest how metal M can be extracted from its compounds. Explain your
reasoning.
19
20
[3]
Answers:
B10. Solutions:
(a) i) Metal M belongs to Group I.
ii) Metal M is highly reactive metal that forms very stable compounds, therefore, it is extracted from its
compounds by electrolysis. Passing an electric current through a molten compound of M
decomposes the compound and produces metal M at the cathode of the electrolytic cell.
B9. Chlorine, bromine and iodine are elements in Group VII of the Periodic Table.
(a) Describe how you would carry out a series of experiments to show the trend in
reactivity of these three elements, using the reagents shown below.
aqueous chlorine aqueous potassium chloride
aqueous bromine aqueous potassium bromide
aqueous iodine aqueous potassium iodide
Your answer should include details of
 which of the reagents you would use in each experiment,
 a table showing the observations you would expect to see,
 the equations for any reactions.
[7]
(b) Chlorine reacts with water to make a solution that can be used as a bleach.
The equation is shown below.
Cl 2 + H2O → HCl + ClOH
Use oxidation numbers to show that chlorine is both oxidised and reduced in this
reaction.
[3]
[Total:10 marks]
Answers:
B9. Solutions:
(a) The following experiments will be carried out:
First of all, aqueous Chlorine is added to aqueous KBr; the solution goes brown due to the following
change.
Cl2 + 2KBr → Br2 + 2KCl;
Then aqueous Chlorine is added to aqueous KI solution; The solution turns brown due to the following
change:
Cl2 + 2KI → I2 + 2KCl
These two experiments reveal that since chlorine has displaced both Br and Iodine from
their queous solutions, it is more reactive than both.
Aqueous bromine is then added to aqueous KI solution; the solution again turns brown due to the
following change.
Br2 + 2KI → I2 + 2KBr
It means that Br is more reactive than iodine.
Aqueous Br is then added to aqueous KCl, no change is observed; similarly, aqueous iodine is added
to aqueous KBr, no change is observed.
(b) Cl goes from 0 to +1 in ClOH (oxidation) and 0 to -1 in HCl (reduction)
B11. Chlorine, bromine and iodine are elements in Group VII of the Periodic Table.
(a) Describe the trend in color and physical state at room temperature and pressure as
the atomic number increases.
[2]
(b) Aqueous chlorine is an oxidizing agent.
20
21
i) Name the product formed and write an ionic equation for the reaction between
aqueous chlorine and aqueous potassium bromide.
ii) Name the product formed when aqueous chlorine reacts with aqueous iron(II)
chloride.
[3]
(c) An oxide of chlorine was analyzed. A 0.366 g sample was found to contain 0.224 g
of oxygen. Calculate the empirical formula of this oxide.
[3]
(d) Chlorine(IV) oxide, ClO2, is a powerful oxidizing agent.
i) Construct an equation to show the decomposition of chlorine(IV) oxide into its
elements.
ii) Chlorine(IV) oxide reacts explosively with powdered sulphur.
Suggest the name or formula of one of the products of the reaction between
sulphur and chlorine(IV) oxide.
[2]
Answers:
B11. Solutions:
(a) Atomic number increases down Group VII, i.e. from chlorine to bromine to iodine.
The color intensity increases from chlorine to iodine. Chlorine is pale greenish-yellow gas; bromine is red-
brown liquid and iodine is a black solid at r.t.p.
(b) i) Potassium chloride and aq. Bromine
– –
ionic equation: Cl2 + 2Br → 2Cl + Br2
ii) iron(III) chloride solution
(c) mass of chlorine = 0.366 – 0.224 = 0.142 g

Element Cl O
Mass /g 0.142 0.224
Ar 35.5 16
No. of moles 0.004 0.014
Simple ratio 2 7
Empirical formula : Cl2O7

(d) i) 2ClO2 → Cl2 + 2O2
ii) sulphur dioxide or sulphur dichloride
21
1
Compiled and written by: S Z Bangash O/A-Level Chemistry
1. The diagram shows the colours of the indicators, methyl orange and methyl red, at
different pH
The table shows the pH of four solutions.
In which solutions will both indicators be yellow?
A W and X C Y and Z
B X and Y D Z only
Ans[ D] – Both indicators are yellow at a pH greater than 5.5, so only Z will give
a yellow color in both indicators.
2. The table gives information about three indicators.

pH at which
colour at pH
indicator colour at pH 1 colour
12
changes
thymol blue red 3 yellow
congo red blue 5 red
phenolphthalein colourless 10 red
Which colours would be obtained when each indicator was added separately to pure
water?
2
Ans[D] – The pH of pure water is 7. At this pH, the color of thymol blue will be
yellow, that of congo red will be red and phenolphthalein will be colorless.
3. The table gives information about three indicators.
If equal volumes of these three indicators were mixed, which colour would be observed
at pH 5?
[ANS]
A Blue C Orange
B Green D Yellow
Ans[D] – Both methyl orange and Bromothymol blue will be yellow at pH 5
whereas phenolphthalein will be colorless; so the resultant color will be
yellow.
4. The pH of an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid is 2.
What will be the pH of the acid after the addition of 10 g of sodium chloride?
A 1 B 7
C 2 D 9
Ans [B] – The pH of the acid will remain the same because sodium chloride is a neutral salt
and will have no effect on the pH of the solution.
3
5. Which products are formed when dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with the substances
shown in the table?
substance products
A Iron iron(II) chloride + hydrogen only
B iron(II) iron(II) chloride + carbon dioxide
carbonate gas only
C iron(II) oxide iron(II) chloride + oxygen gas only
D iron(II) iron(II) chloride + sulphur dioxide
sulphate only
Ans [A] – HCl will react with iron to produce iron chloride and hydrogen;
with iron(II) carbonate, a salt, water and carbon dioxide will be produced; with
iron(II) oxide, salt and water will be produced and with iron(II) sulphate, there will
be no reaction.
6. The following equations represent reactions of dilute sulphuric acid.
Which reaction is not ‘typical’ of a dilute acid?

A 2KOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
B CuO(s)+H2SO4(aq)→CuSO4(aq)H2O(l)
C Pb(NO3)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → PbSO4(s) + 2HNO3(aq)
D ZnCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
ANS [C] – Acids generally react with hydroxides, oxides and carbonates of
metals; Pb(NO3)2 is a salt and hence its reaction with H2SO4 is not typical.
7. Which reaction will not occur using cold, dilute sulphuric acid?
A formation of copper(II) sulphate from copper(II) oxide
B formation of copper(II) sulphate from copper
C formation of hydrogen from magnesium metal
D formation of carbon dioxide from sodium carbonate
[B] – Hydroxides and carbonates of all metals react with dilute acids; metals above
hydrogen in the reactivity series do the same; Since Cu is below hydrogen in the reactivity
series, it will not react with dilute sulphuric acid.
8. An excess of dilute sulphuric acid reacts with both aqueous barium hydroxide and aqueous
barium chloride.
In what way are the two reactions the same?
A A gas is produced
B An insoluble salt is produced
4
C The final pH is 7
D Water is produced.
XB – In both cases, precipitation occurred due to the production of insoluble BaSO . 4
9. Under suitable conditions, hydrochloric acid reacts with each of the following substances.
Which reaction gives a colorless solution?
A Calcium carbonate
B Iron(II) hydroxide
C Potassium hydroxide
D Silver nitrate
C – KOH is neutralized by HCl to form a colorless KCl solution only. In the case of
CaCO3, a colorless gas, CO2, is also evolved. Compounds of iron are colored; A white
precipitate of AgCl will be formed in choice D.
10 What reacts with hydrochloric acid to give hydrogen?

A Ammonia
B Iron
C Silver
D Sodium hydroxide
[B] – Alkaline ammonia gas and sodium hydroxide are neutralized by HCl to form their
respective salt solutions. Silver is too unreactive to react with HCl.
11. The diagram shows some reactions of copper compounds.

Which change is mage by adding an acid?
[D] – CuCO3 (s) + H2SO4 (aq)

12 Which statement does not describe a property of a weak acid in solution?
A It forms a salt with sodium hydroxide.
B It has a pH of between 8 and 9.
C It is only partly dissociated into ions.
D It reacts with sodium carbonate to give off carbon dioxide.
[B] – Weak acids are partially ionized in aqueous solutions and give a pH from 4 – 6; but
they do carry out all the reactions of acids.
13. Which representation of dilute sulphuric acid is correct?

5
A H2(aq) + SO42– (aq)

+
B 2H (aq) + SO 4
2–
(aq)
+
C 2H (aq) + SO4 – (aq)
D H2SO4(l)
[B ]– 1 mole of sulphuric acid dissociates in water completely to produce 2 moles of
hydrogen ions and 1 mole of sulphate ions.
14. Which graph shows the changes in pH as an excess of hydrochloric acid is added to aqueous
NaOH?
[D] – At first, the HCl will be consumed in neutralizing the NaOH solution; at complete
neutralization the pH will be 7, and then it will decrease with every excess drop of HCl.
15. In an experiment 5 cm3 of 1.0 mol / dm3 sodium hydroxide are gradually added to 10 cm3
of 1.0 mol / dm3 hydrochloric acid containing methyl orange.
6
Which change occurs in the mixture?
[ANS]
A The concentration of the H+ ions increases.

B The methyl orange changes colour.
C More water molecules are formed.
D A precipitate is formed.
[C]– It is an acid-base reaction which produces a salt and water. The concentration of
H+ will remain the same.
16. A solution of hydrochloric acid has a concentration of 2 mol / dm3.
Different volumes of the acid are added to different volumes of aqueous sodium
hydroxide.
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O
The maximum temperature of each mixture is measured. The graph shows the results.
What is the concentration of the aqueous sodium hydroxide?
A 0.67 mol / dm3

B 1.3 mol / dm3
C 1.5 mol / dm3
D 3.0 mol / dm3
7
X [D] – The maximum temperature in the graph shows a complete neutralization, where
vol. of NaOH is 20 cm3 and that of HCl is 30 cm3. Concentration of HCl is 2 mol/dm3; hence
by the equation:
(MV)NaOH = (MV)HCl,
MNaOH = (MV)HCl / VNaOH
= (30x2.0)/20
= 3.0 mol /dm3
17. The reaction between aqueous sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid is exothermic.
Which graph shows the change in temperature when aqueous sodium hydroxide is added to
hydrochloric acid until the alkali is present in excess?
B – Neutralization occurs. It is exothermic reaction causing the temperature to rise at first,

stops when reaction is complete, and drops with the further addition of NaOH.
18. A bee sting is acidic.
Which household substance will neutralize a bee sting?
A Damp carbonate of soda pH 8
B Damp common salt pH 7
C Lemon juice pH 5
D Vinegar pH 4
A – The toxins in bee sting are acidic in nature. Their effects can be neutralized by a weak
alkali such as bicarbonate of soda, NaHCO3 solution.
19. Which equation represents the neutralization of dilute sulphuric acid by aqueous sodium
hydroxide?
A H+ (aq) + OH– (aq) → H2O (l)
B H2SO4 (aq) + 2OH– (aq) → SO42– (aq) + 2H2O (l)
C 2Na+ (aq) + SO42– (aq) → Na2SO4 (aq)
D NaOH (aq) + H+ (aq) → Na+ (aq) + H2O (l)
[A] – The ionic equation shows H+ ions from acid being neutralized by OH– ions from the
alkali to form neutral water.
20. Which of the following is a characteristic property of alkalis in aqueous solution?
A They liberate ammonia from ammonium salts
B They liberate carbon dioxide from carbonates
C They give hydrogen with any metal
8
D They turn Universal Indicator paper red

[A] – Alkalis contain hydroxide ions, OH–, in solution. They liberate ammonia gas when
heated with ammonium salts.
21. The diagrams show mixtures of chemicals that react to produce gases.
In which reaction will the litmus paper change colour?
9
[D] – When a mixture of a nitrate is heated with an alkali, ammonia gas is produced,
which turns red litmus blue.
22. A black powder is burned in air.
The gas produced dissolves in water to form solution R. The pH of R is close to 7.
The gas is readily absorbed in aqueous sodium hydroxide.
What type of substance is present in solution R?
A strong acid
B strong base
C weak acid
D weak base
[C] – Since the gas readily absorbs in NaOH, it is acidic in nature; a pH value close to 7
indicates its weak strength; hence, it is a weak acid.
23 A gaseous mixture of ethene, oxygen and Sulphur dioxide is passed through the apparatus
shown. Only one of the gas is collected.
10
What is the property of the gas collected?

