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R, a o)
Proof
consider the function defined by
a h - X)
F(x)=f (r) (a -h -x)f
(a +h r
(X)
(ah -a)" (a x)
h-1
fla) hf(a) .
and
Fc h)
fla +h) (2)
16 AMAR: B.Sc. (IHons.) Mathematics II Years (Semester-II) M.T.P.-I
**
lencC
2
f (a+ h) fla)
= +
hf' (a) t
"(a) +.. t (a)+A...(3)
As we are
given that / (x),f (), f" (x)..../(x)
and
are continuous in [a, at h)
(v), f (r). P" (x) all exists in ] a, a + h[:
...
(+ X)f" (x)
(.x), (o1 r) (). t..
re continuous in (a. a +a and also differentialble in | a t at b
() (a th-L()-g+h-)
n-1 n-1
(x) (a+h-x)
" ( x ) - A(a+h -x)"-
n-1
(h-02"-l
F') =
If () A] n -
PC) h1-0y
() - A]- n-1
F (a +0h) h(1-0)-
=
[fla +0 h) -A1-
n-
Since, F (a +0h) = 0
0 Ifa +0 h) -A
h"-(1-0)"-1
In-1
(Model TestPaper-I) 17
Papor Codo:C-5: Theory of Real Functions
0< 0 <1
Since, 0
0 moreover h
*
1-0
0
( a +.0h) -
=
A = (a +0h)
(a) +f"
n
(a+0h)..)
Which proves Taylor's theorem with lagrange form of reminder.
(b) Find the Lagrange's and Cancly's reminder after n times in
the expansive of e".
Sol. Let fx) = e
f"Cc)= ex
i) Lagrange's Reminder is calculated as
R, x)
Ans.
(ii) Cancly's Reminder is calculated as
R,= 1-6"""(Bx)
n--0
Ans.
(c) Expand ea* using Maclaurin's series.
Sol. Let
y= er
.(1)
At r= 00 .(2)
ions.) IVLdLiLeiatua it aoa
18 AMA
B.Sc.
..(3)
)e =1 ..(4)
a" (1) = a"
v,)='a"e" =
3, 4 , . . . in Eq. (1)
n= 1, 2,
On puttey
n = 1 V1o=a
n 2 V2)%=a
n = 3 V3)% =*°
n= 4 V), =a
Maclaurin'sseries,
we have
Using
+ (a)
(a)+ jga)+ In
et= 1 +x (o)+ 2
a +..
a Ans.
e0X= 1 + ax + 213
series.
for Taylor
Derive e x p r e s e r v e
Q. 6. (a)
Sol. Taylors Series: + h],
of every
order in [a, a
continuous derivative
Let a function f posses theorem:
then for all n e
N we have by Taylor's
h
(a)
fla+ h) =
flo)+hf (a)+2a +.. T
(a 9h)
0< 0<1 1
where
Let S, =
flo)+ hfla) + " ) + nLT(a)
or n
lim (R,) =
lim a + 0h) = 0
n-
Paper Code : - 6 : Theory ot Real runctions UModei lestraper-i
fla + h) = m S +0
im s, = f(a + h)
-1
Thus, the infinte series fla) + h f (a) + / (0)+
converges to fla + h)
This if
i) fpassesses continuous derivatives of every order in a, a +i.
(ii) The taylor's reminder after n terms i.e., R, = 0 as n
Then,
f(1+(t- 1)
= f(1+ h)
Where, h= x-1
fx) = et
x) = e
fii(x) = e
felx) = e
Atx=1
1) = e
P(1) = e
(1)= e
pi(1) = e
P(1) = e
2
M.T.P-I
20 AMAR B.Sc. (Hons.) Mathematics IIYears (Semester-IIID
h2
ee)e)+. .
..
On putting h =
1-x,we get
e1+),0-a) -x)
f C) =
e el1),-2, ( -13
= Ans.
y l+ mx +
m mm-2)
|2
..
3
Sol y =
e tan'x ..(1)
d.w.r.t.x
tan m
nn
y 1+x
(1 + ) y my
...(2)
d. w. r. t. x.
(1 +)2+ (2x) y, =
my,
(1 +*)y, + (2x-m) », = 0
...(3)
Using Leibnitz theorem diff. Eq. (3) n terms-
D"[(+*)y+(2x-m) y, =0 ]
V,.2 1+*)+ nc, y, (2.x) + n C2 y, (2)]
+ + 2x - m) + nc y, (2)] = 0
(1 +
a)
At 0
(v)= e=F1
() m
2 m
+20m (y,+1o-n (nt1) 0,)
Putting n= 1,2, 3, ...in Eq. (5)
y)omy)o-1.2(7,)%
= m (m*) -
1. 2. (m)
m - 2m = m (m2- 2)
m(y)-2.3. (»)o0
mms-2m) -6 n2
= mi- 2m- 6m2
= m -8m2
m (m5-8)
Using Maclaurien serics:
y= (1)+a(m) + tmm-2)
+mm*-8)].
m(n-2),3 Proved.
