ESGUERRA CAITLENE ANNE M.

MIDTERMS 0527a

1. Human integumentary plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis. Identify and explain three
specific structures found in the human skin that would enable the human body to achieve and
maintain homeostasis.

Stem cells in the epidermis have a vital role to play in sustaining tissue homeostasis by supplying new
cells to replace cells that are permanently lost during tissue turnover or after injury. The epidermis
contains numerous appendices, like the hair follicle, the sebaceous gland, the sweat gland and the contact
dome, which are important for thermoregulation environmental sensation and social behavioral impact.
The epidermis undergoes continuous turnover and distinctive stem cells, which are accountable for the
homeostasis of the various epidermal components. Deregulation of signaling pathways to regulate the
balance between renewal and differentiation also contributes to cancer formation

2. Describe three skeletal muscles which are involved when lifting a heavy-medium sized box from the
ground. For each muscle, identify its origin and insertion, shape, and manner of naming. Tabulate
your answer.

SKELETAL ORIGIN AND INSERTION SHAPE MANNER OF NAMING

MUSCLE
DELTOIDS Acromial extremity of clavicle Trianglular Deltoid
(anterior fibers), acromion of shape
scapula (lateral fibers), and spine of
scapula (posterior fibers). ---
Deltoid tuberosity of humerus.
TRICEP BRACHII Long head originates from Horseshoe Tricep
infraglenoid tubercle, a projection shape
inferior to glenoid cavity of
scapula. Lateral head originates
from lateral and posterior surface of
humerus. Medial head originates
from entire posterior surface of
humerus inferior to a groove for the
radial nerve. --- Olecranon of ulna.
RECTUS Pubic crest and pubic Flat Rectus
ABDOMINIS symphysis. --- Cartilage of ribs 5–7
and xiphoid process.

3. Explain the following briefly:

A. Human skeleton plays a role in immunity.

Bone marrow found within the interior walls of bones is crucial for the proper development of the
immune system, in addition to this it houses stem cells used in maintenance of the immune system The
regulation of bone by hematopoietic and immune cells.The immune system is the body's protective
mechanism, offering protection against invasive pathogens. Osteo-immunity explains the relationship
between skeletal system and the immune system and how they are composed of diverse tissues that can
ESGUERRA CAITLENE ANNE M. MIDTERMS 0527a

sometimes interfere with their function. The connections between the skeletal cells and the immune
system are well described: Bone marrow located within the inner walls of the bones is responsible for the
normal development of the immune system, and it also includes the stem cells needed to sustain the
immune system. Bone control by hematopoietic and immune cells

B. Males tend to have bulkier or thicker skeletons than females

One of the reason is that most of the males have larger body mass in nature than girls, aside from that
they tend to have works that are more heavy than girsl. So it looks like their skeletal is building up more.
Also, hormones have an effect on women.

C. Intramembranous vs. endochondral ossification

Intramembranous ossification The phase happens whenever mesenchymal cells in embryonic skeletons
move together and occur at different cells. Where as in endochondral ossification, mesenchymal cells
differentiate through chondrocytes

4. Discuss how amino acids, monosaccharides, glycerol, fatty acids, electrolytes, and water from
substances are absorbed and reabsorbed in the small and large intestines, respectively.

Absorption is a mechanism by which the final digestive enzymes pass from the intestinal mucosa to the
blood or lymph. The final digestive enzymes are processed in the small intestinal regions of jejunum and
ileum. Limited quantities of monosaccharides, such as glucose, amino acids and some electrolytes, such
as chloride ions, are typically consumed by rapid diffusion. Fructose and also other amino acids are
consumed by carrying ions such as sodium. The mechanism shall be referred to as assisted transport.
Numerous nutrients such as amino acids, monosaccharides such as glucose, electrolytes such as Na+ are
taken in the blood by active transport. Fatty acids and glycerol are insoluble in water and can be ingested
immediately from the intestinal lumen

5. You were asked to invent substitutes for blood vessels (artery, capillary, and vein). What materials
might you use to build them? Include synthetic as well as natural materials. Justify why you chose
such materials. Consider the structural differences of each vessel. (10 points) Include a properly-
labeled drawing/sketch of your “invention.” (5 points)

Silicone is well designed for use as anarteriovenous graft for dialysis. Silicon has the capacity to seal

across the needle puncture holes without external strain, excellent anti-crusher and strength properties,
and a nonporous inner layer that decreases thrombus intrusion and increase graft layer compliance or
permeability.