A Burns with a yellow flame
B Relights a glowing splint
C Turns limewater cloudy
D Turns potassium dichromate(VI) solution green
[B] – Sodium hydroxide absorbs the acidic Sulphur dioxide gas; aqueous bromine reacts
with the un-saturated ethene gas and oxygen is finally collected over water. Oxygen gas
supports combustion, and thus, relights a glowing splint.
24.An amphoteric oxide was added separately to a warm dilute solution of an acid and of an
alkali.
Which entry in the table is correct?
Acid Alkali
A Salt formed No reaction
B Salt formed Salt formed
C No reaction Salt formed
D No reaction No reaction
[B] – Amphoteric oxides react with both acids and bases forming salts and water.
25. The formulae of some oxides are shown below:
Na2O MgO Al2O3 SO2 CO2
Which entry in the table gives the correct number of each type of oxide?
Acidic Amphoteric Basic
A 1 2 2
B 2 0 3
C 1 1 3
D 2 1 2
[D] – Acid oxides: SO2, CO2, Amphoteric oxide: Al2O3, Basic oxides: Na2O, MgO.
26 Which element reacts with oxygen to form a compound that is a gas at room temperature?
A Magnesium
B Hydrogen
C Copper
D Carbon
[D] – Carbon burns in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide gas. Hydrogen forms steam
which has condensed to liquid water at room temperature.
11
Acids & Bases (Theory)

A1. A student adds aqueous sodium hydroxide from a burette into 25.0 cm3 of dilute sulphuric
acid. The student measures the pH value of the mixture during the addition of the sodium
hydroxide.
(a) Describe how the pH value changes.
............................................................................................................................
[1]
(b) Give an ionic equation to represent the neutralization reaction between sodium
hydroxide and sulphuric acid.
............................................................................................................................
[1]
(c) Sulphuric acid is a strong acid.
i) What is meant by the term acid?
...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................
ii) What is the difference between a strong acid and a weak acid?
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................
[3]
(d) Dilute sulphuric acid reacts with magnesium to give hydrogen.
Give the ionic equation for this reaction
............................................................................................................................
[1]
Answers andSolutions:
(a) The pH value of the solution increased.
(b) H+ + OH– → H2O
(c) (i) Acid is a substance which produces H+ ions as the only positive ions in
aqueous solution.
(ii) Stronger acids have a higher degree of ionization whereas weaker acids
have a low degree of ionization.
(d) Mg + 2H+ → Mg2+ + H2
B9. A toilet cleaner contains the acid salt, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, NaH2PO4.
(a) Explain why sodium dihydrogen phosphate is both an ‘acid’ and a ‘salt’.
12
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------[2]
(b) Sodium dihydrogen phosphate can be made by reacting sodium hydroxide with
phosphoric acid, H3PO4.
i) Write an equation for the formation of sodium dihydrogen phosphate.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ii) Suggest the formula of two other salts formed from sodium hydroxide and
phosphoric acid.
[3]
(c) The table shows information about other acidic compounds.
i) Explain why sulphuric acid behaves as a strong acid but ethanoic acid behaves
as a weak acid.
ii) Describe an experiment, other than measuring pH, that you could carry out to
show that sulphuric acid is a strong acid but ethanoic acid is a weak acid.
State what measurements you would make and what results you would expect.
[5]
B10 Answers/Solutions:
(a) Salts are formed by the replacement of H+ ions of an acid by a metal ion; in this
case, the 3 H+ ions in the acid are partially replaced, so it can still react with a base.
(b) (i) NaOH + H3PO4 → NaH2PO4 + H2O
13
(ii) Na2HPO4 ; Na3PO4

(c) (i) Sulphuric acid is fully ionized in an aqueous solution and ethanoic acid is
partially ionized. Since the strength of an acid depends upon its degree of ionization,
therefore, sulphuric acid is strong whereas ethanoic acid is weak.
(ii) The relative strength of the acids can be measured by the following method:
Take 10 cm3 of sulphuric acid. Add an excess of CaCO3; setup the apparatus as shown
below:
Record the volume of gas produced after every 1 minute.

Repeat the same experiment using ethanoic acid this time and record the volume of the gas
produced.
Draw graphs of both the reading tables. By comparing the slopes of the two experiments,
we can tell that the reaction with sulphuric acid proceeded at a faster rate because it is
stronger than ethanoic acid.
A1. .
(a) An excess of hydrochloric acid in the stomach causes indigestion. An indigestion
tablet contains a mixture of calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide.
Give the formulae of the two salts formed when the tablet reacts with hydrochloric
acid.
14
…………………………………………………………………………………………
.
[2]
(b) 3.0 dm3 of 0.1 mol /dm3 hydrochloric acid is spilled on a laboratory floor. The spilt
acid is neutralized by 1.0 mol /dm3 aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate.
HCl (aq) + NaHCO3 → NaCl (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O (l)
Calculate the volume of aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate needed to neutralize
the hydrochloric acid.
[2]
(c) Aqueous ammonia is spilled on a laboratory floor.
Name a compound that will neutralize ammonia.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
.
[1]
(d) Some plants cannot grow in soils that are too acidic.
Name a solid that is used to neutralize acidic soils.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
.
[1]
A4 Answes/Solutions:
(a) CaCl2 and MgCl2
X (b) Let V1 be the volume of sodium hydrogen carbonate.
(1.0 x V1) / 0.1 x 3000 = 1/1

hence, V1 = 300 cm3
(c) Ethanoic acid
(d) Calcium hydroxide
15
A2. This table shows the soil pH ranges required by different crops for growth.
(a) A farmer plants peanut and millet crops. Only the peanut crop grows well.
Predict the pH of the soil
..................................................................................................................................
[1]
(b) Which other crop is most likely to grow well in the same soil?
..................................................................................................................................
[1]
(c) The farmer adds calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, and ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4, to
the soil.
Explain the purpose of using each compound
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................
[3]
(d) A reaction occurs between calcium hydroxide and ammonium sulphate.
(i) Complete the equation for this reaction.
Ca(OH)2 + (NH4)2SO4 → …………………… + …………………… + 2H2O
(ii) Explain why the farmer should not have added these two compounds to the soil at
the same time
.........................................................................................................................
[3]
A3 Answers/Solutions:
(a) 5.0 – 5.9 (because a pH of 6.0 or above will also favor the millet crop)
(b) mango (it has the same pH range)
(c) Ca(OH)2 neutralizes acidity/ changes or controls soil pH / raises the pH of the
soil; (NH4)2SO4 contains nitrogen which leads to better crop yield
(d) (i) Ca(OH)2 + (NH4)2SO4

16
A2. .
(a) The table shows some information about the oxides of the elements A to E. The
letters are not the symbols of the elements.
Element State of oxide at Type of oxide Bonding in oxide
room
temperature and
pressure
A Solid Basic Ionic
B Solid Acidic Covalent
C Gas Acidic Covalent
D Liquid Neutral Covalent
E Gas Neutral Covalent
Which one of the elements A to E could be

i) Hydrogen ……………………………………………. [1]
ii) Sodium ……………………………………………… [1]
iii) Silicon? ……………………………………………….. [1]
(b) State the name of an element which forms an amphoteric oxide.
………………………………………………………………….. [1]
A3 Answers/Solutions:
(a) (i) D
(ii) A
(iii) B
(b) Zinc / aluminium / lead
XA5. This question is about making salts.

[ANS]
(a) For each salt, suggest the name of the missing reagent and briefly describe how to
obtain the solid product from the reaction mixture.
(i) Salt to be made: lithium chloride.
reagent 1: dilute hydrochloric acid
reagent 2: …………………………….
I could obtain solid lithium chloride by:
..........................................................................................................
17
..........................................................................................................
(ii) Salt to be made: barium sulphate.

reagent 1: aqueous potassium sulphate
reagent 2: .............................................
I could obtain solid barium sulphate by:
..........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
(iii) Salt to be made: blue copper(II) sulphate crystals.

reagent 1: dilute sulphuric acid
reagent 2: ......................................
I could obtain blue copper(II) sulphate crystals by:
..........................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
[6]
(b) (b) Ammonium sulphate can be made by reacting aqueous ammonia with dilute
sulphuric acid.
2NH3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → (NH4)2SO4(aq)
Calculate the mass of ammonium sulphate that can be made from 51 g ammonia
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
........................................................................
[3]
XA6. Answers/ Solutions:
(a) .
(i) Reagent: (aqueous) lithium hydroxide or lithium carbonate; Method:

evaporation/(allow to) crystallise;
(ii) Reagent: (aqueous) barium chloride or barium nitrate or barium hydroxide;

18
Method: filtration
(iii) Reagent: copper oxide or copper carbonate or copper hydroxide Method: partially
evaporate the solution and leave it to crystallize.
(b) relative molecular mass (NH4)2SO4 = 132;
34 g NH3 makes 132 g (NH4)2SO4
mass formed = 132/34 x 51 = 198 g

1. What is the nucleon number of the isotope of uranium,
A 92 B 143 C 235 D 327
2. The formula of china clay (aluminium silicate) was shown in an old book as Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O.
This formula is shown in a modern book as Al2(OH)x Si2Oy.
What are the values of x and y in the modern formula?
x y
A 2 4
B 2 5
C 4 3
D 4 5
3. What is the concentration of iodine, I2, molecules in a solution containing 2.54 g of iodine in 250 cm3 of
solution?
A 0.01 mol / dm3
B 0.02 mol / dm3
C 0.04 mol / dm3
D 0.08 mol / dm3
4. The formula of an oxide of uranium is UO2. What is the formula of the corresponding chloride?
[ANS]
A UCl2
B UCl4
C U2Cl
D U4Cl
5 The equation for the burning of hydrogen in oxygen is shown below.
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g)
Which information does this equation give about the reaction?
[ANS]
A 36 g of steam can be obtained from 16 g of oxygen.
B 2 g of hydrogen combine with 1 g of oxygen.
C 2 mol of steam can be obtained from 1 mol of oxygen.
D 2 atoms of hydrogen combine with 2 atoms of oxygen.
1
6 Elements X and Y combine to form the gas XY2.
What are X and Y?
7 Which molecules have the same number of protons?

