INTRODUCTION ILS

OLEH :
BALAI PENDIDIKAN DAN PELATIHAN MUH WILDAN, S.T.,M.T.
PENERBANGAN CURUG Contact :

2015
TANGERANG - INDONESIA m_wildan@yahoo.com
HP : 085288428850
Balai Teknik Penerbangan
 Outlines
• What is Navigation ?
• What is ILS?
• The Uses of ILS
• ILS Components
• Localizer
• Glide Path
• Marker Beacons
• Advantages and disadvantages ILS
 What is NAVIGATION?

• Navigation: The process of plan and

direct the route of aircraft by using
MAPS or NAVIGATIONAL AID
SYSTEMS.

• Air Navigation – The action of plotting

and directing the route of an aircraft
through the air from one place to
another.
 Why do we need it ?
For Navigation purposes, we need to know:-

Distance & Direction

Position & Time

Direction we get from a DVOR

Distance we get from a DME
Approach Landing we get from ILS
 Objectives of air navigation

Know aircraft position

Enroute separation
Approach to Airport
Avoiding protected airspace or
other air traffic
Holding at given position
Figuring ground speeds
Flight Rules: IFR/VFR
Aircraft flying

1. Visual Flight Rules – VFR

Aircraft flying by visual
references

Including natural horizon,

landmarks, terrain features,
relative motion outside

2. Instrument Flight Rules - IFR

Aircraft flying by instruments
indication inside the flight
deck.
 Radio navigation
Radio navigation:
 signal gelombang Radio untuk memberikan tuntunan
atau petunjuk (guidance) pada pesawat terbang
selama perjalanan maupun proses pendaratan.

 posisi lokasi pesawat ditentukan dengan mengacu

pada instrumen seperti VOR, ADF, RMI, CDI atau
GPS.
 Radio Navigation Aids (RNA)
Prinsip utama dalam navigasi :

1. Direction / arah
Dengan membandingkan phase signal
guidance.

2. Distance / jarak
Dengan mengukur perjalanan waktu
signal radio.

3. Course Line dan Angle Slope

Dengan membandingkan perbedaan
kedalam modulasi sinyal guidance
(DDM)
Indicator System in the Cockpit
Ground Equipment Navigational Aids

En-Route/Homing Landing
Navigation Navigation
VOR ILS

NDB

DME MLS
DME
What is ILS ?
ILS adalah alat bantu pendaratan secara instrument (non
visual) yang digunakan penerbang dalam melakukan
prosedur pendekatan dan pendaratan pesawat di suatu
bandara.
ILS dapat digunakan walaupun dalam kondisi cuaca
visibiiity yang minim.
ILS dioperasikan beserta alat bantu navigasi yang lainnya
seperti DME, VOR dan NDB
ILS digunakan berdasarkan standart dari ICAO Annex 10,
Vol 1 Chapter 3
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 The Uses of ILS
• To guide the pilot during the approach and
landing.
– It is very helpful when visibility is limited and
the pilot cannot see the airport and runway.
• To provide an aircraft with a precision final
approach.
• To help the aircraft to a runway touchdown
point.
• To provide an aircraft guidance to the runway
both in the horizontal and vertical planes.
• To increase safety and situational awareness.
Flight Profile
Poor Visibility Landings
• Scheduled service would be impossible without
a way to land in poor weather.
Poor Visibility Landings
 Runway Approach
Non-Instrument Runway (NI) Precision Runway (P)

Aiming
point

Touchdown
zone

Threshold

Non-Precision Runway (NP)

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Types of Runway Approach
1.Non-Instrument Runway (NI)
– A runway intended for the operation of aircraft using visual
approach procedure
2. Instrument Runway
– A runway intended for the operation of aircraft using
instrument approach procedures
a) Non-Precision Runway (NP)
• An instrument runway served by visual aids and a non-
visual aid providing at least lateral guidance adequate for a
straight-in approach

b) Precision Runway (P)

• Allow operations with a decision height
and visibility corresponding to
Category 1, or II, or III
 Precision Runway (P)
Categories
• Runway Threshold: Beginning of runway
for landing.

• Touchdown zone: The first point for the

aircraft shoul touch the runway during
landing.

