2/10/2013

CASING DESIGN

Introduction to the Casing Design

Process
The casing design process involves three distinct
operations:
1. the selection of the casing sizes
and setting depths;
2. The definition of the operational scenarios
which will result in burst, collapse
and axial loads being applied to the
casing;
3. finally the calculation of the magnitude of
these loads and selection of an appropriate
weight and grade of casing.

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Design Casing Scheme Configuration - Select

Casing sizes and Setting Depths
The casing setting depths are selected on
the basis of an assessment of the conditions
to be encountered when drilling the
subsequent hole section or, in the case
of production casing, the completion design.
It is essential to choose a casing seat that
can withstand the maximum pressures to
which the wellbore will be subjected during
the drilling of the next hole section.

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Design Casing Scheme Configuration - Select

Casing sizes and Setting Depths
The first step in deciding upon the
setting depth for the surface and
intermediate casing strings is to calculate the maximum
pressures that could be encountered in the hole section
below the string in question.
These pressures must not exceed the formation strength at
any point in the hole and in particular at the casing shoe.
The pressure which the formation at the casing seat must be
able to withstand is the greater of:
(i) the hydrostatic pressure of the mud used to drill the next
section
(ii) the maximum pressure exerted at the casing seat when
circulating out gas influx from TD of the next hole section
The formation strength can be estimated from nearby
well data or by calculation

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Design Casing Scheme Configuration - Select Casing

sizes and Setting Depths
1. Start at Total Depth (TD) of the Well
2. Determine the formation fracture pressure at all points in the well
3. Calculate the borehole pressure profile when circulating out
a gas influx from TD
4. plot the formation fracture pressure and the wellbore pressure
when circulating out an influx, on the same axes
5. The casing must be set at least at the depth where the two plots
cross i.e. this is the shallowest depth at which the casing can be
safely set. If the casing is set any shallower when drilling this hole
section then the formation will fracture if an influx occurs.
6. Repeat steps 2 to 5 moving up the well, with each subsequent
string starting at the casing setting depth for each string.

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Design Casing Scheme Configuration - Select

Casing sizes and Setting Depths
The setting depth of the casing will also
be determined by a range of other
considerations such as:
The need to isolate weak formations
from high mudweights;
Isolate lost circulation zones; and
to isolate troublesome formations,
such as shales, which can cause hole
problems whilst drilling subsequent
formations.

Casing
Setting
Depths

10

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11

12

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E X A M P L E : C A S I N G S EA T S E L E C T I O N

Using the data in columns 1 and 2 of Table

2.1, calculate the fracture gradient at the
various depths for the following land well
using .Assume ν = 0.4.

Solution
(1) The required hydrostatic pressure of mud
is taken as equal to pore pressure + 200 psi,
where 200 psi is the magnitude of overbalance.
Any reasonable value of overbalance may be
used depending on company policy.
(2) Calculate the pore pressure and mud
pressure gradients by simply dividing pore
pressure and mud pressure by depth to
obtain the gradient in psi/ft.

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Solution

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Casing Sizes
The casing sizes and string configuration are dictated by the size
of the smallest casing string to be run in hole. Once the smallest
casing size is known all subsequent casing sizes (and hole sizes) are
selected.
The smallest casing size is selected on the basis of operational
considerations such as:
the size and configuration of the completion string or well testing
and/or the size of the logging tools to be run through the casing.
The drilling engineer will collate this information from the
geology, reservoir engineering and production engineering
departments.
The objective of the drilling engineer is to use the smallest casing
sizes possible. It can be readily appreciated that if it is acceptable
to use a 4” casing string as the production casing then the next
string will be 7”, the next 9 5/8” and so forth. Hence, if only
three casing strings are required then the surface string can be 9
5/8”. This slimhole design will result in considerable savings in
drilling and equipment costs.

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 2/10/2013

commonly
less represent
configuration
lines
dotted
used
The
)

Define the Operational Scenarios and

Consequent Loads on the Casing
The loads to which the casing will be exposed during the life of the well
will depend on the operations to be conducted: whilst
Running the casing;
Drilling the subsequent hole section; and
During the producing life of the well.

These operations will result in radial (burst and collapse) and axial
(tensile and compressive) loads on the casing strings. since the
operations conducted inside any particular string (e.g. the surface
string) will differ from those inside the other strings (e.g. the
production string) the load scenarios and consequent loads
will be specific to a particular string.
The definition of the operational scenarios to be considered
is one of the most important steps in the casing design process and
they will therefore generally be established as a company policy.

