form oremgindAe afte n teums

Sol. Taylor's Theorem with Lagrange from of Reminder:

If a function f(x) is such that
() f(x),b (x), f (x), . P (x) continuous
are in fa, a +
i
(i) (x) exists in ]o, a +h[
Then 3 at least one value G between 0 and l s. t
f (a +h) = fa) + h f (a) + (a)

- a

Where,-(a+0h) is called lagrange's form of remnines after 4 term- Le

R, a o)
Proof
consider the function defined by
a h - X)
F(x)=f (r) (a -h -x)f

(a +h r
(X)

where A is a constant which is to be determined t

F (a) = Fa - k)

F(a fía) +(a h-a)fa -

(ah -a)" (a x)
h-1

fla) hf(a) .

and
Fc h)
fla +h) (2)
 16 AMAR: B.Sc. (IHons.) Mathematics II Years (Semester-II) M.T.P.-I
**

lencC

2
f (a+ h) fla)
= +
hf' (a) t
"(a) +.. t (a)+A...(3)
As we are
given that / (x),f (), f" (x)..../(x)
and
are continuous in [a, at h)
(v), f (r). P" (x) all exists in ] a, a + h[:
...

(+ X)f" (x)
(.x), (o1 r) (). t..
re continuous in (a. a +a and also differentialble in | a t at b

Thus. f(x) + (1+h ) (x) + (ah X)")... (a +h x)"

2 P (x)
( +- ) "
is als0 continuous in [a, a, + h] and differentiable in ]a, a +hf.
(r) is continuous in {a, a, + h] and differentiable in Ja, a, t h[ and F (a)
1 (b).
Thus alN the conditions
of Rolle's thcorem has benn satisficd. Therefore at
lcast are value 0 between 0<0<is. t.:

(x) F (1) - F" () h

+ (a - x) F (v) - (a +h - x)

() (a th-L()-g+h-)
n-1 n-1

(x) (a+h-x)
" ( x ) - A(a+h -x)"-
n-1
(h-02"-l
F') =
If () A] n -

PC) h1-0y
() - A]- n-1

F (a +0h) h(1-0)-
=
[fla +0 h) -A1-
n-
Since, F (a +0h) = 0

0 Ifa +0 h) -A
h"-(1-0)"-1
In-1
 (Model TestPaper-I) 17
Papor Codo:C-5: Theory of Real Functions
0< 0 <1
Since, 0
0 moreover h
*
1-0
0
( a +.0h) -
=

A = (a +0h)

On putting above value of

A in Eq. (3)
f ( a + h ) = f ( a ) + h f ( o ) + o / " ( a ) + . -
n -
1 1

(a) +f"
n
(a+0h)..)
Which proves Taylor's theorem with lagrange form of reminder.
(b) Find the Lagrange's and Cancly's reminder after n times in
the expansive of e".
Sol. Let fx) = e
f"Cc)= ex
i) Lagrange's Reminder is calculated as

R, x)

Ans.
(ii) Cancly's Reminder is calculated as

R,= 1-6"""(Bx)

n--0

Ans.
(c) Expand ea* using Maclaurin's series.
Sol. Let
y= er
.(1)
At r= 00 .(2)
 ions.) IVLdLiLeiatua it aoa
18 AMA
B.Sc.
..(3)
)e =1 ..(4)
a" (1) = a"
v,)='a"e" =
3, 4 , . . . in Eq. (1)
n= 1, 2,
On puttey
n = 1 V1o=a
n 2 V2)%=a
n = 3 V3)% =*°
n= 4 V), =a
Maclaurin'sseries,
we have
Using

+ (a)
(a)+ jga)+ In
et= 1 +x (o)+ 2
a +..
a Ans.
e0X= 1 + ax + 213
series.
for Taylor
Derive e x p r e s e r v e
Q. 6. (a)
Sol. Taylors Series: + h],
of every
order in [a, a
continuous derivative
Let a function f posses theorem:
then for all n e
N we have by Taylor's
h
(a)
fla+ h) =
flo)+hf (a)+2a +.. T

(a 9h)

0< 0<1 1
where

Let S, =
flo)+ hfla) + " ) + nLT(a)

= " (a + 0h) .(2)

