ASSIGNMENT i-2

TRANSPORT iPHENOMENA
TOPIC: iSummary iof ivector iand itensor iNotation

Submitted iTo: i i i iSubmitted iBy:

Dr. iShashikant iYadav i i i iAnanjan i
iMukhopadhyay
i17112010
GENERAL iDESCRIPTION iON iTHE iPHYSICAL iPROPERTIES
i:

The iphysical iquantities itaken iand iconcentration iin ithe iphenomena iare idivided iinto
ithree icategories iscalars isuch ias ipressure ivolume ifactors isuch ias ivelocity imomentum
itensor isuch ias istress imomentum iflux iand ivelocity igradient i. iBasically ia iscalar ihas
ionly imagnitude i, ivector ihas iboth imagnitude iand idirection i,the itension ihas itwo
idirections iand imagnitude. iActually iwe ican isay ithat iscalars iare iregarded ias izero
iorder itenses ivector iare irecorded ias ifirst-order itensors iand itenses iare ithe itype iof
isecond iorder itensors i.

OPERATIONS i iOF iVECTORS iFROM iA iGEOMETRICAL

iPOINT iOF iVIEW i:-

A icertain ivector iv iis idefined iin isuch ia imanner isuch ithat iit iit ihas ia imagnitude iand
idirection ithe imagnitude iof ithe ivector iis igiven iby imodulus iof ithat ivector iand
idirection iis igiven iby ipointing iin ithat idirection iby imaking ian iarrow i. iIn ithe icase iof
irepresentation ithere iis ian iarrow isign ion ithe itop iof ithe ivector iv.

The iaddition ior ithe isubtraction iof iany itwo ivectors ican ibe igiven ifrom ithe
iparallelogram ilaw ias ishown iin ithe ibelow idiagrams i. iThe iaddition iat ithe isubtraction
iare idiagonals iof ithe ithe ivectors irepresenting ithe iapps iof ithe iparallelogram. iFirst
ifollowing ithe ivector iaddition irule ifor ithe iresultant ivector ithat iis i:- i

The imultiplication iof ia ivector ican ibe idone iby ia iscalar ior ia ivector. iIf ithe
imultiplication iis idone iby ivector ithen ithere iare itwo icases iwhen iis idot iproduct ifor
ithe iscalar iproduct isecond is icross iproduct ior ivector iproduct i.

when iit iis imultiplied iby ithe iscalar iquantity ithen ithe imagnitude iof ithat ivector iis
ialtered ibut ithe idirection iremains iconstant ithat iis iit iis inot ichanged. iBasically ithe
iscalar iproduct iproduct iof itwo ivectors itaken iits imagnitude iand icosine iof ithe iangle
ibetween ithem i, isimilarly iimages iof ivector iproduct ithe imagnitudes iof ithe i ivectors
iare itaken iand isine iof ithe iangle ibetween ithem. iIn ithe ivector iproduct ifor ithe icross
iproduct i, ithe iproduct ihas ithe i idirection iperpendicular ito ithe iplane. iThe iabove ithing
iis ishown iin ithe igiven ifigure i:-

Dot iProduct ior iScalar iproduct i:- i i i i i i i i i i i iCross iProduct ior iVector iProduct i:- i

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

Where iv iand iw iare ivectors iin ithe iplane ix iand iy i, ialso ithe ibelow ifigure ishows ithe
idirection ipof ithe iresultant iproduct ivector i.

VECTOR iOPERATION iFROM iTHE iANALYTICAL iPOIT iOF

iVIEW i:-

Basically ithe ianalytical ioperations iinvolve iyour imathematical icalculation ion ithe
ivectors ithat iis icalculating ithe iresultant ivector iand ithe iangle iformed iby ithe iresultant
ivector ifrom ione iof ithe ivectors i. iThis iis iobtained ifrom ithe igeometrical ipoint iof
iview ionly i, ibut ionly ie idoing ithe imathematical icalculation ipart iwe ican iget ithe
iresultant ivector ifrom ithe igiven iformula i:-

In ithis ifigure iwe ihave itaken itwo ivectors ithat iis i iAx iand iAy
ithe iresultant iis igiven iin ithe iform iof iA i, ithe iand i iis igiven iby
itan iinverse iof i( iAx i/ iAy i) i.

