Developing Communicative Skills in English

ANFAP
Asociación Nacional para la

Formación y Asesoramiento de
los Profesionales
DEVELOPING COMMUNICATIVE
SKILLS IN ENGLISH
ANDALUCÍA - ARAGÓN - ASTURIAS - BALEARES - CANARIAS - CANTABRIA - C. LA MANCHA - C. LEÓN -

CATALUÑA - MADRID - GALICIA - LA RIOJA - EXTREMADURA - CEUTA - MELILLA - MURCIA - NAVARRA -
PAÍS VASCO - C. VALENCIANA
Formación Permanente ©MAGISTER/MELC
DEVELOPING COMMUNICATIVE SKILLS IN ENGLISH
PROHIBIDA TODA
REPRODUCCIÓN
RESERVADOS TODOS LOS
DERECHOS
Copyright MELC, S.A., 2020
Reservados todos los derechos. De conformidad con lo dispuesto en el art. 534-bis del
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quienes reprodujeren, en todo o en parte, una obra literaria, artística o científica fijada
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UNIT 1
 REVISION OF VERBAL TENSES
UNIT 2
 CONDITONALS: BASIC FORMS. SPECIAL WAYS OF MAKING A
CONDITIONAL SENTENCE. EXPRESSING LIKEHOOD AND
HYPOTHESIS
UNIT 3
 MODAL AUXILIARIES I: GRANTING/SEEKING INFORMATION,
EXPRESSING OBLIGATION AND PROHIBITION.
UNIT 4
 •GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
UNIT 5
 PHRASAL VERBS I
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UNIT 1: REVISION OF VERBAL TENSES
INDEX
A) GRAMMAR
1.-INTRODUCTION
2.-TENSE CONSOLIDATION: PRESENT TIME
2a BASIC ONTRASTS: PRESENT SIMPLE AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS

2b STATE VERBS AND EVENT (ACTION OR DYNAMIC) VERBS
2c OTHER USES OF PRESENT CONTINUOUS
2d OTHER USES OF PRESENT SIMPLE
3.-TENSE CONSOLIDATION: PRESENT PERFECT
3a PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

3b PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
3c TIME EXPRESSIONS WITH PRESENT PERFECT
4.-TENSE CONSOLIDATION: PAST TIME
4a BASIC CONTRASTS: PAST SIMPLE AND PAST CONTINUOUS

4b PAST PERFECT SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS
4c USED TO AND WOULD
4d UNFULFILLED PAST EVENTS
5.-TENSE CONSOLIDATION: FUTURE TIME

5a BASIC CONTRASTS: WILL, GOING TO, PRESENT CONTINUOUS
5b FUTURE CONTINUOUS
5c FUTURE PERFECT
5d OTHER WAYS OF REFERRING TO THE FUTURE
5e OTHER FUTURE REFERENCES
B) VOCABULARY
1.-SPEAKING
C) WRITING: AN E-MAIL
1.-EMAIL
2.-EMAIL EXPRESSIONS
3.-BEGINNINGS AND ENDINGS
D) BIBLIOGRAPHY/WEBGRAPHY
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A) GRAMMAR
1.-INTRODUCTION
English verbs have only two simple tenses (present and past), plus six complex tenses using
auxiliaries. In addition, intransitive verbs form eight passive tenses, also with auxiliaries. Using
the modals, a further eight `modal tenses´ can be formed including the traditional `future
tenses´. Four of these `modal tenses´ are active, and four are passive.
A.-Time and tenses. Time and tense are not the same thing. `Time´ (consisting of past, present
and future) is a concept; `tense´ is a grammatical device. A great deal of confusion is created
by text-books that seem to feel that any tense system is abnormal unless the present tense
relates only to the moment of speaking, and that anything before or after needs past or future
tenses. But people -including textbook writers!- do not always view time like that –What do
we mean, for example, by `the present time´ or `these days´?. Where does `now´ begin an
end?-. In English, the present simple is the unmarked tense. This means it is used for very
general time where specific marking for non-present time is unimportant and so unnecessary.
To put this another way, any period that includes the moment of speaking -whether extending
into the past or the future-can be regarded as present time and use a marked tense, and is not
so much past as non-present. English has no future simple tense, though plenty of ways of
talking about future time.
B.-Aspect –perfective or progressive. Both present simple and past simple are unmarked for
aspect. But if we wish, we can emphasise : (a) that the action or state referred to by the verb is
in some way completed or achieved, though still relevant. This is called perfective aspect, and
is indicated by the use of (HAVE + past participle of the lexical verbs): {I have written} [so
now…], {I had written} [so then]; (b)that the action or state is/was in progressive or temporary
or uncompleted. This is called progressive aspect, and is indicated by using [be + the present
participle], {I am writing/was writing}.
C.-Voice: active or passive. The distinction between active and passive -often called a
distinction of `voice´- can be made with most transitive verbs. It offers different ways of
focusing attention on different parts of the information. Choice of the passive, therefore, like
choosing to mark for time or aspect, is the selection of a grammatical device that contributes
to meaning.
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2.-TENSE CONSOLIDATION: PRESENT TIME
2a BASIC ONTRASTS: PRESENT SIMPLE AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS
(1) Present simple generally refers to:
a.-Present simple generally refers to:
*Facts that are always true
Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
*Habits
British people drink a lot of tea.
*States
I don´t like gangster films.
(2) Present continuous generally refers to an action which are in progress at the moment.
a.-These can be temporary:
I´m staying in a hotel until I find a flat.
b.-They can be actually in progress:
The dog is sleeping on our bed.
c.-Or they can be generally in progress but not actually happening at the moment:
I´m learning to drive.
2b STATE VERBS AND EVENT (ACTION OR DYNAMIC) VERBS
(1) State verbs describe a continuing state, so do not usually have a continuous form. Typical
examples are:
believe, belong, consist, contain, doubt, fit, have, know, like, love, matter, mean, own,
prefer, understand, seem, suppose, suspect, want, wish
(2) Some verbs have a stative meaning used a different active meaning.
Typical examples are:
Be, depend, feel, have, measure, see, taste, think, weigh
Compare these uses:
State Event
Jack is noisy. Jill is being noisy.