R,
after n times using (2), Eq. (1) becomes-
Here, R., is the taylor's reminder
a +h) = S,+ R, .(3)

or n

lim (R,) =
lim a + 0h) = 0
n-
 Paper Code : - 6 : Theory ot Real runctions UModei lestraper-i

Eq. (3) gives-

fa +h) =
limS, +.lim R,

fla + h) = m S +0

im s, = f(a + h)

-1
Thus, the infinte series fla) + h f (a) + / (0)+

converges to fla + h)
This if
i) fpassesses continuous derivatives of every order in a, a +i.
(ii) The taylor's reminder after n terms i.e., R, = 0 as n
Then,

(o + h) = fla) + hf (a) + "(a). (a)+.,..

Which is called as taylor's infinte series

(b) Expand e* in ascending power of (r - 1).

Sol. Let fCx) = e

f (x) = f(1 +x- 1)

f(1+(t- 1)
= f(1+ h)

Where, h= x-1

fx) = et

x) = e
fii(x) = e
felx) = e

Atx=1
1) = e
P(1) = e
(1)= e
pi(1) = e
P(1) = e

Using taylor's series we get:

h
f(1+h) =
f) 0)+a .

2
 M.T.P-I
20 AMAR B.Sc. (Hons.) Mathematics IIYears (Semester-IIID

h2
ee)e)+. .

..

On putting h =
1-x,we get

e1+),0-a) -x)
f C) =

e el1),-2, ( -13
= Ans.

(c) Ify= e" tan*, then prove that

y l+ mx +
m mm-2)
|2
..
3
Sol y =
e tan'x ..(1)

d.w.r.t.x

tan m

nn

y 1+x
(1 + ) y my
...(2)
d. w. r. t. x.
(1 +)2+ (2x) y, =
my,
(1 +*)y, + (2x-m) », = 0
...(3)
Using Leibnitz theorem diff. Eq. (3) n terms-
D"[(+*)y+(2x-m) y, =0 ]
V,.2 1+*)+ nc, y, (2.x) + n C2 y, (2)]

+ + 2x - m) + nc y, (2)] = 0

y 2 (1 +*)*n yn+1 (2x) +t

nn-1)
X , (2)+ y,,+ | (2x- m) + n y,(2) 0
2
( 1 +r) y,+2 ty-i 12nx +2x-m ]+y, [nd- n+ 2n] 0 =

(1+x-) y, .,* yn+l| 2n.x* 2x - n] + y,, In -n + 2n] = 0

 y,+[(n +1) 2x-m]y+1 tn (n +1) y, 0
=

(1 +
a)
At 0
(v)= e=F1
() m

2 m
+20m (y,+1o-n (nt1) 0,)
Putting n= 1,2, 3, ...in Eq. (5)
y)omy)o-1.2(7,)%
= m (m*) -

1. 2. (m)
m - 2m = m (m2- 2)

m(y)-2.3. (»)o0
mms-2m) -6 n2
= mi- 2m- 6m2
= m -8m2

m (m5-8)
Using Maclaurien serics:

y= (1)+a(m) + tmm-2)

+mm*-8)].

m(n-2),3 Proved.
=
1+mx t 12
O00
 Rolle's theorem assets that there exists at least one
point x c on the curve
=

betweenx=a and * = b at which the tangent to the curve is parallel to the an

ofx.
. 6 . (a) State and prove Taylor's theorem with Cauchy's form o
reminder.
Sol.Taylor's Theorem with Cauchy's from of Reminder:
If a function f(x) s.t.
) f(),f(), f (),. . . . ( ) a r e continuous in [a, a + b]
(i) (x) exists in ] a, a +h [
Then 3 at least one value 0 between 0 and I s. t.

f(a+h) =
flo)+ h b° (a)+ a)+...t..+.

hh-1 ) 1-)"(a+0h)
h"
Where,
Where, In-11-0 f"(a+¬h) is called Cauchy's reminder after nterms
1.e.

h"
R -T1-0)*"(a+0h)
Proof
Consider the function defined by:

F() = fx) + (a +h - x ) f (E)+ (a+h-)

2
p()+.
(a +h-) n-1(x) + (a +h-x)A ....(1).
where A is a constant which is to be determined s.t.
F (a) F a +h)

F(a +h) = fa) + hf (a) + a) +...