VECTOR iDIFFERENTIAL iOPERATIONS i:-

The iDEL i( i∇ i) iis ithe i, ivector ipartial idifferential i, ian ioperator iIn iCartesian
icoordinates

Gradient i:-
1. iWhen ithe iDEL iis ioperated ion iscalar i
2 i. iGradient iof ithe iscalar iis ia ivector i
3 i. iIt igives imaximum irate iof ichange iof ithe ifunction
iin ispace i
4 i. iIf iV iis ithe iscalar ifunction ithen igradient iof iV i( i∇
iV i) i: i
Divergence i:- i
1 i. iDivergence iof ia ivector ifunction i( i) iis iequal ito ithe idot iproduct iof iand i( i) i
2 i. iThe iphysical iinterpretation iof i, idivergence iof ielectric iflux
idensity i. i
3 i. iThe idivergence iof ithe ivector ifield i( i)is ithe ioutflow iof iflux
ifrom ia ismall iclosed isurface iper ivolume ias ithe ivolume ishrink ito izero. i iIf ithe
idivergence iof ia ivector ifield iis izero, isuch ia ifield iis icalled ias isolenoidal ifield.

Differentiation iiin iiVector iiOperations:

Space iiCurves: iiThe iiderivative iiof iia iivector iican iibe iiinterpreted iigeometrically iias
iiu iiis iithe iiincrement iiin iiu iiconsequent iiupon iian iiincrement iit iiin iit. iiAs iit
iichanges, iithe iiend-point iiof iithe iivector iiu(t) iitraces iiout iithe iidotted iicurve ii
iishown ii– iiit iiis iiclear iithat iias iit ii ii0 ii, iiu iiapproaches iithe iitangent iito ii ii,
iiso iithat iidu ii/dt iiis iitangential iito ii ii. iiThe iiunit iivector iitangent iito iithe iicurve iiis
iidenoted iiby iiτ:

τ ii= ii(du ii/dt)/|du ii/dt|

Differentiation: iiThe iiderivative iiof iia iivector iiis iialso iia iivector iiand iithe iiusual
iirules iiof iidifferentiation iiapply, ii
Therefore, iiit iishows iithat,

(The iiorder iiof iithe iiterms

iiin iithe iicross-product
iiexpression iiis iiimportant iihere.

TENSORS

Second iiorder iiTensors:

A iisecond-order iitensor iiT iimay iibe iidefined iias iian iioperator iithat iiacts iion iia
iivector iiu iigenerating iianother iivector iiv, iiso iithat iiT(u) ii iiv, iior

Tu ii iiv iior iiT iiu ii iiv

Curvilinear iiCoordinates: ii

Important iipoints iion iiCartesian iiand iiCurvilinear iiCoordinates:

 The iicurvilinear iispace iiis iigenerated iifrom iicoordinate iicurves iii ii; iithe iibase
iivectors iiare iitangent iito iithese iicurves.
 The iiCartesian iibase iivectors iiare iiorthogonal iito iieach iiother iiand iiof iiunit
iisize; iiin iigeneral, iithe iibasis iivectors iiare iinot iiorthogonal iito iieach iiother
iiand iiare iinot iiof iiunit iisize.
 The iiCartesian iibasis iiis iiindependent iiof iiposition; iithe iicurvilinear iibasis
iichanges iifrom iipoint iito iipoint iiin iithe iispace.

Vectors iiin iiCurvilinear iiCoordinates:

A iivector iican iinow iibe iirepresented iiin iiterms iiof iieither iibasis:
The iiui iiare iithe iicovariant iicomponents iiof iiu iiand iiui iiare iithe iicontra iivariant
iicomponents iiof iiu. iiThus iithe iicovariant iicomponents iiare iithe iicoefficients iiof iithe
iicontra iivariant iibase iivectors iiand iivice iiversa ii– iisubscripts iidenote iicovariance
iiwhile iisuperscripts iidenote iicontra iivariance.

Physical iicomponents iiof iia iiVector:

The iicontra iivariant iiand iicovariant iicomponents iiof iia iivector iido iinot iihave iithe
iisame iiphysical iisignificance iiin iia iicurvilinear iicoordinate iisystem iias iithey iido iiin
iia iirectangular iiCartesian iisystem; iiin iifact, iithey iioften iihave iidifferent iidimensions.