a. O2 and N2
b. Cl2 and Br2
c. CO2 and SO2
d. CH4 and NH3
8 One mole of compound X gives three moles of ions in aqueous solution. X reacts with ammonium
carbonate to give an acidic gas.
What is compound X?
a. calcium hydroxide
b. ethanoic acid
c. sodium hydroxide
d. sulphuric acid
9 What is the formula of Uranium(VI) oxide?
a. U6O
b. U2O3
c. UO3
d. UO6
10 One mole of hydrated copper (II) sulphate, CuSO4.5H2O, is dissolved in water.
How many moles of ions does the solution contain?
A 1 C 6
B 2 D 7
11 Which quantity is the same for one mole of ethanol and one mole of ethane?
a. Mass
b. Number of atoms
c. Number of molecules
d. Volume at r.t.p.
[ANS]
12 A compound P is the only substance formed when two volumes of ammonia gas react with one volume of
carbon dioxide (both volumes being measured at r.t.p.)
What is the most likely formula of P?
A (NH4)2CO2 C (NH4)2CO
C NH2CO2NH4 D NH4CO2NH4
2
13 'Meta-fuel', C8H16O4, is a fuel used in camping stoves. What is the equation for its complete
combustion?
[ANS]
a. C8H16O4 + 2O2 → 8C + 8H2O
b. C8H16O4 + 5O2 → 8CO + 8H2O
c. C8H16O4 + 10O2 → 8CO2 + 8H2O
d. C8H16O4 + 8O2 → 4CO2 + 4CO + 8H2O
14 What has a mass equal to that of one mole of water?
a. 24 dm3 of water
b. one mole of steam
c. one molecule of water
d. two moles of hydrogen molecules and one mole of oxygen molecules
15 An 8 g sample of oxygen contains the same number of atoms as16 g of element X.
What is the relative atomic mass, Ar, of X?
a. 4
b. 8
c. 16
d. 32
[ANS]
16 Propane burns completely in oxygen according to the equation below:
C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (l)
If 0.1 mol of propane gas is burnt completely, which volume of gaseous product is obtained, measured at
room temperature and pressure?
a. 0.1 dm3
b. 0.3 dm3
c. 2.4 dm3
d. 7.2 dm3
17 Which quantity is the same for one mole of ethanol and one mole of ethane?
a. Mass
b. Number of atoms
c. Number of molecules
d. Volume at r.t.p.
[ANS]
18 A compound P is the only substance formed when two volumes of ammonia gas react with one volume
of carbon dioxide (both volumes being measured at r.t.p.)
What is the most likely formula of P?
a. (NH4)2CO2 c (NH4)2CO
b. NH2CO2NH4 d NH4CO2NH4
19 What is the mass of aluminium in 204 g of aluminium oxide, Al2O3?
a. 26 g
b. 27 g
c. 54 g
d. 108 g
3
20 The relative molecular mass, Mr, of copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4, is 160.The relative molecular mass, Mr,
of water is 18.
What is the percentage by mass of water in copper(II) sulphate crystals, CuSO4.5H2O?
[ANS]
21 Which sulphide contains the greatest mass of sulphur in a 10 g sample?
[ANS]
22 13. 124 g of phosphorus vapour has the same volume as 71 g of chlorine gas at the same temperature
and pressure.
What is the formula of a molecule of phosphorus?
A P8 B P4 C P2 D P
23 One mole of a hydrocarbon X reacted completely with one mole of hydrogen gas in the presence of a
heated catalyst.
What could be the formula of X?
a. C2H6
b. C3H8
c. C5H10
d. C7H16
24 What is the ratio of the volume of 2 g of hydrogen to the volume of 16 g of methane, both volumes at
r.t.p.?
a. 1 to 1
b. 1 to 2
c. 1 to 8
d. 2 to 1
3 3
25 How many moles per dm of gaseous carbon dioxide are there if 4.4 g occupies 500 cm ?
[ANS]
a. 0.1 mol / dm3 c 2.2 mol / dm3
b. 0.2 mol / dm3 d 8.8 mol / dm3
4
26 Aluminium sulphate can be obtained as shown in the equation.
2Al(OH)3 + 3H2SO4 → Al2(SO4)3 + 6H2O
How many moles of sulphuric acid are needed to produce 0.5 mol of aluminium sulphate?
[ANS]
a. 0.5 C 1.5
b. 1.0 D 3.0
27 'Cracking' of hydrocarbons breaks them into smaller molecules.
Which example of 'cracking' would produce the largest volume of products from one mole of
hydrocarbons? Assume that all measurements are made at the same temperature and pressure.
[ANS]
a. C6H14(g) → 3C2H4(g) + H2(g)
b. C8H18(g) → 2C3H8(g) + C2H2(g)
c. C10H22(g) → C8H18(g) + C2H4(g)
d. C12H26(g) → C8H18(g) + 2C2H4(g)
28 When 20 cm3 of a gaseous alkene burns in an excess of oxygen, 60 cm3 of carbon dioxide are formed.
Both volumes are measured at r.t.p.
What is the formula of the alkene?
[ANS]
a. C3H6 c C6H12
b. C6H12 d C6H14
29 The table shows the energy released by the complete combustion of some compounds used as fuels.
Which fuel produces the most energy when 1 g of the compound is completely burned?
[ANS]
a. Ethanol c Methane
b. Heptane d Propane
30 All ammonium salts on heating with sodium hydroxide produce ammonia gas. From which ammonium
salt can the greatest mass of ammonia be obtained?
[ANS]
a. 0.5 mol (NH4)3PO4
5
b. 0.5 mol (NH4)2SO4
c. 1.0 mol NH4Cl
d. 1.0 mol NH4NO3
31 What is the mass of magnesium which completely reacts with 250 cm3 of 1.0 mol /dm3 sulphuric acid?
a. 6g c 48 g
b. 2 g d 96 g
[ANS]
32 A volume of ethane, C2H6, at r.t.p. has a mass of 20 g.
What is the mass of an equal volume of propene, C3H6, at r.t.p.?
a. 20 g c 28 g
b. 21 g d 42 g
33 When 1 volume of gas X reacts with exactly 5 volumes of oxygen it forms carbon dioxide and water
only.
What is gas X?
a. methane, CH4
b. ethane, C2H6
c. propane, C3H8
d. butane, C4H10
3 3 3
34 In an experiment, 4.0 cm of 1.0 mol/dm aqueous copper(II) sulphate was mixed with 8 cm of 1.0
mol/dm3 aqueous sodium carbonate.
CuSO4 + Na2CO3 → Na2SO4 + CuCO3
What did the reaction vessel contain when the reaction was complete?
a. A colorless solution only
b. A green precipitate and a blue solution
c. A green precipitate and a colorless solution
d. A white precipitate and a blue solution
3 3
35 20 cm of carbon monoxide are reacted with 10 cm of oxygen. The equation for the reaction is shown:
2CO + O2 → 2CO2
Which volume of carbon dioxide will be produced?(all volumes are measured at r.t.p.)
a. 10 cm3
b. 20 cm3
c. 30 cm3
d. 40 cm3
[ANS]
36 What has a mass equal to that of one mole of water?
a. 24 dm3 of water
b. one mole of steam
c. one molecule of water
d. two moles of hydrogen molecules and one mole of oxygen molecules
37 One mole of each of the following compounds is burnt in excess oxygen.
Which compound will produce three moles of carbon dioxide and three moles of steam only?
6
a. C3H8
b. C3H7OH
c. C3H7CO2H
d. CH3CO2CH3
38 The table shows how many moles of products are formed by the complete combustion of one mole of
each of four hydrocarbons.
Which hydrocarbon requires 11 moles of oxygen gas, O2, for this combustion?
Carbon
Water
Hydrocarbon dioxide /
/ mol
mole
A C3H8 3 4
B C5H12 5 6
C C6H12 6 6
D C7H16 7 8
39 Propane burns completely in oxygen according to the equation below:
C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (l)
If 0.1 mol of propane gas is burnt completely, which volume of gaseous product is obtained, measured at
room temperature and pressure?
a. 0.1 dm3
b. 0.3 dm3
c. 2.4 dm3
d. 7.2 dm3
40 A mixture containing 1 mole of ethene and 4 moles of oxygen is ignited, in a sealed container at 100 oC. the
reaction occurring is shown by the equation:
C2H4 (g) + 3O2 (g) → 2CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g)
What was the total number of moles of gas at the end of the reaction?
a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5
41 One mole of an organic compound is completely burnt in oxygen.

Which compound produces exactly three moles of water?
a. Butane, C4H10
b. Butanol, C4H9OH
c. Ethanol, C2H5OH
d. Propane, C3H8
[ANS]
42 The reaction between hydrochloric acid and calcium carbonate is shown:
2HCl + CaCO3 → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
Which volume of 1.0 mol /dm3 hydrochloric acid is needed to react completely with 1.0 g of calcium
carbonate?
a. 10 cm3
b. 20 cm3
c. 100 cm3
d. 200 cm3
7
A 10 cm3 sample of a gaseous hydrocarbon is completely burnt in oxygen. The total volume of the
43
products is 70 cm3.
Which equation represents the combustion of the hydrocarbon?
a. CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g)
b. C2H4 (g) + 3O2 (g) → 2CO2 (g) + 2H2O (g)
c. C3H8 (g) + 5O2 (g) → 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (g)
d. 2C2H6 (g) + 7O2 (g) → 4CO2 (g) + 6H2O (g)
44 Calcium reacts with water as shown:
Ca (s) + 2H2O (l) → Ca(OH)2 (aq)+ H2 (g)
What is the total mass of the solution that remains when 40 g of calcium reacts with 100 g of water?
a. 58 g
b. 74 g
c. 138 g
d. 140 g
3
45 What is the concentration of iodine, I2, molecules in a solution containing 2.54 g of iodine in 250 cm of
solution?
[ANS]
a. 0.01 mol / dm3
b. 0.02 mol / dm3
c. 0.04 mol / dm3
d. 0.08 mol / dm3
46 A 25 cm3 sample of dilute sulphuric acid contains 0.025 moles of the acid.
What is the hydrogen ion concentration in the solution?
a. 0.25 mol / dm3
b. 0.50 mol / dm3
c. 1.00 mol / dm3
d. 2.00 mol / dm3
47 Which ion is present in the highest concentration in a 2 mol /dm3 aqueous solution of sodium sulphate?
a. The hydrogen ion, H+ (aq)
b. The hydroxide ion, OH– (aq)
c. The sodium ion, Na+ (aq)
d. The sulphate ion, SO42– (aq)
48 50.0 cm3 of 0.10 mol / dm3 silver nitrate, AgNO3, is added to 150.0 cm3 of 0.05 mol / dm3
sodium chloride, NaCl, in a beaker.
a s well as solid silver chloride, what is present in the beaker after reaction?
b aqueous silver nitrate and aqueous sodium nitrate
c aqueous sodium chloride and aqueous sodium nitrate
d aqueous sodium chloride only
20 Nitrogen monoxide and oxygen react to form nitrogen dioxide.
What is the maximum volume of nitrogen dioxide that could be obtained when 1 dm3 of
8
nitrogen monoxide reacts with 2 dm3 of oxygen?
A 1 dm3 B 2 dm3 C 3 dm3 D 4 dm3
21
9
Kinetic Particle Theory
1. A sample of a pure compound is heated until it is completely molten and the compound is then
allowed to cool until it is completely solid again.
The graph shows how the temperature of the compound changes with time.
When are liquid and solid both present?

[ANS]
A P to Q and R to S
B P to Q
C Q to R
D R to S
2. In which conversion do H2O molecules lose speed?
[ANS]
A Ice → water
B Ice →steam
C Steam → ice
D Water → steam
3. What happens when sodium chloride melts?
[ANS]
A Covalent bonds in a giant lattice are broken.
B Electrons are released from atoms.
C Electrostatic forces of attraction between ions are overcome.
D Molecules are separated into ions.
4. The conical flask contains compound X which is present in the solid, liquid and gaseous states.

