ELECTRIC SERVICES

CONTENTS
Ohm’s Law; Power Factor; Advantages of AC over DC; AC constant Potential
Systems; Current taken by DC and AC Motors (Table)
Power Available from Water Falls
Installation of Small Generating Sets
Lights and Fans; Candle Power, Lumen, Foot - Candle 
Reflection Factors, Mercury Lamps, Electric Lamps, Tubular Fluorescent
Lamps, Fluorescent Mercury Lamps
Current Taken by Lamps, Fans, etc
Fuses and Fuse Wire Sizes 
Weight of Copper Wire
Various Systems of Wiring and their Suitability ... 
Max: interval between Poles; Indian Electricity Acts; Distribution Boards;
Testing Polarity of Switches
Testing an Installation:
Proper Earthing of Electrical Installations; Earth. Resistance of various Soils;
Methods of Earthing; Materials for Earthing; Earth Resistance Tests; Testing
Electric Motors; Earthing of Overhead Lines, Poles and Stays; Causes of Fires
Precautions to Avoid Electrical Accidents
Electric Shocks and Treatment; Fires Caused by Electricity

 TERMS AND MEASURES 

AC (Alternating Current)\
Is a current, which alternatively reverses its direction in a circuit in a periodic
manner. A complete set of these changes is called a cycle. The number of times the
current goes through these changes during each second is called Frequency of so
many cycles per second.
DC (Direct Current): Is a current flowing in one direction only and of uniform
strength free from pulsation.
The volt: is the practical unit of electric pressure, the force that would carry one
ampere of the unit of electric current against one-ohm resistance.
The ampere (amp) is the unit
A current of onc amp. flows whcn a poteatial difference of ooc volt is applied to a
resistance of one ohm. ; applied to a rcsistance of one olun. s : Thc walt is thc 1 The
Board ofTradc Unit (BTU) is (hc UlowatWiour (K w n;, wi ^) is the .kilowatt.hour (k
w h), which is the equivalcnt of 1000 watts taken for a pcriod of 1 hour. Ohm'sLaw:
The fundamcntallaw in clectric circuit theoiy whksh Okm's Law : The fundamcatal
law ia clcctric cirouit theory which states that the current tbrough any cireuit element
is proportional to the voltage across it. _ Example: A 200 voltslamp giving 40
candle-powcr and consuminB 40 watts, rcquires a current I=40/200==0,2
amp. ,, Ammeter: An instrument for measuring current passing through a conductor
(wire). Armature: Portion of a dynamo in which the clcctric current
is induccd. Commutalor: Copper bars at the end of (he armaturc coils which rub ,
Commutator: Coppei bu'sat "tle-end ofthe armaturc coils which rub ~~ Commutatm:
Coppcr bars at the end of ihe armituyc coils which rub against carbon brushes;
currcnt is collected through thc carDon u* ^ ^ Armature: Portion of a dynamo in
which the clectric current is induccd. Commutator: Copper bars at the end of the
armaturc coils which rub against carbon brushes; currcnt is collected through the
carbon brushcs. Series Wir'mg: A system of wiring in which thc samc current
travcls Series Wiring : A system ofwiring fn which the samc cd Short Circwt'. Aa
accidental connection between thc positive and negative coaductors and due to which
the current is cut short and does not complete its cireuit. Transformer : An iastrumeat
for reducing or transforming a high pressure to a low one by induction. Indicated
Horse-Power: (IHP) is the power developed at the cyjinder, as registered oa the
indicator diagram. Hr'rse-power is a rate of cxpenditure of energy. Brake Horse-
power : (EHP) Js thc power available at the engine
sbaft ^^^^±&^rmm'Ec^wt^'^^^^^^^ 

losses within the eagiac. Shaft Hor,se-power : (SHP) Is tlic sanie as BHP, but is
th< 1P, but is thc term 'tSaa'bTa l"Tes where the °utPut is meas"red by a torsion
meter 

