What test can be performed to detect a leak

in a sewer pipe?


What test can be performed to detect a leak in a sewer pipe?

In this short guide, we’re going to go over…

 The symptoms of a leaking sewer pipe.

 The tests are available to detect a sewer pipe leak.

Symptoms of a leaky sewer pipe

1. The sound of trickling water
If you hear water trickling somewhere, check the toilet and make sure all the faucets are off. If
everything checks out, you might have a leaky sewer pipe. Contact a professional.

2. Damaged floor
Your house contains a network of sewer pipes. If any of them spring a leak – even a small one –
the water will leave the pipe and start to pool. Depending on the size of the leak you might not
notice anything at first. However, eventually, the water could damage your flooring. If you
notice any damp, spongy, or discolored areas on your floor, call a sewer repair contractor.

3. Bad smells
Mold and mildew easily form in the dampness created by leaking sewer pipes. Therefore, if you
notice an ‘’off’’ smell in your house, this might be the reason.

4. Cracks in foundation or walls

Always take cracks in your walls or foundation very seriously. Leaking sewer lines can cause
water to pool and eventually if nothing is done, sinkholes could form under your property. Call a
sewer repair professional immediately.

5. Unusually healthy vegetation

Does your lawn have patches of grass that look healthier than the surrounding area? You see, we
humans loathe sewage. However, plants eat it up. So, while you might have some nice looking
patches of grass, wastewater is definitely not something you want pouring into your yard.

6. Rodents or insects
Rodents or insects like cockroaches can enter your home via even small fractures in your sewer
line. If you’ve repeatedly called an exterminator only to see the problem return, you might want
to call someone to come out and take a look at your sewer pipes.
7. Moldy walls
It doesn’t take much moisture behind a wall for mold to start forming. If you see mold, contact a
professional to find the source of the leak.

8. Sluggish drains
When you fill a sink does it take a long time for the water to drain? If so, it could indicate a
clogged sewer pipe. If your pipes are cast iron, rust and corrosion can build up over time and
cause blockages.

9. Raw sewage
This one is a no-brainer. If you see raw sewage somewhere on your property, contact a
professional immediately because you almost certainly have a serious problem with your sewer
line.

Tests to detect a leaking sewer pipe

Hydrostatic Pressure Test

The purpose of the hydrostatic pressure test is to find leaks in a building’s plumbing system.
Here’s how it works…

A special ball is inserted into the sewer line and then inflated so it blocks the pipe completely.
(This usually means removing the toilet from the floor in order to expose the drain pipe, insert
the ball, and then observe the water level.)

Water is then added to the sewer line from a faucet so that it fills the entire pipe up to ground
level.

Now, the contractor will watch to see what happens to the water level. If the water level goes
down, the contractor will assume that there might be a leak somewhere in the sewer line.

The next step is a CCTV video sewer inspection along with static leak isolation testing.

The CCTV video inspection camera enters the pipe to make sure the ball is indeed blocking the
water. If it is, the water test is conducted once more to rule out air pockets. (Air pockets can form
during the process of filling the pipe with water. Air takes up volume. So, when it finally
escapes, the water will flow into that space and cause the water level to drop.) If the water
continues to drop, there you can detect a  leak somewhere.

The next step in detecting a leak in a sewer pipe is static leak isolation testing…

Static Leak Isolation Testing

Static leak isolation testing is simply the above process (hydrostatic pressure testing along with a
video camera inspection) repeated on various isolated sections of your building’s sewer line to
find the location of the leaks.
One important thing to remember…

If you think there’s a leak in your sewer line, you need to have a qualified sewer repair
contractor come out and conduct a leak test. A CCTV sewer camera inspection by itself cannot
determine if you have a leak in your sewer line. The contractor must perform the hydrostatic
pressure test.

Solutions for a leaking sewer pipe

If the contractor finds a leak, your options for repairing it include…

Structural pipe lining (also called cured-in-place-pipe lining or CIPP)

Structural pipe lining is a minimally invasive trenchless technique for repairing a damaged sewer
pipe by creating a new pipe within the old one. A felt liner is soaked in a special epoxy and then
inserted into the pipe and left to cure for a few hours. When it’s removed the pipe is as good as
new.

Pipe bursting

The damaged pipe needs to have a certain amount of structural integrity for pipe lining. In other
words, you need a leaking sewer pipe that’s capable of being lined. If your pipe is partially
collapsed, for example, it won’t work. Pipe bursting is a trenchless technique that actually
replaces the damaged pipe by pulling a brand new one into it.

Spray lining

Spray lining involves spraying the interior of the damaged and leaking sewer pipe with a flexible
polymer resin.

We’re Sewer Pros, a licensed and insured sewer repair and replacement contractor serving both
Los Angeles and Orange County. We specialize in trenchless methods including pipe lining, pipe
bursting, and spray lining. Contact us today by calling (310) 208-0525 and find out how we can
save you both time and money!