A Energy is released when X changes from liquid to solid
B A gaseous X molecule has a lower mass than a liquid X molecule.
C Liquid X is at a higher temperature than solid X.
D Liquid X molecules vibrate about fixed positions
5. The table shows the melting and boiling points of four pure substances.
At room temperature, which substance is a liquid and rapidly evaporates if left exposed to air?
Substance Melting Boiling
o
points / C points /oC
A –100 –35
B –7 58
C –6 225
D 44 280
1. Which graph shows the temperature altering as steam at 110 oC is cooled to –10 oC?
6. The experiment is set up as shown and left until there is no further change.
What is observed?
A a colourless layer below a purple layer
B a colourless liquid with the purple crystal unchanged
C a purple layer below a colourless layer
D a uniformly purple solution
7. In a sample of air at 25 oC, the molecules of oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide all move with
different average speeds.
Which of the following lists the molecules in order of decreasing average speed?
[ANS]
8 The apparatus shown in the diagram was set up.
Over a period of time how will the water level at X change?

A It will fall, then rise and return to X.
B It will fall and remain at a lower level.
C It will rise, then fall then return to X.
D It will rise and remain at a higher level.
9. The cover plate was removed from the gas jars in the diagram. After several days, the color of the
gas was the same in both jars.
Which statement explains this change?

A Oxygen and bromine gases have equal densities.
B Oxygen and bromine molecules are in random motion.
C Oxygen and bromine molecules diffuse at the same rate.
D Equal volumes of oxygen and bromine contain equal number of molecules.
10 A 50 cm3 sample of alcohol is mixed with 50 cm3 of water.
The volume of the mixed alcohol and water is found to be 97 cm3.

Which of the following is the best explanation?
A Alcohol molecules fit into gaps between water molecules.
B Some alcohol molecules evaporate.
C Water and alcohol react to form a gas which escapes.
D Water and alcohol react to produce a salt which then dissolves.
11. Which of the following correctly describes the particles in a dilute sugar solution at room
temperature?
Sugar Water
molecules molecules
A Widely Close together,
separated, moving at
moving at random
random
B Widely Close together,
separated, not moving
moving at
random
C Widely Widely
separated, not separated,
moving moving at
random
D Close together, Close together,
moving at moving at
random random
12 A beaker of nitrogen is inverted over a porous pot containing carbon monoxide as shown.
The water level does not change. What is the reason for this?
[ANS]
A Both gases are diatomic.
B Nitrogen is an un-reactive gas.
C The gas particles are too large to pass through the porous pot.
D The two gases have the same relative molecular mass.
13 By which process does the smell of cooking spread to all the rooms in a house?
A Decomposition
B Diffusion
C Displacement
D Distillation
14 Methylamine, CH3NH2 (Mr = 31), and hydrogen chloride, HCl (Mr = 36.5) are both gases which
are soluble in water.
The gases react together to form a white solid, methylammonium chloride.
In an experiment to demonstrate rates of diffusion the following apparatus is set up. Where will
the white solid form?
15 Which property of a gas affects the rate at which it spreads throughout a laboratory?
A Boiling point
B Molecular mass
C Reactivity
D Solubility in water
16 Four identical gas jars are filled with different gases.

The lids are taken off the gas jars, and they are left to the air for a few hours.
Which gas jar will then have the most air in it?
[ANS]
17 The conical flask contains compound X which is present in the solid, liquid and gaseous states.

A Energy is released when X changes from liquid to solid
B A gaseous X molecule has a lower mass than a liquid X molecule.
C Liquid X is at a higher temperature than solid X.
D Liquid X molecules vibrate about fixed positions
2. What can be deduced about two gases that have the same molecular mass?
A They have the same solubility in water at room temperature.
B They have the same boiling point.
C They have the same number of atoms in one molecule.
D They have the same rate of diffusion at room temperature and pressure.
Atomic Structure
1. What can be deduced about two gases that have the same molecular mass?
A They have the same solubility in water at room temperature.
B They have the same boiling point.
C They have the same number of atoms in one molecule.
D They have the same rate of diffusion at room temperature and pressure.
2. What is the definition of nucleon (mass) number?
A The mass in grams of an atom
B The number of electrons in an atom
C The number of nuclei in a molecule
D The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom
3. The atoms 3115P and 3216S have the same
A nucleon number.
B number of electrons.
C number of neutrons.
D number of protons.
4. An element X has two isotopes, 238X and 235X.
How does 238X differ from 235X?

[ANS]
A It has 3 more protons and 3 more electrons.
B It has 3 more protons, but no more electrons.
C It has 3 more neutrons and 3 more electrons.
D It has 3 more neutrons, but no more electrons.
2 An atom of element X is represented by 73X.

Which statement about an atom of X is correct?
A It is in Group III of the Periodic Table.
B It is in Group VII of the Periodic Table.
C The total number of protons and electrons is 6.
D The total number of protons and neutrons is 10.
3 The letters X, Y and Z represent different atoms.
What can be deduced from the proton numbers and nucleon numbers of X, Y and Z?
A A X and Y are the same element.
B B X and Z are the same element.
C C X has more protons than Y.
D D Z has more neutrons than Y.
4 An element X has two isotopes, which may be represented as 238X and 235X.
How does 238X differ from 235X?
A It has 3 more protons and 3 more electrons.
B It has 3 more protons, but no more electrons.
C It has 3 more neutrons and 3 more electrons.
D It has 3 more neutrons, but no more electrons.
5 The formulae of the ions of four elements are shown below.
O2– F– Li+ Mg2+
Which statement about these ions is correct?
They all have
[ANS]
A the same number of electrons in their outer shells.
B the same electronic structure as a noble gas.
C the same number of protons in their nuclei.
D more electrons than protons.
6 Which of the following contains the same number of electrons as an atom of neon?
A Cl– B Li C Li+ D O2–
3. Which ion has the most shells that contain electrons?
A Al3+
B Be2+
C N3–
D S2–
4. The diagram shows the arrangement of electrons in a particle.
What is the symbol for the particle?
A N3–
B O2–
C F–
D Ne
5. Which graph shows the number of electrons in the outer shell of an atom, plotted against the
proton (atomic) number for the first ten elements in the Periodic Table?
6. What happens when a copper atom becomes a copper(II) ion?

A It is oxidized by losing two electrons.
B It is oxidized by gaining two electrons.
C It is reduced by gaining two electrons.
D It is reduced by losing two electrons.
7. A researcher notices that atoms of an element X are releasing energy.
Why does this happen?
A The atoms are affected by light.
B The atoms are radioactive.
C The atoms react with argon in the air.
D The atoms are evaporating
8. Which pair of substances are isotopes?
12 14
A 6C and 6C
B carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide
C diamond and graphite
D C2H4 and C3H6
Structure and properties ,Macromolecules
1 In which pair of substances, does each have a giant molecular structure?
A diamond, iodine
B diamond, silica (sand)
C iodine, methane
D methane, silica (sand)
2 Which substance does not have a macromolecular structure?
A Diamond
B Graphite
C Silicon dioxide
D Sodium chloride
3 Which of the following describes the structure of diamond?
A A giant structure of atoms bonded covalently
B A regular arrangement of oppositely charged ions
C Layers of rings of atoms
D Positively charged ions surrounded by a ‘sea of electrons’
4 The properties of two varieties of an element are shown in the table.
Variety 1 Variety 2
Colorless solid Black solid
Hard Soft
Cannot conduct electricity Conducts electricity
What do these descriptions of the two varieties indicate?

A They are allotropes of the same element
B They are isotopes of the same element
C They are isomers of the same substances
D They are members of the same homologous series
5 Graphite is used to make
A Glass C Electrical wiring
B Cutting tools D Electrodes
6 Which diagram represents the structure of quartz, SiO2?
7 Which of the following is composed of silicon dioxide?
A Glass
B Mica
C Silicone plastic
D Quartz
8 In which substance is each carbon atom covalently bonded to only three other atoms?
A carbon dioxide
B diamond
C graphite
D methane
9 The diagrams show the structures of two forms of carbon. Which set of data is correct for these two structures?
conducts very hard can be used

electricity material as lubricant
A T T S
B S T S
C S S T
D T S T
10 For which of the following can graphite be used?

A as an abrasive only
B as an abrasive and as an electrode
C as an electrode and as a lubricant
D as a lubricant only
11 Which substance contains covalent bonds, but also conducts electricity?
A Brass
B Graphite
C Iodine
D Steel
Work Sheet Speed of Reaction
1. Which reaction is the fastest?
[ANS]
1. Which change will increase the speed of the reaction between 1 mol of each of the gases, X and Y?
[ANS]
A a decrease in surface area of the catalyst
B a decrease in temperature
C a decrease in the volume of the reaction flask
D an increase in the volume of the reaction flask
2. Dilute hydrochloric acid was reacted with magnesium ribbon and the volume of hydrogen gas evolved was
measured for the first 80 s.
[ANS]
What was the average rate of production of hydrogen?
3
A 0.4 cm / s
3
B 2.5 cm / s
3
C 4 cm / s
3
D 40 cm / s
1
3. Calcium carbonate was reacted with an excess of dilute hydrochloric acid at room temperature.
CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
Two experiments were carried out.
Experiment 1 100 g of calcium carbonate in large lumps.

Experiment 2 50 g of calcium carbonate as a fine powder.
Which of the graphs is correct?
1. In four separate experiments, identical samples of magnesium ribbon were added to an excess of hydrochloric
acid.
Which experiment will give off hydrogen most rapidly?
Volume of Concentration of
3 –3
acid / cm acid / mol dm
A 10 5.0
B 20 0.5
C 30 2.0
D 50 0.1
2. If a strip of magnesium is dropped into excess hydrochloric acid an exothermic reaction occurs.
The rate of this reaction increases during the first few seconds because
A The amount of magnesium is decreasing
B The magnesium is acting as a catalyst
C The solution is becoming hotter
D The surface area of the magnesium is increasing
3. Dilute sulphuric acid reacts with copper(II) oxide to form copper(II) sulphate and water.
What could not alter the rate of this reaction?
A The concentration of sulphuric acid
B The pressure at which the reaction takes place
C The size of the particles of copper(II) oxide
D The temperature of the reacting mixture.
4. Magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid.
Which solution would give the fastest initial rate of reaction?
3
A 40 g of HCl in 1000 cm of water
3
B 20 g of HCl in 1000 cm of water
2
3
C 10 g of HCl in 100 cm of water
3
D 4 g of HCl in 50 cm of water
5. In an experiment, 0.325 g of zinc reacts with an excess of hydrochloric acid. The graph shows how the volume
of hydrogen produced varies with time.
In a second experiment, 0.650 g of zinc reacts with an excess of hydrochloric acid.
For the second experiment, at which point will the graph become horizontal?
3
3 3
6. Curve I is obtained by observing the decomposition of 100 cm of 1 mol /dm aqueous hydrogen peroxide,
catalysted by manganese(IV) oxide.
2H2O2 (aq) → 2H2O (l) + O2 (g)
Which alteration to the conditions will produce curve II?

3
A Adding some 0.1 mol /dm aqueous hydrogen peroxide
B Lowering the temperature
C Using a better catalyst
D Using less manganese(IV) oxide
7. Which statement about catalysts is correct?