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Sarah has a Porsche. We are having an interesting

conversation!.
I think I like you!. David is thinking about getting a new job.
This fish tastes awful!. I am just tasting the soup.
I feel that you are wrong. I am feeling terrible.
This bag weighs a ton!. We are weighing the baby.
It depends what you mean. I am depending on you.
2c OTHER USES OF PRESENT CONTINUOUS
(1) Temporary or repeated actions.
This use emphasises a temporary or repeated habitual action.
My car has broken down, so I am walking to work these days.
Are you enjoying your stay here?.
(2) Complaints about bad habits.
You are always complaining about my cooking!.
Other possible adverbs are: constantly, continually, forever.
(3) With verbs describing change and development.
Things are getting worse!.
More and more people are giving up smoking.
2d OTHER USES OF PRESENT SIMPLE
(1) Making declarations.
Verbs describing opinions and feelings tend to be state verbs.
I hope you´ll come to my party.
I bet you don´t know the answer!.
(2) Headlines.
These are written a `telegram´ style, and references to the past are usually simplified to
present simple.
Ship sinks in midnight collision.
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(3) Instructions and itineraries.
Instructions and recipes can be written in present simple instead of imperative forms. This
style is more personal.
First you roll out the pastry.
Itineraries and descriptions of travel arrangements.
(4) Summaries of events.
Plots of stories, films, etc., and summaries of historical events use present (and present
perfect) tenses.
May 1945: The war in Europe comes to and end.
…At the end of the play both families realise that their hatred had caused the deaths of the
lovers,….
(5) Historic present in narrative and `funny stories´.
In informal speech, it is possible to use the `historic present´ to describe past events,
especially to make the narration seem more immediate and dramatic.
…So then the second man asks the first one why he has a banana in his ear and the first one
says…
3.-TENSE CONSOLIDATION: PRESENT PERFECT
3a PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
a.-Present perfect simple refers to:
Recent events, without a definite time given. The recentness may be indicated by just.
We´ve missed the turning.
I´ve just seen a ghost!.
Indefinite events, which happened at an unknown time in the past. No definite time is
given.
Jim has had three car accidents. (up to the present)
Indefinite events which may have an obvious result in the present.
I´ve twisted my ankle. (that´s why I´m limping)
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With state verbs, a state which lasts up to the present.
I´ve lived here for the past ten years.
A habitual action in a period of time up to the present.
I´ve been jogging every morning for the last month.
b.-Contrast with past simple:
Past simple is used with time expressions which refer to definite times. The time may be
stated or understood. Compare:
I´ve bought a new car. (indefinite)
I bought a new car last week. (definite)
I bought the car after all. (implied definite: the car we talked about)
Choice between past simple and present perfect for recent events may depend on the
mental attitude of the speaker. This in turn may depend on whether the speaker feels
distant in time or place from the event.
I´ve left my wallet in the car. I´m going back to get it.
Here the speaker may be about to return, and feels that the event is connected with the
present.
I left my wallet in the car. I´m going back to get it.
Here the speaker may feel separated in time from the event, or be further away.
3b PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
a.-Present perfect continuous can refer to a range of meanings, depending on the time
expression used and the context.
A state which lasts up to the present moment.
I´ve been waiting for you for three hours!.
An incomplete activity.
I´ve been cleaning the house but I still haven´t finished.
To emphasise duration.
I´ve been writing letters all morning.
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A recently finished activity.
I´ve been running. That´s why I look hot.
A repeated activity
I´ve been taking French lessons this year.
b.-Contrasts with present perfect simple
There may be little contrast when some state verbs are used.
How long have you lived here?.
How long have you been living here?.
Some verbs (especially sit, lie, wait and stay) prefer the continuous form. There may be a
contrast between completion and incompletion, especially if the number of items
completed is mentioned.
Completed: emphasis on achievement
I´ve ironed five shirts this morning.
Incomplete, or recently completed: emphasis on duration
I´ve been ironing my shirts this morning.
3c TIME EXPRESSIONS WITH PRESENT PERFECT
Meaning with present perfect tenses is associated with certain time expressions. Contrast
with past simple may depend on the choice of time expression.
Past simple: referring to a specific time
yesterday, last week, on Sunday
Present perfect simple:
since 1968 (the beginning of a period of time)
for 15 years (complete period of time)
already (indefinite past)
Many time expressions are not associated with a specific tense.
I haven´t seen Helen recently.
I saw Jim recently.
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4.-TENSE CONSOLIDATION: PAST TIME
4a BASIC CONTRASTS: PAST SIMPLE AND PAST CONTINUOUS
(1) Past simple generally refers to:
Completed actions.
I got up, switched off the radio and sat down again.
Habits
Every day I went to the park.
States
In those days, I didn´t like reading.
(2) Past continuous generally refers to:
Actions in progress (often interrupted by events)
I was drinking my coffee at the time.
While I was opening the letter, the phone rang.
Background description in narrative
I entered the office and looked around. Most people were working at their desks, but
Jane was staring out the window and pretending to write something at the same time.
Repeated action –criticism
With a frequency adverb, this use is similar to the use of present continuous to express
annoyance.
When Jane was at school, she was always losing things.
(3) Past continuous is not used to describe general habitual actions, without the sense of
criticism mentioned above. Past simple is used for this meaning.
When I lived in London, I walked through the park every day.
4b PAST PERFECT SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS
(1) Past perfect tenses in general refer to:
An event in the past which happens before another event in the past, where there is no time
expression to make this clear.
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By the time I got to the station, the train had left.
Compare this with:
The train left five minutes before I got to the station.
In this example, the sequence of events is made clear by before.
(2) Past perfect continuous .
The contrasts between past simple and past continuous can be made in past perfect tenses
for events further back in the past.
I had been living in a bed-sitter up to then.
While I had been talking on the phone, Jimmy had escaped.
The whole place was deserted, but it was obvious that someone had been living there.
They´d been cooking in the kitchen for a start, and they hadn´t bothered to clear up the
mess.
(3) Past perfect is not used simply to describe an event in the distant past. There must be
another past event , less far away in the past , with which it contrasts.
4c USED TO AND WOULD
(1) Used to
This often contrasts with the present. The contrast may be stated or understood.
I used to go swimming a lot (but I don´t now).
The negative form is either:
I didn´t use to
There is no present time reference possible.
(2) Would
This is used to describe repeated actions, not states. It describes a habitual activity which
was typical of a person.
Every week he´d buy his mother a bunch of flowers.
Used to would also be possible here. Compare:
I used to like cowboy films.
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Would is not possible here.
Would is more common in written language and often occurs in reminiscences.
4d UNFULFILLED PAST EVENTS
(1) These describes events included to take place, but which did not happen.
I was thinking of going to Italy this year, but I haven´t decided.
I was about to do it, but I started doing something else.
Jack was to have taken part, but he fell ill.
(2) The contrasting past even is often understood.
How are you?. I was going to phone you….(but I didn´t).
(3) Polite forms
These are common with wonder.
I was wondering if you wanted to come to the cinema.
5.-TENSE CONSOLIDATION: FUTURE TIME
5a BASIC CONTRASTS: WILL, GOING TO, PRESENT CONTINUOUS
(1) Will is normally known as the predictive future, and describes known facts, or what we
suppose is true.
I´ll be late home this evening.
The company will make a profit next year.
This can also take the form of an assumption:
That´ll be Jim at the door.
This means that I suppose it is Jim.
(2) Will is also used to express an immediate decision:
I´ll take this one.
Decisions expressed with going to refer to a more distant point in the future.
(3) Be going to describes intentions or plans. At the moment of speaking the plants have
already been made.
I´m going to wait here until Carol gets back.
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Going to is also used to describe an event whose cause is present or evident.
Look at that tree!. It´s going to fall.
Decisions expressed with going to refer to a more distant point in the future.
