BALOCHISTAN UNIVERSITY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY,

ENGINEERING & MANAGEMENT SCIENCES, QUETTA, PAKISTAN

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

(FYT THESIS)

Biomass Resource Availability to Design the Biogas Plant in Sordo

Village District Panjgur, Balochistan, Pakistan

Submit By
Kashif Anwar 37814
Abdul Wajid 38230
Ahmedullah Zahoor 37286
Malik Kamran 37919
Taimoor Ahmed 37220

Supervisor:

Engr. Asif Hussain

Co. Supervisor:

Engr. Muhammad Ayub

Lecturer Department of Mechanical Engineering

Biomass Resource Availability to Design the Biogas Plant in Sordo Village District
Panjgur, Balochistan, Pakistan
Submitted by

Group Members CMS ID

Kashif Anwar 37814

Abdul Wajid 38230

Ahmedullah Zahoor 37286
Malik Kamran 37919
Taimoor Ahmed 37220

Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of degree Bachler’s of science in

Mechanical Engineering

Project supervised by

Engr. Asif Hussain

Co Supervised by

Engr. Muhammad Ayub

Supervisor Signature: ______________External Examiner’s Signature: _____________

Chairperson Signature: _____________ Dean Signature: _______________

_______________________________________

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

BALOCHISTAN UNIVERSITY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCE, QUETTA

CURRENT TERM: SPRING 2020, BATCH FALL 2016

i
 UNDERTAKING

I certify that research work title ‘Biomass Resource Availability to Design the Biogas Plant

in Sordo Village District Panjgur, Balochistan, Pakistan’ is my own work. The work has not

been presented elsewhere for any assessment. Where material has been used form other

sources it has been properly acknowledgement / refers

Student Name CMS ID Signature

Kashif Anwar 37814 ________________

Abdul Wajid 38230 ________________

Ahmedullah Zahoor 37286 ________________

Malik Kamran 37919 ________________

Taimoor Ahmed 37220 _________________

ii
 DEDICATION

Those who are merciful will be shown

Mercy by most merciful

Be merciful to those on the earth

One in the heavens will have mercy upon you

(Prophet Muhammad P.B.U.H)

iii
 ACKNOWLEDEGEMENT

In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious and the Most Merciful Alhamdulillah, all praises to

Allah for the strengths and His blessing in completing this thesis. Special appreciation goes to

my supervisor, Engr. Asif Hussain, for his supervision and constant support. His invaluable

help of constructive comments and suggestions throughout the experimental and thesis works

have contributed to the success of this research. Not forgotten, who give me a golden

opportunity to do this project and support in completing in my project. My appreciation to my

co-supervisor, Engr. Muhammad Ayub for his support and knowledge regarding this topic.

I would like to express my appreciation to the Chairman Department of Mechanical

Engineering BUITEMS, Quetta, Dr. Azmat Ullah Khan, and Engr. Arshad Ali who helped

us lot in finalizing this project within the limited time frame by Active coordination and

cooperation. My acknowledgement also goes to all the technicians and office staffs of

Department of Mechanical Engineering for their co-operations. Sincere thanks to all Group

Members for their kindness and moral support during project work.

iv
 ABSTRACT

The aim this research work was to assess the cooking energy demand and need of biogas in

panjgur, village, sordo, Balochistan. The village has substantial potential of biogas energy

resources in the form of animal’s dung, wood and agriculture wastes. The questionnaire based

survey method was applied for the collection of energy consumption related data. The sordo

village is mainly dependent on biomass for cooking and heating energy needs due to limited

access to modern fuels. Among different fuels dung meets about 24% of the total cooking and

heating energy demands. The contribution of other biomass fuels for domestic energy use are

21% agriculture waste and 50% firewood. Other than biomass, LPG has 1.0 share in cooking

energy need of the village. It is observed that the expenses on energy increase with the

income level of the village. It was found that the average, primary energy demand for the

whole village is estimated as 5178.5 KG per year. The burning of cow dung and fire wood

produced high rate of smoke, which will highly affected human health and their eyes as well.

The village needs efficient and smoke free stoves for the cooking purposes. The total final

cooking energy demand of the village is estimated as 80 liter per day.

The resource potential of animal’s dungs is estimated as 14220 kg per year. Fixed dome

type biogas plant with 10m digester diameter and 10m digester heighted is designed for

the village.

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

ACNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………………………..iv

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………….v

LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………….................................ix

LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………………..xi

LIST OF SYMBOLS…………………………………………………………………….......xiii

LIST OF ABRIVATIONS……………………………………………………………...……xiv

CHAPTER 1…………………………………………………............................1

INTODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………...1

1.1 Background…………………………………………………………………………….….1

1.1.1 Biogas Useful……………………………………………………………..............3

1.2 Biogas plant………………………………………………………………………………..3

1.2.1 Structure of Biogas Plant……………………………………………………….....3

1.2.2 Parts of Biogas Plant……………………………………………............................4

1.2.3 Type of Biogas Plant……………………………………………............................4

1.2.4 Advantages………………………………………………………………………..5

1.2.5 Disadvantages…………………………………………………………………….5

1.3 Problem Statement…………………………………………………………………………6

1.4 Justification and Scope………………………………………………………………..6

1.5 Biogas as solution…………………………………………………………..................7

1.6 Aim and Objective…………………………………………………………………….7

CHAPTER 02………………………………………………………..…………8

LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………….………………..............8

2.1 Background………………………………………………….…………………........8

CHAPTER 03…………………………………………………………………12

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METHODOLOGY……………………………………………….…………………………12

3.1 Study Area……………………………………………….……………………..........14

3.1.1 General Information about Village…………………….…………………………..14

CHAPTER 04………………………………………………………………....17

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION……………………………………………....17

4.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………….....................17

4.2 House Hold Survey……………………………………………………………….....17

4.3 Household Income…………………………………………………………...…..….18

4.4 Education Statement……………………………………………………………..…..22

4.5 Cooking Stove………………………………………………………………….……23

4.6 Animal Potential…………………………………………………………………..…30

4.7 Cooking Energy demand……………………………………………………….....…33

4.8 Demand Biogas Energy……………………………………………………..………37

4.9 Knowledge about Biogas………………………………………………………........40

4.10 Agriculture Resource………………………………………………………….

…....40

4.11 Common disease………………………………………………………………..... ..39

4.12 Main challenge………………………………………………………………….…. 40

4.2 Design biogas plant………………………………………………..………41

4.2.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………......41

4.2.2 Design Parameter………………………………………………………………..…43

4.2.3 Calculation………………………………………………………………….……..44

4.2.4 Influent…………………………………………………………………….……...45

4.2.5 Working Volume of digester…………………………………………….……….. 46

4.2.6 Height of biogas plant………………………………………………….…………47

4.3.1 Design biogas plant…………………………….......……………………………48

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 4.3.2 3D Model biogas plant……………………………………………………………49

4.3.3 Gas productions………………………………………...………………………….50

4.3.4 Techno-economic Analysis Biogas Plant…………….…………………………….51

CHAPTER 05…………………………………………………………………51

Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………...51

CHAPTER 06…………………………………………………………………53

Recommendation…………………………………………………………………………...53

REFERANCES………………………………………………………………………..54

APPENDICES……………………………………………………………...………... 56

viii
 LIST OF TABLE

Table 4.1: The Total number of members in the village (males/females)