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Calculate the Loads on the Casing and Select the

Appropriate Weight and Grade of Casing

Having defined the size and setting

depth for the casingstrings, and
defined the operational scenarios
to be considered, the loads to which the
casing will be exposed can be computed.
The particular weight and grade of casing
required to withstand these loads can then
be determined.
The uniaxial loads to whichthe casing
is exposed are:

Casing Design - Collapse

Collapse pressure is affected by axial stress

22

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Casing Collapse 1

Casing Collapse 2

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Casing Collapse 3

Casing Collapse 4

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Casing Collapse 5

Collapse Load
The casing will experience a net collapse loading if the
external radial load exceeds the internal radial load.
The greatest collapse load on the casing will occur if
the casing is evacuated (empty) for any reason. The
collapse load, pc at any point along the casing
can be calculated from:

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Casing Design - Burst

(from internal pressure)

4 Internal Yield Pressure for pipe

4 Internal Yield Pressure for couplings
4 Internal pressure leak resistance

p Internal p
Pressur
e

29

Burst Load
The casing will experience a net burst loading if
the internal radial load exceeds the external
radial load.
The burst load, pb at any point along the
casing can be calculated from:
pb = pi - pe
In designing the casing to resist burst loading the
pressure rating of the wellhead and BOP stack
should be considered since the casing is part of
the well control system.

The internal, pi and external, pe loads which are

used in the determination of the burst and
collapse loads on the casing are derived from an
analysis of operational scenarios.

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External Loads, Pe
The following issues are considered when
deciding upon the external load to which
the casingwill be subjected:
(a.) The pore pressure in the formation (pore
pressure) If the engineer is satisfied
that it will be possibleto displace all
of the mud from the annulus between the
casing and borehole during the cementing
operation, and that a satisfactory cement
sheath can be achieved, the formation pore
pressure is generally used to determine the
load acting on the casing below the top of
cement in the annulus, after the cement has
hardened.

External Loads, Pe
(b.) The weight of the mud in which the casing was
run.
If a poor cement bond between the casing and
cement or cement and borehole is anticipated
then the pressure due to a column of mud in the
annulus is generally used to determine the load
acting on the casing below the top of cement in
the annulus, after the cement has hardened.
If the mud has been in place for more than 1 year
the weighting material will probably have settled
out and therefore the pressure experienced by
the casing will be due to a column of mud
mixwater (water or base-oil).

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External Loads, Pe
(c.) The pressure from a colomn of cement
mixwater
The pressure due to the cement mixwater is
often used to determine the external load
on the casing during the producing life of the
well.
This pressure is equal to the density of fresh
or seawater in the case of water-based mud
and base oil in the case of oil based mud.
The assumption is that the weighting
material in the mud (generally Barite) has
settled from suspension.

External Loads, Pe
(d.) The pressure due to a column of
cement slurry
The pressure exerted by a column of
cement slurry will be experienced by
the casing until the cement sets. It is
assumed that hardened cement does not
exert a hydrostatic pressure on the
casing.

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External Loads, Pe
(e.) Blockage in the annulus
If a blockage of the annulus occurs during a
stinger cement operations (generally
performed on a conductor casing). The
excess pumping pressure on the cement will
be transmitted to the annulus but not to the
inside of the casing.
This will result in an additional external load
during stinger cementing. In the case of
conventional cementing operations a
blockage in the annulus will result in an
equal and opposite pressures inside and
outside the casing.

Internal Loads, Pi

It is common place to consider the

internal loads due to the following:
(a.) Mud to Surface:
This will be the predominant internal
pressure during drilling operations.
The casing designer must consider
the possibility that the density of the
drilling fluid may change during the
drilling operation, due to for instance lost
circulation or an influx.

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Internal Loads, Pi

(b.) Pressure due to influx

The worst case scenario which can arise, from
the point of view of burst loading, is ifan
influx of hydrocarbons occurs, that
the well is completely evacuated to gas
and simultaneously closed in at the BOP
stack.
(c.) full evacuation
The worst case scenario which can arise,
from the point of view of collapse loading, is
if the casing is completely evacuated.