5b FUTURE CONTINUOUS
(1) This describes an event which will be happening at a future point.
Come round in the morning I´ll be painting the kitchen.
(2) It can also describe events which are going to happen anyway, rather than events which we
choose to make happen.
I won´t bother to fix a time to see you, because I´ll be calling into the office anyway
several times next week.
(3) In some contexts future continuous also sounds more polite than will.
Will you be going to the shops later?. If you go, could you get me some potatoes?.
(4) It can also be used to refer to fixed arrangements and plans.
The band will be performing live in Paris this summer.
5c FUTURE PERFECT
(1) This has both simple and continuous forms, and refers to time which we look back at from a
future point.
In two years´ time I´ll have finished this book.
By the end of the month, I´ll have been working for this firm for a year.
(2) It can also be used to express an assumption on the part of the speaker.
You won´t have heard the news, of course.
This means that I assume you have not heard the news.
5d OTHER WAYS OF REFERRING TO THE FUTURE
(1) Is/are to be
This is used to describe formal arrangements.
All students are to assemble in the hall at 9.00.
(2) Be about to, be on the point of, be due to
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Be about to and be on the point of both refer to the next moment.
I think the play is about to start now.
Mary is on the point of resigning.
Be due to refers to scheduled times.
The play is due to start in five minutes.
Ann´s flight is due to leave at 6.20.
(3) Present simple and present perfect.
Present simple is used to refer to future time in future time clauses.
When we get there, we´ll have dinner.
Present perfect can also be used instead of present simple when the completion of the
event is emphasized.
When we´ve had a rest, we´ll go out.
(4) Present simple is also used to describe fixed events which are not simply the wishes of the
speaker.
Tom retires in three years.
Similarly, calendar references use the present simple.
Christmas is on a Tuesday next year.
It´s all go –next week I have my operation; then the week after that I go on holiday…
5e OTHER FUTURE REFERENCES
(1) Hope
This can be followed by either present or future tenses.
I hope it doesn´t rain.
I hope it won´t rain.
(2) Other verbs followed by will.
Most verbs of thinking can be followed by will if there is future reference. These include:
think, believe, expect, doubt.
I expect the train will be late.
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I doubt whether United will win.
(3) Shall
The use of shall for the first person (singular and plural) in future reference is generally
considered to be restricted in British English and possibly declining in use. For some speakers
shall is used in formal speech and in written language.
Shall is used mostly in the questions shall I…?/shall we…?. We use them to ask somebody´s
opinion (especially in offers and suggestions):
Shall I open the window?. (=Do you want me to open the window?)
I´ve got no money. What shall I do?. (=What do you suggest?)
B) VOCABULARY
1.-SPEAKING
(1) The verbs in the table below describe how loudly or quietly a person is speaking and also,
often, indicate mood. These verbs are all followed by clauses beginning with `that´.
verb loudness most likely mood
whisper soft -----
murmur soft romantic or complaining
mumble soft (and unclear) nervous or insecure
mutter soft irritated
shout loud angry or excited
scream loud (usually without words) frightened or excited
shriek loud (and shrill) frightened or amused
stutter, stammer neutral nervous or excited
(2) The following verbs all indicate something about how the speaker feels. What they usually
indicate is given in the feeling column.
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verb patterns feeling
boast to sb. about sth./that… proud of oneself
insist on sth./that… determined
object that…/to + -ing unhappy
threaten that…/to do sth. aggressive
argue with sb. about sth./that… not in agreement
groan that… despair, pain
complain to sb. about sth./that… displeased
maintain that… confident
confess that…/to + -ing repentant
urge sb. to do sth. encouraging
beg sb. to do sth./for sth. desperate
grumble about sth. displeased
(3) It is also possible to give an idea of the way someone speaks by using a speaking verb, plus
an adverb. For example, `He said proudly´, `She spoke angrily´. This is most common in written
style.
Some useful adverbs describing the way someone is feeling while they are speaking.
If someone feels angry: angrily-crossly-furiously-bitterly
If someone feels unhappy: unhappily-gloomily-miserably-uneasily-sadly
If someone feels happy: happily-cheerfully-gladly-hopefully-eagerly
If someone feels worried: anxiously-nervously-desperately-hopelessly
Other useful adverbs are boldly, excitedly, gratefully, impatiently, passionately, reluctantly,
shyly, sincerely.
C) WRITING: AN E-MAIL
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1.-EMAIL
Most email programs on computer have icons with abbreviations like these:
⌂inbox contains email writing for you to read
⌂subject-what the email is about
⌂cc –copy this email to…
⌂bcc –blind copy this email to…(so that the other people you´re sending the email to don´t
know you´re sending this copy)
⌂fwd allows you to forward an email –to send an email you have received to someone else
⌂delete allows you to get rid of an email you don´t want to keep
⌂reply allows you to send an answer back to the person who sent the email
⌂reply to all allows you to send the answer to the person who sent the email, plus all those
who received copies of it.
⌂attach allows you to send an attachment –a document that you attach to and send with an
email
⌂contact information can be inserted automatically at the end of an email with your contact
details –name, phone, number, etc.
⌂the address book allows you to store the email addresses of people that you write to
2.-EMAIL EXPRESSIONS
Model example:
From: gunila.madsen@norgequip.com
To: wu.lee@sinophone.com
Cc: georg.berling@norgequip.com
22 June 2018
Dear Lee,
It was very nice meeting you at the trade fair last week. I hope you had a smooth trip back to
Ireland. Please find attached a Word document with the specs that I mentioned. George
Berling is our technical development director for networks: I´m copying him on this. I will also
forward your details to Anders Petersson, our CEO, as he always follows client relations
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closely. I hope you find the specs interesting. Please don´t hesitate to contact me if you require
any further information.
Best wishes
Gunilla
3.-BEGINNINGS AND ENDINGS
It´s important to use the right degree of formality –seriousness- and deference.
The following beginnings range from formal to informal: Dear Sir/Madam (used when you
don´t know the person´s name), Dear Ms Caxton, Dear Zoe and Hi Zoe.
The following endings range from formal to informal and are used mainly in emails and faxes:
Best regards, Regards, Best wishes, All the best, Best. Yours faithfully (B.E. only) is used in
letters and faxes when you don´t know the person´s name, Yours sincerely (A.E. Sincerely) is
less formal and Yours is the least formal ending.
C)BILIOGRAPHY/WEBGRAPHY
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Close, R.A (1998). A Reference Grammar for students of English. Longman
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Chalker, Sylvia (1989). Current English Grammar. Macmillan Publishers
Thomson, A.J. & Martinet, A.V. (2010). A Practical English Grammar. Oxford University Press
Thomson, A.V. & Martinet, A.V. (2010) Exercises 1 &Exercises 2. Oxford University Press
Swan, Michael. (2001). Practical English Usage. Oxford University Press
Eastwood, John (2006). Oxford Guide to English Grammar (1999). Oxford University Press
Leech, G. & Svartvik, J (1988). A Communicative Grammar of English. Longman
Murphy, Raymond (2012). English Grammar in Use. Cambridge University Press
Hashemi, Louise & Murphy, Raymond (2012). English Grammar in Use. Supplementary
Exercises. Cambridge University Press
Hewings, Martin (2012). Advanced Grammar in Use. Cambridge University Press
McCarthy, Michael & O´Dell, Felicity (2017). English Idioms in Use. Cambridge University Press
McCarthy, Michael & O´Dell, Felicity (2017). English Collocations in Use. Cambridge University
Press
McCarthy, Michael & O´Dell, Felicity (2017). English Phrasal Verbs in Use. Cambridge University
Press
Fernández Carmona, Rodrigo (2007). English Grammar with exercises. Pearson Longman
Prodromou, Luke (2001). Grammar and Vocabulary for First Certificate. Longman
Vince, Michael (2004). First Certificate Language Practice. Macmillan Heinemann
Vince, Michael (2004). Advanced Language Practice. Macmillan Heinemann
McCarthy, Michael & O´Dell, Felicity (2017). English Vocabulary in Use. Cambridge University
Press
Mascull, Bill (2016). Business Vocabulary in Use. Cambridge University Press
WEBGRAPHY:
www.longman-elt.com
www.cambridge.org/betterlearning
www.cambridge.org/elt
www.cambridge.org./englishgrammarinuse
www.britishcouncil.co.uk
https://europass.cedefop.europa.eu/sites/default/files/europass_cv_instructions_en.pdf
www.onlinecv.es www.grammarly.com
www.englishlessonsbrighton.co.uk
www.bbc.co.uk
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UNIT 2: CONDITIONALS: BASIC FORMS. SPECIAL WAYS OF MAKING A CONDITIONAL
SENTENCE. EXPRESSING LIKEHOOD AND HYPOTHESIS.
INDEX
A)GRAMMAR: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