What is hydro jetting?

Hydro jetting uses highly pressurized water (up to 4000 PSI) to break up and remove grease,
sludge, and even tree roots from sewer drainage pipes. Water this pressurized can clear away just
about any obstruction. Think of hydro jetting as pressure washing for the inside of your pipes,
only more powerful.

The hydro jetting system consists of a hose, nozzle, and a machine that creates the water
pressure. Oh, and the water. Hydro jetting doesn’t use any chemicals, just a lot of water.
Prior to hydro jetting your sewer repair contractor will do a CCTV video inspection to make sure
your pipe is in good condition. This is because water under high pressure can damage or even
break frail, older pipes. The contractor will also want to make sure your drainage pipe isn’t
collapsed instead of clogged. If it is, no amount of hydro jetting will fix it. The pipe will need to
be replaced instead.

The contractor accesses the pipe via something called a ‘cleanout’. This is a section of pipe with
a cap on it that provides easy access to your drainage system. The nozzle and hose are inserted
into the pipe via the cleanout and whenever the nozzle encounters an obstruction, the jetting
system shoots pressurized water at it until it breaks up and washes away.

An experienced hydro jetting contractor will know the precise amount of water pressure
necessary to break up and dislodge obstructions without damaging the pipe. This is why hydro
jetting is not a DIY project. Only experienced contractors should hydro jet your pipes.

Hydro jetting pros and cons

Hydro jetting pros

Hydro jetting unclogs everything

There really isn’t any obstruction that hydro jetting can’t handle. It easily pushes through and
washes away the most stubborn blockages.

Hydro jetting does more than just poke holes in the sludge
There’s nothing wrong with using a plumbing snake on a clogged drain. It’s a tried and true
method of breaking up obstructions. However, a plumbing snake can only poke holes in
obstructions, enough to get the wastewater flowing again. They can’t clean the inside of your
pipes the way hydro jetting can. Hydro jetting removes everything. Afterwards, your pipes are as
squeaky clean as wastewater pipes can be.

Hydro-jetting is non-invasive
Hydro jetting is a non-invasive procedure. No digging is required to get at the clogged pipe.
Access is easily obtained via the cleanout.

Hydro jetting is safe

Hydro jetting removes blockages and gets your wastewater pipes squeaky clean using nothing
more than highly pressurized water. No chemicals necessary. No chemicals used.

Hydro jetting is environmentally friendly

Because it’s just pressurized water, hydro jetting is a green technology that doesn’t harm the
environment.

Hydro jetting can break up smaller tree roots

Tree roots are one of the main causes of broken sewer pipes. They make their way inside and if
they aren’t removed while they’re still small, they will continue to grow and eventually destroy
the pipe. Hydro jetting easily breaks up small tree roots before they have a chance to do serious
damage.

Hydro jetting Cons

When it comes to easily breaking up and clearing away obstructions, nothing beats hydro jetting.
However, there are still a few drawbacks to consider.

Hydro jetting can damage frail, older pipes

Unfortunately, sewer pipes don’t last forever and the older they get the more susceptible they are
to cracks and breaks. This means that pipes of a certain age and condition should not be hydro
jetted because pressurized water at 4000 PSI could seriously damage them. If that happens,
you’ll have an even bigger problem.

The only way to know if a pipe shouldn’t be hydro jetted is to do a CCTV video inspection first.

Unlike snaking, hydro jetting is not a DIY project

Sorry, this is one plumbing job you can’t do yourself. Only experienced hydro jetting
professionals have the equipment and training necessary to hydro jet your pipes without
damaging them.

All professional sewer repair contractors will conduct a CCTV video inspection prior to hydro
jetting. They do this for a couple of reasons. First, they need to make sure the pipe is clogged
rather than collapsed. Second, they need to make sure the pipe is in good condition and strong
enough to handle the highly pressurized water. Never hire a plumber who doesn’t perform a
video inspection prior to hydro jetting.

Hydro jetting uses a lot of water

Earlier we said that hydro jetting is a green technology and that’s certainly true. It doesn’t use
harsh chemicals, just water. The problem is it uses a lot of water. That means it’s probably not
going to be the best solution for removing obstructions during a drought.

When should you use hydro jetting?

A plunger is usually the first thing you should reach for when you have a clogged drain. If that
doesn’t work, give snaking a try. It’s usually very effective at removing occasional obstructions
caused by things like food and toilet paper. If that doesn’t work, call a professional and have
them come out, perform a CCTV video inspection, and then hydro jet the line. Hydro jetting
works very well on stubborn blockages that don’t respond to other methods.

However, you might want to consider…

Hydro jetting your sewer line on a regular basis

Some property owners hydro jet their sewer lines as part of a scheduled maintenance program.
This is because while some old pipes out there have never been jetted and are still functioning,
others might need it yearly or every other year.