Table 4.2: The total number of members in the village

Table 4.3: The major source of household income

Table 4.4: The Priorities for annual income expenditure

Table 4.5: The main source of income of their household and their occupation

Table 4.6: Government Employee/Self/Private Employee

Table 4.7: Educational status of the family

Table 4.8: The Main type of stove use for cooking

Table 4.9: The stove normally they use for cooking

Table 4.10: Fuel use for cooking

Table 4.11: Fuel use for cooking

Table 4.12: Biomass collection or buy

Table 4.13: Collected fire wood comes from

Table 4.14: Collect firewood per week

Table 4.15: Meals cook per day

Table 4.16: Cooking inside/outside the houses

Table 4.17: The Separate Kitchen

Table 4.18: (Have livestock / don’t have livestock)

Table 4.19: Total number of livestock

ix
Table 4.20: Dung use as fertilizer in field

Table 4.21: (Like to pay more to change the cooking fuel)

Table 4.22: The Problem with the current cooking

Table 4.23: Firewood use as a domestic use

Table 4.24: Air ventilation system in house

Table 4.2.5: Air ventilation system in kitchen

Table 4.26: Familiar with the biogas technology

Table 4.27: Biogas plant is set up in the village for producing cooking gas for entire

village, would you contribute animal dung and other biomass resources to the plant

Table 4.28: The (I am using dung for other purposes now but I can contribute for the

project)

Table 4.29: The (farmer, mark what best explain your working condition)

Table 4.30: The knowledge about biogas

Table 4.31: like to change the way they cook today

Table 4.32: Production of various cereal and other agriculture products

Table 4.33: Common diseases the households are suffered from the past

Table 3.34: The main challenge do we think are related to community-based biogas plant

x
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 4.1: The Total number of members in the village

Fig 4.2: The major source of household income

Fig 4.3: The Priorities for annual income expenditure

Fig 4.4: The main source of income of their household and their occupation

Fig 4.5: Government Employee/Self/Private Employee

Fig 4.6: Educational status of the family

Fig 4.7: The Main type of stove use for cooking

Fig 4.8: The stove normally they use for cooking

Fig 4.9: Fuel use for cooking

Fig 4.10: Fuel use for cooking

Fig 4.11: Biomass collection or buy

Fig 4.12: Collected fire wood comes from

Fig 4.13: Collect firewood per week

Fig 4.14: Meals cook per day

Fig 4.15: Cooking inside/outside the houses

Fig 4.16: The Separate Kitchen

Fig 4.17: (Have livestock / don’t have livestock)

Fig 4.18: Total number of livestock

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Fig 4.19: Dung use as fertilizer in field

Fig 4.20: (Like to pay more to change the cooking fuel)

Fig 4.21: The Problem with the current cooking

Fig 4.22: Firewood use as a domestic use

Fig 4.23: Air ventilation system in house

Fig 4.24: Air ventilation system in kitchen

Fig 4.25: Familiar with the biogas technology

Fig 4.26: Biogas plant is set up in the village for producing cooking gas for entire

village, would you contribute animal dung and other biomass resources to the plant

Fig 4.27: The (I am using dung for other purposes now but I can contribute for the

project)

Fig 4.28: The (farmer, mark what best explain your working condition)

Fig 4.29: The knowledge about biogas

Fig 4.30: like to change the way they cook today

Fig 4.31: Production of various cereal and other agriculture products

Fig 4.32: Common diseases the households are suffered from the past

Fig 4.33: The main challenge do we think are related to community-based biogas plant

xii
 LIST OF SYMBOLS
CH4 = Methane Gas

CO2 = Carbon Dioxide

CO = Carbon Monoxide

xiii
 LIST OF ABRIVATIONS
TCS = Traditional Cook Stoves

IAP = Indoor Air Pollution’s

AD = Outdoor Air Pollution’s

BMA =

xiv
 CHAPTER 01

INRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

Bio-gas is the mixture of gas produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of

oxygen usually consisting of certain quantities of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)

several other gases. Animal wastes are rich in methane and can be used to produce biomass

through the process of anaerobic digestion of animal waste and slurries in an airproof system

known as digester. There are also environmental benefits of reducing greenhouse gas

emission through the use of biogas. Methane, CH4 is the main compound of biogas. It has a

high energy value equal to 802 kJ/mole Carbon Dioxide, CO2, is a non-corrosive gas that

doesn’t have any energy value.

The energy crisis in the world especially in Pakistan is facing severe economic crunch due to

continuously growing gap between energy demand and supply. The political and economic

conditions of Pakistan have resulted in negligence towards the energy needs of rural areas in the

country especially Balochistan. Balochistan is (economically) the poorest province in Pakistan

and is going through some very crucial energy crisis. Pakistan is an agricultural country in which

62% of population lives in rural areas and meet their 92% of domestic energy needs by burning

biomass resources in inefficient cook stoves. (Amjid, ET al.2011). The use of biomass in

traditional cook stoves (TCS) in unventilated rooms has been identified as the primary cause of

indoor air pollution (IAP). The IAP has significant impact on the environment and health of

human beings in Pakistan. About 28,000 people die each year due to IAP. (Bhattacharya, S.C. et

al. (2002), Biogas, a clean burning methane-rich gaseous fuel produced through decomposition of

biomass with absence of air. We need to create demand for biogas and for carbon. We should also

advance clean energy and carbon utilization technology, as doing so is necessary to keep global

warming under 2 degrees Celsius. We should also promote

1
research and investment in advanced energy technology. Biogas produced from domestic-

scale digesters is a clean and cheap fuel that can be used for cooking and heating.

Pakistan is facing severe economic crunch due to continuously growing gap between energy

demand and supply. The shortage in power and gas supply has already halted many industrial

se about 14% of the worldwide primary energy supply is provided by biomass resources

equivalent to 72 EJ each year, and 38% of total energy supply in developing countries

[International Energy Agency; 2010]. Since half of the world population lives in rural areas

of developing countries, most of biomass is consumed in these regions. It has been estimated

that Kenya derives about 68%, India 47%, Pakistan 27%, Brazil 25% and China 13% of their

total energy from biomass. Due to rapid industrialization and\ economic growth in developing

countries, the incorporation of fossil fuels in total energy supply has declined the total share

of biomass. However, an increasing trend in usage of biomass resources can be observed in

these countries, growing at an annual rate of over 2% [Shukla PR 1997]. The increase in

utilization of biomass is mainly attributed to ever growing population rate, poor economic

conditions, and unavailability factors such as textile, small and medium enterprises and local

transportation. The World Biogas Association is the global trade association for the biogas,

landfill gas and anaerobic digestion (AD) sectors, dedicated to facilitating the adoption of

biogas globally. We believe that the global adoption of biogas technologies is a multi-faceted

opportunity to produce clean, renewable energy while resolving global issues related to

development, public health and economic growth (Newman n.d.)

2
1.1.1 Biogas useful

The gases methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide (CO) can be combusted or oxidized with

oxygen. This energy release allows biogas to be used as a fuel; it can be used for any heating

purpose, such as cooking. It can also be used in a gas engine to convert the energy in the gas

into electricity and heat.