TT(a) +h A(2
As we are given that f(),f (),f" ( ) . . ) are continuous in [a, a + h
andf (), f" («),.. fM () all exists in ] a, a +hf.
 Paper Code : C-6: Theory' of Real Functions (Model TestPapér-11) 35

fx), (a +h -x) f ),(a+h- (1+h-x) (x) re

continuous in [a, a +h] and differentiable in ] a +a +hl.
Thus,

f(cx)+ (a + h-x)f (x) + (a+h-*"(x)

2
-), +.. +. (a +h x)"
n-1 p- (x)+
+h-x) A is also
continuous in [a, a,+ h] and differentiable in | a. a + h.
( x ) is continuous in [a, a, + h] and differentiable in Ju, a, h| and P
F (b).
+
(a)
Thus all the conditions of Rolle's theorem has been
satisfied. Therefore at
least are value 6 between 0 and
1 s.t. .

F' (a+0 h) = .0
F (a) f (x) - f"(x) h
=
+ (a +
- x)f" (x) (a-

+l -

x)f

(x)+ --f" (x) 1

F' (x) = (a+h- " (x) -

A

F (a +0h) = (a+h-a-9)
n-
n-I

(a+ Gh)- A

(h-he
f " (a +0h) - A
F'(a +0 h) =

n-1
Since, F (a+8h) = 0
/-1
n -
H(1-0
n-1
" (a + 0h)- A

A = - 0 (a +0h)
On putty dbove value
of Ain Eq. (3):

f(a +h) h2
=
ff(a) +h f (a) +
a)..
h
- (a)+" (10 "(1+0h) ..(4
36 AMAR B.Se. (Hons.) Mathematics II Years (Semester-IID M.T.P-II|

Which proves Taylor's theorem with Cauchy's form of reminder.

(b) Find the Lagrange's and Cauchy's reminder after n times in
the expansive of sinr
Sol. I.et f(x) = sin *

r (x) =
sinX 4
() Lagrange's Reminder is calculated as

"(0x)

sin ox2 Ans.

(11) Cauchy's Reminder is calculated as .

R (1-0/"(8x)

1- sin| 8x +4 Ans.
2
(c) Expand sin x using Maclaurin's series.
Sol. Let ySin* .(1)
4T
y S1n|*+
2 .(2)
A 0
(v= Sin 0 =0
.(3)
) = sin*+
.4)
On pultey n =
1,2, 3, 4, .... in (4).

n =
1>y),= 8in,
n = 2 * (y,) = sin t = 0

3t
n 3 ( , ) , = Bin -1
2
n= 4 (ya= sin 2 7 = 0
Using laclaurin's series, we have
 (Model TestPaper-I) 37
Paper Code: C-5 Theory of Real Functions

y= )%*x 0)o. *0)o.. -0,),+

nT
+... +
sin +x(1) +* (a) +
ia-1)
2
*
8inx x-

Where n is an odd number.

Q.6. (a) Derive expreserve for Maclaurian series.
Sol. Maclaurian Series:
Let a function f posses continuous derivative of every order in [a, a t h},
then for all n e N we have by
Taylor's
theorem:

fa++h) =fa) +hf (a) +

a). ()

h h"
n-1 (a)+"(1+0h)
where
0<0<1
..(1)
Let S a) +hf(a)+ 1
a) +.. (a)
R, = a+0h)
(2)
Here, R, is the Tay lor's reminder
after n terma using (2), Eq. (1) becomes
fa+ h) S,+ R,
=

..(3)
For n>

h
lim (R,) =
lim-f" (a +0h) = 0
Eq. (3) give

fla +
h) =
im S, + lim R,

fa + h) = lim S. +0

fa +h) =
lim s
38 AMAR: B.Sc. (Hons.) Mathematics
II Years (Semester-IID M.T.P.-II

lim S= f(a+ h)

Thus, the infinte series fla) +h f (c)+ h (a)+. + (a).

converges to f(a + h).