1.-THE USE OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
2.-VERBS IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
2a ZERO CONDITIONAL
2b FIRST CONDITIONALS
2c SECOND CONDITIONAL
2d THIRD CONDITIONAL
2e MIXED CONDITIONALS
2d TIME AND CONDITION CLAUSES WITH FUTURE REFERENCE
2d.1 TIME CLAUSES
2d. 2 CONDITION CLAUSES
2e UNREAL TENSES AND SUBJUNCTIVES
2e.1 WISHES: I WISH, IF ONLY
2e.1.1 WISHES ABOUT THE PRESENT
2e.1.2 WISHES ABOUT THE FUTURE
2e.1.3 WISHES ABOUT THE PAST
2e.2 IF ONLY
2f IT´S TIME and IT´S HIGH TIME
2g HOPE
2h I´D RATHER/I´D PREFER (FOLLOWED BY A CLAUSE)
2h.1 I´D RATHER
2h.2 I´D PREFER
2f SUPPOSE AND IMAGINE
2f.1 UNDERSTOOD CONDITIONS
2f.2 PRESENT OR PAST
B)VOCABULARY: EDUCATION AND WORK
1.-EDUCATION
1a STAGES IN A PERSON´S EDUCATION
1b EXAMS AND QUALIFICATIONS
1c TALKING ABOUT EDUCATION
2.-WORK
2a COLLOCATIONS OF WORDS CONNECTED WITH WORK
2b EXPRESSIONS CONNECTED WITH WORK
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A)GRAMMAR: CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
1.-THE USE OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
This real conversation contains some conditional clauses.
RENEWING YOUR LIBRARY BOOKS
Reader: And if I want to renew my books, so do I have to come in, or can I phone and renew
them?. I think there´s a system where I can phone and tell you the numbers or something like
that?.
Librarian: Yes, that´s quite all right. Or you can even send us a letter. As long as you give us
the accession number of the book.
Reader: That´s the number on the back?.
Librarian: No, that´s the class number. The number –the accession number- you´ll find if you
open the book on the fly-leaf. It´s usually about six numbers at least. And if you´d give us
that, the date that is stamped on the date label –the last date stamped- and your name and
address.
Reader: Uh-huh. If I do that, how do I know that it´s all right?. I mean, if you want the book
back, do you write to me?.
Librarian: Yes, we would do that if you had written in, but of course, if you´d telephoned or
called in, we could tell you then.
(from M. Underwood Listen to This!)
Conditions express different degrees of reality. For example a condition can be open or unreal:
Open: if you join the library, you can borrow books.
Unreal: if you´d arrived ten minutes later, we would have been closed.
An open condition expresses something which may be true or may become true. (You may join the library). An
unreal condition expresses something which is not true or is imaginary. (You did not arrive later).
NOTE: A condition can also be definitely true: I´m tired –Well, if you´re tired, ,let´s have a rest. The meaning here is
similar to You´re tired, so let´s have a rest.
We can use conditional sentences in a number of different ways: for example to request, advise, criticize, suggest,
offer, warn or threaten.
If you´re going into town, could you post this letter for me?.
If you need more information, you should see your careers teacher.
If you hadn´t forgotten your passport, we wouldn´t be in such a rush.
We can go for a walk if you like.
If I win the prize, I´ll share it with you.
If you´re walking along the cliff top, don´t go too near the edge.
If you don´t leave immediately, I´ll call the police.
2.-VERBS IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
We can use many different verb forms in conditional sentences. Here are real examples:
If you haven´t got television, you can´t watch it.
If you go to one of the agencies, they have a lot of temporary jobs.
If someone else has requested the book, you would have to give it back.
If you lived on the planet Mercury, you would have four birthdays in a single Earth year.
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In general we use verbs forms in conditional sentences in the same way as in the kinds of sentences. In open
conditions we use the present to refer to the future (if you go to one of the agencies). When we talk about
something unreal we often use the past (if you lived) and would (you would have four birthdays).
NOTE: When the condition is true, we use verb forms in the normal way: Well, if your friends left half an hour ago,
they aren´t going to get to Cornwall by tea time
There are some verb forms which often go together. These patterns are usually called Types 1, 2 and 3 or First,
Second or Third Conditional.
Type 1: If the company fails, we will lose our money.
Type 2: If the company failed, we would lose our money.
Type 3: If the company had failed, we would have lost our money..
There is another common pattern which we can call Type 0 or Zero Conditional.
Type 0: If the company fails, we lose our money.
The if-clause usually come before the main clause, but it can come after it.
We lose our money if the company fails.
2a ZERO CONDITIONAL
We use the Zero Conditional to show that one action, result, etc., always follows another. We often use when
(time clauses) for if:
Conditional clause main clause
if + PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE
If/When water freezes, it turns to ice.
When I travel by boat, I´m always sick.
2b FIRST CONDITIONALS
We use First Conditionals to talk about events which are possible. The Conditional Clause can refer to the present
or the future.
If + PRESENT SIMPLE WILL + bare infinitive
If it rains, we will stay at home.
*The Conditional clause can come before or after the main clause. We use a comma at the end of the Conditional
clause when it comes first:
If you don´t try harder, you will fail.
You will fail if you don´t try harder.
*Other structures are possible, depending on what you want to say:

If + PRESENT SIMPLE MODAL VERB
If you behave yourself, you can come.
If + PRESENT SIMPLE BE GOING TO (future)
If you don´t work, You´re going to fail.
If + PRESENT SIMPLE IMPERATIVE
If you need anything, ask.
If + PRESENT CONTINUOUS WILL + bare infinitive
If we´re leaving soon, I´ll get my coat.
If + PRESENT PERFECT WILL + bare infinitive
If I´ve finished, I´ll be able to come
If + PRESENT PERFECT MODAL VERB
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If you´ve finished, you can go out.
2c SECOND CONDITIONAL
We use the Second Conditional for unlikely situations in the present or future:
If + PAST SIMPLE WOULD
If I had enough money, I´d retire.
*Instead of would we can use other modal verbs:

If I lost my job, I might/could go abroad for a while.
*Compare First and Second Conditionals:
If I lose my job, I´ll find life very difficult. (=there is a possibility –First Conditional)
If I lost my job, I´d find life very difficult. (=there is no evidence –Second Conditional)
2d THIRD CONDITIONAL
We use the Third Conditional to talk about an event or situation that did not happen in the past:
If + PAST PERFECT WOULD + have + past participle
If Bruce had asked me, I would have said `yes´.
X If I wouldn´t have become a teacher, I would like to be an actor.