• Aiming point: serves as a visual aiming

point for a landing aircraft.
 TIGA SINYAL PEMANDU ILS
ILS memberikan panduan (Guidance) kepada
aircraft / pesawat terbang berupa sinyal :

1. Kelurusan pesawat dengan garis tengah

landasan pacu (azimuth)

1. Sudut luncur pendaratan

2. Jarak pesawat terhadap titik pendaratan 20

 ILS Components
• ILS consists of Ground Installations and Airborne
Equipments
• There are 3 equipments for Ground Installations, which are:
1. Ground Localizer (LLZ) Antenna – To provide
horizontal navigation
2. Ground Glide path (GP) Antenna – To provide
vertical navigation
3. Marker Beacons – To enable the pilot cross check
the aircraft’s height.
• There are 2 equipments for Airborne Equipments, which
are:
1. LLZ and GP antennas located on the aircraft
nose.
2. ILS indicator inside the cockpit
ILS Components

ILS Indicator inside

the cockpit

Ground Localizer
Ground Glide Path Antenna
Antenna
 ILS Indicator

Signal Integrity Flag

Indicates if instrument is
unreliable

“Dots”
Localizer Each “dot” on the
Glidepath instrument represents 2° of
Deviation from runway
Deviation from optimal deviation
centre line
glide path
 ILS Components / sub system ILS
– Provides Horizontal Guidance/ untuk
► Localizer
menentukan center line runway

– Provides Vertical Guidance/ untuk

► Glideslope
menentukan sudut pendaratan

► Outer Marker – indicates Glide Slope Interceipt

point /posisi Final Approach

► MiddleMarker – Indicates Decision Height Point /

Missed Approach Point 24
Localizer

Needle indicates direction of runway.

Centered Needle = Correct Alignment

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Glideslope

Needle indicates above/below glidepath.

Centered Needle = Correct Glidepath

Correct Glidepath

Descent Cone
Runway
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Cross pointer

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 LOCALIZER
 FEKUENSI OPERASI : 108 – 111,975 Mhz
 TOLERANSI FREQ : SINGLE FREQ (±0,005%) DUAL FREQ
(±0,002%)
 DIMODULASIKAN OLEH 2 SIGNAL GUIDANCE YAITU 90 HZ
DAN 150 HZ
 KEDALAMAN MODULASI MASING MASING 20%, JADI TOTAL
KEDALAMAN MODULASI 40 %
 SINYAL IDENT DENGAN KEDALAMAN 10%
 DAERAH CAKUPAN LOCALIZER YANG STANDART HARUS
MENCAPAI 25 NM
 PERALATAN LLZ TERDIRI DARI : DUAL TRANSMITTER,
DUAL MONITOR, CONTROL UNIT, ANTENNA DISTRIBUTOR,
DAN ANTENNA ARRAY
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 GLIDE SLOPE
• BEKERJA PADA FREQ UHF ANTARA 328,6 MHZ – 335,4
MHZ
• TOLERANSI FREQ : SINGLE FREQ (±0,005%) DUAL FREQ
(±0,002%)
 DIMODULASIKAN OLEH 2 SIGNAL GUIDANCE YAITU 90
HZ DAN 150 HZ
 KEDALAMAN MODULASI MASING MASING 40%, JADI
TOTAL KEDALAMAN MODULASI 80 %
• DAERAH CAKUPAN GS, HARUS SAMPAI DENGAN 10NM

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 Outer/Middle Marker Beacons
• OM – Denotes beginning of final approach
segment (Final Approach Fix).

• MM – Denotes Missed Approach Point

(MAP)
– Usually placed at decision height on glidepath.
– “If you can’t see the runway yet, go around.”

• Represented by indicator lights with

accompanying aural tone in cockpit. 30
 SPECIAL CONFIGURATION
ILS
• Dalam beberapa negara yang berstandar
Cat II dan Cat III, di pasang peralatan Inner
Marker ( IM)
• Sebagai Decision Height for Cat II
• Dipasang normalnya dalam jarak 75m
sampai dengan 450m dari landing threshold
• Sinyal pemodulasinya adalah 3000 Hz,
dengan identification six dots per second
dan white light
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 MARKER BEACON
• FREQ OPERASINYA : 75 MHZ
MARKER BEACON TERDIRI DARI 3 BUAH
/JENIS :
1. OUTER MARKER (OM)
2. MIDDLE MARKER (MM)
3. INNER MARKER (IM), tidak dioperasikan di
Indonesia, mengingat di Indonesia adlalah
standart Cat I.

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PERBEDAAN OM dan MM

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 Advantages of ILS
• The most accurate approach and landing
aid that is used by the airliners.
 Disadvantages of ILS
• Interference due to large reflecting objects,
other vehicles or moving objects.
• This interference can reduce the strength
of the directional signals.
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Con’t