This if
) fpossesses continuous derivatives of every order in [a, a + h).
ii) The Taylor's reminder after n terms i.e., R= 0 as n
Then,
h2
fla+ h) = f(o) +hf (a) + a).

f (a)+ 4)
On putting a = 0 in (4) and replaug x byh

f(0+ x) = f0) +xf (0) + (0) +. (0)+.

fx) =f0) +0)+f"(0)+ r0)+. ..(5)

Which is expression for Maclaurian infinite serie

(b) Expand e* sin x Maclarian Theorem.
Sol. Let y e sin x .(1)
[e" sin x]
=
e sin (« + nÙ)

where, r= + 1 =/2

tan

= 2 e sin 0+T

x = 0, we get:
putting

pdo= 2 sin| x +
ni
y. 2* sin (2)
4
 Paper Code C-5 Theory of Real Functions (Model TestPaper-11) 39
/9
On putting n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ......in Eq. (1)

2 sin=
4
1

*O), = 2 sin=

o3)= 2 sin=2
A

41
= 2*sin= -4
4

) 2 sin t
4
Using Maclaurien series we
get

y +x (,)%

e sin x (0) +x (1) + (2)+ 3 (3)+-1)

2 4

2x2x 4x
2 13 4 Ans.
(c) Use Taylor's expansion to express 2x" +
5x +*-4 in
power of (x-1) ascending
Sol. Let flx)= 2i +5x + x-4
(1)
fx) = f(1 +x- 1)

f(1+ 2x - 1)
f(1+ h)
Where h = x-1.

fx) = 2.r" + 5:x2+x-4

P(x) = 6:+ 10x +1
f(x) = 2x + 10
pii (x)= 12
P(x) = 0
Cx) = 0
On putting * =
1, we get
f(1) =
2+5+1 4 4
f(1) 6 +10+1 = 17
f'(1)= 12+ 10=22
10 AMAR: B.Sc. (Hons.) Mathematics II Years (Semester-III) M.T.P-II
---

P"(1) 12
"(1) = 0

P(1) = 0
sing Taylor's series, we get:

f1 +h)= (1) + hf(i) + "(1)+"(1)+.

1 +h) = 4 +h (17)+ 22)+a12)+ (0)+

f 1 + h) = 1+17h+ 1

Replacing h by x - I

c= 4+17 (r-1) + (x-1)+*(x-1+.

4+17 1)+ 11 (x-1)*
x-
+2(r -1)
OOC
 (0) = 0
Q.5. (a) Let f be continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a.b).
'rove that if fx) <0 Vx e [a, b], then fis strictly decreasing on [a,b]. Is
he converse true ? Justify. (5)
Ans. Since
(1) f(x) iscontinuous in[ a, b]]
(2) f(x) isdifferentiable in (a, b)
(3) f (x) k0in a <x<b
Letx,, be any two points belonging to the closed interval[a, b} such thata,
Applying Lagrange's mean value theorem to f(«) in the interval
We have: [x, x,]
fa).f(a) = (-z,)f (c)
Where,
Now, a-*> 0. Since ..(1)
by hypothesis f (x) is negative for every
erefore (c) Hence from (1), we have:
f <0. x in (a, b)
ft)-x)< 0
.Thus, f(x) is a decreasing function
(b) Let g: (-1,1] of * in [a, b}
> R be defined by
2, 0<xs1
glx) {0, =
* = 0
1, -1 * <0
Show that g is not the
Ans. Do yourself derivative on -1,1] of any
(c) Find the function. (5)
sin x V R.
Taylor series for sin
x e * and indicate why
Ans. Let it
f(x) =
sinx Vx
converges
e R (5)
(x) =
D" [f(«)] .(1)

Thus fhas sin+ VnEU

derivational of all order. (2)
138 Amar: B.Sc. (Hons.) Maunentaus u seus

s t h ad
,() =
sin or+
e RR

I f(o
> 0 as n oo

14
Thus R.>0 as n o and so by Teylor series:

c) =
f0)+ xf (0)+ f (0)+ (0).

sinx = 0+x-1+ 1(0) (-14 (0)...

sin - 13

function o n [a, b]. Show that the function f(r)=

(d) Define a c o n v e x (5
but not differentiable o n [-1,1).
a , x e [-1,1] is c o n v e x
Ans. Convex Finction:

LetIcR be an interval. A functionf:I>Ris

said to be on I if for an convex

t satisfying 0 sts1
and any points x, and x, in I, we have:

f(1-)x, +tx) s (1-)f(«,)+tf(x,) tranerses th

then as t range from 0 to 1, the point (1- t) x, +tx,
Ifx, <
x,
is convex on I and if * x, ¬ I, then the chore
interval from *, to x2. Thus if f
,

and (tg» fr)) on the graph of flise above the grap

joining any two points (*,f()
off.

y= (1 - 0fa) + t f ( z

y f (1- t)x, + lx2

(1-t)I,* tx2
 x2 3
-2
6

1
c e(0,
6 2) Yf(¢)= 3

series for cos x and indicate why it converges

(c) Find the Taylor (5)
to cos x Vxe R.
f(x) =
cos x V x e R
Ans. Let
( ) = D" f (»))
= D" (cos x)

ni
= cos x + Vr eR

There, has derivational of all order Layrange's Reminder after n terms.

R, (x) = (0x)V0<¢<1
n

R, () cos oax+ Vx+1

IR,(x)
which gives

lim 0

and lim R,(x) =

v
Taking R, ->0 or n - o. Them By
Taylor's theorem, we have
fCa) =
f(0) + xf"(0) +
2"(0)+
cos x 3
=
1+x(0) +-
2-13 (0)+(1).
 cos x = 1 - Ans.

of the
function on fa, &]. Check the'convexity
(d) De fine a
convex

given intervals:
following functions
on

(i) f(x) =*- sin *, x e [0, T]

e -1, 1].
(ii) g () *s + 2x, x
=

Ans. Convex Function:

f:I> R is said to be convex
on / if for
Let Ic R be an interval. A function
and x, in I, we havve
0st<land any points x,
any t satisfying
f((1 ) x +
tx) (1-)f(x) +tf(xz) the
t range from 0 to 1, the point (x
-

t)x, >tx2 transveres

chord
then as the
lfx, Kx2, on I and if x, x, ¬ I, then
from *, to x,. Thus, if f is
convex
above the
(x,)) on the graph of flies
interval

joining any tow points f (r,)) and (x,, f

(x,
graph of

f ((1 t) + t Xg
Ay = -

x2

X
(1 - t ) x + t
X
O

f(x) = x -

sin x V t [0, 1)]

i) 1-cos x
f (x) =

T(x)= sin r
on [0, r]
f(x) sin x2 0
=

is a convex function on [0, r]

f(x)
f(x)= x+2x Vxe -1,
1]
(ii) ( x ) = 3x2+2
6x
f () =

[t- 1, 0
f (x) =
6x < 0 asre

6r> 0 as xE (0, 1)
(x) =

and
. f ( x ) is concave in
(- 1, 0)
in (0, 1). OO0
and f(x) is c o n v e x
 (c) State Taylor's theorem. Use it to prove that 1 -
** /2 cos x for ali
r e R.
Ans. (Taylor's Theorem with Lagrange form of Reminder):
If a function flx) is such that
(i) fCa), f'(ax),f "(x)... fn-(x) are continuous in la, a +hl

(i)f (cx) exists in la, a + hl

then 3 at least one value e between 0 and 1 s.t.
 Keal-functions
ns (Nov./!
.2018) 235 2
fla+h) fa) + hf'la)
= -1

+f" (c). Cn-1" (a) + f:(a +0h)

Where, -f*(a
Ln +0h) is called Lagrange's form of Remainder after n terms i.e.

R=f (a +0h)
Solution of the given
problem
2
To prove: 1-
cos x ;x + R
Case (1), Let x = 0

Then, there is nothing to prove because, the expression I- 2

and cossx
have the value 1.
Case (2) Let x > 1
Applying Taylor's Theorem,

fx)= fo)+f(0) + f"(Ox) ; 0<0<1

puttingf (x) = cos *, we get

cos = Cos 0 + 2: (-sin0) + ( - cos Gr)

2

cosx=1 -0- - cos (0 x)

2

cosx =1- ~cos (0x):0 < 0<1 ...