√ If I had not become a teacher, I would have liked to be an actor.
*Notice how we can make either clause negative, with changes in the meaning:
If I had taken an umbrella, I wouldn´t have got wet. (=but I did get wet)
If I hadn´t taken an umbrella, I would have got wet. (=but I didn´t get wet)
*Both clauses can be negative:
They wouldn´t have missed their plane if they hadn´t woken up late. (=but they did wake up late, and they did
miss their plane)
*Instead of would, we can use could or might modal verbs in the main clause:
If you´d asked, I could have told you the answer.
I might have gone to the party if I had known about it.
2e MIXED CONDITIONALS
Sometimes we make sentences which mix Second and Third Conditionals, especially when a past event has an
effect in the present:
If you hadn´t invited me, I wouldn´t have gone to the party. (=I did go to the party –Third Conditional)
If you hadn’t invited me, I wouldn´t be here. (=I´m at the party now –Third + Second Conditionals)
2d TIME AND CONDITION CLAUSES WITH FUTURE REFERENCE
When we talk about something in the future, we can use a conjunction related to time or condition (called a `time
clause´ or `condition clause´).
*To refer to the future after these conjunctions we use the Present Simple (not will).
2d.1 TIME CLAUSES
Here are the conjunctions we use with time clauses:
Form meaning/use example
after + PRESENT SIMPLE when (a future event has I´ll see you after I go back
happened) from my holiday.
as soon as + PRESENT SIMPLE immediately after (sth As soon as he arrives at the
happens) hotel, call a taxi.
before + PRESENT SIMPLE earlier than (a future event) Finish your work before Mum
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comes home.
by the time (that) + PRESENT during the time before (sth He´ll have gone by the time
SIMPLE happens) you get there.
immediately + PRESENT at the same time as Make sure you insure the
SIMPLE house immediately.
once + PRESENT SIMPLE immediately after (sth Once she arrives, we can
happens) start.
suppose/supposing + imagine that Supposing you fall ill, what
PRESENT SIMPLE will you do?.
until + PRESENT SIMPLE up to the time that Keep writing until I tell you to
stop.
when + PRESENT SIMPLE immediately after I´ll call you when I´m free.
whenever + PRESENT SIMPLE at any time that Phone me whenever it´s
convenient.
while + PRESENT SIMPLE during the time that Let´s forget work while we´re
on holiday.
*We can use the Present Perfect in time clauses instead of the Present Simple. Compare these two sentences:
I´ll take up gardening when I retire. (=emphasis on activity)
I´ll take up gardening when I have retired. (=emphasis on when the activity will begin)
*We can use the Past Simple after suppose and supposing when referring to an imaginary event in the future:
Supposing you failed –would you try again?.
2d. 2 CONDITION CLAUSES
Form meaning/use example
as long as + PRESENT SIMPLE but only if I´ll come as long as you pay.
(just) in case + PRESENT because it is possible that Take an umbrella just in case
SIMPLE (sth happens) it rains.
on condition that + PRESENT but only if (sth else happens) I´ll lend you the money on
SIMPLE condition that you give it
back soon.
provided/providing (that) + but only if (sth happens) We´ll get there on time
PRESENT SIMPLE provided we leave now.
unless + PRESENT SIMPLE except if (sth happens as is We won´t go for a walk
true in future) unless it´s sunny.
whether (… or not) + Introducing future Whether we win or not
PRESENT SIMPLE possibilities or alternatives depends on how committed
we are.
short clauses (omission we can use a short clause I´d like a room facing the
present simple) with if but without a verb street if (that is) possible.
If (you are) in difficulty, ring
this number.
then + main clause (1st after an if-clause we can use If the figures don´t add up,
Conditional) then in the main clause (then) we must have make a
mistake.
If no one has requested the
book, (then) you can renew
it.
What if + there is often no what happens if…? What if the tickets don´t get
main clause (=supposing) here in time?.
even if + PRESENT SIMPLE in the unlikely case that I can´t reach the shelf even if
(PAST SIMPLE) I stand on a chair.
I wouldn´t go on a camping
holiday, even if you paid me.
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*When a clause beginning with if, whether, when, etc., is the object of the sentence, we can use will:
OBJECT
I doubt if/whether David will come.
I don´t know when they´ll come back.
2e UNREAL TENSES AND SUBJUNCTIVES
2e.1 WISHES: I WISH, IF ONLY
2e.1.1 WISHES ABOUT THE PRESENT
We use wish with Past Tense forms (Simple and Continuous) to express regret about present situations:
I wish I were taller. (=I´m not very tall)
I wish I was going on holiday with you. (=but I´m not)
I wish you were more polite. (=but you´re not)
*We use wish with could to express a wish for a present situation to be different:
I wish I could use a computer well.
X I wish I would tell her about it.
√ I wish I could tell her about it.
2e.1.2 WISHES ABOUT THE FUTURE
We use wish with would to say how we would like somebody to behave in the future:
√ I wish you would stop talking.
X I wish that they will stop arguing.
√ I wish they would stop arguing.
*We can also use this pattern in situations that do not involve people:
I wish this car would go faster.
*We also use could to refer to the future:
I wish I could come on holiday with you next year.
2e.1.3 WISHES ABOUT THE PAST
We use wish with the Past Perfect when we have regrets about the past:
I wish I hadn´t taken your advice. (=but I did)
I wish she could have come. (=but she didn´t)
Here is a summary of patterns using wish:
verb form after wish time reference Example (+ meaning)
Past Simple present I wish I knew the answer. (=I
don´t know)
Past Simple present I wish I were (was) better at
sports. (=I´m not)
Past Continuous present I wish I were (was) going
with you. (=I´m not)
could present/future I wish I could give you an
answer. (=I can´t) –present
I wish I could go to the party.
-future
would future I wish you would be quiet.
(=your talking irritates me)
Past Perfect past I wish I had known you then.
(=but I didn´t)
Could have past I wish I could have explained.
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(=I wasn´t able to)
2e.2 IF ONLY
If only can be more emphatic than I wish. The verb forms after if only are the same as the patterns with wish:
If only I had more money!. (=but I haven´t)
If only I were (was) going on holiday with you!.
If only you were here. (=but you´re not)
If only the sun would come out!.
If only you could be here!. (=but you´re not)
If only I´d listened to you!. (=but I didn´t)
If only he could have explained!. (=but he wasn´t able to)
2f IT´S TIME and IT´S HIGH TIME
These are followed by past simple or continuous, though the time referred to in unreal.
It´s time we left. It´s high time I were (was) going.
2g HOPE
Wishes about simple future events are expressed with hope.
I hope it doesn´t rain tomorrow!.
I hope he´ll stop talking soon!.
2h I´D RATHER/I´D PREFER (FOLLOWED BY A CLAUSE)
2h.1 I´D RATHER
It is followed by past tenses in the same way as wishes about the present. It expresses a personal preference
about actions.
I´d rather you didn´t smoke in here.
I´d sooner works in the same way.
Both I´d rather and I´d sooner are used with normal tenses when comparing nouns or phrases.
I´d rather be a sailor than a soldier. (present)
I´d rather have lived in Ancient Greece than Ancient Rome. (past)
2h.2 I´D PREFER
It can be used as a part of a conditional 2 sentence. Note that `prefer´ in this type of sentence has an object ìt´.
I´d prefer if you didn´t go.
I´d prefer is not followed by an unreal tense.
I´d prefer tea to coffee.
I´d prefer you not to go. (Infinitive structure)
2f SUPPOSE AND IMAGINE
2f.1 UNDERSTOOD CONDITIONS
The conditional part of these sentences is often understood but not stated.
Imagine we won the pools!. (=Imagine what we would do if…)
Suppose someone told you that I was a spy!. (=What would you say?)
As with conditional sentences, if the event referred to is a real possibility, rather than imaginary, a present tense is
possible (as it was said in time clauses):
Suppose it starts raining, what will you do?
2f.2 PRESENT OR PAST
Present and past reference are both possible.
Imagine we´d never met!.
Suppose we went to Wales for a change.
B)VOCABULARY: EDUCATION AND WORK
1.-EDUCATION
1a STAGES IN A PERSON´S EDUCATION
Here are some names that are used to describe the different types of education in Britain.
play-school pre-school mostly play with
nursery school (2-5 years old)↓ some early learning
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infant school primary basic reading, writing
junior school (5/6-12/13)↓ arithmetic, art, etc.
comprehensive school or secondary wide range of subjects in arts
grammar school (12/13-16/18) ↓ and sciences and technical
areas
college or polytechnic or further/higher Degrees/diplomas in
university (18+) specialized academic areas
Note: Comprehensive schools in the UK are for all abilities, but grammar schools are usually by competitive entry.
Public schools in the UK, are very famous private schools. Polytechnics are similar to universities, but the courses
tend to be more practically-oriented. Colleges include teacher-training colleges, technical colleges and general
colleges of further education.
1b EXAMS AND QUALIFICATIONS
We say: take/do/sit/resit an exam pass/do well in an exam fall/do badly in an exam
Before an exam it´s a good idea to revise for it.
If you skip classes/lectures, you´ll probably do badly in the exam. (informal; miss deliberately)
Some schools give pupils tests every week or month to see if they are making progress. The school-leaving exams
are held in May/June. In some schools, colleges and universities, instead of tests and exams there is continuous
assessment with marks, e.g. 65%, or grades, e.g. Ab B+, for essays and projects during the term. If you pass your
university exams, you graduate (get a degree), then you´re a graduate.
1c TALKING ABOUT EDUCATION
Asking somebody about their country´s education system.
What age do children start school at?.
What´s the school-leaving age?.
Are there evening classes for adults?.
Do you have state and private universities?.
Do students get grants for further education?.
Note: A professor is a senior university academic, not an ordinary teacher. University and college teachers are
usually called lecturers or tutors.
2.-WORK
It is impossible to give the names of every job or professions here, and you probably already know many of them.
However, some job-titles are found in a wide range of different work places. This is an example of some of them:
boss/director/manager/executive/administrator/secretary/clerk/skilled worker/unskilled
worker/labourer/receptionist/public relations officer/safety officer/security officer/union
official/economist/personnel officer/sales assistant/adviser/education officer/research-worker/supervisor
Here are some professions (jobs that require considerable training and/or qualifications) and trades (skilled
manual jobs requiring on-the-job and other training):
lawyer/dentist/hairdresser/mechanic/architect/priest/farmer/vet/librarian/child-
minder/physiotherapist/police officer/accountant/engineer/scientist/chef/firefighter/civil servant/tailor
(dressmaker)/designer/builder/carpenter/plumber
2a COLLOCATIONS OF WORDS CONNECTED WITH WORK
It´s not easy to get/find work round these parts.
I´d love to do that kind of work.
What do you do for a living?.
It´s difficult to make a living as a freelance writer. (=earn enough money to live comfortably)
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I´ve been offered a job in Paris. She´s not prepared to take on that job. (=includes the idea of
`having personal responsibility´)
2b EXPRESSIONS CONNECTED WITH WORK
to work shift-work (nights one week, days
next)
to be on flexi-time (flexible working hours) hours of work
to work nine-to-five (regularly day work)
to go/be on strike (industrial dispute) reasons for not working
to get the sack (thrown out of your job)
to be fired (more formal than `get the sack´;
often used as a direct address: `You´re fired!´.
to be dismissed (more formal than `be fired´)
to be made redundant (thrown out, no longer
needed)
to be laid off (more informal than `made
redundant) reasons for not working
to give up work (e.g. in order to study)
to be on/take maternity leave (expecting a
baby)
to be on/take sick leave (illness)
to take early retirement (retire at 55)
to be a workaholic (love work too much)
to be promoted (get a higher position)
other useful verbs
to apply for a job (fill in forms, etc.)
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Press
Press
Press
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WEBGRAPHY:
www.longman-elt.com
www.onlinecv.es
www.grammarly.com
www.bbc.co.uk
11
UNIT 3: MODAL AUXILIARIES I: GRANTING/SEEKING INFORMATION, EXPRESSING OBLIGATION
AND PROHIBITION.
INDEX
A)GRAMMAR
1.-INTRODUCTION
1a OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY
1b MUST AND HAVE TO
1c NEED AND NEED TO
1d SHOULD
1e HAD BETTER
1f HAD BETTER AND SHOULD
1g ABILITY AND PERMISSION
1h CAN/COULD/WOULD YOU…?: REQUESTS, OFFERS, PERMISSION AND INVITATIONS
B)VOCABULARY
1.-OBLIGATION, NEED, POSSIBILITY AND PROBABILITY
1a OBLIGATION
1b NEED
1c SCALE OG PROBABILITY: `CANNOT HAPPEN´ TO ´HAS TO HAPPEN´
2.-POSSESSION, GIVING AND LENDING
2a POSSESSION
2b WORDS FOR PEOPLE CONNECTED WITH OWNERSHIP
2c GIVING
2d LENDING
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A)GRAMMAR
1.-INTRODUCTION
Most of the meanings of modal verbs can be divided into two groups. One is to do with degrees of certainty:
modal verbs can be used to say for instance that a situation is certain, probable, possible or impossible. The other
is to do with obligation, freedom to act and similar ideas: modal verbs can be used to say that somebody is obliged
to do something, that he/she is able to do something , that there is nothing to stop something happening, that it
would be better if something happened (or did not), or that something is permitted or forbidden.
There are ten modal verbs:
can could shall should
may might will would
must ought to
*The third person singular does not take s.
*We use a bare infinitive (a verb without to) after all modal verbs except ought which we follow with a to-
infinitive:
You should go home early.
You ought to go home early.
*We form questions by inverting the modal verb and subject:
Can you swim?. Must I go to bed now?.
*We form negatives by adding not or n´t. We do not use do:
I cannot swim. You mustn´t tell lies.
*We often use modal verbs in tag questions and short answers:
You can drive, can´t you?. Yes, I can./No, I can´t.
*Modals do not exist in all tenses. There is normally no Past Simple form:
The train might be in the station. (=present)
The train might arrive late. (=future)
*There are Perfect forms of modal verbs:
You could have done better.
*When a tense of a modal verbs does not exist, we use another verb with the same meaning:
X I could buy a ticket with any credit card.
√ I was able to buy a ticket with any credit card.
I had to help my father yesterday.
*We cannot use one modal verb after another:
X She must can do it.
√ She must be able to do it.
X You will can go.
√ You will be able to go.
*Don´t have to is the opposite of must:
You don´t have to be a member.
1a OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY
Here are common uses of modals for obligation and necessity (ordinary verbs are in brackets):
verb meaning/use example (Present) example (Past)
must obligation You must eat less. You should have eaten
(have to) I must do some work. less.
should You mustn´t smoke. I had to do some work.
ought to I have to return the You shouldn´t have
book now. smoked.
You should wear a I had to return the book
seatbelt. immediately.
He ought to apologise. You should have worn
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a seatbelt.
He ought to have
apologised.
do not have to no obligation We don´t have to wear We didn´t have to wear

