SOCIETY
SOCIAL CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE
 full of different groups/socially stratified
such as in economic status and different
ideologies.
KARL MARX
 studies social groups/classes
 Bourgeoisie- Upper class
 Proletariat-Lower class
Society is simply defined as a grouping of
individuals, which is characterized by common
interest and may have distinctive/different culture
and institutions. It is definitely an organized group
of people associated together for religious,
benevolent, cultural, scientific, political, patriotic, or
other purposes to obtain a common goal.
In the study of social sciences "society" has been
used to mean a group of people that form a semi-
closed social system, in which most interactions
are with other individuals belonging to the group.
Society emerged in the fifteenth century and is
derived from the French société. The French word,
in turn, had its origin in the Latin societas, a
"friendly association with others," from socius
meaning "companion, associate, and comrade or
business partner."
NATURE OF SOCIETY
 Society consists of people.
 Mutual awareness and mutual interaction.
 Society depends on likeness.
 Society rests on differences too.
 Co-operational and division of labor.
 Society functions interdependently.
 Society is dynamic.
 Social control
IMPORTANCE OF SOCIETY
 Foundation of the government.
 Building block of nations.
 Stepping stone of every human
development.
 Standard of good and evil.
 Settler of roles and responsibilities.
 Preserver of cultural heritage.
 Bridge that connects the past, present and
future.
 Mother of generation.
 Measure of one’s individuality.
 Judge human success and failures
TWO PRIMARY COMPONENTS OF A SOCIETY:
CULTURE AND ITS SOCIAL STRUCTURE
SOCIAL STRUCTURE
 is an interdependent components that
interactively related as a whole.
 is the organized set of social institutions
and patterns of institutionalized
relationships that together compose
society.
 both a product of social interaction and
directly determines it.
 not immediately visible to the untrained
observer; however, they are always
present and affect all dimensions of human
experience in society.It is helpful to think
about social structure as operating on
three levels within a given society: the
macro, mezzo, and micro levels.
 an enduring and persistent set of
patterned behaviors, patterns of
interaction, and social relationships that
is created and maintained through
interaction and communication; can not
easily be observed directly, but is primarily
perceived by its effects.
COMPARISON:
SOCIAL INSTITUTION SOCIAL STRUCTURE
Specify Entity Vague
Officially Regulated See it’s by it’s effects
Idea Patterned behaviors
Clear Boundaries Patterns of interaction
Roles/Titles Social Relations
Broad
Unofficially regulated
 education system ( style of education;
pattern of behaviors, family, sexism/
racism ( social structure: it’s very hard to
change) , internet : agree/ disagree-way of
people act, nation-state: ethnicity
The Five Cultures diversity. ICH is manifested in the following
domains:
In any society, at least four types of culture
exist.  Oral traditions and expressions including
languages as a vehicle of intangible cultural
 Two are fear-based: heritage
Culture of Power  Performing arts (such as traditional music,
A culture attached to power and privilege, dance and theatre)
control and domination  Social Practices, rituals and festive
Culture of Wealth events

A culture attached to wealth and material  Knowledge and practices concerning

goods, possessions, pleasure and comfort nature and the universe

Fear being generated by the perception that  Traditional craftsmanship

every person has a separate being, is an isolated Cultural Identity
self (individualism).
 Cultural identity is a sine qua non for
Trust-based Cultures becoming active in the world. It is the
The other two are trust-based: fundamental source of social empowerment.