2

We know that
cos (0 x) S y cos ( x)

cos (0 x) 2

1-cos(0r) -
 AMAR: B. SC.
...using(ii).
236

cOs 2l -*
...(ii)

Let x < 0
Case (3): where y =
0, wherer y
= -*

Then, -x> 0 or y> 0,

By case (2)

(y> 0)
Cos
2

in above equation
puttingy= - a

- COS(-*)

()
cOS
sx 7+R
1-
conclude.
From (i) (ii) and (iii) we

- cos x Proved.

We know that if lim =| and 1ll< 1, then lim a, =00 ]]

X

lim =0

lim = 0

lim = lim
Ln

lim i
=)x e 0x

Chus, the condition of Taylor serrol are satisfio

 For all xe R,
e flx)

= 0)+zf0)+ 0) + . . -fR0).

= 1+x(1)+1) +........t (1)

=1+r+ ..

= n Answer.

(d) Find the Taylor series fore* and state why it converges to e*for
allx e R
Ans. Letflx) =e'
f (x) =e

f0)=e
f(0) =e=1
Hence, f and all its derivations exist and are continuous for every real value
of x. Lagrange's form of remainder i.e.

R=f(Bx);0 <0 <1l = "

Let a = VneN
Ln

Ln+1

lim = lim Zn
i
I0 1 1

lim-
+1) 2n
im
1+| 0<1
 ()>0 orf (x) <

(b) Find the Taylor's series for cos x and indicate why it converges
to cos * for allx e R.
Ans. Let f(x) =
cos x V x eR
The Taylor's series of f(x) is
n-1

f(x) =
f(0) +* f° (0) 2
f"(0)+. (0)
(n-1/"o)

Since, f (x) = cos * f(0) =1

x) = - sin x f (0) =0
f"(x) = - cos * f " (0) = -

F(x)= cos x+(n +1)- xeR

-
Let R,(x) = COsCOs
(n-1)! x+ (n -

1)
 Mathematics: Theory of Real Functions (Nov./Dec.2019) 287

Since |R,() cos

n-1!cosx+(n
1);
-

1!

n+1 n
It n = It x It-
n n
lt R = 0

fCx)= 1-
This, Taylor's series converges to cos Vx e R as

It R,(x) 0
n
(c) Prove that e 2 1+x for all x e R, with equality occurring if and
only ifx = 0.5.
Ans. Let f(x) = e* .1

xE R

f(x) is defined by (1) is continuous and differentiable 7 x e R

Let x>0
Differentiating (1) w.r.t.r
P(x) = e > 0
f Cx)> 0 ..2
Consider the interval [0, x]
Applying LMVT to the function f on 10, «
We getat least one point c e [0, xl s.t.
P c) =
f(x)- fla)
x-0

e 1
..3
From Eq. (2)f° (x) >0
is an increasing unctio
i.e., for x>0 flx) >f(0)
e1 for x > 0
Since, c e 10, xl
C0
 (Hons.) Mathematics
II Year (Sen.-3)
AMAR: B.Sc.
288

(From Eq. (3))

e >* + 1 x >0

for
e 1 l +0 =1 +x
e= 1 +X
for
Applying LMVT to the function f on [x, 0]
We get at least one point d e lx, 0[ s.t.

fd)= fC0)-f(x)1-e
0-x X

f(d) = ..(4)

From (2)f (x) > 0 for x<0

i s on increasing function for r < 0
f(r)< f (0)
3

Since d e lx, 0
d< 0

1 (From (4))

e>1+
e 1+x Vx e R
d) Is flxr) = |*|,x e R, a convex function ? Is every convex function
differentiable ? Justify your answer.
Ans. Let I g R be an interval.
A functionf: I- > R is said to be convex on Iif for any t satisfying 0stsl
and for any points x , ., E
f 1 - tnx + t (x)ls (1 - t)f(xj) + tf(x3)
To check
f tx) |xis
=
convex or not x e R
Iet X, x, E R
ind Te 0sts1
f1-t +,2 = |(1 - t)x + 1 , l
1-1)x| + |
= (1 - t) Ixl +t *2|
=(1 - t) f(x,) + tf(x)
Ie = | is convex for a l l x e R

SnCe,f x) =
|.Is not differentiable.
e r y convex lunction nay or may not be ditferentiable
AGS-S