1.2 BIOGAS PLANT

A biogas plant is where biogas is produced by fermenting biomass. The substrate used for the

production of this methane-containing gas usually consists of energy crops such as corn, or

waste materials such as manure or food waste.

1.2.1 Structure of biogas Plant

3
 1.2.2 Parts of Biogas Plant

i. Mixing Tank
Present above the ground level
ii. Inlet Tank
The mixing tank opens underground in to a sloping inlet chamber

iii. Digester

The inlet chamber opens from below into the digester which is a huge tank with a dome like

ceiling. The ceiling of the digester has an outlet with value for the suppling of biogas.

iv. Outlet tank

The digester opens from below into an outlet chamber

1.2.3 Type of Biogas Plant

i. Fixed Dome Biogas plant

A fixed-dome plant comprises of a closed, dome-shaped digester with an immovable, rigid

gas-holder and a displacement pit, also named 'compensation tank'. The gas is stored in the

upper part of the digester. When gas production commences, the slurry is displaced into the

compensating tank

ii. Floating Drum Plant

Floating-drum plants consist of an underground digester and a moving gas-holder. The gas-holder

floats either directly on the fermentation slurry or in a water jacket of its own. The gas is

collected in the gas drum, which rises or moves down, according to the amount of gas stored.

4
iii. Balloon Biogas Plant

A balloon plant consists of a heat-sealed plastic or rubber bag (balloon), combining digester

and gas-holder. The gas is stored in the upper part of the balloon. The inlet and outlet are

attached directly to the skin of the balloon. Gas pressure can be increased by placing weights

on the balloon.

1.2.4 Advantages

i. Production of large amount of methane gas (ambient temperature storage)

ii. Production of free flowing thick sludge

iii. Odorless sludge

iv. Sludge can be used as fertilizing and soil conditions

v. Sanitary way for human and animal waste disposal

1.2.5 Disadvantages

i. Explosion chances

ii. High capital coast

iii. Incorrect handling of liquid sludge causes pollution

iv. Need proper condition

5
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The rural population of Balochistan meets their domestic cooking and heating energy needs

by burning biomass in inefficient TCS resulting in deforestation, IAP and associated health

hazards. They are using wood, charcoal, cow dung as fuel for cooking which are effecting the

forest, wood burning stoves produce harmful toxin that can damage your lungs and increase

the risk of cancer, heart disease and premature death, Pollutant in wood smoke can cause the

eyes, nose, and throat to burn with irritation, and even cause headaches, green house. The

amount of pollution has generated burning wood, fire wood, can add poisonous gases to the

environment. The main problem is forests of consume, about 7000 has of land is deforest in

Pakistan every year (Qamar et al.).

1.4 JUSTIFICATION AND SCOPE

Biogas energy is a modern renewable energy source. Biogas energy is efficient and cheap

solution for the use of basic households. Biogas improves cleanness and protects the

environment. Biogas also reduce diseases caused by fuel wood smoke. The use of bio-gas

plant to produce energy can bring a new vision in energy sector. Gas generated through bio

digestion is nonpolluting it actually reduce greenhouse emission and its also low-income

source of energy to control the deforestation.

Advances in gas cleanup and conversion technology such as digesters and gasifiers will

expand the amount of feedstock that can be economically converted. Biogas is considered to

be a renewable resource because its production-and-use cycle is continuous, and it generates

no net carbon dioxide.

6
1.5 BIOGAS AS SOLUTION

Biogas, a clean burning methane-rich gaseous fuel produced through decomposition of

biomass with absence of air.

Biogas produced from domestic-scale digesters is a clean and cheap fuel that can be used for

cooking and heating.

1.6 AIM AND OBJECTIVE

I. The aim of this study is to use biogas cooking and heating resource in Sordo village

district Panjgur, Balochistan, Pakistan.

II. To assess cooking energy demand of the rural household

III. To assess the resource potential for biogas production

IV. To design biogas plants for rural households.

7
 CHAPTER 02
LITERATURE REVIEWS
2.1 Background

Yasmin et al. (2019) this study takes women empowerment as the research focus in the context

of technology transition, given that there is a knowledge gap at present. For this research, the

term women empowerment refers to how women’s status in the household determines the

decision-making process. Specifically, this study investigates whether there are any links between

women’s status and their role in making a decision toward the shift in cooking fuel. In rural areas,

the responsibilities of women are not only confined to performing household duties, but they are

also responsible for the collection and management of the cooking fuel (e.g. Animal dung, fuel

wood, and crop residues). Much of the population that uses biomass as the main source of energy

lives in rural areas where 62% of biomass users collect woods and shrubs; 24% of biomass users

purchase fuel wood to meet their energy requirements. The development world where a

population of 2.5 billion is still using solid biomass for cooking, according to world health

organization, compared to developed countries, population in developing countries suffer more

from pollution caused by traditional cooking technology which cause the death 1.3 million

children and women each year.

Ahmad et al. (2019) Biogas is a viable source of energy to tackle the problem of this energy

crisis in agriculture-based developing countries like Pakistan. A 6m3 capacity novel fixed-

dome digester was installed and operated at variable temperatures (30 to 42 0C) in order to

assess its potential, typically of the southern Punjab, Pakistan, from July 2018 to august 2018

and different, pH and gas production were recorded. Pakistan has an abundant amount of

waste produced in the form of cattle dung, poultry waste, and municipal waste. A large

number of official databases and literature have been surveyed and analyzed to address the

characterization of the biogas digestive and the potential form live stokes waste in district

Khandwa.

8
Haseeb et al. (2019) the study was carried out in the Dera Ismail Khan District of Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. This research endeavor attempted to investigate the

impact the biogas technology is imposing on the households that have adopted it. A total of

162 households composed of both adopters and non-adopters of the technology were

surveyed in the Dera Ismail Khan District of Pakistan in addition to the meetings and

discussions with the relevant stakeholders. ogas technology has been prevalent in Pakistan for

quite a while dating back to 1959 when the first use of this technology was made in

construction of a farm manure plant in Sindh for biogas generation, used mostly in cooking.

Another resurgence of the program occurred in 1990 when 1700 new plants were installed all

over the country. 2000 Biogas Support Programmed (BSP) helped set up 1200 new digesters,

amounting to 27% of domestic biogas capacity.

Madonna et al. (2018) this research based on upgrading and liquefaction in an anaerobic

digester plant. Biogas is an attractive fuel since it has a zero-carbon footprint and can be

produced from waste organic materials such as manure, organic waste from agricultural

activities, sewage from water treatment plant and municipal bio waste. Sewage treatment may

represent a significant contribution to the increase of biogas production various upgrading

techniques are currently available on the market which can provide a high-quality bio-

methane, with a content of CH4 which varies from 95 to 97% [7]. The liquefaction process

for small-scale system is a technology which is recently available on the market but is

characterized by an elevated specific energy consumption.

9
Dorella et al. (2018) In this paper, based on the kinetical analysis and BMP determined

through a set of experiments lead by the authors at the Riga Technical University, the use of

biological feed stokes from farm and agriculture origin together with the use of alternative

feed stokes like marine microalgae provide benefits in term of waste management and

avoided natural resource extraction. The environment is seriously threatened by the modern

human practices, especially by energy production and transports. The global warming is only

one of the numerous issues to manage and specifically it is mainly due to the CO2 air

emissions brought by the massive employment of fossil fuels. Biofuels, i.e. fuels produced by

biomass, seem to be an interesting solution in order to replace, at least partly, this source of

energy and consequently reducing greenhouse gases emissions.