 Culture of Shared Being (Culture of the  Rob a people of their identity and they
Higher Self; Pagpapakatao) become passive, lost, indolent, uncreative
and unproductive, prone to depression and
This is the culture devoted to the search for substance abuse, and plagued by a
wisdom, creativity, strength of character, love and pervasive feeling of malaise and
sharing - the culture of devotion to a higher powerlessness.
cause.
 Culture of Simple Needs (The Practical
Life)
A fourth culture is the culture of simple needs,
where people are mainly concerned with satisfying
basic needs.
Trust comes from the perception that all being
is one (kapwa) or a strong sense of community
The Fifth Culture: Ethnicity or Culture as
Creative Construct
 Through time a society constructs a unifying
vision of life, which includes a world view
(pananaw) or idea of reality (ano ang
katotohanan).
DIFFERENCE OF SOCIETY AND CULTURE
 From this arise a people’s core values,
which in turn promote the cultivation (or  Society is a complex whole with
culturing) of skills that realize these interdependent parts.
values.  Culture is an attribute characteristic of a
community, the complex web of shifting
Intangible Cultural Heritage as the Wellspring of patterns that link individuals together.
Local Genius
Clifford Geertz suggested that "society" is the
According to the UNESCO 2003 convention, actual arrangement of social relations while
ICH is the mainspring of cultural diversity and its "culture" consists of beliefs and symbolic forms.
maintenance a guarantee for continuing cultural
Edward Burnett Tylor wrote in 1871 that "culture
or civilization, taken in its wide ethnographic
sense, is that complex whole which includes
knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and
any other capabilities and habits acquired by man
as a member of society."
TYPES OF SOCIETY
Gerhard Lenski, a sociologist, differentiates
societies into four levels based on their level of
technology, communication, and economy:
 Hunters and gatherers
 Simple agricultural
 Advanced agricultural
 Industrial (Durkheim, 1982)
Morton H. Fried, a conflict theorist, and Elman
Service, an integration theorist, who produced a
system of classification for societies in all human
cultures based on the evolution of social
inequality and the role of the state. This system
of classification contains four categories:
 Hunter-gatherer bands, which are
generally egalitarian (unrestricted/free).
 Tribal societies, in which there are some
limited instances of social rank and
prestige.
 Chiefdoms, stratified structures led by
chieftains.
 Civilizations, with complex social
hierarchies and organized, institutional
governments.
The fundamental unit of human society is the
family. Margaret Mead (1965), based on her
anthropological research, affirmed the centrality of
the family in human society. The following are
prominent or common types of society:
 Band
 Clans
 Tribe
 Ethnic group
 Chiefdom (Brazilian Indian Chiefs )
 State
BAND SOCIETY
 A band society is the simplest form of
human society. A band generally consists
of a small kinship group, often no larger
than an extended family or small clan.
 Bands have very informal leadership; the
older members of the band generally are
looked to for guidance and advice.
 Band customs are almost always
transmitted orally.
 Formal social institutions are few or non-
existent.
 Religion is generally based on family
tradition, individual experience, or counsel
from a shaman.
 Bands are distinguished from tribes.
 Bands are generally larger,
consisting of many families.
 Tribes have more social
institutions and clearly defined
leadership such as a "chief," or
"elder. “
 Tribes are also more permanent
than bands; a band can cease to
exist if only a small group walks out.
CLAN
 A clan is a group of people united by
kinship and descent, which is defined by
perceived descent from a common
ancestor. Even if actual lineage patterns are
unknown, clan members nonetheless
recognize a founding member or "apical
ancestor.“
 As kinship based bonds can be merely
symbolic in nature, some clans share a
"stipulated" common ancestor, which is a
symbol of the clan's unity. When this
ancestor is not human, this is referred to a
totem (such as an animal or plant) serving
as the emblem of a family or clan and often
as a reminder of its ancestry; usually carved
or painted representation of such an object.
 Generally speaking, kinship differs from
biological relation, as it also involves
adoption, marriage, and fictive genealogical
ties.
 Clans can be most easily described as sub-
groups of tribes and usually constitute
groups of seven to ten thousand people.
TRIBE SOCIETY
 A tribe, viewed historically or
developmentally, consists of a social group
existing before the development of, or
outside of, states, though some modern
theorists hold that "contemporary" tribes
can only be understood in terms of their
relationship to states. The term is often
loosely used to refer to any non-Western or
indigenous society.
  A social division within a traditional society
consisting of a group of interlinked families
or communities sharing a common culture
and dialect. In the contemporary western
mind the modern tribe is typically
associated with a seat of traditional
authority (tribal leader) with whom the
representatives of external powers (the
governing state or occupying government)
interact.
 The term "tribe" fell into disfavor in the
latter part of the twentieth century. For
many anthropologists, when the term was
clearly defined it became an "ideal"
concept, with no basis in reality. Thus, it
was replaced with the designation "ethnic
group," which defines a group of people of
common ancestry and language, shared
cultural history, and an identifiable territory.
 Nevertheless, the term tribe is still in
common use and the term used for
recognized Native American governments
in the United States.
 band together again.
PHILIPPINE Ethnic Groups
(Minority cultural groups)
 Kankanay
 Ifugao
Muslim Community