Internal Loads, Pi
(d.) production Tubing leak
Inthe case of production casing specifically a
leakin the production tubing will result
in the tubing pressure being exposed to the casing.
The closed in tubing pressure is used as the basis of
determining the pressure on the casing.
This is calculated on the basis of a column of gas
against the formation pressure.
The pressure below surface is based on the
combined effect of the tubing head pressure
and the hydrostatic pressure due to a
column of packer fluid (if there is
any in the annulus).

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Internal Loads, Pi
(e.) fracture pressure of Open formations
When considering the internal loads on a casing
string the fracture pressure in any formations open
to the internal pressures must be considered.
The pressure in the open hole section cannot
exceed the fracture pressure of the weakest
formation.
Hence, the pressures in the remaining portion of the
borehole and the casing will be controlled by this
fracture pressure.
The formation just below the casing shoe is generally
considered to be the weakest formation in the
open hole section.

Net Radial Loading (Burst or Collapse

Load)
When the internal and external
loads have been quantified the maximum net
radial loading on the casing is determined by
quantifying the difference between the internal
and external load at all points along the casing.
If the net radial loading is outward then the casing
is subjected to a burst load.
If the net loading is inward then the casing is
subjected to a collapse load.
The internal and external loads used in the
determination of the net load must be operationally
compatible i.e. it must be possible for them to co-
exist simultaneously.

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Axial Load

The axial load on the casing can be either

tensile or compressive, depending on the
operating conditions.
The axial load on the casing will vary along
the length of the casing.
The casing is subjected to a wide range of
axial loads during installation and subsequent
drilling and production.
The axial loads which will arise during any
particular operation must be computed and
added together to determine the total axial
load on the casing.

䔐ӊ

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Casing Design - Tension

43

㵐ˬ

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Sources of axial loads

(a.) Dry weight of Casing (fwt)
The suspension of a string of casing in a vertical or deviated
well will result in an axial load. The total axial load on the
casing (the weight of the casing) in air and can be
computed from the following:

b.) Buoyant force on Casing (fbuoy)

When submerged in a liquid the casing will be subjected to a
compressive axial load. This is generally termed the buoyant
force and can be computed from the following:

䃰ˬ

Sources of axial loads

(c.) Bending stress (fbend)
When designing a casing string in a deviated
well the bending stresses must be
considered.
In sections of the hole where there are
severe dog-legs (sharp bends) the bending
stresses should be checked. The most
critical sections are where dog-leg severity
exceeds 10 ° per 100'. The axial load due
to bending can be computed from the
following:

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Sources of axial loads

(d.) plug Bumping pressure (fplug)
The casing will experience an axial load when the
cement plug bumps during the cementation
operation.
This axial load can be computed from
the following:
Fplug = Psurf Ai

(e.) Overpull when casing stuck (fpt)

If the casing becomes stuck when being run in hole
it may be necessary to apply an overpull’ on the
casing to get it free. This overpull can be added
directly to the axial loads on the casing
when it became stuck:
Fpt = Direct tension

䓀ˬ

Sources of axial loads

(f.) effects of Changes in Temperature (Ftemp)
When the well has started to produce the
casing will be subjected to an increase in
temperature and will therefore expand. since
the casing is restrained at surface in
the wellhead and at depth by the hardened
cement it will experience a compressive
(buckling) load.
The axial load generated by an increase in
temperature can be computed by the
following:

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Sources of axial loads

(g.) Overpull to Overcome Buckling forces (fop)
When the well has started to produce the casing
will be subjected to compressive (buckling) loads
due to the increase in temperature and
therefore expansion of the casing.
attempts are often made to compensate for these
buckling loads by applying an overpull to the
casing when the cement in the annulus has
hardened.
This tensile load (the overpull) is ‘locked into’ the
string by using the slip type hanger.
The overpull is added directly to the axial load on
the casing when the overpull is applied.
fop = Direct overpull

妀˲

Sources of axial loads

(h.) axial force Due to Ballooning (During
pressure Testing) (fBal)
If the casing is subjected to a
pressure test it will tend to ‘balloon’.
since the casing is restrained at surface in
the wellhead and at depth by the
hardened cement, this ballooning will
result in an axial load on the casing. This
axial load can be computed from the
following:

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Sources of axial loads

(i.) effect of shock loading (Fshock)
Whenever the casing is accelerated or
decelerated, being run in hole, it will
experience a shock loading. This acceleration and
deceleration occurs when setting or unsetting the
casing slips or at the end of the stroke when the
casing is being reciprocated during cementing
operations.
This shock loading can be computed from the
following:
Fshock = 1780 v As
a velocity of 5cm/sec. is generally recommended for
the computation of the shock loading.