=
1+mx t 12
O00
Rolle's theorem assets that there exists at least one
point x c on the curve
=
f(a+h) =
flo)+ h b° (a)+ a)+...t..+.
hh-1 ) 1-)"(a+0h)
h"
Where,
Where, In-11-0 f"(a+¬h) is called Cauchy's reminder after nterms
1.e.
h"
R -T1-0)*"(a+0h)
Proof
Consider the function defined by:
TT(a) +h A(2
As we are given that f(),f (),f" ( ) . . ) are continuous in [a, a + h
andf (), f" («),.. fM () all exists in ] a, a +hf.
Paper Code : C-6: Theory' of Real Functions (Model TestPapér-11) 35
F' (a+0 h) = .0
F (a) f (x) - f"(x) h
=
+ (a +
- x)f" (x) (a-
+l -
x)f
F (a +0h) = (a+h-a-9)
n-
n-I
(a+ Gh)- A
(h-he
f " (a +0h) - A
F'(a +0 h) =
n-1
Since, F (a+8h) = 0
/-1
n -
H(1-0
n-1
" (a + 0h)- A
A = - 0 (a +0h)
On putty dbove value
of Ain Eq. (3):
f(a +h) h2
=
ff(a) +h f (a) +
a)..
h
- (a)+" (10 "(1+0h) ..(4
36 AMAR B.Se. (Hons.) Mathematics II Years (Semester-IID M.T.P-II|
r (x) =
sinX 4
() Lagrange's Reminder is calculated as
"(0x)
R (1-0/"(8x)
1- sin| 8x +4 Ans.
2
(c) Expand sin x using Maclaurin's series.
Sol. Let ySin* .(1)
4T
y S1n|*+
2 .(2)
A 0
(v= Sin 0 =0
.(3)
) = sin*+
.4)
On pultey n =
1,2, 3, 4, .... in (4).
n =
1>y),= 8in,
n = 2 * (y,) = sin t = 0
3t
n 3 ( , ) , = Bin -1
2
n= 4 (ya= sin 2 7 = 0
Using laclaurin's series, we have
(Model TestPaper-I) 37
Paper Code: C-5 Theory of Real Functions
nT
+... +
sin +x(1) +* (a) +
ia-1)
2
*
8inx x-
h h"
n-1 (a)+"(1+0h)
where
0<0<1
..(1)
Let S a) +hf(a)+ 1
a) +.. (a)
R, = a+0h)
(2)
Here, R, is the Tay lor's reminder
after n terma using (2), Eq. (1) becomes
fa+ h) S,+ R,
=
..(3)
For n>
h
lim (R,) =
lim-f" (a +0h) = 0
Eq. (3) give
fla +
h) =
im S, + lim R,
fa + h) = lim S. +0
fa +h) =
lim s
38 AMAR: B.Sc. (Hons.) Mathematics
II Years (Semester-IID M.T.P.-II
lim S= f(a+ h)
f (a)+ 4)
On putting a = 0 in (4) and replaug x byh
where, r= + 1 =/2
tan
= 2 e sin 0+T
x = 0, we get:
putting
pdo= 2 sin| x +
ni
y. 2* sin (2)
4
Paper Code C-5 Theory of Real Functions (Model TestPaper-11) 39
/9
On putting n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ......in Eq. (1)
2 sin=
4
1
*O), = 2 sin=
o3)= 2 sin=2
A
41
= 2*sin= -4
4
) 2 sin t
4
Using Maclaurien series we
get
y +x (,)%
2x2x 4x
2 13 4 Ans.
(c) Use Taylor's expansion to express 2x" +
5x +*-4 in
power of (x-1) ascending
Sol. Let flx)= 2i +5x + x-4
(1)
fx) = f(1 +x- 1)
f(1+ 2x - 1)
f(1+ h)
Where h = x-1.