Kamran (2018) this paper is based on future success of renewable energy in Pakistan.

Growth rate of livestock sector in Pakistan is 4% annually and 72 million buffalos and cows,

producing 1140-million-ton dung, are there in Pakistan.1m3 biogas in generated from 20kg

of manure. Pakistan council of renewable energy technology, Pakistan council of appropriate

technology, Alternative energy development board and Pakistan renewable energy society are

working to develop new biogas technologies and installing biogas plants to harness the

available potential throughout the country. Till 2002, 4500 biogas plant had been installed

under different projects in difference areas of Pakistan in 2006 under this project 400 plants

more than the target were installed. Abbas et al.

10
Abbas et al. (2017) this study attempts to estimate the economics of biogas plant in Faisalabad

district. The availability of biomass in Pakistan is widespread. Approximately 50,000 tons of

solid waste, 225,000 tons of crop residue and over 1 million tons of animals manure are produced

daily.it is estimated that the potential production of biogas from livestock residue is 8.8-17.2

billion cubic meters of gas per year (equivalent to 55 to 106 TWh of energy). Despite the fact that

household biogas technology was introduced in the early 60,s in Pakistan, the number of biogas

plants its capacity the country is believed to have.

Yasser Abbas et al. (2016) Had worked on Future Prospects of biogas in Pakistan, Pakistan,

being an agriculture country, annually million tons of solid organics waste in the form of

biomass such as corn cob, cotton waste, rice husk, wheat straw, wheat stalk and other energy

crop residues; this biomass has great potential for biogas production.in Pakistan, total 172.2

million livestock animals produce 652 million kg dung per day. This large amount of dung

can be used for biogas production. In the year 1959, Pakistan has installed its first biogas

plant in Sindh. In 1974 Pakistan council for appropriate technology has installed 10 biogas

plants installed in Azad jammu & Kashmir. in 2002 Biogas support program launched 1200

biogas plant and 10000 biogas plant were projected to be established until 2006.in 2009 under

Pakistan Dairy Development Company 556 plants have been installed.

Soomro et al. (2016) this paper is based on Cook Stove for Sindh, the poor burns biomass energy

to encounter their household cooking needs. These open fires are fairs are fairly inefficient at

converting energy into heat for cooking: the amount of biomass fuel needed each year for basic

cooking can reach up to 2 ton per family. About 730 million tons of biomass burned each year

and more than 1 billion tons of carbon dioxide emitted out into the atmosphere

.the house hold rural technology that is currently used for cooking is very and is haphazardly

or gained by placing three stone in a triangle position with enough of space in between, to

place the twigs and biomass materials for burning.

11
 CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

The study was carried out as a case study the process and work of research, which is based on

a survey, carried out in the Sordo village district Panjgur, Balochistan, Pakistan.

Methodology is basically the frame work of studying the variables, population, tools of data

collection and analysis. Therefore, qualitative tools also used for preparing questionnaire,

conduct interview of different groups (households & income groups; men/women) and data

collection from site survey. The qualitative research method applied to discuss various

important parameters prepare questionnaire, conduct field survey & data collection) of this

research and quantitative data collected from field. This Study used a literature review,

Questionnaire design, Door to door survey, data collection, Animal potential, Household

income, Education statement, cooking stove, cooking energy demand, to design bio-gas

demand, Design bio-gas plant rural household. Rural community of Sordo village district

Panjgur for the Purpose of sizing a representative Biogas plant a 60- household village

community has been considered in this investigation. All the questions were asked in local

language. All the villagers of Sordo village were asked to gather at one place on the

interviewing day.

12
13
3.2 Study Area

Baluchistan is one of the four provinces of Pakistan it is the largest province in term of land

area forming the southwestern region of the country, but least populated, Baluchistan being

the poorest province of the country. over all 71% of the population in Baluchistan is multi-

dimension ally poor rural population 85% and urban population 38% dimensionally poor.

Baluchistan is divided into 34 district and 23 had no natural gas only 11 district headquarters

are supplied with gas.

3.2.1 General Information about Village

Panjgur districts are famous for agricultur/Dates production and livestock were taken as study

th
area. Panjgur is the 7 largest district in Baluchistan the location of panjgur 460km south-west

from Quetta city. According to survey information in Sordo village regarding the source of

cooking fuel. wood and charcoal are the main source of cooking about 72 to 94 percent of village

household use either wood or charcoal about 18 percent of urban household reported the use of

gas/oil (gas are compressed in cylinder) as cooking fuel. Livestock is also an important source of

livelihood in the village. that goats, sheep, and cows are the major type of livestock in the village.

The demand of an average sized family in village was calculated using daily fuel wood

consumption by a village household. 10kg fuel wood used per day per house hold required for

cooking the bio-gas requirement for replacing fuel wood used for cooking. The amount of bio-gas

required for cooking approximately 1kg per day per household. Member of per house hold are

maximum 5 and 3 time they cook food. Village has significant agriculture activity. Consequently,

there is significant agriculture/animals waste generated and there is also support of farmers,

superior feedstock for bovine (cow dung) animals, generation of horticulture waste which can be

used as feed stoke for biogas plant. The village is rich in livestock resources that are contributing

about 40 percent of Baluchistan total livestock population. Sources of livelihood represent the

economic base of the village. Various features

14
of agriculture, livestock, mining and forestry are compiled in this section, while district-wise

manufacturing and fisheries data is not available. However, women help their family by

getting involved in allied activities like home-base date processing.

The climate of Panjgur is warm in summer and cool in winter. Mean monthly temperature in

the summer remains around 38°C. In the coldest month, January, the mean monthly

temperature drops below 10°C.the geographical location of Sordo village shown in Fig 3.1

Fig. 3.1: Geographical location of Sordo village

15
16
 CHAPTER O4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 House Hold Survey

The current Population of village is estimated 603 in which males are 252 (42%), females are

351 (58%), children between 12 and below 18 are 178 (30%) and children below 12 are 260

(43%). the average household member is 11 per household. Population density in the village

is lower as compared to the other villages in the district.

Table 4.1: Total number of members in the village

S/NO Description Values

1 No of house hols 60
2 Total population 1206
3 Average family members 18
4 Present of male responded 42%
5 Present of female responded 58%

42%

58%

Total number of male Total number of female

Fig 4.1: Shows the Total number of members in the village

17
 4.2 HOUSEHOLD INCOME
The major sources of household income are agriculture. Village falls in the tropical agro-

ecological zone bearing a total potential agriculture area which is approximately 83%.

Agricultural labor consists predominantly of males. However, women help their family by

getting involved in allied activities like home-base date processing. Mostly the farming

activities are performed by the land owner himself, although tenants are also employed.

Table 4.2: The major source of household income

Agriculture 83%
Non-Agriculture 11%

Business 2%
Services 4%

2%
4%
11%

83%

Business Non-Agriculture Agriculture Services

Figure 3.3: shows the major source of household income

18
i. Priorities for annual income expenditure
Village household tend to be large with in average ten to thirty person living and eating together

in a single household. Village spends only 82% of its annual income on food, health care and

education. The total food and health spending 13% is spent by the government and house hold

contributes 6%. The remainder is contributed by local non-government organization spending.