Here’s why…

It all comes down to the amount of buildup, fats, oils, grease, tree roots, cracks, etc.

Kitchen lines and drains from restaurants typically need the most maintenance. If you use a
garbage disposal or rinse out a lot of very greasy pans in your sink you might need to hydro jet
your line one or more times per year.

Of course, if you follow best practices for daily sewer maintenance you might never experience a
major sewer blockage. This includes things like not dumping fats, oils, and grease down your
drain and always tossing “flushable wipes” – or anything other than toilet paper – into the
wastebasket. Anything that’s too heavy to float down your sewer pipes properly will often get
snagged and cause a blockage.

We’re Sewer Pros, a licensed and insured sewer repair and replacement contractor performing
hydro jetting for customers in both Los Angeles and Orange County. Give us a call 24/7/365 at
(310) 882-7147 and find out how we can save you both time and money!

By Sewer Pros|August 23rd, 2019|Blog|0 Comments

Introduction to Nondestructive Testing
We live in a constructed world, surrounded by large structures, dependent on complex machines.
Our lives and livelihoods are inextricably linked to the proper function of our infrastructure and
machinery. For this to be safely possible, we must have absolute confidence in the technologies
we rely on. Nondestructive testing provides that confidence.

Definition of Nondestructive Testing

First, what exactly is nondestructive testing? Nondestructive testing (NDT), as it is commonly
understood, refers to any means of determining the strength and integrity of an object without
destroying the object. Other labels, such as nondestructive inspection (NDI), nondestructive
evaluation (NDE), and nondestructive examination (NDE), are used interchangeably. Different
labels are used more commonly in different geographical areas, or by different manufacturers.

Whichever label is used, NDT describes a category of examination, not a specific testing
method. Some of the most common types of nondestructive testing include ultrasonic testing,
eddy current testing, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, radiography, laser testing,
and visual inspection.

Each label refers to the means of testing—ultrasonic testing harnesses high-frequency sound
waves, for example. There are several more types of nondestructive testing, which will be
examined later in this overview. With the exception of visual testing (a broad term, used to
describe all manner of inspections using the primary senses: visual, auditory, tactile, and
olfactory), each testing method requires a dedicated apparatus, designed for the purpose.
Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of each method helps companies meet their testing
needs in the most efficient way possible. Technology made the modern world; nondestructive
testing makes it safe to use. 

Purpose of Nondestructive Testing

The basic purpose of nondestructive testing is to assess the qualities of an object without
destroying it. The underlying reason for doing that is risk management. While nondestructive
testing does not eliminate risk, it can significantly reduce or mitigate it.

Nondestructive testing contrasts and combines with destructive testing. NDT allows objects and
equipment actually in service to be tested. Conversely, after an object has been tested
destructively, it cannot be returned to service. So, the purpose of NDT compared to destructive
testing is to mitigate the risk of damage to important equipment or infrastructure in the field.
The two serve intertwining purposes. Destructive testing provides an exact estimate of what it
takes to destroy an object. Knowing the limits set by destructive testing in a laboratory,
technicians perform nondestructive testing in the field to ascertain how close an object is to
reaching those limits. If an object is too close to the limit, NDT allows it to be safely repaired or
replaced before any harm is done.

Should all objects be tested? No. Nondestructive testing is worthwhile when the risk of an object
failing outweighs the cost of testing it. High-risk objects are those that endanger the lives of
those around them upon failure, such as passenger jets or nuclear reactors. High-risk objects also
include those which can cause severe financial or environmental harm, such as oil pipelines. The
cost of testing is a function of equipment cost and employee time; employee time includes both
training and actual testing.

Fortunately, companies don’t have to guess which equipment or infrastructure to test—many

nondestructive testing requirements are dictated by national governments. Governments often
base their legal requirements on information published by international standards bodies, such as
ASTM or ISO. Thus, a derived—though nonetheless essential—purpose of NDT is ensuring
regulatory compliance. Flaunting NDT requirements can quickly become more expensive in
fines and penalties than simply following them.

Industries Using Nondestructive Testing

Nondestructive testing is widely used across many important global industries. Any industry
with large physical equipment or infrastructure is likely to use some kind of nondestructive
testing. Additionally, within each industry, several methods of NDT are commonly practiced.
For example, airlines will use ultrasonic testing to examine turbine fan blades and eddy current
testing to search for surface or subsurface flaws in multilayer structures.

Industries that commonly practice nondestructive testing include: 

Aviation
Aerospace manufacturers, airlines, and repair services are all required by law to perform a
variety of periodic NDT inspections. Nearly every aspect of an airplane or helicopter must be
inspected at a specified interval. Spacecraft and drones must be inspected as well. Many different
NDT techniques are used in aviation and aerospace, including ultrasonic, eddy current, and
others.