[ANS]
A Catalysts are used in industry to reduce energy costs.
B Catalysts are used up during a reaction.
4
C Iron is used as a catalyst in the Contact Process.
D Transition metals do not make good catalysts.
8. The diagram shows the reaction pathway for a reaction without a catalyst.
9. [ANS]
1 The diagram shows an energy profile diagram for a chemical reaction.
Which energy change is the activation energy for the catalysed reaction?
[ANS]
1. In two separate experiments, a substance is decomposed and the gas evolved is collected. The graph shows
the total volume of gas collected against time for each experiment.
5
Which graph shows how the speed of reaction varies with time in each experiment?
10. The equation shows the effect of heat on copper(II) carbonate.

CuCO3(s) → CuO(s) + CO2(g)
A known mass of copper(II) carbonate was placed in an open crucible and heated until no more change
occurred.
The mass of the crucible and contents was weighed every minute during the heating.
Which graph shows what happens to the mass of the crucible and contents?
11. Zinc reacts with an excess of dilute sulphuric acid. The graph shows how the volume of hydrogen gas given
off changed with time.
6
Why does the graph become horizontal at X?
A All the sulphuric acid has reacted
B All the zinc has reacted
C Hydrogen is being produced at a constant rate
D The reaction is beginning to slow down
12. Two solutions are mixed in a beaker and the mass of the beaker and the contents is then recorded at various
times. The graph shows the results.
What could be the two solutions?

A Aqueous copper(II) sulphate and aqueous ammonia
B Aqueous sodium carbonate and dilute nitric acid
C Aqueous sodium hydroxide and aqueous zinc sulphate
D Dilute hydrochloric acid and aqueous sodium sulphate
7
Theory Speed of Reaction
Sandstone contains sand (mainly silicon dioxide) and calcium carbonate.
Excess sandstone was reacted with dilute hydrochloric acid.
CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
The rate of reaction was followed by measuring the mass lost during the reaction.
This is a table of the results.
(a) Use information from the table to show that the rate of reaction decreased.
[2]
(b) Explain, using ideas about particles colliding, why the rate of the reaction decreased.
[2]
(c) Draw a labeled diagram to show a different method of following the rate of reaction between sandstone
and hydrochloric acid.
[2]
(d) In a second experiment, 10 g of sandstone was added to excess hydrochloric acid.
The total mass lost was 0.88 g.
Calculate the percentage by mass of calcium carbonate in the sandstone. [4]
A1. Marble statues are being damaged by acid rain. The chemical name for marble is calcium carbonate.
A student investigated the reaction between marble chips and nitric acid.
CaCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) → Ca(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
The diagram shows the apparatus the student used.
8
The student recorded the balance reading every minute.
(a) Explain why the balance reading decreases during the experiment
.........................................................................................…........................................……………………
……………………………………………........................................................................................................
.............................................
[1]
(b) How can the student tell when the reaction has finished?
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................
[1]
3 3
(c) (i) Calculate the number of moles of nitric acid in 50 cm of 2.0 mol /dm solution.
9
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of calcium carbonate in 2.0 g.
(iii) Which reagent, calcium carbonate or nitric acid, is in excess?
Explain your answer.
[5]
(d) The student repeats the experiment using the same quantities of calcium carbonate and nitric acid.
This time the acid is at a higher temperature. Describe and explain, in terms of collisions between
reacting particles, the effect of increasing the temperature on the rate of reaction.
………………………………………………………........................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................
..
[2]
10
[ANS]
3
A2. A student adds aqueous sodium hydroxide from a burette into 25.0 cm of dilute sulphuric acid. The student
measures the pH value of the mixture during the addition of the sodium hydroxide.
............................................................................................................................
[1]
(b) Give an ionic equation to represent the neutralization reaction between sodium hydroxide and
sulphuric acid.
............................................................................................................................
[1]

........................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................................
...................................
[3]

............................................................................................................................
[1]
A1. Antacid tablets neutralise acids. A student investigated the time taken for an antacid tablet to react completely
with excess hydrochloric acid (the reaction time) under different conditions.
(a) Which two experiments show that the volume of acid used does not affect the rate of reaction?
…………………… and …………………… [1]
11
(b) Describe and explain the effect of increasing the temperature on the rate of reaction, in terms of
collisions between reacting particles.
....................................................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................................................
...................................………………………………………………………......................................... [2]
(c) The antacid tablet contains calcium carbonate.
i) Write down the equation for the reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid.
.................................................................................................................
ii) Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid used in experiment 2.
iii) Calculate the mass of calcium carbonate that will react with this number of moles of
hydrochloric acid.
Mass of calcium carbonate. …………………… [4]
[ANS
B8. Ammonia is used to manufacture nitric acid, by a two-stage process.

Stage 1: the ammonia is converted to nitrogen(II) oxide.
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) ∆H = –950 kJ/mol
(a) (i) State and explain how the rate changes when the pressure is increased. Use ideas about colliding
particles.
(ii) State and explain how the yield changes when the pressure is increased. Use ideas about reacting
volumes of gases.
[4]
(b) During the reaction, the ammonia and oxygen are passed through a powdered catalyst.
i) Explain why the catalyst becomes hot during the reaction.
ii) Explain why the catalyst is used in the form of a powder.
[2]
12
Stage 2: the nitrogen dioxide is converted to nitric acid.
4NO (g) + 2H2O(g) + 3O2(g) → 4HNO3(aq)
3
(c) Calculate the maximum mass of nitric acid which can be made from 720dm of nitrogen(II) oxide, NO,
at room temperature and pressure.
[3]
(d) Use the two equations to construct an overall equation for the conversion of ammonia to nitric acid.
[1]
[Total : 10]
(a) (i) State and explain how the rate changes when the pressure is increased. Use ideas about colliding
particles.
(ii) State and explain how the yield changes when the pressure is increased. Use ideas about reacting
volumes of gases.
[4]
(b) During the reaction, the ammonia and oxygen are passed through a powdered catalyst.
[2]

4NO (g) + 2H2O(g) + 3O2(g) → 4HNO3(aq)
3
(c) Calculate the maximum mass of nitric acid which can be made from 720dm of nitrogen(II) oxide, NO,
at room temperature and pressure.
[3]
(d) Use the two equations to construct an overall equation for the conversion of ammonia to nitric acid.
[1]
[Total : 10]
A2. A student investigates the reaction between zinc and dilute hydrochloric acid.
The student uses the apparatus shown in the diagram.
To start the reaction the student tips the flask so that the acid and zinc can mix.
Every minute the student measures the volume of gas collected.
The results are plotted on the graph below:
13
(a) Write the equation for the reaction between zinc and dilute hydrochloric acid.
………………………………………………………………………………………...
[1]
3 3
(b) A sample of 0.65 g of zinc and 50 cm of 2.0 mol /dm hydrochloric acid is used.
Which reagent, zinc or hydrochloric acid, is in excess at the end of the reaction? Explain your answer.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………
(c) The rate of reaction changes as the reaction proceeds.
How and why does the rate of reaction change?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
[2]
(d) The investigation is repeated using exactly the same amounts of zinc and dilute hydrochloric acid.
The only difference is that warm hydrochloric acid is used rather than cold hydrochloric acid. On the
grid, sketch the graph of the results you would expect.
[1]
A3. Calcium carbonate reacts with dilute nitric acid to give carbon dioxide.
The rate of reaction can be investigated by measuring the change in mass of a mixture of calcium carbonate
and nitric acid over a period of time. As carbon dioxide escapes, the mixture loses mass.
The graph below shows the results obtained when a 3.0 g lump of calcium carbonate was added to an excess
3
of 1.0 mol /dm nitric acid.
14
(a) Name the other products of the reaction between calcium carbonate and dilute nitric acid.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1]
(b) Had the reaction between calcium carbonate and nitric acid finished after 20 minutes? Explain your
answer.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
[1]
3
(c) The experiment was repeated using a 3.0 g lump of calcium carbonate but an excess of 2.0 mol /dm
nitric acid.
Draw on the graph above, the curve you would expect. Label the curve X.
[1]
(d) Suggest why it is difficult to investigate the rate of reaction in this experiment using powdered calcium
carbonate instead of lump.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………
[1]
(e) Draw a labeled diagram to show another method of investigating the rate of reaction between nitric
acid and a lump of calcium carbonate.
[3]
A4. An experiment was carried out to measure the rate of reaction between excess powdered calcium carbonate
and dilute acids.
3 3
(a) In Experiment 1, 25 cm of 1.5 mol/dm hydrochloric acid was used.
Complete the equation for the reaction by filling in the missing state symbols.
(i) 2HCl(……..) + CaCO3(……..) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O (……..) + CO2(……..)

(ii) Calculate the total volume of carbon dioxide that is made from this reaction at r.t.p.
[4]
(b) A further experiment using hydrochloric acid, Experiment 2, was carried out.
The results of Experiments 1 and 2 are shown on the graph.
15
Suggest the concentration and volume of acid used for Experiment 2.
concentration ……………………………… mol/dm
3
volume …………………………………… cm [2]

3
(c) Experiment 3 was carried out using 25 cm3 of 1.5 mol/dm3 sulphuric acid.
The initial rate of reaction for Experiment 3 was faster than for the other experiments but the reaction
stopped suddenly after only a small amount of gas had been given off.
(i) Name the salt formed in Experiment 3.
........................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain why the reaction stops suddenly.
.........................................................................................................................
(iii) Explain why the initial rate of reaction was faster than for the other experiments.
.........................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total: 10 marks]
16
THEORY KPT
1. A student did two experiments as shown below:
(a) A student was given a crystal of copper(II) sulphate. He placed the crystal in a beaker of cold water as
shown in diagram 1.
(i) What is the color of copper(II) sulphate crystals?
…………………………………………………………………………….
What changes were seen in the appearance of the contents of the beaker
(ii) After a few minutes?
…………………………………………………………………………….
(iii) After several hours?
…………………………………………………………………………….
[3]
(b) The student setup the apparatus as shown in diagram 2. Then he carefully removed the glass disk
allowing the contents of the gas jars to mix.
What change was seen after a few minutes?
………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1]
(c) (i) Name the process that was illustrated by both of the experiments.
…………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) Explain why the changes observed in (a) took place.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
(iii) Explain why the change observed in (b) was faster than the change in (a).
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
[3]
A1. Use the substances named in the table to answer the following questions.
(a) (i) Name a monatomic gas.
..........................................................................................................................
(ii) Name the gas used in the Haber Process to make ammonia.
..........................................................................................................................
(iii) Which substances are liquids at –187 °C?
..........................................................................................................................
(iv) Name the substance which is a liquid over the largest range of temperature.
............................................................................................................................
Box A represents the arrangement of particles in carbon dioxide at –79 °C.
(v) Draw a diagram in box B to show the arrangement of particles in carbon dioxide at–77 °C.
[6]
The percentage amounts of the same gases were measured in air from a crowded classroom.
(b) (i) Name one gas whose percentage is higher in air from a crowded classroom.
............................................................................................................................
(ii) Name one gas whose percentage is lower in air from a crowded classroom.
............................................................................................................................[2]
1
Energy Changes
Notes and Topical MCQs and Structured Questions from CAIE Past Papers
Written and Compiled by S Z Bangash, Saint Mary’s Academy Lalazar Rawalpindi
During chemical reactions energy change is must.

While during physical changes energy change may or may not take place.
In chemical reactions energy is absorbed as well as released.
Due to net difference in both energies absorbed and released, reactions are endothermic or
exothermic.
Basic Terms
1.Endothermic Reactions: Energy is taken in or absorbed.
2.Exothermic Reactions: Energy is taken out or released.

