CHAPTER

FOUR
HEAT EFFECTS
Objectives
 Introduction to different types of heat effects
 Sensible heat and heat capacity
 Constant‐V heat capacity
 Constant‐P heat capacity
 The temperature dependency of the heat capacity
 Latent heat
 Introduction to different types of latent heat
 Latent heat calculation and estimations
 Standard heat of reaction
 Calculating using standard heat of formations
 Heat effects of industrial reactions
 Introduction
Almost all chemical processes involve heat transfer
 Types of Heat Transfer Effects

PHYSICAL CHEMICAL
OPERATIONS OPERATIONS
Sensible Heat Effects
 Sensible Heat Effects
Information on Process
 Sensible Heat Effects
Energy Balance
 Sensible Heat Effects
Specific Enthalpy

For a homogenous substance of a

constant composition, the phase
rule tells us that two intensive
properties must be fixed to specify
the state of the fluid completely.
F = 2 – π + N
F = 2 – 1 + 1 = 2
 Sensible Heat Effects
Internal Energy
Heat Capacity

Temperature dependence of heat capacity

; Cp = Cv + R

 Sensible Heat Effects
Evaluation of the Sensible‐Heat Integral

Calculations of Q or ∆H:‐
 Sensible Heat Effects
Evaluation of the Sensible‐Heat Integral
 Sensible Heat Effects
Mean Value Specific Enthalpy
 Sensible Heat Effects
Iteration: To solve for T; first provide an initial guess…. 
 Example

Solution
Latent Heats of Pure Substances
 Latent Heats
Example: Water

Latent heat of Vaporization

Latent heat of Fusion

 Latent Heats
Information on Process
 Latent Heats
Energy Balance
 Latent Heats
 Experimental values are available for latent heats at selected
temperature, for many substances. However, data are not always
available at the temperature of interest.
 Hence, approximate methods are used for estimations of the heat
effect accompanying a phase change.

Equations
 Latent Heats
Clapeyron Equation
Latent Heats
 Latent Heats
Example: Saturated H2O at 1500C
 Latent Heats
Approximate Methods
 Latent Heats
Trouton’s Rule

Note: T , temperature;
bp , boiling point.
 Latent Heats
Riedel Equation

Pc = critical pressure in bars

Tn = Absolute temperature of the normal boiling point
 Latent Heats
Example for Water
Tn = 100 0C = 373.15 K
Pc = 22.06 Mpa =  220.5 bar
R = 8.314 J/mol.K
Tc = 647.1 K

From Table A-3: ∆H = 2257kJ/kg = 2257J/g

The error is <5%; 3.4%

 Latent Heats
Watson Equation
 Latent Heats
Example

Tc = 373.95 0C

Solution
 Quize
 For steady flow in a heat exchanger at
approximately atmospheric pressure, How much
heat is required when 640 kg of SO2 is heated
from 473.15 to 1373.15 K (200 to 1100°C)?
Given Data: for SO2
M= Molecular weight =64 g/mol
A = 5.699
103 B = 0.801
106 C = 0
10-5 D = -1.015
R= 8.314 kJ/Kmol.K
Standard Heat of Reaction
 Standard Heat of Reaction
Information on the Process
 Standard Heat of Reaction
Energy Balance

At constant pressure and no flow work
Standard Heat of Reaction
 Standard State

Note: A standard –state pressure of 1 standard atm. (101,325 Pa) was in use.
The standard is now 1 bar (10 5 Pa)
 Standard Heat of Reaction
E.g. ∆Ho298 at 298.15 K
 Standard Heat of Reaction
Data for ∆Ho298

Table C‐4
Standard Heat of Formation

= ‐238,660 J/mol
 Standard Heat of Reaction
Water‐Gas‐Shift Reaction

 It can be write as the sum of formation reactions
 Standard Heat of Reaction
Water‐Gas‐Shift Reaction

Therefore, the standard heat of reaction is?

 Standard Heat of Reaction
Example

Solution
 Standard Heat of Combustion

Only few formation reactions are carried out, hence many standard
heats of formation come from standard heat of combustion

For organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen,

and oxygen only, the products are carbon dioxide and
water, but the state of the water may be either vapor or
liquid.
 Standard Heat of Combustion
Formation of n‐Butane
 Standard Heat of Combustion
Temperature Dependence of ∆Ho
Standard heats of most reaction are tabulated at the standard 
temperature of 298.15 K (25°C). However, 
 Standard Heat of Combustion
Hypothetical Path

The total enthalpy change is three step process

Cooling 
Back to initial state 
 Standard Heat of Combustion
Stoichiometric Coefficient
Standard Heat of Reaction
 Standard Heat of Reaction
Standard‐state of Enthalpies of Elements
 Standard Heat of Reaction
Example

Solution
 Standard Heat of Reaction
Standard‐state Enthalpy
 Standard Heat of Reaction
Standard Heat Capacity
 Standard Heat of Reaction
Heat of Reaction at T
 Standard Heat of Reaction
Integral
 Standard Heat of Reaction
Mean Heat Capacity
 Standard Heat of Reaction
Summary: Equation
 Standard Heat of Reaction
Example
Calculate the standard heat of the methanol synthesis 
reaction at 800 0C
CO(g) + 2H2(g) → CH3OH(g)
Solution
From Table C‐4

From Table C‐1
Solution

8.314*2.082*(1073.15‐298.15)
Heat Effects of Industrial Reactions
Heat Effects of Industrial Reactions
Example

Solution
Heat Effects of Industrial Reactions
Energy Balance
Heat Effects of Industrial Reactions
Path
Heat Effects of Industrial Reactions
∆Ho298
Heat Effects of Industrial Reactions
∆Hop
Heat Effects of Industrial Reactions
Determine T2
Heat Effects of Industrial Reactions
Iteration