Automotive
While vehicle owners are not required to perform NDT, manufacturers are. To prevent material
failure on the road, manufacturers must inspect vehicle components for cracks and flaws, issues
arising from improper heat treatment, and unacceptable material mixes. 

Rail
Both trains and their tracks require NDT, as does much related intermodal storage and logistics
hardware. Train car wheels, axles, brakes, and hydraulic systems must be inspected, as well as
the rails and their frogs. Cranes, risers, and holding tanks require periodic safety inspections,
particularly holding tanks storing hazardous materials. 
Oil and Gas
Responsible for thousands of miles and trillions of dollars of infrastructure and equipment, all
divisions of the oil and gas industry rely on NDT to prevent accidents and secure their
investments. Drill sites, pipelines, and refineries employ NDT teams to constantly perform
inspections of welds, pipes, risers, tanks, and large forgings. The sheer volume of the inspections
performed by the oil and gas industry rewards efficient, portable NDT equipment.

Power Generation
Large power plants have zero tolerance for failure and stringent testing requirements. Nuclear
plants, in particular, trust their NDT solutions to ensure safe operation. But coal, oil, and gas
plants all depend on NDT to detect flaws in their turbines, tubing, and related systems.
Renewable power plants including hydropower and wind test their hardware and systems
integrity as well.
Manufacturing
Heavy manufacturing companies typically use NDT to ensure product quality prior to delivery.
Pipe, steel, and tubing manufacturers inspect for material and weld integrity. Manufacturers of
turbines, large vessels, and ships likewise trust NDT to determine whether their products meet
appropriate specifications. Specialty composite manufacturers can detect voids, delamination,
density variations, porosity, stress, damage, and foreign materials present in their products. NDT
in manufacturing not only guarantees product safety, but also a company’s reputation.

Marine
Large and small marine craft depend on NDT to prevent materials failure at sea. Metal and
composite hulls are inspected by their manufacturers, and periodically while in service. Propeller
blades, turbines, and internal equipment such as holding tanks or boilers must be routinely
inspected as well. Nuclear powered ships must test their systems as carefully as with steam
generator plants found on land. Due to the difficulties of maritime law, marine NDT regimes are
often primarily the purview of ship owners and manufacturers, though informed by international
standards.

Military
Militaries rely on aerospace, naval, and nuclear technologies, and must diligently inspect the
equipment in their charge to ensure mission reliability. Military vehicles, munitions, and
installations also commonly require NDT inspections.
Utilities
Both power and water utilities use NDT to make certain their infrastructure remains safe and
effective. Wastewater plants, for example, inspect for tank, pond, and pipe integrity.

Regardless of industry, the most common uses of NDT are to test the integrity of structural
materials. These materials include metals of varying compositions and thicknesses, composite
materials, fibers, and plastics. The need for NDT for a given application is derived from the
likelihood and consequences of the application’s failure.

Requirements for Nondestructive Testing

Certain minimum standards for nondestructive testing are prescribed by law. Different nations or
bodies follow different standards, so companies operating in multiple countries may have to meet
different testing or reporting requirements for the same application. Companies subject to
overlapping restrictions must follow the most stringent of them.

Airlines, oil and gas companies, and manufacturers have the most exposure to complex and
overlapping regulatory requirements. NDT programs should be developed in consultation with
appropriate experts or specialist legal counsel to ensure full compliance.

Most governmental standards for NDT are based on the recommendations of independent
international organizations, including ISO and ASTM. These organizations base their standards
in part on the research of manufacturers and several national and international trade associations.
These trade associations include the International Committee for Non-Destructive Testing, the
American Society for Nondestructive Testing, and the Nondestructive Testing Management
Association. 

Nondestructive testing regulations can specify parts to be tested, methods to be used, periodicity
of testing, minimum acceptability values, and recordkeeping standards. NDT manufacturers use
these standards as references when developing inspection equipment and solutions. Standards
and equipment evolve together, with more effective solutions rising to meet more stringent
requirements as they emerge. Manufacturers should be able to demonstrate how their products
meet regulatory requirements for any application they market.
Training and Certification for Nondestructive Testing
The successful operation of nondestructive testing technology requires adequate training and
experience. In certain cases, when certification of NDT personnel is required by standards, codes
or regulations, many certify their personnel in accordance with the international standard ISO
9712. However, as NDT falls under the purview of different regulatory regimes, so does
certification and training. While there is no one central, ultimate NDT training authority, training
options remain nevertheless available. Training courses are provided by product manufacturers,
third-party organizations, and employers themselves. Employers enjoy final discretion in setting
requirements for employee NDT training.

NDT training is typically divided into three levels, roughly corresponding to apprentice,
journeyman, and master-level understanding. In the industry, these are known as Level I, Level
II, and Level III certifications.