The iiphysical iicomponents iiu(i) iiof iia iivector iiu iiare iidefined iito iibe iithe iicomponents
iialong iithe iicovariant iibase iivectors, iireferred iito iiunit iivectors. iiThus,

Tensors iiin iiCurvilinear iiCoordinates:

Tensors iican iibe iirepresented iiin iiany iiof iifour iiways, iidepending iion iiwhich
iicombination iiof iibase iivectors iiis iibeing iiutilised:

Here, iiAij iiare iithe iicontra iivariant iicomponents, iiAij iiare iithe iicovariant iicomponents,
iii iiA iij iiand iij iiAi ii iiare iithe iimixed iicomponents iiof iithe iitensor iiA. iiOn iithe iimixed
iicomponents, iithe iisubscript iiis iia iicovariant iiindex, iiwhereas iithe iisuperscript iiis
iicalled iia iicontra iivariant iiindex. iiNote iithat iithe ii“first” iiindex iialways iirefers iito
iithe iifirst iibase iivector iiin iithe iitensor iiproduct. ii

An ii“index iiswitching” iirule iifor iitensors iiis:

iiPhysical iicomponents iiof iia iiTensor:

iiPhysical iicomponents iiof iitensors iican iialso iibe iidefined. iiFor iiexample, iiif iitwo
iivectors iia iiand iib iihave iiphysical iicomponents iias iidefined iiearlier, iithen iithe
iiphysical iicomponents iiof iia iitensor iiT iiare iiobtained iithrough:

Ai ii iiTij ii iibj ii

As iimentioned, iiphysical iicomponents iiare iidefined iiwith iirespect iito iithe iicovariant
iibase iivectors, iiand iiso iithe iimixed iicomponents iiof iia iitensor iiare iiused, iisince:

Curvilinear iiCoordinates: iiDifferentiation iiOperations

The iiderivative iiof iia iivector iiin iicurvilinear iicoordinates iican iibe iiwritten iias:

The iifirst iiterm iihere iiis iithe iiordinary iipartial iiderivative iiof iithe iivector
iicomponents. iiThe iisecond iiterm iienters iithe iiexpression iidue iito iithe iifact iithat iithe
iicurvilinear iibase iivectors iiare iichanging. iiThe iicomplete iiquantity iiis iidefined iito iibe
iithe iicovariant iiderivative iiof iithe iivector iicomponents. iiThe iicovariant iiderivative
iireduces iito iithe iiordinary iipartial iiderivative iiin iithe iicase iiof iirectangular iiCartesian
iicoordinates.

The iipartial iiDerivative iiof iia iiTensor:

The iirules iifor iicovariant iidifferentiation iiof iivectors iican iibe iiextended iito iihigher
iiorder iitensors. iiThe iivarious iipartial iiderivatives iiof iia iisecond-order iitensor:
The iicovariant iiderivative iiformulas iican iibe iiremembered iias iifollows: iithe iiformula
iicontains iithe iiusual iipartial iiderivative iiplus

 for iieach iicontravariant iiindex iia iiterm iicontaining iia iiChristoffel iisymbol iiin
iiwhich iithat iiindex iihas iibeen iiinserted iion iithe iiupper iilevel, iimultiplied iiby
iithe iitensor iicomponent iiwith iithat iiindex iireplaced iiby iia iidummy iisummation
iiindex iiwhich iialso iiappears iiin iithe iiChristoffel iisymbol
 for iieach iicovariant iiindex iia iiterm iiprefixed iiby iia iiminus iisign iiand
iicontaining iia iiChristoffel iisymbol iiin iiwhich iithat iiindex iihas iibeen iiinserted
iion iithe iilower iilevel, iimultiplied iiby iithe iitensor iiwith iithat iiindex iireplaced
iiby iia iidummy iiwhich iialso iiappears iiin iithe iiChristoffel iisymbol.
 the iiremaining iisymbol iiin iiall iiof iithe iiChristoffel iisymbols iiis iithe iiindex iiof
iithe iivariable iiwith iirespect iito iiwhich iithe iicovariant iiderivative iiis iitaken.