3.Enthalpy (H): the energy content or the net amount of energy of a substance.
4.Enthalpy change (∆H): Enthalpy of a substance cannot be calculated directly during
chemical reactions, so this is the enthalpy change which is used for calculating the enthalpy or
energy content of chemical substances during chemical reactions.
5. Activation Energy (Ea): The minimum amount of energy required to start or initiate a
chemical reaction.
6. System: it consists of reacting particles (atoms, molecules or ions), new particles formed
(products) and the chemical bonds between these particles.
7. Surroundings: It includes: The solvent or solution, the space inside and outside the reacting
mixture, beaker or container, stirrer, thermometer etc.
Energy profile diagrams
As the graph shows:
 The enthalpy change (∆H) for exothermic reactions is negative,

 The energy of the product(s) is smaller than that of the reactants.
 So, reactants are stable.
 *In exothermic reactions more energy released during bonds formation than absorbed for
bonds breaking.
2
 *Activation energy is smaller for exothermic reactions.
This graph shows that:

 The enthalpy change (∆H) for endothermic reactions is positive.
 Products possess more energy than reactants, so they are less stable compared to
reactants.
 *More energy is absorbed for bonds breaking than released for bonds making.
 *Activation energy is higher /greater for endothermic reactions.
Temperature change:
(a) During exothermic reactions temperature of the surroundings increases /rises and
(b) During endothermic reactions temperature of the surroundings decreases /falls.
How does temperature change during each reaction in the beakers (a) and (b)? Fill in the blanks for final
temperatures.
Bond breaking and bond making:

3
Bond breaking: Is endothermic. Energy is required to the existing bonds between atoms
/ions of the reacting particles. Each type of bond has specific amount of energy required to break.
This is called bond energy. And the same energy is released when that type of bond is formed.
Bond making: This is exothermic process as free atoms, being highly energetic, must lose
energy when forming bonds. The bonded atoms have low energy and are stable. In chemical
reactions the energy released with bonds formation.- released when these bonds form. It is given
in kJ / mole.
Therefore, bond energies are tabulated without any positive or negative signs.
This is only specified for bond breaking or making.
The following tables show bond energies for various bonds in molecules
4
Question: How do you know about chemical reactions to be endothermic or exothermic?

Answer: During chemical reactions energy is absorbed for breaking bonds between reactant
molecules. Energy is also released when new bonds in the products are formed. The difference
between the total amount of energy absorbed and released decides whether the reaction is
exothermic or endothermic.
Thus we conclude: (a) A reaction will be endothermic if the total amount of energy absorbed for
bonds breaking is greater than the total amount of energy released during bonds making.
Or
If the energy taken in to break bonds is greater than the energy released in making bonds, the reaction is
endothermic.
(b)A reaction will be exothermic if the total amount of energy released for bonds making is
greater than the total amount of energy absorbed for bonds breaking.
Or
If the energy taken in to break bonds is less than the energy released in making bonds, the reaction is
exothermic.
This does not depend on the total number of bonds broken and formed. Rather it depends on the
nature of bonds. Because some bonds are stronger while some are weaker.
To calculate the enthalpy change or energy change for chemical reactions:
∆H=Bond energies of reactants – Bond energies of products

1. 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l)
5
H—H O=O H—O—H H—O—H

H—H
Number of bonds broken: 3 (2 H-H bonds and 1 O=O bond)
Number of bonds formed: 4 (O-H bonds)

Using bond energies from the table calculate enthalpy change for the reaction between hydrogen
and oxygen to form water, also state whether the reaction is endothermic or exothermic.
Solution:
As there are 2(H-H) bonds broken and 1 (O=O) broken, putting their BE we get the total energy
absorbed.
2(436) + 496=1368 KJ
There are 4(O-H) bonds formed, hence putting (O-H) BE from the table we get the total energy
released:
4(460)=1840 KJ
And ∆H=1368-1840= -472 KJ

The negative sign of ∆H shows that the reaction is exothermic, because more energy is released
for bonds making than energy absorbed for bonds breaking.
Exothermic and endothermic processes

(a) Physical (b) Chemical
Physical processes
6
Chemical Processes:
Endothermic reactions:
1. Thermal decompositions of
(i) Carbonates:
When strongly heated in a furnace, carbonates decompose to produce metal oxides and
CO2.
CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)

(ii) Nitrates: Decompose to produce: Metal oxides, nitrogen dioxide and oxygen gas.
2Ca(NO3)2(s) → 2CaO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

(iii) Hydroxides: Decompose into metal oxide and steam.
Ca(OH)2(s) →
CaO(s) + H2O(g)
2. Decomposition due to light:
Silver bromide and silver chloride decompose when exposed to sun light.
2AgCl(s) → Ag(s) + Cl2(g)
2AgBr(s) → Ag(s) + Br2(g)

3.Photosynthesis: Green plants prepare their food by combining carbondixide and water in
presence of sun light which is trapped in green pigment, called chlorophyll in the chloroplast of
the green leaves.
6H2O(l) + 6CO2(g) → C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g)

Reaction of dilute acid with Sodium hydrogencarbonate:
NaHCO3(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Exothermic reactions:
Most of the chemical reactions are exothermic:
1. Combustion reaction (fuel)
2. Respiration.
3. Dilute acids’ reactions with (i) metals (ii) metal oxides (iii) hydroxides and (iv) carbonates.
4. Rusting and corrosion of metals
Combustion :
Any substance which on burning gives out heat energy is called a fuel. For example petrol,
diesel, natural gas or CNG, coal, dry wood, cow dung and hydrogen gas. Bio fuel and ethanol
mixed with petrol are also used as fuel nowadays in many countries.
1. Combustion:
7
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

2.Respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)

3. Reactions of dilute acids:
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
MgCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Neutralization:
MgO(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l)
Mg(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
Rusting:
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) + 2H2O(l) → 2Fe2O3. H2O(s)
Energy level diagrams:

8
Or
The energy level diagrams for Endothermic reactions
∆H = negative
An energy level diagram for an exothermic reaction. The products have lower energy than the
reactants.
9
Work Sheet Energy Changes Questions from Past Papers.

1 Which of the following changes is endothermic?
A H(g) + Cl(g) → HCl(g)
B H2O(g) →2H(g) + O(g)
C H2O(l) →H2O(s)
D 2H2(g) + O2(g) →2H2O(l)
2 In which equation is the sign of energy change, H, correctly shown?

Equation H
A 2AgCl(s) → 2Ag(s) + Cl2(g) Positive
B CH4(g) → C(g) + 4H(g) Negative
C H2O(l) → H2O(g) Negative
D CH 4 (g) + 2O 2 (g) → CO2 (g) + 2H 2 O(l) positive
3 The energy profile diagram below is for a reaction P + Q → R + S.

A The activation energy of the reaction is (H3 - H1).
B The activation energy of the reaction is (H3 - H2).
C ∆H is (H1 - H2).
D ∆H is (H1 - H3).
4 Which reaction profile shows

the fastest exothermic reaction?
10
5 Dissolving ammonium nitrate in water is endothermic.

Which graph shows how the temperature alters as the ammonium nitrate is added to water
and then the solution is left to stand?
6 The reaction C2H4 + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 2H2O is exothermic because

A more bonds are broken than are formed.
B more bonds are formed than are broken.
C the energy needed to break the bonds is greater than that released on forming new
bonds.
D the energy needed to break the bonds is less than that released on forming new
bonds.
7 The formation of hydrogen iodide from hydrogen and iodine is an endothermic reaction.
H–H + I – I → H–I + H – I
What may be deduced from this information?
A The number of bonds broken is greater than the number of bonds formed.
B The formation of H – I bonds absorbs energy.
C The products possess less energy than the reactants.
D The total energy change in bond formation is less than that in bond breaking.
8 Why is the reaction H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl exothermic?
A Energy involved in the bonds breaking is greater than that of the bond forming
B Energy involved in the bonds forming is greater than that of the bond breaking
C More bonds are broken than are formed
D More bonds are formed than are broken
11
9. Two energy profile diagrams are shown. The scale on the y-axis is the same for both
diagrams.

A Both reactions are exothermic.
B Only one reaction is endothermic.
C The activation energy of reaction 1 is smaller than the activation energy of reaction 2.
D The enthalpy change of reaction 2 is larger than the enthalpy change of reaction 1.
10. Ammonium nitrate dissolves in water.
Which statements are correct?

1 The reaction is endothermic.
2 The water gets colder during the reaction.
3 Heat energy is absorbed by the ammonium nitrate from the water.
A 1 and 2 only B 1 and 3 only C 2 and 3 only D 1, 2 and 3

11. An energy profile diagram is shown.
12. Which statement about exothermic and endothermic reactions is correct?

A In an endothermic reaction, energy is used to break bonds but no energy is released
when bonds form.
12
B In an endothermic reaction, energy is released when bonds form but more energy is
used to break bonds.
C In an exothermic reaction, energy is released both by breaking and by forming bonds.
D In an exothermic reaction, energy is released when bonds form but no energy is needed
to break bonds.
13. The diagram shows the energy profile for a reaction.
Which statements about this reaction are correct?

1 More energy is needed to break the bonds than is released when new bonds are
formed.
2 Route 1 and route 2 give the same overall equation for the reaction.
3 Route 2 involves the use of a catalyst.
4 The reaction is exothermic.
A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 2 only C 2, 3 and 4 D 3 and 4 only
14. A reaction is exothermic.
Which diagram shows the correct energy profile diagram for the reaction and the correct
enthalpy change?
13
15. The equation for photosynthesis is shown.

6CO2 + 6H2O → 6O2 + C6H12O6
Which statement about photosynthesis is correct?
A It has a negative enthalpy change.
B It is catalysed by the presence of yeast.
C The products of photosynthesis are oxygen and starch.
D It occurs in green leaves.
16. Which statements about endothermic reactions are correct?
1 Energy is absorbed from the surroundings.
2 Energy is released to the surroundings.
3 The temperature of the reaction mixture falls.
4 The temperature of the reaction mixture rises.
A 1 and 3 B 1 and 4 C 2 and 3 D 2 and 4
Theory
B7. Aqueous hydrogen peroxide is used to sterilise contact lenses.
At room temperature aqueous hydrogen peroxide decomposes very slowly to form water
and oxygen.
The decomposition can be represented by the equation below.
14
2H2O2 → O2 + 2H2O
(a) Explain why this reaction is exothermic in terms of the energy changes that take
place during bond breaking and bond making. [2]
(b) Draw the energy profile diagram for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
Label on the diagram the activation energy and the enthalpy change. [3]
B8. Methane, CH4, is used as a fuel. The complete combustion of methane can be represented
by the equation below.
(a) Explain why this reaction is exothermic in terms of the energy changes that take
place during bond breaking and bond making. [3]
(b) XCalculate the energy released when 4.0 g of methane is completely combusted.
[2]
(c) Draw the energy profile diagram for the complete combustion of methane. Label
on the diagram the activation energy and the enthalpy change.
[3]
(d) XDraw a ‘dot and cross’ diagram to show the bonding in methane.
You only need to draw the outer (valence) electrons of carbon.
(a) In a car engine, a spark plug ignites a mixture of air and ethanol. The spark is
needed because the combustion of ethanol needs activation energy.
Complete the energy level diagram below for the combustion of ethanol.
Show the names of the products and label the activation energy for the reaction.
[3]
A1. Hydrogen reacts with chlorine to make hydrogen chloride. The reaction is exothermic. The
reaction can be represented by the equation below.
H –– H + Cl –– Cl → H –– Cl + H –– Cl ∆H = –184 kJ/mol
15
(a) XA mixture of 2.5 g of hydrogen and 142 g of chlorine is allowed to react.

i) Which gas, hydrogen or chlorine, is in excess?
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
......……………………………………
ii) XCalculate the energy released when 2.5 g of hydrogen reacts completely
with chlorine gas.
[3]
(b) Explain why the reaction is exothermic, in terms of the energy changes that take
place during bond breaking and bond making.
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................
[3]
(c) xDraw a ‘dot and cross’ diagram to show the bonding in hydrogen chloride.
You only need to draw the outer (valence) electrons of chlorine.
[2]
(d) Nitrogen reacts with oxygen to form nitrogen(II) oxide. The energy profile diagram
for the reaction is shown below.
16
i) Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic?