Table 4.3: Priorities for annual income expenditure

Items Ranking
Food 50%
Education 10%
Energy 0%
Cloths 4%
Health care 22%
Religious functions 4%
Entertainment 4%
Other specify 4%

6% 4%
4%
22% 50%

4%

0% 10%

Food Education Energy

Cloths Health care Religious functions

Entertainment Other specify
Fig 4.3: Priorities for annual income expenditure

19
ii. The main source of income of their household and their occupation

In the village, agriculture is the main occupation. Agro based activities are also common in

the village. Most of the villagers are farmers but other village occupations include

Government employee, hairdressers and Private employee, shepherds. Some livestock raised

by rural areas include cattle, goats, and cows.

Table 4.4: The main source of income of their household

Source of income Percentage

Farmer 80%
Fisherman 0%
Government Employee 8%
Self/Private Employee 6%
Retried (Pensioner) 4%
Other 2%

2% 8%
4% 0
6% %

80%

Government Employee Fisherman Farmer

Self/Private Employee Retried (Pensioner) Other
Fig 4.4: The main source of income of their household

20
iii. Government Employee/Self/Private Employee
Table 4.5: The Government Employee/Self/Private Employee
Occupation Percentage
Teacher 8%
Driver 11%
Postman 0%
Health worker 13%
Labor 26%
Shop keeper 29%
Carpenter 0%
Retired (pensioner) 5%
Other 24%

0%
8% 8%
11%
13%

5%
0%

26%
29%

Teacher Postman Health worker

Labor Shop keeper Carpenter

Figure 4.5: The Government Employee/Self/Private Employee

21
4.3 Education Statement

State of education in the village is not very different from education situation in the other village in

Panjgur, access and quality indicators of village are very weak. A total of 2 schools are operated by

the public sector. Which are including of primary, middle school, the number of school in the village

according to survey?

Table 4.6: The Educational status of the family

Member Primary High school College or University Other

level level level

Male 66 44 2 17

Female 17 22 0 10

20%
35%
0%

45%

Primary level High school level College or university level Other

Figure 4.6: The Educational status of the family

22
4.4 Cooking Stove

i. Main type of stove use for cooking

It was all about homemade clay Chula (clay stove) that used a combination of clay,

husk, and water. The traditional way of cooking on mud Chula involve the use of

earthen pots, that naturally adds to the flavors of the dish.

If you have ever had the chance to eat food made in the mud Chula, it has a Smokey flavor

due to the use of wood, cow dung, coal which ultimately enhances the overall food

experience if expert to be believed there are village in Balochistan where people still prefer

food made on mud Chula. Cooking stove in village, there are several types of cooking

stoves for different fuels

Table 4.7: The Main type of stove use for cooking

Three stone type LPG stove Kerosene stove

68% 12% 20%

20%

12%

68%

Three stone fire LPG stove kerosene stove

Fig 4.7: The Main type of stove use for cooking

23
4.5 Type of stove normally they use for cooking

Stoves are generally used for cooking and heating purposes in village are traditional mud

stove, improved mud stove, kerosene stove, LPG burner, biogas stove. Mostly used stove in

village is traditional mud stove traditional cooking devices such as locally produced three-

legged metal stoves (tripod), three-brick hearths, or home-made clay stoves are used in most

parts of village. 40% householder use traditional mud stove. Traditional biomass fuels such as

dung cakes, and leaves, fuel wood, or a combination of these fuels are fed in these stoves.

Table 4.8: The stove normally they use for cooking

Stove type Rank
Traditional mud stove 40%
Improved mud stove 38%
Kerosene stove 14%
LPG burner 8%
Biogas stove 0%

0%
8%
14%
40%

38%

Traditional mud stove Improved mud stove Kerosene stove

Fig 4.8: shows the stove normally they use for cooking

24
I. Type of fuel use for cooking
Biomass is major cooking and heating energy in village. The most common fuel used for

cooking and heating is wood. 68 ton/month firewood used for cooking and heating in per

household, followed by other solid biomass fuels, such as charcoal, dung, agricultural

residues and sometimes even leaves and grass. These fuels are often collected from the local

environment in rural areas (village) and are purchased through markets in urban areas

Table 4.9: The fuel use for cooking

Fuel type LPG Firewood Dung Agriculture Coal

(cylinder)
Amount of 60 kg 2520 kg 1200 kg 1040kg 200 kg
consumption
(kg)/month
Amount of 1% 50% 24% 21% 4%
consumption
(kg/year)

4%
1%

24%

50%

21%

LPG Firewood Agriculture Dung Coal

Fig 4.9: The fuel use for cooking Amount of consumption (kg/month)

25
II. Biomass collection or buy
Harvesting or collecting firewood varies by the region and culture. Some places have specific

areas for firewood collection. Other places may integrate the collection of firewood in the

cycle of preparing a plot of land to grow food as part of a field rotation process. Collection

can be a group, family or an individual activity. The tools and methods for harvesting

firewood are diverse. Collecting firewood is more involved than just cutting trees down,

cutting them up and stacking them to be burned in a wood stove.

Table 4.10 The Biomass collection or buy

Wood (kg) Agriculture waste Dung (kg) Coal (kg)

(kg)
Collect 47% 26% 11% 16%
Buy 48% 11% 27% 14%
Cost per kg 120 per kg 100 per kg 70 per kg

Collect
16%
47% wood (kg)
Dung (kg)
26% Agricultural waste(kg)
11% Coal (kg)

Fig 4.10: The Biomass collection

Buy
14%

11% Wood (kg)

48% Dung (kg)

27% Agricultural waste (kg)
Coal (kg)

Fig 4.11: The Biomass buy

26
III. Collected fire wood comes from
Some firewood is harvested in "woodlots" managed for that purpose, but in heavily wooded areas

and some firewood is harvested in open land and some are harvested from public forests.

Table 4.12: Collected fire wood comes from

Own farm Open land Public Other sources

forest/bush
28% 57% 9% 6%

6%
9%
28%

57%

Own farm Open land Public forest/bush Other sources

Fig 4.12: Collected fire wood comes from

IV. Collect firewood per week
Table 4.13: The Collect firewood per week

Once per week 6%

Twice per week 14%
Three time per week 20%
More than three times 60%

6%
14%

60% 20%

Once per week Twice per week

Three time per week More than three time
Fig 4.13: The Collect firewood per week

27
V. Meals cook per day

Table 4.14: The Meals cook per day

One meal per day 2%

Two meal per day 4%
Three meal per day 44%
More 50%

2%4%

50%
44%

One meal per day Two meal per day Three meal per day More
Fig 4.14: The Meals cook per day
VI.Cooking inside/outside the houses

Table 4.15: The Cooking inside/outside the houses

Cooking inside 70%

Cooking outside 20%
other 10%

10%

20%

70%

Cooking inside the houses Cooking outside the houses Other

Fig 4.15: The Cooking inside/outside the houses

28
VII. Have separate kitchen

Table 4.16: The Separate Kitchen

Separate kitchen 60%

Other 40%

40%

60%

Separate kitchen ther

Fig 4.16: The Separate Kitchen

4.6 Animal potential

The livestock species play very important economic, social and cultural roles or function for

rural house hold once they contribute to improve income and wellbeing of the farm family.