At the most basic level, NDT technicians should demonstrate proficiency in one or more limited
evaluation types, i.e., ultrasonic crack detection in welds. They should be able to determine
whether an application passes or fails evaluation, and document the results. Technicians should
also be able to set up, calibrate, store, and observe safety measures for one or more types of NDT
equipment. Level 1 technicians should be supervised by technicians of a higher level.
Intermediate NDT technicians should demonstrate an advanced understanding of the abilities and
weaknesses of their NDT methods. They should be familiar with the relationship between test
standards and methods as well as internal and external codes and regulations. Level II
technicians can set up and calibrate equipment as well as interpret results. They can supervise a
team of Level I technicians and compile reports for presentation.

Expert NDT technicians develop the NDT strategies which Level I and II technicians implement.
They convert external regulations into internal best practices. They designate test methods and
standards and can be responsible for choosing or recommending equipment. In the absence of
prescribed standards, Level III technicians should have the means to develop standards of their
own. Level III technicians supervise and examine Level I and II technicians.

Successful NDT evaluations require both theoretical and applied knowledge. Experience, also, is
an irreplaceable teacher. As part of their certification requirements, NDT technicians should
prove proficiency in written and practical examinations, while minimum experience
requirements ensure that important inspections are in proven hands.
Types of Nondestructive Testing
Many different types of NDT have developed over centuries, from the simplest visual and leak
tests to advanced ultrasonic or radiography. Each different material to be tested has different
properties, some of which are more conducive to one type of NDT than another. NDT methods
differ based on their means of testing, the equipment required, the speed and coverage they
provide, and, in some cases, the safety precautions necessary.

There is no one all-around “best” NDT method. The best method in any scenario is the one that
most closely meets the needs of the organization using it. In modern industry, speed, ease of use,
and application range are often preferred qualities in NDT solutions.

Click here to skip to a specific NDT method:

Ultrasonic Testing | Eddy Current Testing | Visual Testing | Long-Range Ultrasonic Testing |
Magnetic Flux Leakage | Laser Testing | Radiographic Testing | Magnetic Particle Testing |
Acoustic Emission Testing | Thermal/Infrared Testing | Vibration Analysis | Liquid Penetrant
Testing | Leak Testing

Ultrasonic Testing (UT)

Ultrasonic testing has proven itself to be one of the most effective methods of modern NDT. This
method works by inducing high-frequency sound waves into solid objects, typically metal or
composites. The travel of the sound waves is affected by irregularities such as density variations,
cracks, voids, honeycombs, or foreign objects. By collecting and interpreting returned sound
waves, ultrasonic testing equipment can map the interior of many solid objects. Depending on
the equipment used and the requirements of the application, waves can be collected as they
reflect back or pass through the material being scanned.

Ultrasonic testing relies on transducers to convert electrical energy into ultrasonic waves. While
older methods used a single transducer at a time, modern phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT)
equipment uses several transducers operating in tandem. This technique greatly increases
inspection speed, coverage area, and specificity.

Recently, advanced PAUT instruments have added higher performance capabilities including
time of flight diffraction (TOFD) and the total focusing method (TFM). These newer techniques
are ideal for handling more complex inspections.
The use of ultrasonic equipment is ubiquitous for volumetric testing across industries, due to its
several advantages. PAUT provides fast, accurate readings, with little setup required. The
equipment itself can be light and portable for field operations and yet strong enough to handle
adverse environments. The range of testing applications ultrasonic covers makes the technology
attractive to large organizations, as it simplifies company equipment procurement and training
regimens.

Like all NDT methods, ultrasonic testing is not perfect for every application. Materials with
coarser grains, like iron, interfere with wave transmission. Odd geometries, including curved
surfaces, can sometimes create coverage difficulties without a defined advanced technique or
complete solution. Additionally, probe quality significantly affects penetration depth and image
quality.

Read more about advanced ultrasonic testing equipment and software

Eddy Current Testing (ECT)

Eddy current testing uses magnetic fields to form images of conductive materials. Changes in
material properties create discontinuities in the field, similar to how rocks create eddies in
streams. These changes provide indications of corrosion, cracks, voids, honeycombing,
delamination, and thickness loss.

Eddy current technology finds regular use in industry due to its portability, speed, and accuracy.
One of the most critical uses for eddy current testing is the power generation industry. Eddy
current technology has proven effective and economical for inspecting heat exchanger and chiller
tubes. Handheld eddy current equipment allows for inspections in situ, reducing the amount of
downtime required to perform inspections.

A recent innovation in eddy current testing is eddy current array (ECA) technology, ideal for
surface and near-surface mapping across a range of industries including aerospace, rail,
manufacturing, oil and gas. ECA is an extremely fast, cost-effective and easy to use technique
that provides highly accurate results.

While eddy current technology can penetrate thin nonconductive coatings, like the zinc on
galvanized steel, its use is otherwise limited to conductive materials. Additionally, eddy current
can have difficulty with complex geometries or large areas. While these limit the range of eddy
current equipment, it remains a highly effective tool within its parameters.