......................................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................…………………………………………………
……….................................
ii) Label on the diagram the activation energy for the reaction.
A2. In the future, fuel cells may be used to power cars. In a fuel cell, the overall reaction is
represented by the equation
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l)

(a) This is the energy profile diagram for the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen.
i) Label on the diagram the activation energy of the reaction.

ii) The fuel cell contains a catalyst. Draw a second curve on the diagram to show
the energy profile for the catalysed reaction.
iii) Explain why this reaction is exothermic in terms of bond breaking and bond
forming.
XA3.The NASA space shuttle uses fuel cells to generate electricity. The diagram below shows
a hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell.
17
XA3
At the positive electrode, oxygen reacts with water as shown.
O2(g) + 2H2O(l) + 4e– → 4OH–(aq)
At the negative electrode, hydrogen reacts with hydroxide ions as shown.
H2(g) + 2OH–(aq) → 2H2O(l) + 2e–
The overall reaction in the fuel cell is the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen to make
water.
(a) Give one source for hydrogen and one source for oxygen for use in a fuel cell.
[2]
(b) What is the name of the electrolyte used in the fuel cell?
[1]
(c) What type of reaction takes place, reduction or oxidation, at the positive
electrode? Explain your answer.
[1]
(d) A fuel cell uses 240dm3 of hydrogen. Calculate the volume of oxygen needed, and
the mass of water formed. All gas volumes measured at room temperature and pressure.
[3]
(e) Describe some advantages and disadvantages of using a fuel cell to generate
electricity.
A3. XTwo isotopes of carbon are carbon-12 and carbon-13. The proportion of these isotopes
in ivory elephant tusks can be used to determine where in the world the tusks come from.
(a) What is the meaning of the term isotope?
………………………………………………………………………………………[1]
18
ss
(b) Complete the table about atoms of carbon-12 and carbon-13.
Number of Number of Number of
Isotope Symbol protons per electrons per neutrons per
atom atom atom
12
Carbon- 6C 6 6 6
12
Carbon-
13
[2]
(c) Elephants eat plants that contain carbon-12 and carbon-13 combined in compounds
such as carbohydrates. Carbohydrates in plants are formed from glucose that is made
by the process of photosynthesis.
Briefly describe, including the word equation, the process of photosynthesis.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………[3]
(d) Explain in terms of bond breaking and bond making why the reaction between zinc and sulfuric acid
is exothermic?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………… [3]
A2. Hydrogen and oxygen gases react to form water.
H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l)
(a) How many bonds are broken…………………………. [1]

(b) How many bonds are formed…………………………. [1]
(c) (i) Use the bond energies to calculate the energy change, ∆H for the above reaction Bond
energies in KJ/mole
[H―H = 436, O═O = 496 and O―H = 460]
(c) The reaction of zinc with sulfuric acid is exothermic.

Complete the energy profile diagram for this reaction to show the enthalpy change.
19
[2]
(d) Explain in terms of bond breaking and bond making why the reaction between zinc and sulfuric acid
is exothermic?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………… [3]
[2]
(ii) Use the sign of ∆H, state whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic?
……………………………………………………………………………...…………… [1]
(iii) Ammonium Chloride, NH4Cl dissolves endothermically in water.
Predict whether the temperature of the solution will decrease or increase during dissolving the
salt in water.
Temperature................................................................................ [1]
CHAPTER 6 – CHEMICAL REACTIONS
6.1 Speed of Reaction
Reactions can be classified in terms of speed, as to how long they take to complete.
Hence, reactions which take the shortest time to occur are the fastest while those
taking longest time are the slowest or dead slow and still others are moderate to
occur.
Examples: All ionic reactions are fastest.
Growth, of animals and plants can be slow, slower or very slow
Formation of crude oil, the slowest.
Measuring Speed of Reaction

It is the speed for a reactant to be used up or product to be formed.
2 ways to find out speed of reaction
1. Measuring time for reaction to complete
Speed of reaction is inversely proportional to time taken; the shorter the time
needed for reaction to complete, the faster the speed of reaction is.
Speed of reaction = 1/time taken

Speed of reaction A = 1/30s = 0.333/s
Speed of reaction B = 1/15s = 0.667/s
Therefore reaction B is faster than reaction A as time taken for B is shorter
Number of times B faster than A = 0.667/0.333 = 2 times
2. Measuring the amount of product produced in a period of time or

measuring the amount of reactant remain in a period of time.
Can be measured by plotting change in volume of gas evolved, mass of reaction
mixture as reaction proceeds and change of pressure of gas formed.
- Measuring the amount of gas evolved.
Consider reaction of limestone with acid to produce carbon dioxide. A syringe is
used to help in measurement of gas produced in volume every time interval. A
graph of volume of gas against time is plotted.
- Gradient largest at start indicating speed at its greatest.

- Gradient decreases with time – speed decreases with time.
- Gradient becomes zero, speed is zero. The reaction has finished or stopped.
- Measuring change in mass of reaction mixture.

Marble is reacted with acid in a flask with cotton wool stucked at top to prevent
splashing during reaction but it allows gas to be free. The reading on balance is
plotted on a graph on every time interval.
Factors Affecting Speed of Reaction
1. Particle Size of Reactant
When large marble is reacted with acid and compared to reaction of fine marble
solids being reacted with acid and the graph of volume of gas against time is
plotted, it’s found that the reaction involving finer marble chips produces gas faster
than the one with larger marble chunk as the graph of finer chips is steeper. The
volume of gas at the end is the same for both reactions. Therefore, reactions of
solids with liquid/gas is faster when the solids are of smaller pieces.
Explanation:
Reactions occur when particles collide. Small particles creates larger surface area
for more collisions between reacting particles which increases speed of reaction.
Explosions: chemical reactions occuring extremely rapid rate producing heat+gas
- Coal dust burn faster than large pieces as it has larger surface area. In coal mines,
when air contains too much coal dust, explosion can occur from a single spark or
match. Water is sprayed into the air to remove coal dust.
- Flour in mills can ignite easily due to large surface area.
2. Concentration of Reactant
In the increase of concentration means there are more solute particles per unit
volume of the solution which favours for more effective collision resulting in an
increase in speed of reaction.
3. Pressure of Reactant
Only gaseous reactions are affected as gas is compressible. At higher pressure,

molecules are forced to move closely together, hence increasing the particles per
unit volume of gas and effectively increases the collision between reacting
molecules so the speed of reaction increases.
High pressure is used in industrial processes (e.g. Haber Process Plant) so that the
reaction goes faster.
4. Temperature of Reaction
Speed of reaction increases when temperature increases. Particles don’t always
react upon collision but just bounce as they don’t have enough activation energy to
react. With increase in temperature, particles absorb the energy and having enough
activation energy, they move faster and collide more effectively per second.
Therefore, speed of reaction is increased.
Usually, speed of reaction doubles for every 10oC rise in temperature.
5. Effect of Catalyst
What are catalysts?
They are chemical substances which alters speed of reaction without itself being
used at the end of a reaction. It can be reused and only small amount of catalyst is
needed to affect a reaction.
- transition metals (e.g. Titanium, Nickel, Iron, Copper) are good catalysts
- most catalyst catalyse one kind of reaction (except titanium)
Catalysts lower the need of energy to break bonds so activation energy is lower.
Consequently, bond breaking occurs easily and more often when particles collide
Factors Affecting Speed of Catalysed Reactions:
Speed of catalysed reactions can be increased by:
- increasing temperature
- increasing concentration of solutions
- increasing pressure of gas reactions
Catalyst provide “alternative path” which results in lower activation energy.
Enzymes
Enzymes are biological catalysts
Characteristics of enzymes:
- They are very specific. One enzyme catalyse one type of reaction.
- Enzymes are sensitive to temperature. They work best at 40oC. Too high or too
low temperatures destroy enzymes.
- Enzymes are sensitive to pH. They function within narrow range of pH.
Industrial uses of enzymes:

- They are added to detergents from bacteria, and also to make tough meat tender.
These enzymes can be found in papaya fruit.
- Yeast convert sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide by fermentation. Beer, wine
and soy sauce are made this way.
- Fungical enzymes can be used to make antibiotics such as penicillin.
MCQs speed
1. A student wrote two conclusions about calcium carbonate.
conclusion 1 The reaction with dilute hydrochloric acid is faster with powdered
calcium carbonate than with large pieces of calcium carbonate.
conclusion 2 Grinding large pieces of calcium carbonate to form powder increases
the surface area.
A Both conclusions are correct and conclusion 2 explains conclusion 1.
B Both conclusions are correct but conclusion 2 does not explain conclusion 1.
C Conclusion 1 is correct but conclusion 2 is not correct.
D Conclusion 2 is correct but conclusion 1 is not correct.
2. Catalysts alter the rate of chemical reactions.
Which statements correctly describe the effect of adding a catalyst to a reaction?
1 All reactant particles have more energy and move faster.
2 The activation energy is lowered.
3 More reactant particles collide with enough energy to react.
A 1, 2 and 3 B 1 and 3 only C 2 and 3 only D 3 only
3. Which reaction is the fastest?
4.Which change will increase the speed of the reaction between 1 mol of each of the
gases, X and Y?
A a decrease in surface area of the catalyst
B a decrease in temperature
C a decrease in the volume of the reaction flask
D an increase in the volume of the reaction flask
5.Dilute hydrochloric acid was reacted with magnesium ribbon and the volume of hydrogen
gas evolved was measured for the first 80 s.
What was the average rate of production of hydrogen?

A 0.4 cm3 / s
B 2.5 cm3 / s
C 4 cm3 / s
D 40 cm3 / s
6.Calcium carbonate was reacted with an excess of dilute hydrochloric acid at room temperature.
CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
Two experiments were carried out.
Experiment 1 100 g of calcium carbonate in large lumps.

Experiment 2 50 g of calcium carbonate as a fine powder.
Which of the graphs is correct?
7.In four separate experiments, identical samples of magnesium ribbon were added to an excess
of hydrochloric acid.
Which experiment will give off hydrogen most rapidly?
Volume of Concentration
acid / cm3 of acid / mol
dm–3
A 10 5.0
B 20 0.5
C 30 2.0
D 50 0.1
8.If a strip of magnesium is dropped into excess hydrochloric acid an exothermic reaction occurs.
The rate of this reaction increases during the first few seconds because
A The amount of magnesium is decreasing
B The magnesium is acting as a catalyst
C The solution is becoming hotter
D The surface area of the magnesium is increasing
9.Dilute sulphuric acid reacts with copper(II) oxide to form copper(II) sulphate and water.
What could not alter the rate of this reaction?
A The concentration of sulphuric acid
B The pressure at which the reaction takes place
C The size of the particles of copper(II) oxide
D The temperature of the reacting mixture.
10.Magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid.
Which solution would give the fastest initial rate of reaction?
A 40 g of HCl in 1000 cm3 of water
B 20 g of HCl in 1000 cm3 of water
C 10 g of HCl in 100 cm3 of water
D 4 g of HCl in 50 cm3 of water
11.In an experiment, 0.325 g of zinc reacts with an excess of hydrochloric acid. The graph shows
how the volume of hydrogen produced varies with time.
In a second experiment, 0.650 g of zinc reacts with an excess of hydrochloric acid.
For the second experiment, at which point will the graph become horizontal?
12.Curve I is obtained by observing the decomposition of 100 cm3 of 1 mol /dm3 aqueous
hydrogen peroxide, catalysted by manganese(IV) oxide.
2H2O2 (aq) → 2H2O (l) + O2 (g)
Which alteration to the conditions will produce curve II?