Livestock helps on food supply, family nutrition, family income as household income

increase. Beside milks, eggs, and meat used as a source of food.

The primary data used in this study was collected in 2020 through a questionnaire survey.

Table 4.17: The (Have livestock / don’t have livestock)

Have livestock 82%

Don’t have livestock 18%

29
 18%

82%

Have livestock Don't have livestock

Fig 4.17: The (Have livestock / don’t have livestock)

i. Total number of livestock

In total livestock population ranking Sordo Panjgur has third largest population. the village

maintain 60% animals (livestock) and 40% agriculture is centuries old occupation of the people

of village. Livestock are one of the major important sectors of the village having about 60%.

Table 4.18: The Total number of livestock

Type of Cow Buffalo Goats Sheep Hen Camel Donkey

livestock
Number 158 54 321 42 509 34 23
percentage 14% 5% 28% 4% 44% 3% 2%

3%
2% 14%
5%

44%
28%

4%

Cows Buffalos Goats Sheeps Hens Camels Donkeys

Fig 4.18: Total number of livestock

30
 ii. Dung use as fertilizer in field

Animal manure, such as chicken manure and cow, camel, goat’s dung, has been used for

centuries as a fertilizer for farming. It can improve the soil structure (aggregation) so that the

soil holds more nutrients and water, and therefore becomes more fertile, Maximum amount

of dung use as fertilizer in field (74%) in village.

Table 4.19: Dung use as fertilizer in field

Dung use as fertilizer 74%

Dung don’t use as fertilizer 26%

26%

74%

Dung use as fertilizer Dung don't use as fertilizer

Fig 4.19: Dung use as fertilizer in
field 4.7 COOKING ENERGY DEMAND
i. Like to pay more to change the cooking fuel

Table 4.20: (Like to pay more to change the cooking fuel)

Like 70%

Dislike 30%

31
 30%

70%

Like Dislike
Fig 4.20: (Like to pay more to change the cooking fuel)
ii. Problem with the current cooking

Health impact on women using solid cooking fuels in village, Maximum number of women

and children are suffering different type disease. Since many people use traditional mud

stove, improved mud stoves, kerosene stove, the burning of firewood continues to have a

negative impact on health due to high emissions, such as respiratory and skin disease, asthma,

and eye irritations.

Table 4.21: Problem with the current cooking

Have problem 66%

Don’t have problem 34%

34%

66%

Don't have problem have problem

Fig 4.21: Problem with the current cooking

32
iii. Firewood use as a domestic use

Many of these rural households still use traditional cooking methods such as the firewood,

charcoal, cow dung, agriculture waste in the village 66% household are using traditional cause

Table 4.22: Firewood use as a domestic use

Easy access 14%

Cheap source 20%
Traditional cause 66%

14%

20%

66%

Easy access Cheap source Traditional cause

Fig 4.22: Firewood use as a domestic use

iv. Air ventilation system in house

Ventilation strategies as a solution in the village houses in hot climates

Table 4.23: The Air ventilation system in house
Have ventilation system 58%
Don’t have ventilation system 42%

30%

70%

Have ventilation system Don't have vetilation system

Fig 4.23: The Air ventilation system in house

33
v. Air ventilation system in kitchen

Table 4.24: The Air ventilation system in kitchen

Have ventilation system 70%

Don’t have ventilation system 30%

30%

70%

Have ventilation system Don't have vetilation system

Fig 4.24: shows the Air ventilation system in kitchen

4.8 DEMAND BIOGAS ENERGY

Familiar with the biogas technology

Table 4.25: shows the Familiar with the biogas technology

Familiar with the biogas technology 24%

Aren’t familiar with the biogas 76%
technology

24%

76%

Familiar with the biogas technology Aren’t familiar with biogas technology
Fig 4.25: shows the Familiar with the biogas technology

34
i. If a biogas plant is set up in the village for producing cooking gas for entire village,

would you contribute animal dung and other biomass resources to the plant?

It was clear from the survey data that there was a pervasive perception that biogas technology

works only for people who have sufficient animal and agricultural waste available to them to

obtain a reasonable quantity of gas for energy .73% household are agree to do the project in

village. Many of them, farm laborers or workers in the area, mentioned that although they did not

own livestock, they were willing to travel to collect animal waste from neighboring farms.

Table 4.26: Would you contribute animal dung and other biomass resources

Yes, very happy to do that 73%

No, I am using for my own purpose 27%

27%

73%

Yes, very happy to do that No, I am using for my own purpose

Fig 4.26 Would you contribute animal dung and other biomass resources

35
 ii. I am using dung for other purposes now but I can contribute for the
project Table 4. 27: Can you contribute for the project)

Yes 68%
Cannot say 32%

32%

68%

Yes Cannot say

Fig 4.27 The (I am using dung for other purposes now but I can
contribute for the project)

iii. . If you are a farmer, mark what best explain your working condition

Table 4.28: The (farmer, mark what best explain your working condition)

Have my own land 56%

Lease someone else’s land 26%
Works on wage 18%

18%

56%
26%

Have my own land Lease someone else's land Work on wage

Fig 4.28: The (farmer, mark what best explain your working condition)

36
4.9 KNOWLEDGE ABOUT BIOGAS

Most people who have the raw material available do not have any knowledge of biogas

technology.it is therefore important to educate them by first explaining and then

demonstrating this technology to rural communities. Most of people don’t know about biogas

plant 62% people have no knowledge at all maximum people know about biogas.

Table 4.29: shows the knowledge about biogas

Excellent knowledge 10%

Good knowledge 28%

No knowledge at all 62%

10%

28%

62%

Exellent knowledge Good knowledge No knowledge at all

Fig 4.29: shows the knowledge about biogas

37
i. They would like to change the way they cook today

Table 4.30: The like to change the way they cook today

Would like to change 69%

Wouldn’t like to change 31%

31%

69%

Would like to change Wouldn’t like to change

Fig 4.30: shows the like to change the way they cook today

4.10 AGRICULTURE RESOURCE

i. Production of various cereal and other agriculture products

Agricultural production in the village is very limited with Dates/ wheat being the principal

crop. Agriculture is the means of livelihood of rural population. Sordo village has one of the

largest productions of dates in the district, and annually 40% of the dates produced in panjgur

come from village. Vegetables, sunflower, grapes, tomato, onion, (etc.) have been noted as

also the important food crops of village.

Table 4.31: Production of various cereal and other agriculture products

Description Yearly production

Wheat 20%
Dates 34%
Vegetable’s 18%
Sunflowers 13%
Cottons 4%
Other 11%
38
 11%
20%
4%

13%

18% 34%

wheat Dates vegetable’s sunflowers cottons other

Fig 4.31: Production of various cereal and other agriculture products

4.11 Common diseases the households are suffered

(Diseases associated with cooking/lighting fuel)

Health is most important factor which plays a key role in determine the human capital.

Common diseases the house hold are suffering are asthma, eye disease, skin disease, burn

disease, tuberculosis, acute respiratory infection, pneumoconiosis, thyroid, malaria are

common disease in the village. Number of health institutions in the village are hospital 1,

clinic 1, in the hospital 2 doctor and 4 nurses are working.

