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1-1 1-2

Fluid Flow
(Solid) ---
Fluid
(Liquid) ---
(Gas) ---
Flow

(Fluid) (Flow)

(Solid) (Liquid) (Gas)

1-3 1-4

20oC 1 cm3
2.5x1019 10-6 cm
1 cm x 1 cm x 1 cm
(Fluid element)
(Fluid element)
1 cm

1-5 1-6

1
 (Continuum Hypothesis)

Axial force

(Shear force)

(Moment)

(Torsion)
(Continuum)
1-7 1-8

(Shear force)
F
(Shear stress) A x

u(y)
y
F
A

x
(Strain)
F A y
1 x x 1 u
(rate of strain)
t t y t y y

1-9 1 - 10

(Velocity gradient) x
F

u(y)
y
y

du x
u y
dy y
( )
du
1 - 11
t dy 1 - 12

2
 (Dimension) (Unit)

y u(y) y [L/T] [m/s] [km/hr] [mile/hr]

u(y)
(Dimension)
[L]
u(y) [T]
u(y)
[M] F=ma
[F] [F] = [MLT-2]
[ ]
du/dy
1 - 13 1 - 14

(Dimension uniformity)

[M] Kg, g Slug, lbm

[L] m, cm ft, in x(t) = xo + vt + 0.5 a t2
[T] hr, sec sec
L L
L L T T2
, [F] N, Kgf lbf T T2

[ ] C, K F

1 - 15 1 - 16

(Pressure)
(Density)

1. (Extensive property) (Specific Weight)

(Specific Gravity)
(Viscosity)

2. (Intensive property) (Surface Tension)

(Specific Heat)
(Bulk modulus)
(Vapor pressure)
1 - 17 1 - 18

3
 1. (Pressure)

(Normal force) (SI)

1.0 N/m2 = 1.0 Pa Pascal
F
P = 0.01 mbar millibar mb
A
F A = 0.01 hPa
(Compressive stress) [F L2] 1.0 kPa = 1000 Pa
= 1000 N/m2
F
Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)
A
1.0 psi = 1.0 lbf/in2 pound per square inch
= 144 psf pound per square ft, lbf/ft2

1 - 19 1 - 20

2. (Density)
1
1 atm = 1.013 105 N/m2
= 101.3 kPa h
= 1013 mbar
[M/L3]
= 760 mm-Hg
= 14.6 psi

1 - 21 1 - 22

2. (Density)

1000

990 PV nR u T
Density (kg/m3)

980 p T ( oK = oC + 273) n
970 Ru = 82.05 cm -atm-g/ K/mol = 8.314 J/oK/mol
3 o

960

950
0
4
50 100 nM Ru
P T
V M
Temperature (C)
M
4 oC
nM
1000 kg/m3
1 - 23
V 1 - 24

4
 2. (Density)
Gas Constant of Water Vapor

P RT Ru H H
R
Mw O
R = Ru/M
R = 8.314 J K 1 mol 1

287 J/oK/kg R = 461 J/oK/kg R Molecular Weight (Mw )

18 g mol 1
Hydrogen = 1.0 g mol-1
Ru = 82.05 cm3-atm-g/oK/mol =
1 1 Oxygen = 16 g mol-1
8.314 J/oK/mol R 461 J K kg
Water = 18 g mol-1

1 - 25 1 - 26

(Density) 3. (Specific weight)

[F L3]

g (= 9.81 m/s2)

water = 9810 N/m3

1 - 27 1 - 28

4. (Specific gravity) (20 oC)

Patm = 101.3 x 103 N/m2

A A
S
water water
T = 20 oC + 273.15 = 293.15 oK

A = 9810 N/m3 P
A water
RT
4oC
101,300 N / m 2
1.20 kg / m3
287 J / o K / kg 293.15o K
S = 13.6
g 1.20 kg / m3 9.81 m / s 2 11.77 N / m3
(Density) (Specific weight)
11.77 N / m3
(Specific gravity) S air air

9810 N / m3
0.0012
water water

1 - 29 1 - 30

5
 5. (Concentration) 5. (Concentration)

Conc.
Conc.