Read more about eddy current nondestructive testing solutions

Visual Testing (VT)

The oldest type of nondestructive testing is visual testing. It uses low-power equipment including
borescopes and fiberscopes for monitoring imperfections.  Fast, inexpensive, and direct, visual
testing can be an initial tool to identify asset and infrastructure issues from cracks to corrosion.
However, visual testing is inadequate when attempting to identify many different types of
material failure early enough to safely repair or replace equipment. When vision is obscured, or
defects are small or internal, visual inspection fails. In fact, the various shortcomings of visual
inspection created the necessity for every other form of NDT.

Long-Range Ultrasonic Testing (LRUT) 

Long-range UT is an ultrasonic testing method used specifically for piping. Ultrasonic

transducers or coils are built into a ring, which travels along the pipe. The transducers emit
waves, which provide an image of the pipe wall’s interior. Irregularities and changes in thickness
alter the waves, revealing themselves to technicians. This method does not require a liquid
couplant between transducers and the surface. 

Magnetic Flux Leakage (MFL)

Magnetic flux leakage is an effective field testing technique primarily used to inspect large pipes,
tubes, and tank floors. A powerful magnet is used to saturate the material with a magnetic field.
A sensor detects fluctuations in the magnetic field caused by differences in material properties,
such as corrosion, pitting, thickness loss, or cracks. Pipes can be scanned without removing
insulation, using a magnet and sensor which travels along the length of the cylinder. Tank floors
must be scanned using field generators arranged in series. This technology is good for ferrous
materials and a capable means of detecting flaws in large infrastructure.

Laser Testing Methods (LM)

Three types of laser-based NDT dominate—profilometry, shearography, and holographic testing.
Profilometry uses a spinning laser to image the external surface of pipes and tubes, detecting
cracks, erosion, or pitting. 

Shearography is a highly accurate “before and after” method of detecting material flaws. A laser
records an image of the material before and after an application of stress and uses the differences
detected to inference internal structures.

Holography uses a similar “before and after” method to inference defects on the scale of
micrometers. The two techniques differ in equipment and software used to generate results.
Shearography is preferred for large surfaces; holography for small ones.

Radiographic Testing (RT)

Radiographic testing has entered the public imagination through x-ray machines. The method
penetrates an object and a recording medium with radiation. Darker areas on the recording
medium indicate more radiation passed through that area of the object, indicating cracks, voids,
or density variation. X-rays are typically used for thinner materials; gamma rays for thicker. Film
or computerized sensors can be used as recording media. Radiographic testing requires
significant equipment and expertise, as well as safety precautions to prevent overexposure to
radiation.

Neutron radiographic testing uses a concentrated ray of neutrons to penetrate objects, rather than
X- or gamma rays. A linear accelerator or betatron must be used to generate these neutron
beams. Neutrons pass through metals, but not most organic materials. When combined with
standard radiography, this provides a more detailed picture of the interior of objects. This
technology is only used in laboratory settings.

Magnetic Particle Testing (MT)

Magnetic particle testing uses the motion of indicator particles to evidence internal
discontinuities in ferromagnetic materials. The part being testing must be coated in dyed
magnetic particles, either in dry powder or liquid suspension form. A magnet induces an
electromagnetic field into the material being tested. The field causes the magnetic particles to
move towards any discontinuities transverse to the direction of the magnetic field, providing a
visual indication of flaws. 

Magnetic particle testing is a broad discipline, and a variety of methods can be used to induce
magnetic fields. Magnetic particle testing requires significant setup and cleanup, and cannot
easily be used in the field.

Acoustic Emission Testing (AET)

Acoustic emission testing relies on a similar principle of ultrasonic testing—the transmission of

acoustic waves through solid objects. Wave propagation and measurement are accomplished by
different means, however. Waves are induced via a sharp application of force to an object, such
as the strike of a hammer or other mechanical load. Temperature and pressure changes can also
induce appropriate waves.

Rather than listening for changes in wave characteristics and mapping from these, acoustic
emission testing detects the physical motion of the medium itself. Changes or incongruities in the
object’s material, such as a void, can be detected by differences in the movements detected by
separate sensors. While effective for plastics and other materials, acoustic emission testing is less
common and more equipment-intensive than other NDT methods. This technology is most often
found in laboratory settings.

Thermal/Infrared Testing (IRT)

Thermal testing uses captured infrared radiation emitted from an object to provide an image of
the object’s surface. Thermal imaging can indicate corrosion, voids, foreign objects, or
delamination. Areas being scanned must be uncovered in order to provide the infrared camera
with a direct line-of-sight. While thermal testing can be effective, the defects it detects can also
be picked up by other methods that require far less extensive setup.

Vibration Analysis (VA)

Vibrations analysis excels at testing the integrity of rotating parts, including turbines, gears,
shafts, and bearings. Three types of vibrations analysis are commonly used: accelerometers,
velocity sensors, and eddy current displacement sensors.