Table 4.32: Common diseases the households are suffered from the past

Name of diseases Male Women Children

Asthma 0% 6% 58%
Eye disease 52% 39% 0%
Skin disease 14% 10% 0%
Burn 7% 8% 0%
Tuberculosis 0% 3% 0%
Acute respiratory 3% 4% 0%
infection
Pneumoconiosis 0% 0% 0%
Thyroid 0% 18% 0%
Other 24% 12% 42%

39
 0%
24%
0%

3% 52%
0%
7%
14% 0%

Asthma Eye disease

Skin disease Burn

Fig 4.32 Common diseases the households are suffered from the past

4.12 THE MAIN CHALLENGE

The main challenge, according to survey result is initial cost of plant the majority continued

to believe that the capital costs of installing a biogas plant are too high we should come

forward to take benefit of the government scheme, private scheme, many ENGO are working

and install biogas plants in village. Further we discuss our main challenge is distribution of

gas because the area of houses is too long we need to distribute biogas to the villagers

through underground pipe.

Table 3.34 The main challenge do we think are related to community-based biogas plant

Main challenge Rank

Collection of feedstock’s 4%
Operation and maintenance 7%
Distribution of gas 20%
Management of system 9%
Safety of supply 11%
Initial cost of plant 41%
Biomass supply to plant 5%
other 3%
40
 DESIGN BIOGAS PLANT
4.2.1 Introduction

Biogas can be obtained from any organic materials after anaerobic fermentation by three main

phases.

Mechanism of biogas fermentation

A) Group of biogas microbes (Bacteria)

Biogas microbes
(Bacteria)

Non methane Methane producing

producing

Fermentative Hydrogen-producing
Bacteria acetogenic bacteria

B) Group of microbes ( Bacteria ) involved in the 3 stages of biogas fermentation

st
1 stage: Fermentations

Hydrolyze &
ferments organic
substanc

Cellulose Proteian Fat

decomposing decomposing decomposing
bcteria bacteria bacteria

41
 nd
2 stage: Hydrogen producing lactogenic bacteria

Decompose the
substance produced
st
in 1 stage Acetic acid H2,CO2

rd
3 stage: Methane producing bacteria

Convert the
substance
st
produced
nd
in 1 & 2 stage
CH4 & CO2

42
4.2.2 Design parameter

A) Selection of

material Cement

B) Total solid (TS) contains calculation of organic materials organic materials

Solid part: total solid contained in a certain amount of materials is usually used as the

materials unit to indicate the biogas producing rate of the materials.

Liquid part:

H
C) Favorable temperature, P Value

0 0 H
Temperature: Maximum 20 C to 36 C P

H
Value: Neutral P and range 6.8 to 7.2

Cross-section of a digester

a) Volume of gas collection chamber = Vs

b) Volume of gas storage chamber = Vgs

c) Volume of fermentation chamber = Vf

d) Volume of hydraulic chamber = Vh

e) Volume of sludge layer = Vs

Total volume of digester

V= Vc + Vgs + Vf + Vh + Vs

43
4.2.3 Calculation

Find the total discharge cow, camel, goats and waste material per day.

Given

Number of cows = 158

Temperature = 35 (average)

Cow discharge dung = 10kg

= Number of cows × Cow discharge
Solve
= 158 × 10kg
Total discharge

Total discharge

Total discharge = 1580kg/day

The total discharge cows dung per month

Total discharge = 30 (1580 kg/days) = 47400 kg / month

For 34 camels each produced 3kg dung

Total will be 34×4kg = 170kg/day

For 321 goats each produce 2 kg dung

Total will be 321×2kg = 642 kg/day

The amount of biogas you can extract from your organic waste depends on the waste

itself

44
4.2.4 INFLUENT

(Flow of cow dung + water)

In 8% concentration of TS

8 kg solid =100 kg. Influent (constant)

1 kg solid = 100 / 8 influent = 12.5 kg influent

158 kg / day ×12.5 kg influent

Total influent = 19750 kg / day influent

4.2.5 Working volume of digester

Vgs + Vf

Vgs + Vf = Q.HRT

(19750 kg / day influent) × (30 days)

Vgs + Vf = 11 ×107 (1000 kg = 1m3)

For geo materials assumption

Vgs + Vf = 0.95V

V = 11×107/ 0.95

5 3
V = 12 × 10 m

45
4.2.6 Now we find the height of biogas plant

3 2
H = 4×V3×D / π×D

H = 4× 0.3142× D / π

H = 4×0.3142×8.40m / 3.14

H = 10000mm

H = 10m

Height and diameter are same

4.1.7 Dome

Dome = D / 5 = 8.40 / 5 = 168mm

Dome is represented by F1

F1 = 168mm

Volume of sludge layer

46
4.3.1 Design biogas plant

47
4.3.2 3D MODEL

48
4.3.3 Gas production

Formula to calculate total gas production for dung max gas production kg

Calculate for 158 cows each produce 10 kg dung maximum

Total will be 158 × 10kg = 1580 kg/day

Total gas will produce 39.5 liter

So, 40 kg dung produce 1 liter biogas

Calculate for 54 buffalo each produce 11 kg dung

Total will be 54×11kg = 594 kg/day

Total gas will produce 14.85 liter

Calculate for 34 camels each produced 3kg dung

Total will be 34×4kg = 170kg/day

Total gas will produced = 4.25 liter

Calculate for 321 goats each produce 2 kg dung

Total will be 321×2kg = 642 kg/day

Total gas will produce 16.05 liter

The amount of biogas you can extract from your organic waste depends on the waste

itself

Total gas will produce = (cow dung + buffalo dung + goats dung+ camel dung +

organic waste)

= (39.5liter+14.85liter+16.05liter+4.25+30litermaximum) =

105liter/day 49
4.3.4 Techno-economic Analysis Biogas Plant

Particular UOM Quantity Per unit Cost

price

Bricks No 30000 17 510000

Cement 50kg 700 550 385000

Stone chips Cu ft 200 350 70000

Sands Cu ft 350 50 17500

Coarse sand Cu ft 220 60 13200

Pipe Inch 150 10 1500

Iron bars kg 1000 120 120000

Pipe Ft 15 900 13500

Paint Litter 150 500 75000

Labour charges 300000

Total investment 1505700
cost in PKR

50
 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

The aim this research work was to assess the cooking energy demand and need of biogas in

panjgur, village, sordo, Balochistan. The village has substantial potential of biogas energy

resources in the form of animal’s dung, wood and agriculture wastes. The questionnaire based

survey method was applied for the collection of energy consumption related data. The sordo

village is mainly dependent on biomass for cooking and heating energy needs due to limited

access to modern fuels. Among different fuels dung meets about 24% of the total cooking and

heating energy demands. The contribution of other biomass fuels for domestic energy use are

21% agriculture waste and 50% firewood. Other than biomass, LPG has 1.0 share in cooking

energy need of the village. It is observed that the expenses on energy increase with the income

level of the village. It was found that the average, primary energy demand for the whole village is

estimated as 5178.5 KG per year. The burning of cow dung and fire wood produced high rate of

smoke, which will highly have affected human health and their eyes as well. The village needs

efficient and smoke free stoves for the cooking purposes. The total final cooking energy demand

of the village is estimated as 80 liters per day.

The resource potential of animals dungs is estimated as 14220 kg per year. Fixed dome type

biogas plant with 10m digester diameter and 10m digester heighted is designed for the village.