P"(1) 12
"(1) = 0
P(1) = 0
sing Taylor's series, we get:
f 1 + h) = 1+17h+ 1
Replacing h by x - I
s t h ad
,() =
sin or+
e RR
I f(o
> 0 as n oo
14
Thus R.>0 as n o and so by Teylor series:
c) =
f0)+ xf (0)+ f (0)+ (0).
sin - 13
t satisfying 0 sts1
and any points x, and x, in I, we have:
y= (1 - 0fa) + t f ( z
(1-t)I,* tx2
x2 3
-2
6
1
c e(0,
6 2) Yf(¢)= 3
ni
= cos x + Vr eR
R, (x) = (0x)V0<¢<1
n
IR,(x)
which gives
lim 0
of the
function on fa, &]. Check the'convexity
(d) De fine a
convex
given intervals:
following functions
on
f ((1 t) + t Xg
Ay = -
x2
X
(1 - t ) x + t
X
O
f(x) = x -
T(x)= sin r
on [0, r]
f(x) sin x2 0
=
[t- 1, 0
f (x) =
6x < 0 asre
6r> 0 as xE (0, 1)
(x) =
and
. f ( x ) is concave in
(- 1, 0)
in (0, 1). OO0
and f(x) is c o n v e x
(c) State Taylor's theorem. Use it to prove that 1 -
** /2 cos x for ali
r e R.
Ans. (Taylor's Theorem with Lagrange form of Reminder):
If a function flx) is such that
(i) fCa), f'(ax),f "(x)... fn-(x) are continuous in la, a +hl
Where, -f*(a
Ln +0h) is called Lagrange's form of Remainder after n terms i.e.
R=f (a +0h)
Solution of the given
problem
2
To prove: 1-
cos x ;x + R
Case (1), Let x = 0
We know that
cos (0 x) S y cos ( x)
cos (0 x) 2
1-cos(0r) -
AMAR: B. SC.
...using(ii).
236
cOs 2l -*
...(ii)
Let x < 0
Case (3): where y =
0, wherer y
= -*
(y> 0)
Cos
2
in above equation
puttingy= - a
- COS(-*)
()
cOS
sx 7+R
1-
conclude.
From (i) (ii) and (iii) we
- cos x Proved.
lim =0
lim = 0
lim = lim
Ln
lim i
=)x e 0x
= 0)+zf0)+ 0) + . . -fR0).
=1+r+ ..
= n Answer.
(d) Find the Taylor series fore* and state why it converges to e*for
allx e R
Ans. Letflx) =e'
f (x) =e
f0)=e
f(0) =e=1
Hence, f and all its derivations exist and are continuous for every real value
of x. Lagrange's form of remainder i.e.
Let a = VneN
Ln
Ln+1
lim = lim Zn
i
I0 1 1
lim-
+1) 2n
im
1+| 0<1
()>0 orf (x) <
(b) Find the Taylor's series for cos x and indicate why it converges
to cos * for allx e R.
Ans. Let f(x) =
cos x V x eR
The Taylor's series of f(x) is
n-1
f(x) =
f(0) +* f° (0) 2
f"(0)+. (0)
(n-1/"o)
-
Let R,(x) = COsCOs
(n-1)! x+ (n -
1)
Mathematics: Theory of Real Functions (Nov./Dec.2019) 287
1!
n+1 n
It n = It x It-
n n
lt R = 0
fCx)= 1-
This, Taylor's series converges to cos Vx e R as
It R,(x) 0
n
(c) Prove that e 2 1+x for all x e R, with equality occurring if and
only ifx = 0.5.
Ans. Let f(x) = e* .1
xE R
e 1
..3
From Eq. (2)f° (x) >0
is an increasing unctio
i.e., for x>0 flx) >f(0)
e1 for x > 0
Since, c e 10, xl
C0
(Hons.) Mathematics
II Year (Sen.-3)
AMAR: B.Sc.
288
e >* + 1 x >0
for
e 1 l +0 =1 +x
e= 1 +X
for
Applying LMVT to the function f on [x, 0]
We get at least one point d e lx, 0[ s.t.
fd)= fC0)-f(x)1-e
0-x X
f(d) = ..(4)
Since d e lx, 0
d< 0
1 (From (4))
e>1+
e 1+x Vx e R
d) Is flxr) = |*|,x e R, a convex function ? Is every convex function
differentiable ? Justify your answer.
Ans. Let I g R be an interval.
A functionf: I- > R is said to be convex on Iif for any t satisfying 0stsl
and for any points x , ., E
f 1 - tnx + t (x)ls (1 - t)f(xj) + tf(x3)
To check
f tx) |xis
=
convex or not x e R
Iet X, x, E R
ind Te 0sts1
f1-t +,2 = |(1 - t)x + 1 , l
1-1)x| + |
= (1 - t) Ixl +t *2|
=(1 - t) f(x,) + tf(x)
Ie = | is convex for a l l x e R
SnCe,f x) =
|.Is not differentiable.
e r y convex lunction nay or may not be ditferentiable
AGS-S