Accelerometers are most effective for high-speed applications, as they are sensitive to high
frequencies. Velocity sensors use a magnet to generate an electric field from the rotating part,
allowing effective measurement of parts moving at slow or moderate speeds.

Eddy current displacement sensors measure the physical motion of the rotating part on unwanted
horizontal or vertical axes. They can detect changes in clearance or shaft motion, indicating the
need for repairs. 

Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT)

Liquid penetrant testing provides visual indication of cracks or other defects that connect to the
surface of materials. Liquid penetrant is primarily useful for non-porous materials, as porous
materials obscure evidence of defects. This testing method coats or soaks materials in an
indicator fluid. This fluid flows into openings in the material’s surface. When the liquid
remaining on the surface is removed, the liquid returns from the cracks. Anywhere liquid
resurfaces reveals a defect; the more liquid, the larger the defect.

Without a channel connecting a flaw to the surface, the liquid cannot enter it. So, other methods
must be used to detect enclosed voids or honeycombing. The surface of the material must also be
clean, as oils and other residues can’t interfere with the liquid’s ability to enter cracks.
Additionally, liquid penetrant requires significant equipment, setup, and cleanup to handle the
liquid itself. While this technique can be used effectively, it is often slower and more
cumbersome than other NDT methods.

Leak Testing (LT)

Leak testing is a category of nondestructive testing, referring to several methods for determining
the presence of leaks in sealed vessels. There are four common methods for detecting gas leaks,
though some are similar. Pressure change testing either pressurizes or creates a vacuum in a
sealed vessel. Loss of pressure or vacuum indicates a leak. Bubble testing also relies on a
pressure indicator. Parts are pressurized, then immersed in fluid. The presence of bubbles
indicates the location of a leak.

Halogen diode and mass spectrometer testing are similar, both using an identifier gas to detect
the presence of a leak. Either halogen or helium (often mixed with air) is introduced into a
pressurized vessel. A halogen diode detector or mass spectrometer located outside the
pressurized area alerts technicians to the presence of halogen or helium, indicating a leak.

Some bubble tests can be performed onsite, with special equipment to create sealed areas on
large and/or flat surfaces. However, bubble testing and other leak testing methods are time-
consuming and require cumbersome equipment and setup. They are best performed in laboratory
settings.

Comparing Nondestructive Testing Methods

Comparing different types of NDT can be difficult; each is unique and designed for its purpose.
This also means that depending on the application, one certain type of NDT is likely to be
required or preferred. Still, when the choice is unclear, it’s important to understand the relative
merits of each NDT technique in order to make a correct equipment decision.

The chart below provides a general comparison of different types of NDT, what materials they
are typically used for, and practical considerations like speed, set-up requirements, and hazards. 

Materials Speed Limits Hazards Set-up

Steel, alloys, other Rough, coarse, or
Ultrasonic metals, and Fast overly thick None Fast
composites materials
Thin, conductive Conductive
Eddy Current Fast None Fast
materials materials only
Inability to detect
Visual  All materials Fast small or hidden None Fast
defects
Long-Range
Piping Fast Piping only None Significant
UT
Pipes, tubes, tank
Magnetic Flux Fast Access None Moderate
floors
Metals, plastics,
Laser Testing Fast Access Eye damage Moderate
composites, piping
Large equipment
Radiography Most materials  Fast and safety Radiation Moderate
requirements
Particle and
Magnetic Ferromagnetic Ferromagnetic
Fast liquid Slow
Particle materials materials only
containment
Acoustic Plastics, composites, Multiple sensors
Moderate None Moderate
Emission metals required
Thermal Metal, plastic,
Moderate Access None Moderate
Imaging composites
Proximity to
Vibration Rotating objects Moderate Access Moderate
rotating parts
Liquid Non-porous Access, liquid Liquid
Slow Slow
Penetrant materials  transportation containment
Pressure chamber Pressure or
Leak Testing Sealed Vessels Slow Slow
required vacuum

Choosing the Right NDT for Your Application

In many cases, the right NDT method for a specific application is the one required by law. If no
applicable laws specify a test method, guidance may still be found by reviewing the best
practices published by international standards organizations. Similarly, the manufacturer of the
part in question may also publish NDT standards and best practices for their part. If none of the
above provides an answer, consult with a Level III NDT technician, who can recommend the
best next steps to take. Generally speaking, fieldwork on metals and composites can likely be
accomplished using either or both ultrasonic and eddy current testing equipment.

Not all NDT equipment is created equal. Some instruments are intended for laboratory work;
others for rugged work in the field. Choosing the right NDT manufacturer is as important as
finding the right method. Manufacturers can not only provide equipment, but also training,
support, and advice. Those with deep industry experience have the institutional knowledge and
experience needed to handle new or tricky inspection issues. Partnering with a trusted NDT
manufacturer can provide not only effective NDT equipment, but also invaluable peace of mind.