 Maranao
 Yakan
ETHNIC GROUP
 A human population whose members
identify with each other, usually on the basis
of a presumed common genealogy or
lineage.
 Ethnic groups are also usually united by
common cultural, behavioral, linguistic, or
religious practices.
 In this sense, an ethnic group is also a
cultural community. This term is preferred
over tribe, as it overcame the negative
connotations that the term tribe had
acquired under colonialism.
CHIEFDOM
 Any community led by an individual known
as a chief.
 In anthropological theory, one model of
human social development describes
chiefdom as a form of social organization
more complex than a tribe, and less
complex than a state or a civilization.
 The most succinct (but still working)
definition of chiefdom in anthropology
belongs to Robert Carneiro: "An
autonomous political unit comprising a
number of villages or communities under
the permanent control of a paramount chief”
(Mead & Heyman, 1965).
 Chiefdoms have been shown by
anthropologists and archaeologists to be a
relatively unstable form of social
organization. They are prone to cycles of
collapse and renewal, in which tribal units
band together, expand in power, fragment
through some form of social stress, and
 An example of this kind of social
organization would be the Germanic
Peoples who conquered the Western
Roman Empire in the fifth century C.E.
Although commonly referred to as tribes,
the Germanic Peoples were by
anthropological definition not tribes, but
chiefdoms.
 They had a complex social hierarchy
consisting of kings, a warrior aristocracy,
common freemen, serfs, and slaves.
 Are characterized by pervasive inequality
of peoples and centralization of
authority.
  At least two inherited social classes (elite
and commoner) are present, although
social class can often be changed by
extraordinary behavior during an individual's
life.
 A single lineage/family of the elite class
will be the ruling elite of the chiefdom, with
the greatest influence, power, and prestige.
Kinship is typically an organizing
principle, while marriage, age, and gender
can affect one's social status and role.
STATE NATION
-is a political concept -is an ethnic concept
-is not subject to -may or may not be
external control independent from
-may consist of one or external control
more nations or -may be made of
peoples several states
STATE
 A political association with effective
dominion over a geographic area. It
usually includes the set of institutions
that claim the authority to make the
rules that govern the people of the
society in that territory, though its status
as a state often depends in part on
being recognized by a number of other
states as having internal and external
sovereignty over it.
 In sociology, the state is normally
identified with these institutions: in
Max Weber's influential definition, it is
that organization that has a "monopoly
on the legitimate use of physical
force within a given territory," which
may include the armed forces, civil
service, or state bureaucracy, courts,
and police.
CITY STATE
 Is a region controlled exclusively by a
city, usually having sovereignty.
 Have often been part of larger cultural
areas, as in the city-states of ancient
Greece (such as Athens, Sparta and
Corinth), the central Asian cities along the
Silk Road (which included Samarkand and
Bukhara), or the city-states of Northern Italy
(especially Florence and Venice). Among
the most creative periods in human history
are those in which humanity organized itself
in small independent centers. However,
these small creative groupings usually
survived for only short periods of time
because they lacked the size and strength
to defend themselves against the onslaught
of larger social entities. Thus, they inevitably
gave way to larger organizations of society,
the empire and eventually the nation-state.
Today, only Singapore, Monaco, and
Vatican City arguably remain autonomous
city-states.
SOCIETY IN VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES
 EVOLUTIONARY
The family groups live together in a nomadic life,
occupying one place after the other to nurture their
needs and wants. But later on, nomadic life
became a burden because the enlargement of the
families slowed down their mobility, and so a new
way of life was introduced.
This new initiated way of life has later led
families to settle down and learned the value of
having their own territory. Hence, bringing to the
birth we called now a SOCIETY.
 POLITICAL
A system was established as necessary measure
for their protection. Leaders were selected and
social norms were imposed, upon which division
of roles, and responsibilities were assigned.
With that, certain rules and norms of
conduct were respected and upheld while social
hierarchies were modeled as well.
Politics is an inevitable activity of people
which is also intertwined with other social
systems. Thus, it is from which the government is
established to provide control mechanisms
necessary for a peaceful and progressive living.
After all, human is really a political being in nature.
 ECONOMICAL
People on the other hand are undeniably,
must produce to address and sustain essential
needs of the now and next generation. This is to
provide means and ways to sustain man’s basic
and material needs to live. Hence, the acceleration
for production is imperative to answer the
increasing demand of man in society.

CONCLUSION
Societies consist minimally of a large extended
family, and generally as groups of families
connected either by kinship or by geopolitical
factors (location, resources, common enemies,
and so forth). Over time, some cultures
progressed toward more complex forms of
organization and control. This cultural evolution has
a profound effect on patterns of community.
Hunter-gatherer tribes settled around seasonal
food supplies eventually become agrarian
villages. Villages grew to become towns and
cities. Cities turned into city-states and nation-
states (Effland, 1998). Ultimately, there is the level
of all humanity, humankind.