Turning error- Liquid swirl

1. Whe1. It is therefore necessary to construct a device in which static pressure is subtracted

from pitot (total)
pressure in order to isolate dynamic pressure
2. Static pressure is present on both the inside and the outside of the metal walls of the capsule
and so
cancels.
3. Therefore the pressure differential between the inside and outside of the capsule is (Dy + S) -
S which is
Dynamic.
4. Expansion or contraction on the capsule will therefore be proportional to the changes in
dynamic
pressure produced by changes of airspeed.
CALIBRTION
1. Dynamic pressure depends not only on the
speed of the aircraft but also on the air
density.
2. This density varies with temperature and
pressure and therefore with altitude.
3. The ASI is calibrated to read true airspeed for
the air density of 1225 grams per cubic
metre which would be produced by the ISA
MSL pressure of 1013.25 hPa and
temperature + 15°C (dry air conditions).
4. No allowance is made in the calibration for
the change in density which occurs with
change of altitude.
5. No allowance is made in the calibration for
the change in density which occurs with
change of altitude.
6. As the ASI is only calibrated at MSL, and ISA conditions, flight at any other height will cause
errors.
AIRSPEEDS
AKSHEY SOOD
ASI COLOUR CODING
ERRORS

IAS (INDICATED AIR SPEED) READING ON INSTRUMENT

 CAS is IAS corrected for
CAS (CALIBRATED AIR
Instrument and Position
SPEED)
(Pressure) Error.
Equivalent Airspeed is CAS
EAS (EQUIVALENT AIR
corrected for
SPEED)
Compressibility Error only
TAS (TRUE AIR SPEED) EAS + Density Error = TAS
GS (GROUND SPEED) TAS corrected for winds
n turning through north in the Northern hemisphere it will increase the
magnitude
of the turning error.
2. Decreases error when turning thr1. It is therefore necessary to construct a device in
which static pressure is subtracted from pitot (total)
pressure in or1. It is therefore necessary to construct a device in which static pressure is
subtracted from pitot (total)
pressure in order to isolate dynamic pressure
2. Static pressure is present on both the inside and the outside of the metal walls of the capsule
and so
cancels.
3. Therefore the pressure differential between the inside and outside of the capsule is (Dy + S) -
S which is
Dynamic.
4. Expansion or contraction on the capsule will therefore be proportional to the changes in
dynamic
pressure produced by changes of airspeed.
CALIBRTION
1. Dynamic pressure depends not only on the
speed of the aircraft but also on the air
density.
2. This density varies with temperature and
pressure and therefore with altitude.
3. The ASI is calibrated to read true airspeed for
the air density of 1225 grams per cubic
metre which would be produced by the ISA
MSL pressure of 1013.25 hPa and
temperature + 15°C (dry air conditions).
4. No allowance is made in the calibration for
the change in density which occurs with
change of altitude.
5. No allowance is made in the calibration for
the change in density which occurs with
change of altitude.
6. As the ASI is only calibrated at MSL, and ISA conditions, flight at any other height will cause
errors.
AIRSPEEDS
AKSHEY SOOD
ASI COLOUR CODING
ERRORS

IAS (INDICATED AIR SPEED) READING ON INSTRUMENT

CAS is IAS corrected for
CAS (CALIBRATED AIR
Instrument and Position
SPEED)
(Pressure) Error.
Equivalent Airspeed is CAS
EAS (EQUIVALENT AIR
corrected for
SPEED)
Compressibility Error only
TAS (TRUE AIR SPEED) EAS + Density Error = TAS
GS (GROUND SPEED) TAS corrected for winds
der to isolate dynamic pressure
2. Static pressure is present on both the inside and the outside of the metal walls of the capsule
and so
cancels.
3. Therefore the pressure differential between the inside and outside of the capsule is (Dy + S) -
S which is
Dynamic.
4. Expansion or contraction on the capsule will therefore be proportional to the changes in
dynamic
pressure produced by changes of airspeed.
CALIBRTION
1. Dynamic pressure depends not only on the
speed of the aircraft but also on the air
density.
2. This density varies with temperature and
pressure and therefore with altitude.
3. The ASI is calibrated to read true airspeed for
the air density of 1225 grams per cubic
metre which would be produced by the ISA
MSL pressure of 1013.25 hPa and
temperature + 15°C (dry air conditions).
4. No allowance is made in the calibration for
the change in density which occurs with
change of altitude.
5. No allowance is made in the calibration for
the change in density which occurs with
change of altitude.
6. As the ASI is only calibrated at MSL, and ISA conditions, flight at any other height will cause
errors.
AIRSPEEDS
AKSHEY SOOD
ASI COLOUR CODING
ERRORS