妀˲

Sources of axial loads

During installation the total axial load Ft is
some combination of the loads described
above and depend on the operational
scenarios.
The objective is to determine the
maximum axial load on the casing
when all of the operational scenarios
are considered.

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Sources of axial loads

Sources of axial loads

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Biaxial Stress Effects

Axial stress effect on tangential stress is
called biaxial stress effect
Add radial stress to the biaxial effect and get
triaxial stress effect
Triaxial stress effect is usually within 15% of
biaxial stress effect and is usually ignored
Biaxial stress effect has the following effects:
◦ Tension will reduce collapse strength
◦ Compression will increase collapse strength
◦ Tension will increase burst strength
◦ Compression will reduce burst strength

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Effect of axial loads on collapse and burst

Casing in tension is weaker in collapse Casing in compression is weaker in

and stronger in burst. burst and stronger in collapse.

繐˲

Biaxial Stress Effects

Collapse pressure - with axial stress

1.  2 1/ 2 
  SA    S A 
YPA = YP 1 − 0.75    − 0.5  

  P  
Y  YP 


YPA = yield strength of axial stress

equivalent grade, psi
YP = minimum yield strength of pipe, psi
SA = Axial stress, psi (tension is positive)
58

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Example

Determine the collapse strength for a 5 1/2” O.D., 14.00

lb/ft, J-55 casing under axial load of 100,000 lbf

The axial tension will reduce the collapse pressure as

follows:
 2 
S   
YPA =  1 − 0.75  A  − 0.5  S A  YP
 Y  Y 
 p   p 
 

FA 100,000
SA = = = 24,820 psi
Area π 5.52 − 5.012 2
( )
4
59

셰˰

 S 
2
 
YPA =  1 − 0.75 A  − 0.5 S A  YP
Example cont’d  Y
 p


Y
 p



The axial tension will reduce the collapse pressure rating
to:

 2 
  24,820   24,820 
YPA = 1 − 0.75   − 0 .5   55,000
  55,000   55,000 
 

= 38,216 psi

Here the axial load decreased the J-55

rating to an equivalent “J-38.2”
rating 60

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Example 3 - cont’d

The Halliburton Cementing Tables list the

collapse resistance of 5 ½ -in, 14.00 lb/ft J-55
casing at 3,120 psi.

The axial tension in this case would derate the

collapse strength to about 2,550 psi.

We shall be using API Tables to correct for the

effect of axial tension on collapse strength of
casing.
61

1˭

62

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63

霰˲

WELLBORE FORCES
Various wellbore forces affect casing design.
Besides the three basic conditions (burst,collapse
and axial loads or tension), these include:
• Buckling.
• Wellbore confining stress.
• Thermal and dynamic stress.
• Changing internal pressure caused by production
or stimulation operations
• Changing external pressure caused by plastic
formation creep.
• Subsidence effects and the effect of bending in
crooked holes.

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API Design Factors (typical)

Required Design

10,000 psi Collapse 1.125 11,250 psi

Tension 1.8
100,000 lbf 180,000 lbf
Burst 1.1
10,000 psi 11,000 psi

65

皀˱

DESIGN FACTOR (DF)

The design process can only be
completed if knowledge of all the
anticipated forces is available. This
however, is idealistic and never
actually occurs, therefore some
determinations are usually necessary and a
degree of risk has to be present and
accepted.
The risk is usually associated with the
assumed values and the level of the design
factors applied.

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DESIGN FACTOR (DF)

The design factors are necessary to care for:
• Uncertainties in the determination of actual loads that
the casing needs to withstand and the presence of any stress
concentrations due to dynamic loads or specific well conditions.
• Reliability of listed properties of the various steels used
in the industry and the uncertainty in the determination of
the spread between ultimate strength and yield strength.
• Probability of the casing needing to bear the maximum load
determined from the calculations.
• Uncertainties regarding the collapse pressure formulas.
• Possible damage to casing during transport and storage.
• Damage to the pipe body from slips, wrenches or inner
defects due to cracks,pitting, etc.
• Rotational wear by the drill string while drilling.