a tie. a tie.
must necessity They must have clean They had to have clean
(have (got) to) water. water.
(need) We have to get some We had to get some
(need to) sleep. sleep.
I´ve got to find a job. I had to find a job.
I need new glasses. I needed new glasses.
We need to book in We needed to book in
advance. advance.
(don´t have to) no necessity We don´t have to wear We didn´t have to wear
(needn´t) a tie. a tie.
(don´t need to) We needn´t book in We needn´t have
advance. booked in advance.
We don´t need to book We didn´t need to book
in advance. in advance.
1b MUST AND HAVE TO

*You can use must or have to to give your own opinion (for example, to say what you think is necessary, or to
recommend to do something):
I haven´t spoken to Sue for ages. I must phone her./I have to phone her. (=I say this is necessary)
Mark is a really nice person. You must meet him/ You have to meet him. (=I recommend this)
You must get your hair cut. (=I think it´s a good idea)
*We use have to (not usually must) to say what someone is obliged to do. The speaker is not giving his/her own
opinion:
I have to work from 8,30 to 5,30 every day. (a fact, not an opinion)
*Must is used in written rules and instructions:
Applications for the job must be received by 18 May.
*You mustn´t do something: it is necessary that you do not do it (so don´t do it):
You must keep this a secret. You mustn´t tell anyone. (=don´t tell anyone)
You mustn´t tell lies. (=It´s necessary that you DO NOT lie)
*You don´t have to do something: you don´t need to do it (but you can if you want):
You don´t have to tell Tom what happened. I can tell him myself.
You don´t have to lie. (=It´s NOT necessary for you to lie)
*Unlike must, have to exists in all forms so we can use it wherever must is not possible:
She´s having to travel by bus instead.
*You cannot use must to talk about the past:
We didn´t have much time. We had to hurry.
We didn´t have to do something is used when we didn´t have to do it but if I wanted I could do it or not:
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The house was clean enough I didn´t have to tidy it up. (=but If I want I can do it)
*You can use have got to instead of have to. So you can say:
I´ve got to work tomorrow or I have to work tomorrow.
1c NEED AND NEED TO
We can use need as if it is a modal verb:
No one needs feel left out.
*We normally use need with a to-infinitive. It means the same as have to:
We need to get some sleep.
*Need is nearly always negative. Not need to is also possible:
You needn´t go. (=modal pattern)
You don´t need to go. (=normal negative pattern with don´t)
*You needn´t do or don´t need to do something: it´s not necessary to do it (but you can if you like):
We´ve got plenty of time. We needn´t/don´t need to hurry. (=it is not necessary to hurry)
*We use didn´t need to do something when it was not necessary to do it. It doesn´t matter whether we did or
not:
He didn´t need to get up early, so he didn´t.
He didn´t need to get up early, but it was a beautiful morning, so he did.
He didn´t have to…is also possible.
We use needn´t have done something when we did it, but now we know that it was not necessary:
Why did he get up at 5 oćlock?. He needn´t have got up so early. He could have stayed in bed longer.
1d SHOULD
*You should do something: it is a good thing to do or the right thing to do. You can use should to give advice or to
give an opinion:
The government should do more to improve education.
You look tired. You should go to bed.
*You shouldn´t do something= it is a good thing to do.
You shouldn´t believe everything you read in the newspapers.
*You can use should when something is not right or what you expect:
Where´s Tina?. She should be here by now.
*We use should to say that we expect something to happen.
Helen has been studying hard for the exam, so she should pass.
*Ought to can be used instead o should:
Do you think I ought to apply for the job?: (Do you think I should apply for the job?)
*We use should have done something when we didn´t do it, but it would have been the right thing to do:
You missed a great party last night. You should have come. Why didn´t you?. (=you didn´t come, but it would
have been good to come)
We use shouldn´t have done something when we did it, but it was the wrong thing to do:
I´m feeling sick. I shouldn´t have eaten so much. (=I ate too much)
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Compare should do and should have done:
You look tired. You should go to bed now.
You went to bed very late last night. You should have gone to bed earlier.
1e HAD BETTER
I´d better do something= it is advisable to do it. If I don´t do it, there will be a problem or a danger:
We´d better stop for petrol soon. The tank is almost empty.
The negative is I´d better not (=I had better not):
You don´t look very well. You´d better not go out tonight.
Had is normally past, but the meaning of had better is present or future, not past.
I´d better go to the bank now/tomorrow.
1f HAD BETTER AND SHOULD
Had better is similar to should, but not exactly the same. We use had better only for a specific situation, not for
things in general. You can use should in all types of situations to give an opinion or give advice:
It´s late. You´d better go./You should go. (a specific situation)
You´re always at home. You should go out more often. (in general –not `had better´)
Also, with had better, there is always a danger or a problem if you don´t follow the advice. Should means only ìt is
a good thing to do´. Compare:
It´s a great film. You should go and see it. (but no problem if you don´t)
The film starts at 8.30. You´d better go now or you´ll be late.
1g ABILITY AND PERMISSION
Here are common uses of modals for ability and permission. For asking, giving or refusing permission, etc:
verb meaning/use example (Present) example (Past)