IAS (INDICATED AIR SPEED) READING ON INSTRUMENT

CAS is IAS corrected for
CAS (CALIBRATED AIR
Instrument and Position
SPEED)
(Pressure) Error.
Equivalent Airspeed is CAS
EAS (EQUIVALENT AIR
corrected for
SPEED)
Compressibility Error only
TAS (TRUE AIR SPEED) EAS + Density Error = TAS
GS (GROUND SPEED) TAS corrected for winds
ough south.
SUMMARY OF TURNING ERRORS
1. These are maximum when passing through magnetic North or South,
decreasing to zero
when passing through East or West.
2. Magnitude of Turning Errors variables with rate of turn, duration of turn,
speed of the
aircraft, the headings involved, and the design of the compass.
3. At the magnetic equator where there is no vertical component Z in the earth’s
field,
liquid swirl is the sole source of turning error; with most 1. It is therefore necessary to
construct a device in which static pressure is subtracted from pitot (total)
pressure in order to isolate dynamic pressure
2. Static pressure is present on both the inside and the outside of the metal walls of the capsule
and so
cancels.
3. Therefore the pressure differential between the inside and outside of the capsule is (Dy + S) -
S which is
Dynamic.
4. Expansion or contraction on the capsule will therefore be proportional to the changes in
dynamic
pressure produced by changes of airspeed.
CALIBRTION
1. Dynamic pressure depends not only on the
speed of the aircraft but also on the air
density.
2. This density varies with temperature and
pressure and therefore with altitude.
3. The ASI is calibrated to read true airspeed for
the air density of 1225 grams per cubic
metre which would be produced by the ISA
MSL pressure of 1013.25 hPa and
temperature + 15°C (dry air conditions).
4. No allowance is made in the calibration for
the change in density which occurs with
change of altitude.
5. No allowance is made in the calibration for
the change in density which occurs with
change of altitude.
6. As the ASI is only calibrated at MSL, and ISA conditions, flight at any other height will cause
errors.
AIRSPEEDS
AKSHEY SOOD
ASI COLOUR CODING
ERRORS

IAS (INDICATED AIR SPEED) READING ON INSTRUMENT

CAS (CALIBRATED AIR
SPEED)
EAS (EQUIVALENT AIR
SPEED)
TAS (TRUE AIR SPEED)
CAS is IAS corrected for
Instrument and Position
(Pressure) Error.
Equivalent Airspeed is CAS
corrected for
Compressibility Error only
EAS + Density Error = TAS
GS (GROUND SPEED) TAS corrected for winds
1. It is therefore necessary
to construct a device in
which static pressure is
subtracted from pitot (total)
pressure in order to isolate
dynamic pressure
2. Static pressure is present
on both the inside and the
outside of the metal walls of
the capsule and so
cancels.
3. Therefore the pressure
differential between the
inside and outside of the
capsule is (Dy + S) - S which
is
Dynamic.
4. Expansion or contraction
on the capsule will
therefore be proportional to
the changes in dynamic
pressure produced by
changes of airspeed.
CALIBRTION
1. Dynamic pressure
depends not only on the
speed of the aircraft but
also on the air
density.
2. This density varies with
temperature and
pressure and therefore with
altitude.
3. The ASI is calibrated to
read true airspeed for
the air density of 1225
grams per cubic
metre which would be
produced by the ISA
MSL pressure of 1013.25
hPa and
temperature + 15°C (dry air
conditions).
4. No allowance is made in
the calibration for
the change in density which
occurs with
change of altitude.
5. No allowance is made in
the calibration for
the change in density which
occurs with
change of altitude.
6. As the ASI is only
calibrated at MSL, and ISA
conditions, flight at any
other height will cause
errors.
AIRSPEEDS
AKSHEY SOOD
ASI COLOUR CODING
ERRORS
IAS (INDICATED AIR SPEED)
CAS (CALIBRATED AIR
SPEED)

EAS (EQUIVALENT AIR

SPEED)
TAS (TRUE AIR SPEED)
GS (GROUND SPEED)