皀˱

DESIGN FACTOR (DF)

The company values selected for DFs are a
compromise between safety margin and economics.
The use of excessively high DFs guarantees against
failure but provides excessive strength and,
therefore, increased cost.
The use of low DFs requires accurate knowledge
about the loads to be imposed on the casing as there is
less margin available.
Casing is generally designed to withstand stress which,
in practice, it seldom encounters due to the
assumptions used in calculations, whereas, production
tubing has to bear pressures and tensions which are
known or can be calculated with considerable accuracy.

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DESIGN FACTOR (DF)

Furthermore, casing is cemented in place after
installation whereas tubing is often recovered and used
again.

As a consequence of this, and due to the fact that

tubing has to combat corrosion effects from
formation fluid, a higher DF is used for tubing than
casing.

1˭

Example of design factors (Eni

(Eni--Agip’s )

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Application of Design Factors

The minimum performance properties of tubing and
casing specified in the API bulletin are only used to
determine if the chosen casing is within the DF.
The design factors are applied as follows:
Burst For the chosen casing (diameter, grade, weight
and thread) take the lowest value from API casing
tables, columns 13 through 19. This value then
divided by the applied DF gives the internal
pressure resistance of casing to be used for design
calculation.
Collapse Use only column 11 of the API casing
tables and divide the value by the DF to obtain the
collapse resistance for design calculations.
Tension Use the lowest value from columns 20
through 27 of the API casing tables and divide it by
the DF to obtain the joint strength for design
calculations.

皀˱

Application of Design Factors

Note: It should be recognized that the
Design Factor used in the context of
casing string design is essentially
different from the ‘Safety Factor’ used in
many other engineering applications.
The term ‘Safety Factor’ as used in tubing
design, implies that the actual physical
properties and loading conditions are
exactly known and that a specific margin is
being allowed for safety.
The loading conditions are not always precisely
known in casing design, and therefore in the
context of casing design the term ‘Safety
Factor’ should be avoided at all times.

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DESIGN CRITERIA
BURST
Burst loading on the casing is induced when
internal pressure exceeds external pressure.
Design Methods
The most conservative design for burst
assumes the gradient of dry gas inside the
casing, the pressure of which equals the
formation pressure of the lowest pressure
zone from which the gas may have originated
or, alternatively the fracture pressure of the
open hole below the shoe.

皀˱

DESIGN CRITERIA
Most operating companies modify this basic
‘dry gas’ design concept according to a
number of other influences including:
• Casing wear considerations
• Amount of open hole section
• Depth of the shoe
• DF applied
• Current BOP rating, etc.

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The steps in the casing design

process
1) Consider the loading factors for burst first, since
burst will dictate the design for the major part of the
string.
2) Next, the collapse loading should be evaluated and
the string sections upgraded if necessary.
3) Once the weights, grades and section lengths have
been determined to satisfy the burst and collapse loading,
the tensile load can then in turn be evaluated.
4) The pipe can be upgraded as necessary as the loading is
determined.
5) From all of the above, the appropriate casing connection
can be determined although, if the well is to be
completed and the casing exposed to long term
production, consideration may be given to using a premium
connection.

1˭

Casing Design Rules Base

The loading scenarios to be used in the
design of the casing string are generally
classified on the basis of the casing
string classification
Conductor:
The design scenario to be used for collapse
of conductors is when the casing is fully
evacuated due to lost circulation whilst
drilling. In this case the casing is empty on
the inside and the pore pressure is acting on
the outside.

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Conductor:
The maximum burst load is experienced if
the well is closed in after a gas kick has been
experienced.
The pressure inside the casing is due to formation
pore pressure at the bottom of the well and a
colomn of gas which extends from the bottom of
the well to surface. It is assumed that pore
pressure is acting on the outside of the casing.
Note that it would be very unusual to close a
well in due to a "shallow" kick below the
conductor.
It would be more common to allow the influx to
flow to surface and divert it away from the rig.
This is to avoid the possibility of formation
fracture below the shoe.

1ӎ

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Surface Casing:
Once the surface casing has been set a BOP
stack will be placed on the wellhead and in
the event of a kick the well will be closed in
at surface and the kick circulated out of the
well.
The surface casing must therefore be able to
withstand the burst loads which will result
from this operation. some operators will
require that the casing be designed to
withstand the burst pressures which would
result from internal pressures due to full
evacuation of the well to gas.