tban by a brake. Nominal Horse-power: (NHP) Is used by insurance ar 

:e and classification - /^^lHom^oH^^N^^s used 1)yi(isurance and clas< 
for thc determinatioii 6f swvey fees. rtkedtiterminatronofaurveyfccs. .u. »,n,k s"ratio
between thc work got out ^n ^ 

cnginc ^the shaft and thc work put in at the cylinder by thc stcam =BHP/ for thc
detcrmination ofsurvey fces. Ihnetcrnn^nofsu^yfecs;---"0-"- ' "'"" '. ""^^ffl^ .
MeehMlcatEfficlency: k the ratio .between .the wortgotout^ _ ^-i««»uhc »haft and
the work out in at c cynnacr oy_ine SB 

; cylinder by thc rtw 

IHR Themechaaicalefficiencyvarics greatly. usuall.y.::..id aUowanflB-Ai.Itff.
The meehanfcalcfficiency varies gready,' usuatly >t Ucs
bctwocn 0.75 iSS^Sffi.s"^µµ 
, A mcchankal efliciency of0.j85 to 0.90 is a usual 
"nd0.»5. A mechiucal "flicitencyof0*'85-ti5'< ~~Beelrleol. HP - IHP x engine
eflSiacncy x generator cfficwncy. ^ »»Si^S^SVSMa'* One HP motor consumcs
about SflD.wa11^ &J One HP notor conturocs about 500 watts. Oae HP (Bri(ish)-
23,000 ft. Ihs^^^m^A^ '-0.745 kitowatts«*W> waiw 1.014 metric W fl 1 mettw
HP=0.986 HP (Britfi^ ""Ikilovolt^lOOOvQltt .,- ^, "'lkilovolt'IOOOvQlf 1
ktlowatt=10.'0watts-» 1.341 fflP"737ft. Ibs./sec. A< ;S!^°°U^USW^^ 1 millivolt=-
ono-thousandth of a volt. 1 milliampcre = onc-thousandth of an ampere. 1
megohmaonc millionobms. 1 megohm=one million ohms. 1 megohm -onc million
ohma. resistancc. ^ ., W "IE : %IStfic?umber of watts. multiply voltagc
by_a»npcn^ W »IR : TO fiad thcnumbcr of wattt, multiply the square of tlie
number To find thc numbcr ofwatta, multiply thesfl To find thc'number ofkUowatt
houra, diviac the numbcr orwatts Dy 1000 and multiply by the numbcr of
houra. I=Current in ampcrcs ; R=Rcsistance m ohms ; E==Electromotive 1=
Current'in ampercs; R = Resistance in ohms; E=s^| w ?n?&(%KRWI/wattsi- z is
impcdancc in oss InaBACcireuitZ=E/I J " Ohm's Law AdTMtagea of AC Ovcr
DC: (O^GreatMsimplicity of dynamos and motors. (M) Feasibility of obtaming high
voltages by means of transformers fpr chcaprning tKe co»t of transmission. "
cl^'prTh{s ^ility of transforming from onc voltage to ariother, eitlier highcr i»r tjwer,
through transformers. DC current is nccessasy for some imlustrial processes, such as
clectroplating, and also for the charging of storagc batteries. DC
is^alsoj'equired ys^s^s^ss£y^^a'S^^^J'wt pwing. ana aiso for the charging of storage
battenes. DC is also required is simplcr with DC than with AC, and DC uiotors in
general opcrate with lcss noisc. AC Constant-Potential Systems " There are two
systems : (() SinBle-phascsystem. Jhe term phase is uscd in connection with ^
-,....... .-., ,- ,nc sense of circuit. Thus a single.phase system means a system scnding
out power from one circmt^oj t^nCT^tor.,,,. wcr from onc circuit only of the
generator. ^, ' («) Three^phase'system has three circuits and thw or four wires
are used. This is thc most universally employcd system. Domcstic consumcra are
gcnerally givcn a single-phase service aad three-phasc scrvice is givcn to large power
consumers." ' Cunent Taken by AC Motttra A Current Taken by AC Moton" Approx.
Aniperes per phase taken by modem induction nwtors, ttllw^^reasonable