• The study has analysed the demand of domestic energy (cooking), of the village

Sordo, District Panjgur, Balochistan

• The cooking energy consumption of household is observed to increase with an increase

in income of household

• The village has various biomass potential in the form of animal dung, fuel wood and

agriculture waste which can be used for cooking

51
• In the study found that the annual average energy demand of the village for cooking

is 28800litre/year

• The production of dung is calculated in the village is 14,220kg/year

• The amount of biogas that could be produced is 105liter/day

• The amount of biogas that could be produced is 37800liter/year

• The total biogas production is 37800liter/year. total useful cooking energy demand of the

village is 28800liter/year .the remaining biogas 9000liter/year

52
 CHAPTER 6

RECOMNDATION

Biogas plant is better than landfill as there is no chance of leakage. the main task of a biogas

engineer is to design and construct a user-friendly biogas unit. A well designed biogas unit is

easy to maintain. The ease of maintenance ensures constant attention by the farmer.

The clay sealing of the lid must stay moist. Therefore, the lid must be covered with water all

the time. In order to reduced evaporation and prevent mosquito breeding, machine oil can be

added on the surface of the water mineral oil pollutes ground water should only be used in

small quantities and with care.

The plant must be fed regularly in order to achieve regular gas production. Chopping of the

fodder in to pieces of 3-5cm length saves fodder grass and reduces the amount of stalk

mixing with the dung on the floor.

The government must spread the knowledge between the farmers and rural people to get

maximum advantages from biogas. The waste material needs to be separated well before

using them to generate sufficient biogas.

53
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M,Dorella et al. (2018). “Design of a biogas plant fed with Cladopgora Sp. Algae and wheat

straw.’’Eenergy Procedia.’’Vol.147, pp.458-466

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M,Kamran.(2018). “Current Status and Future Success of Renewable Energy in Pakistan.”

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol.82, pp.609-617

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Household Level in Pakistan.” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.’’Vol.07, pp.221-

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 APPENDICES
QUESTIONNAIRE
INSTRUCTIONS

Please, use ( ) to indicate your answer among the options provided for each question (one or
more). Please write N/A if the question is not applicable to you.

Rank your preferences (1, 2, 3...) where required – 1 as the highest rank and so forth.

General information of households

Q.1. Name of the Respondent (Optional): ____________________________________

Q.2. Total number of members in the household:

Members Number
Adults

Children between 12 and below 18

Children below 12

Total

Q.3. what is the educational status of the family (for members above 18 years)?

Members Basic knowledge Primary High school College or Other

name & signature (level 1-5) (level 6-10) university

Male

Female

Q.4. what is your major source of household income?

Agriculture ( )
Non-Agriculture ( )

Business ( )

Services ( )

56
Q.5. what are your priorities for annual income expenditure? Rank your options with 1 for the
most important.
Items Ranking

Food

Education

Energy

Clothes

Health care

Religious functions

Entertainment

Other specify

Q.6. Which fuel type do you use for cooking in your home?
Fuel type LPG Firewood Dung Agricultural Coal (kg)
(cylinder) (kg) (kg) waste(kg)
Amount of
consumption
Q.7. If you use biomass, how much do you collect or buy?

Wood (kg) Agricultural waste(kg) Dung (kg) Coal (kg)

Collect
Buy
Cost per kg

Q.8. Collected firewood comes from

Own farm ( )
Open land ( )
Public forest/ bush ( )
..................................
Other sources (specify )

57
Q.9. How many times you collect firewood per week?
Once per week ( )

Twice per week ( )

Three times per week ( )
More than three times ( )
Q.10. How many meals do you cook per day?
One meal per day ( )

Two meals per day ( )

Three meals per day ( )
More ( )
Q.11. Do you cooking inside the house?
Yes ( )

No ( )
Q.12. Do you have separate kitchen?
Yes ( )

No ( )
Q.13. What is the main stove type you used for cooking?
Three stone fire ( )

LPG stove ( )

Kerosene stove ( )

Q14. Do you own any livestock?

Yes ( )

No ( )
If ‘yes’ Please indicate type and number of livestock owned.

Type of Livestock Cow Buffalo Goat sheep Hen Other Specify

Number

Q15.Do you use dung as fertilizer in your field?

Yes ( )
No ( )

58
Q.16. Would you like to pay more to change the cooking fuel?

Yes ( )

No ( ).
Q.17. Do you have problems with the current cooking in your home?

Yes ( )
No ( )
Q.18.Why you use firewood as a domestic use?
Easy access ( )

Cheap source ( )
Traditional cause ( )
Q.19. why you use dung cake as a domestic use?
Easy access ( )

Cheap source ( )
Traditional cause ( )
No other source available ( )

Q.20. Do you have an air ventilation system in house?

Yes ( )

No ( )
Q.21. Do you have an air ventilation system in kitchen?

Yes ( )
No ( )
Q.22. Are you familiar with the biogas technology?

Yes ( )
No ( )
Q.23. If a biogas plant is set up in the village for producing cooking gas for entire village, would you
contribute animal dung and other biomass resources to the plant?

Yes, very happy to do that ( )

No, I am using for my own purpose ( )

59
Q.24. I am using dung for other purposes now but I can contribute for the project

Yes ( )

Cannot say ( )

Q.25. If you are a farmer, mark what best explains your working condition?

Have my own land ( )

Lease someone else’s land ( )

works on wage ( )

Q.26. what is your knowledge about biogas?

Excellent knowledge ( )
Good knowledge ( )
No knowledge at all ( )

Q.27. Would you like to change the way you cook today?

Yes ( )

No ( )

Q.29. what type of stove do you normally use for cooking? Rank your choice with “1” for the
mostly used and so on; ignore those that you do not have or use.
Stove types Rank

Traditional mud stove

Improved mud stove

kerosene stove

LPG burner

Biogas stoves

60
Q.30. Could you give us your production of various cereal and other agriculture products
Descriptions Yearly Production in Kg

wheat

cotton

vegetables

Dates

Sun Flower

Other (specify)

Q.31. Indicate the source of income of your household? Please mention the occupation if not in
the list. Also rank the sources of income including showing the main income source with 1
for most important source and proceeding onwards accordingly.
Source of income Mark ( ) if Rank the main source
appropriate

Farmer / Fisherman

Government Employee
(Teachers, Postman, Health worker, other

Self/Private Employee (Labour, driver, rickshaw,

shop keeper, carpenter, other

Transfer of funds (another place)

Monetary assistance from relative working

Retired (Pensioner)

Other (Specify)________

61
Q.32. Which of the following common diseases the household is suffering or suffered from in the
past? Please mark ( ) and specify number of members suffering/suffered from each
disease.
Name of the diseases Suffering households

Diseases associated with Cooking/lighting fuel Man Woman Children

(Asthma, Tuberculosis, Eye disease, (number) (number) (number)
Pneumoconiosis, Skin disease, Acute
Respiratory Infections, Burn)

Q.33. what are the main challenges do you think are related to community-based biogas plant?
Rank your opinion with “1” for the most important and proceed with less important options.
Main Challenges Rank
Collection of Feedstock’s

Operation and Maintenance

Distribution of gas

Management of system

Safety of supply

Initial cost of plant

Biomass supply to plant

Other (specify)________

62