苰˱

Surface Casing:
The maximum collapse loads may be
experienced during the cement operation or
due to lost circulation whilst drilling ahead.
The design scenario to be used for collapse
of surface is when the casing is fully
evacuated due to lost circulation whilst
drilling.
In this case the casing is empty on the inside
and the pore pressure is acting on the outside.

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Surface Casing:
The maximum burst load is
experienced if the well is closed in
after a gas kick has been experienced.
The pressure inside the casing is due to
formation pore pressure at the bottom of
the well and a column of gas which
extends from the bottom of the well to
surface.
It is assumed that pore pressure is acting
on the outside of the casing.

1˭

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Intermediate Casing:
The intermediate casing is subjected to similar loads
to the surface casing.
The design scenario to be used for collapse of
intermediate casing is when the casing is fully
evacuated due to lost circulation whilst drilling.
In this case the casing is empty on the inside and the
pore pressure is acting on the outside.
The maximum burst load is experienced if the
well is closed in after a gas kick has been
experienced.
The pressure inside the casing is due to formation
pore pressure at the bottom of the well and a column
of gas which extends from the bottom of the well to
surface.
It is assumed that pore pressure is acting on the
outside of the casing.

1˭

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Load Scenarios for Surface and

Intermediate Casing

1˭

Production Casing:
The design scenarios for burst and collapse or
the production casing are based on production
operations.
The design scenario to be used for burst of
production is when a leak is experienced in
the tubing just below the tubing hanger.
In this event the pressure at the top of the casing
will be the result of the reservoir pressure minus
the pressure due to a column of gas.
This pressure will the act on the fluid in the
annulus of well and exert a very high internal
pressure at the bottom of the casing.
The design scenario to be used for collapse
of production is when the annulus between the
tubing and casing has been evacuated due to say
the use of gaslift.

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躐Ӓ

Load Scenarios for Production

Casing

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Other design considerations

Temperature effects - high temperatures will tend
to expand the pipe, causing buckling. This must be
considered in geothermal wells.
Casing through salt zones - massive salt
formations can flow under temperature and
pressure.
This will exert extra collapse pressure on the casing
and cause it to shear. a collapse load of around 1
psi/ft (overburden stress) should be used for
design purposes where such a formation is
present.
Casing through H2S zones - if hydrogen sulphide is
present in the formation it may cause casing
failures due to hydrogen embrittlement.. L-80
grade casing is specially manufactured for use in
H2S zones.

皀˱

Summary of Design Process

The design process can be summarised
as follows:
1. Select the Casing sizes and setting depths
on the basis of: the geological and
pore pressure prognosis provided
by the geologist and reservoir
engineer; and the production tubing
requirements on the basis of the anticipated
productivity of the formations to be penetrated.
2. Define the operational scenarios to be
considered during the design of each of
the casing strings. This should include installation,
drilling and production (as appropriate) operations.

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Summary of Design Process

3. Calculate the burst loading on the
particular casing under consideration.
4. Calculate the collapse loading on the
particular casing under consideration.
5. Increase the calculated burst and
collapse loads by the Design factor which
is appropriate to the casing type and load
conditions considered.

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Summary of Design Process

6. select the weight and grade of casing (from
manufacturers tables or service company
tables) which meets the load conditions
calculated above.
7. for the casing chosen, calculate the axial
loading on the casing. apply the design factor
for the casing and load conditions considered and
check that the pipe body yield strength of the
selected casing exceeds the axial design loading.
Choose a coupling whose joint strength is greater
than the design loading. select the same type of
coupling throughout the entire string.

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Summary of Design Process

8. Taking the actual tensile loading from above determine the
reduction in collapse resistance at the top and bottom of the
casing.
Several attempts may have to be made
before all these loading criteria are satisfied and a
final design is produced.
When deciding on a final design bear the following points
in mind:
• Include only those types of casing which you know are available.
In practice
only a few weights and grades will be kept in stock.
• Check that the final design meets all requirements
and state clearly all design assumptions.
• If several different designs are possible, choose the most
economical scheme that meets requirements.

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CASING DESIGN EXAMPLE:

The table in the next slide is a data set
from a real land well.
As a drilling engineer you are required to
calculate the burst and collapse loads that
would be used to select an appropriate
weight and grade of casing for the surface,
Intermediate and production strings in
this land well:

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