efficienfies and power factor : To find the current taken by each terminal of a threc-
wire, thicepnase AL motor^ divide the current taken by a single.phase AC
motoy of (lie same size and voltage by 1.7). Quantity by Heat ^ Thc British Thcrmal
Unit (BTU) is llie auanf,, 
raise thctcmiieratureof I ]b. ofwater by 1 deg. F. Similarly 
ly the caloric or the gram clorie (cal.) is the quantity of heat re6QuiredlTol 
"at required to raise the 'temperature ofonc gram ofwater by 1 deg. C. ,., Powcr
Anilable from Water Falte ^ HP available in k;Jowats=OH x 10 
Q=discharge of water in cumecs, H =fall of wa ,, H =fall of watcr in metres
lfm Supply Requirements: -An cstimatc is made of the probable
peak ^^^^^'y^&'^s^Supply Requirements : 'An es >: -An estimatc is made o 
c is made of the probab!e.pwKfA. ssS^^ff^.s'^.'^^^ . The wholc o thclight and other
electrical scrvices in a building are never in simultaneous 
use,:'So that thc maximum dcmand does not equal the total installed load. Thisday bc
taken : Lighting- 1/2 to 2/3 of installcd load ; other services1/3 to 1/2 ofinstalled load
; for fans, pumps etc., it should be assumed that ^ ^^SSs'wW ^ in service together.
This is called dh-ersiiyfacior. aiF^e applia»|p^iU be in service together. This is called
div^hyfwor " total ttumber which would have been takcn had the maximum demand
becn maitiiained continuously throughout the period, is called the
loadfactor. Tiw''Bmum dcmand and load factor are important in cstaMishing (he The|
yaximuni-^n3?a^'l^^ i-.t«H«ti»n of Small Generating seis : suincient room should
be _l:,?n^«u,?,,n^thesctforeaseofacccss. A distannce of about
ci.e ^^A^^;^^^^^ storage ofoil aod for a small bench ; sheivcs for spares are
convcnient. S®!^^S&» ^^SSSL Thc roommust bave ample ventilation to take the
heat of thc cngine from thecooling water into the outside atmosphere. The engine
foundation should be a heavy block ofconcretc which should extend 75 to 150
ww^^ should be a heavy (rfock ofconerete which should extend 75 to
l^ui^'^^yp round the bedplate of (he generating set. The block should continue
above floor levcl for the plinth. A suitable height is one u^ g^au&twoe should d
continue aboye flooi levd for thc plinth. A suitable height is one that will bn'ng the
crankfldQt level foj;ffirptinth. A suitable height is one that will bring the
crank. .haftcentre to a-bout 70cm above flooMevei. ^":^,u^r^mby.>n. . Light and
Fans Candk-power: (CP) is the strength or intensity of a light suurce. but is not a
direct measure of the light output. 01 ?.,'^*CTI : This is thc unit used to meusure the
ratc of ilow ofhgl" Lwnen'. This is the unit used to meusure ihc rate ot tlow ot Hglit.
^ Foot-Candle: The measure of illuinination, i.e., the useful resu obtamed from the
lighting system. 1 CP=1.7 to 2 wattsformctallicfilament lamps. . j^nni 3 to 3.5 watts
for carbon filament larops, except in the case o! gas-filled lamps. The majority of
lamps in general use are,of &as filled^^^^, tuhniJhe maiority,of Jamps in general use
are of gas fiHedtype ; tfae '" ones. *'"' Mercury Lamps. These give a characterisfic
bluish-green or bluishMercury Lamps. These give a characteristic bluish-
gret .^^rses^-J-!"^