1.0
[M/L3] 1.0g 1.0
mg 1 (=1.0 kg)
1.0 ppm (= part per million = 10-6 )
1.0 g/liter = 1.0 kg/m3 1.0 ppm = 1.0 mg/kg =
1.0 mg/liter 1.0 ppb (= part per billion = 10-9
) = 1.0 g/kg = 1.0 g/liter

1 - 31 1 - 32

5. (Concentration) (Greenhouse Gases)

Conc.

360 ppm 0.19 ppm (= 190

ppb)

1 - 33 1 - 34

6. (Viscosity)

F du

dy u(y)

( )
du
dy
[F T/L2]

1 - 35 1 - 36

6
 (Viscosity)
Joule’s experiment

1 - 37 1 - 38

(Viscosity) Greek Symbols

• (Dynamic viscosity)
du F F T L/T
dy L2 L2 L

(Newton’s viscosity law)

[F T/L2]

• (Kinematic viscosity)

[L2/T]

1 - 39 1 - 40

(Viscosity) du
dy
• (Newtonian fluid) ( )

• (Non-Newtonian fluid)

du
( ) dy

1 - 41 1 - 42

7
 Newtonian vs. Non-Newtonian

Toothpaste
Paint U 0.036 Ns/m2

Water
U = 10 cm/s

u(y)
y d = 5.0 mm
Corn x
Starch

No slip

1 - 43 1 - 44

U = 10 cm/s
0.1 m / s
0.036 N s / m 2 0.72 N / m 2
u(y) 0.005 m
y d = 5.0 mm
x

FD A
y=0 u=0
A
y=d u=U
y
u ( y) U
d
du U U = 10 cm/s

dy y d
d u(y)
y d = 5.0 mm

du U x
dy y 0
d 1 - 45 1 - 46

7. (Surface Tension) (Surface Tension)

[F/L]

360
0

1 - 47 1 - 48

8
 7. (Surface Tension) (Capillary Tube)

h
h

d2 4 cos
h( d2/4) d cos h h
4 d
(Water Strider)
d
1 - 49 1 - 50

(Bubble) 8. (Specific Heat)

r 1.0 kg 1.0 C (1.0 K)
(Joule) (cal)
Pi Pe (Kcal)
r

Pi Pe
15 C 1000 cal/kg/ C =
2 r Pi Pe r2 4184 J/kg/ C 880 J/kg/ C

r
2
Pi Pe
r
1 - 51 1 - 52

(Land/Sea Breeze) 9. (Bulk modulus)

(Compressibility)

P
EV
V/V

P V
V/V
[F/L2]

P1 P2

Gas V1
Gas V2

1 - 53 1 - 54

9
 9. (Bulk modulus) 10. (Vapor pressure)

(vaporize)

Ev = 2.19x109 Pa
1.0 % 216

(Incompressible Fluid)

Ev = 1.013x105 Pa (Saturation Vapor Pressure)

Dynamic
1.0% 0.01 equilibrium

(Compressible Fluid)
1 - 55 1 - 56

10. (Vapor pressure) 10. (Vapor pressure)

(Water Vapor)
8000
7000
6000 100%
(Pa)

5000
1 100oC
4000
3000
100oC
liquid 2000 101.3 kPa
1000
0
0 10 20 30 40 100 oC
( C)

100 C 101 kPa

1 - 57 1 - 58

(Cavitation)
(Hydrostatics)

(Hydrodynamics)

(Hydraulics)

(Hydrology)

1 - 59 1 - 60

10
– (Aerodynamics) – (Magneto-hydrodynamics)

(Liquid Crystal) (Plasma)

(Environmental Fluid Mechanics)
– (Bio-Fluid Mechanics)

(Geophysical Fluid Dynamics)

1 - 61 1 - 62

(Bio-Fluid Mechanics)

MIT

1 - 63 1 - 64

2. (Field Measurement) –
1. (Analytic Solution) –

P1 V12 P2 V22
z1 z2
2g 2g

1 - 65 1 - 66

11
3. (Numerical Simulation) – 4. (Laboratory Experiment) –

1 - 67 1 - 68

Any Questions ?
Suggested exercises:
1.5, 1.7, 1.11, 1.18

1 - 69

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