A Adding some 0.1 mol /dm3 aqueous hydrogen peroxide
B Lowering the temperature
C Using a better catalyst
D Using less manganese(IV) oxide
Theory Questions speed
A1. Sulfuric acid reacts with zinc to form zinc sulfate and hydrogen.
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)
(a) Describe and explain, using ideas about collisions between particles, how the rate of this
reaction changes when the concentration of sulfuric acid is increased.
All other conditions stay the same.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Describe and explain, using ideas about collisions between particles, how the rate of this
reaction changes when the temperature is decreased.
All other conditions stay the same.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................................... [2]
A1. Sandstone contains sand (mainly silicon dioxide) and calcium carbonate.
Excess sandstone was reacted with dilute hydrochloric acid.
CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
The rate of reaction was followed by measuring the mass lost during the reaction.
This is a table of the results.

(a) Use information from the table to show that the rate of reaction decreased.
[2]
(b) Explain, using ideas about particles colliding, why the rate of the reaction decreased.
[2]
(c) Draw a labeled diagram to show a different method of following the rate of reaction
between sandstone and hydrochloric acid.
[2]
(d) In a second experiment, 10 g of sandstone was added to excess hydrochloric acid.
The total mass lost was 0.88 g.
Calculate the percentage by mass of calcium carbonate in the sandstone. [4]
A1. Marble statues are being damaged by acid rain. The chemical name for marble is calcium
carbonate.
A student investigated the reaction between marble chips and nitric acid.
CaCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) → Ca(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
The diagram shows the apparatus the student used.
The student recorded the balance reading every minute.

(a) Explain why the balance reading decreases during the experiment
.........................................................................................…........................................
…………………………………………………………………......................................
...............................................................................................................
[1]
(b) How can the student tell when the reaction has finished?
........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................
[1]
(c) (i) Calculate the number of moles of nitric acid in 50 cm3 of 2.0 mol /dm3 solution.
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of calcium carbonate in 2.0 g.
(iii) Which reagent, calcium carbonate or nitric acid, is in excess?
[5]
(d) The student repeats the experiment using the same quantities of calcium carbonate
and nitric acid. This time the acid is at a higher temperature. Describe and explain, in
terms of collisions between reacting particles, the effect of increasing the
temperature on the rate of reaction.
………………………………………………………....................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................
[2]
[ANS]
A2. A student adds aqueous sodium hydroxide from a burette into 25.0 cm3 of dilute sulphuric
acid. The student measures the pH value of the mixture during the addition of the sodium
hydroxide.
............................................................................................................................
[1]
(b) Give an ionic equation to represent the neutralization reaction between sodium
hydroxide and sulphuric acid.
............................................................................................................................
[1]

...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................
[3]

............................................................................................................................
[1]
A1. Antacid tablets neutralise acids. A student investigated the time taken for an antacid tablet
to react completely with excess hydrochloric acid (the reaction time) under different
conditions.
(a) Which two experiments show that the volume of acid used does not affect the rate of
reaction?
…………………… and …………………… [1]
(b) Describe and explain the effect of increasing the temperature on the rate of reaction,
in terms of collisions between reacting particles.
........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................………………………………
………………………......................................... [2]
(c) The antacid tablet contains calcium carbonate.
i) Write down the equation for the reaction between calcium carbonate and
hydrochloric acid.
.................................................................................................................
ii) Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid used in experiment 2.

iii) Calculate the mass of calcium carbonate that will react with this number of
moles of hydrochloric acid.
Mass of calcium carbonate. …………………… [4]
[ANS

(a) (i) State and explain how the rate changes when the pressure is increased. Use ideas
about colliding particles.
(ii) State and explain how the yield changes when the pressure is increased. Use
ideas about reacting volumes of gases.
[4]
(b) During the reaction, the ammonia and oxygen are passed through a powdered
catalyst.
[2]

4NO (g) + 2H2O(g) + 3O2(g) → 4HNO3(aq)
(c) Calculate the maximum mass of nitric acid which can be made from 720dm3 of
nitrogen(II) oxide, NO, at room temperature and pressure.
[3]
(d) Use the two equations to construct an overall equation for the conversion of
ammonia to nitric acid.
[1]
[Total : 10]
(a) (i) State and explain how the rate changes when the pressure is increased. Use ideas
about colliding particles.
(ii) State and explain how the yield changes when the pressure is increased. Use
ideas about reacting volumes of gases.
[4]
(b) During the reaction, the ammonia and oxygen are passed through a powdered
catalyst.
[2]

4NO (g) + 2H2O(g) + 3O2(g) → 4HNO3(aq)
(c) Calculate the maximum mass of nitric acid which can be made from 720dm3 of
nitrogen(II) oxide, NO, at room temperature and pressure.
[3]
(d) Use the two equations to construct an overall equation for the conversion of
ammonia to nitric acid.
[1]
[Total : 10]
A2. A student investigates the reaction between zinc and dilute hydrochloric acid.
The student uses the apparatus shown in the diagram.
To start the reaction the student tips the flask so that the acid and zinc can mix.
Every minute the student measures the volume of gas collected.
The results are plotted on the graph below:
(a) Write the equation for the reaction between zinc and dilute hydrochloric acid.
………………………………………………………………………………………...
[1]
(b) A sample of 0.65 g of zinc and 50 cm3 of 2.0 mol /dm3 hydrochloric acid is used.
Which reagent, zinc or hydrochloric acid, is in excess at the end of the reaction?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) The rate of reaction changes as the reaction proceeds.
How and why does the rate of reaction change?
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
[2]
(d) The investigation is repeated using exactly the same amounts of zinc and dilute
hydrochloric acid.
The only difference is that warm hydrochloric acid is used rather than cold
hydrochloric acid. On the grid, sketch the graph of the results you would expect.
[1]
A3. Calcium carbonate reacts with dilute nitric acid to give carbon dioxide.
The rate of reaction can be investigated by measuring the change in mass of a mixture of
calcium carbonate and nitric acid over a period of time. As carbon dioxide escapes, the
mixture loses mass.
The graph below shows the results obtained when a 3.0 g lump of calcium carbonate was
added to an excess of 1.0 mol /dm3 nitric acid.
(a) Name the other products of the reaction between calcium carbonate and dilute nitric
acid.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
..
[1]
(b) Had the reaction between calcium carbonate and nitric acid finished after 20
minutes? Explain your answer.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
[1]
(c) The experiment was repeated using a 3.0 g lump of calcium carbonate but an excess
of 2.0 mol /dm3 nitric acid.
Draw on the graph above, the curve you would expect. Label the curve X.
[1]
(d) Suggest why it is difficult to investigate the rate of reaction in this experiment using
powdered calcium carbonate instead of lump.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
[1]
(e) Draw a labeled diagram to show another method of investigating the rate of reaction
between nitric acid and a lump of calcium carbonate.
[3]
A4. An experiment was carried out to measure the rate of reaction between excess powdered
calcium carbonate and dilute acids.
3 3
(a) In Experiment 1, 25 cm of 1.5 mol/dm hydrochloric acid was used.
Complete the equation for the reaction by filling in the missing state symbols.
(i) 2HCl(……..) + CaCO3(……..) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O (……..) + CO2(……..)

(ii) Calculate the total volume of carbon dioxide that is made from this reaction at r.t.p.
[4]
(b) A further experiment using hydrochloric acid, Experiment 2, was carried out.
The results of Experiments 1 and 2 are shown on the graph.
Suggest the concentration and volume of acid used for Experiment 2.

concentration ……………………………… mol/dm3
volume …………………………………… cm3 [2]
(c) Experiment 3 was carried out using 25 cm3 of 1.5 mol/dm3 sulphuric acid.
The initial rate of reaction for Experiment 3 was faster than for the other experiments
but the reaction stopped suddenly after only a small amount of gas had been given off.
(i) Name the salt formed in Experiment 3.
........................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain why the reaction stops suddenly.
.........................................................................................................................
(iii) Explain why the initial rate of reaction was faster than for the other experiments.
.........................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total: 10 marks]

WS P.table (8 Files Merged)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

WS P.table (8 Files Merged)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1

2. Which statement about the Periodic Table is correct?

4. Which element is in Group IV, period 5 of the Periodic Table?

7. Two particles X and Y have the composition shown in the table.

The particles X and Y are

8 The diagrams show the arrangements of the electrons of four elements.

Which two elements are metals?

transition elements; Na and Cs are Group 1 metals whereas Iodine is a halogen.

Which statement is correct?

What were these colored substances?

To which group in the Periodic Table does X belong?

VII. The reactivity in this group decreases down the group

17 Element Z has the following properties.•

Which statement is correct?

20 Ruthenium, Ru, is immediately below iron in the Periodic Table.

21 Which electron arrangement is that of a metallic element?

22 The table shows the electron structure of four elements:

23 Element X has an electronic structure 2,8,8,1.

24 Elements X, Y and Z are in the same period of the Periodic Table.

26 Which statement about the alkali metals is true?

27 Which gas is present in the light bulb?

30 When chlorine water is added to a colourless solution of X, a dark brown solution is

32 The results of three halogen displacement experiments are shown.

What are halogens X, Y and Z?

X > Z > Y, or Cl > Br > I.

33 Fluorine is the first element in Group VII of the Periodic Table.

34 Astatine (At) is in Group VII of the Periodic Table.

36 Which statement about all the noble gases is correct?

form monoatomic molecules.

37 Which element in the table is likely to be a transition metal?

38 A metal X forms oxides with the formula XO and X2O3.

densities and variable oxidation states.

40 Which shows the correct catalyst for each industrial process?

in the hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons.

41 In which process is a catalyst not used?

A3 This question is about the Periodic Table.

(a) Group 0 or the noble gas group or Group 8

(a) To which group of the Periodic Table does X belong?

(c) (i) NaX

B9 The Periodic Table is arranged in groups.

2Rb(s) + 2H2O(l) → 2RbOH(aq) + H2(g)

A4 Potassium, atomic number 19, is an element in Group I.

(d) Caesium is a more reactive metal than potassium.

B10: A metallic element, M, has the following properties:

(c) mass of chlorine = 0.366 – 0.224 = 0.142 g

Empirical formula : Cl2O7

The table shows the pH of four solutions.

In which solutions will both indicators be yellow?

2. The table gives information about three indicators.

thymol blue red 3 yellow

congo red blue 5 red

phenolphthalein colourless 10 red

3. The table gives information about three indicators.

6. The following equations represent reactions of dilute sulphuric acid.

Which reaction is not ‘typical’ of a dilute acid?

10 What reacts with hydrochloric acid to give hydrogen?

11. The diagram shows some reactions of copper compounds.

[D] – CuCO3 (s) + H2SO4 (aq)

13. Which representation of dilute sulphuric acid is correct?

A H2(aq) + SO42– (aq)

Which change occurs in the mixture?

A The concentration of the H+ ions increases.

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H2O

What is the concentration of the aqueous sodium hydroxide?