Zetec has been a leading provider of NDT solutions for decades. To learn more about our
ultrasonic and eddy current NDT equipment, contact us today!

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Tightness testing of gravity pipelines

1 . The test for water tightness is to be performed on the pipe before it is completely
covered, yet it has to be covered to such an extent as to prevent a change in position
during the test.  Final backfilling of the trench may be started only after the entire
pipeline has been checked, the tightness tests have been performed, all measurements for
earthworks and pipe-laying works have been made, the pipeline has been appropriately
secured and all important points of the pipeline have been staked out as fixed points. The
staked-out points are to be recorded in separate as-built drawings.  Regardless of the
general acceptability in testing of separate system elements, having considered most
frequent leakage points (pipe saddle, house connections to revision & collection
chambers), it is highly recommended that system as a whole is being tested. 2

2. Leak tightness:  Testing should include connections, manholes and inspection

chambers. Procedures and requirements for testing gravity pipelines:  Testing with air;
 Testing with water. Testing with air:  Method not appropriate for manholes and
inspection chambers, just for pipelines;  Suitable airtight plugs shall be used to avoid
errors arising from the test equipment;  Special care required for testing of large DN for
safety reasons;  Due to incapability for testing of the whole “system” including the
collectors, house connections, collection & inspection chambers, manholes, water testing
method is recommended for application. 3

1. 4. Testing with water:  Test pressure is equivalent to or resulting from filling the test
section up to the ground level of the upstream manhole, with a max. pressure of 50 kPa
and a min. pressure of 10 kPa measured at the top of the pipe.  Conditioning time: after
the pipeline and/or manholes are filled and the required test pressure applied,
conditioning may be necessary (usually 1 h is sufficient, for dry climatic conditions a
longer period is required as well as for concrete pipes)  Testing time: 30 ± 1 min Source:
own photos 4
2. 5. PLUGGING BALLOON SEALING THE CHAMBER TESTED CHAMBER FILLED
WITH WATER Source: own photos 5
3. 7. Testing with water:  Test pressure is equivalent to or resulting from filling the test
section up to the ground level of the upstream manhole, with a max. pressure of 50 kPa
and a min. pressure of 10 kPa measured at the top of the pipe.   Settling time: after the
pipeline and/or manholes are filled and the required test pressure applied, conditioning
may be necessary (generally for testing in dry climate 1 h settling time is sufficient; a
longer period may be required for dry climatic conditions in case of concrete pipes); 
Testing time: 30 ± 1 min Source: own photos 7
4. 8.  Test requirements: pressure shall be maintained within 1 kPa of the test pressure by
topping up with water. Total amount of water added during the test to achieve this
requirement shall be measured and recorded with the head of water at the required test
pressure. The test is satisfactory if the amount of added water is not greater than:  0.15
l/m2 during 30 min for pipelines;  0.20 l/m2 during 30 min for pipelines including
manholes;  0.40 l/m2 during 30 min for manholes and inspection chambers (m2 refers
to the wetted internal surface) Source: own photos 8
5. 9. Testing individual joints  Unless otherwise specified, individual joints can be tested
instead of whole pipeline if the pipe diameter is > DN1000  The surface area for testing
with water is taken as that represented by 1 m length of pipe, if not otherwise specified
with a test pressure of 50 kPa at the top of the pipe.  Visual inspection by Contractor
and Engineer has to be conducted prior to backfilling of pipelines.  Prior to scheduling
of tightness testing, Contractor must officially announce testing with appropriate letter
supported with required survey data of sections to be tested. Source: own photo 9
6. 10.  The Contractor's Surveyor is to measure all the parameters of installed system,
based on submitted survey data, the Engineer will prepare test sheet for the use on
testing.  Test Certificates issued by Engineer, signed and supported with survey
drawings might be part of payment request and/or As-Built documentation.  Contractor
is fully responsible for the quality of executed works and the strict respect of the testing
procedures Source: own 10
Air Testing

This Service Includes:

 The necessary tools, equipment and machinery to professionally test sewer lines up to
42" size.
 Experienced, insured personnel in pipeline air testing.
 Certified test results for the contractor, engineer and owner.

Benefits:

 Insures the integrity of newly installed sewer lines.

 A positive test for infiltration or exfiltration.
 Testing can be done on a variety of sewer pipe types.
 Lowers treatment costs.
 Helps protect fragile water supplies.
 Provides a fast effective method of checking workmanship prior to accepting a newly
installed sewer line.

Line Acceptance Testing: Both ends of the pipe are blocked off at manholes with inflatable balls. Low
pressure air is introduced into the sealed pipeline thru one of the balls. The rate of escaping air is
measured at the control panel on the trailer and this rate indicates the acceptance or rejection of the
pipeline.