Can ability She can play the piano. She could play the
We can buy a new piano from the age of
house now. five.
I can smell something We were able to buy a
burning?. new house.
She´s able to play the I could smell something
(be able to) piano whenever she burning.
wants to. She was able to play
the piano whenever she
wanted to.
cannot/can´t no ability She can´t play the She couldn´t play the
(not be able to) piano today. piano yesterday.
She isn´t able to play She wasn´t able to play
the piano because her the piano because her
hand hurts. hand hurt.
can permission You can park here. We could park there.
may Visitors may use the car Visitors could use the
(be allowed to) park. car park.
Visitors are allowed to Visitors were allowed
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use the car park. to use the car park.
cannot/can´t prohibition You can´t park here. We couldn´t park there.
may not Visitors may not use Visitors could not use
(not be allowed to) the car park. the car park.
Visitors are not Visitors were not
allowed to use the car allowed to use the car
park. park.
*We use can to say that something is possible or allowed, or that somebody has the ability to do something:
We can see the lake from our hotel.
Ì don’t have a pen´. `You can use mine´.
Can you speak any foreign languages?.
I can come and see you tomorrow if you like.
*We can say that somebody is able to do something, but can is more usual:
We are able to see the lake from our hotel.
Can is used for present and could for past, be able to is used to form the rest of tenses and with other modal
verbs:
I haven´t been able to sleep recently.
Tom might be able to come tomorrow.
Applicants for the job must be able to speak two foreign languages.
*Could is sometimes the past of can. We use it especially with: see, hear, smell, taste, feel, remember, understand.
As soon as I walked into the room, I could smell gas.
We also use could to say that somebody had the general ability or permission to do something:
My grandfather could speak five languages.
We were totally free. We could do what we wanted. (=we were allowed to do)
*Could and was/were able to: we use could for general ability. But if you want to say that somebody did
something in a specific situation, we use was/were able to or managed to (not could):
We didn´t know where David was, but we were able to/managed to find him in the end. (not could find him)
Compare:
Jack was an excellent tennis player when he was younger. He could beat anybody. (=he had the general ability to
beat anybody)
but: Jack and Andy played a match yesterday. Andy played well, but Jack was able to/managed to beat him. (=he
managed to beat him this time)
The negative couldn´t (could not) is possible in all situations:
We looked for David everywhere, but we couldn´t/weren´t able to find him.
My grandfather couldn´t swim.
1h CAN/COULD/WOULD YOU…?: REQUESTS, OFFERS, PERMISSION AND INVITATIONS
*We use can or could to ask people to do things (requests):
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Can/Could you wait a moment, please?.
We say Do you think you could…? (not can):
Do you think you could take me to the station?.
We also use will and would to ask people to do things (but can/could are more usual):
Helen will you do me a favour?.
Would you please be quiet?. I´m trying to concentrate.
*To ask for things we use Can I have…?/Could I have…? or Can I get…?.
Can I have/get these postcards, please?. (in a shop)
Could I have the salt, please?. (during a meal)
May I have…? is also possible: May I have these postcards, please? (more formal)
*To ask to do something, we use can, could or may:
Hello, can I speak to Steve, please?. (on the phone)
`Could I use your phone?´. `Sure´.
`May I come in?´. `Yes, please do´.
May is more formal than can or could.
To ask to do something, you can also say Do you mind if I..? or Is it all right/Is it OK if…?:
` Do you mind if I use your phone?´. `Sure. Go ahead´.
` Is it all right if I come in?´. `Yes, of course´.
*To offer to do something, we use Can I…?:
`Can I get you a cup of coffee?´. `That would be nice´.
*To offer or to invite, we use Would you like…? (not Do you like):
`Would you like a cup of coffee?´. `Yes, please´.
I´d like… is a polite way of saying what you want:
I´d like some information about hotels, please. (at a tourist information office)
B)VOCABULARY
1.-OBLIGATION, NEED, POSSIBILITY AND PROBABILITY
1a OBLIGATION
Must is an instruction or command; that is why we see it on notices, e.g. Dogs must be kept on a lead. Cars must
not be parked here.
Have (got) to says that circumstances oblige you to do something. Often, the two meanings overlap and there will
be a choice of how to express the obligation, but not always.
I must get my hair. (command to yourself)
I´ve got to get my hair cut. I´ve got an interview tomorrow. (circumstances)
I really must get a bicycle. (instruction to yourself)
There´s no bus service, so I have to walk to work. (circumstances)
The company is obliged to give a refund if the tour is cancelled.
You will be liable to pay tax if you work. (formal/legalistic)
The bank robbers forced him at gunpoint to open the safe.
We had no choice/alternative but to sell our house; we owed the bank € 100,000.
The death sentence is mandatory for drug-smuggling in some countries. (automatic; there is
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no alternative)
Was sport compulsory/obligatory at your school?. No, it was optional at mine. (optional: you
can choose)
I am exempt from tax as I´m a student. (free from obligatory)
The negative of must and have (got) to are formed with need and have to, when we mean something is not
necessary/not obligatory.
You don´t need to/don´t have to/needn´t wash up; we´ve got a dishwasher.
1b NEED
The grass needs cutting (badly). (or `wants cutting´ -informal)
This plant is in need of water, (more formal than `need/wants´)
The miners died through a lack of oxygen. (there was none)
There is a shortage of doctors. (there are not enough)
There´s a need for more discussion on the matter. (we feel a need)
1c SCALE OG PROBABILITY: `CANNOT HAPPEN´ TO ´HAS TO HAPPEN´
impossible→unlikely→possible→probable→certain→inevitable
Note: I´ve been given an opportunity to go to Bonn. (a real chance) but, Is there any chance/possibility you´ll be
free next week?. (chance is less formal than possibility)
2.-POSSESSION, GIVING AND LENDING
2a POSSESSION
All his possessions were destroyed in the terrible fire. (everything he owned; always plural in this meaning)
Don´t leave any of your belongings here; we´ve had a few thefts recently. (smaller things, e.g. bag, camera, coat;
always plural)
Estate in the singular can mean a big area of private land and the buildings on it, or all of someone´s wealth upon a
death.
She owns a huge estate in Scotland. (land, etc.)
After his death, his estate was calculated at € 3 million. (all his wealth)
Property (uncountable) is used in a general sense for houses, land, etc.
He´s only fourteen; he´s too young to own property.
A property (countable) is a building, e.g. house, office-block
She´s just bought a very nice property near the town-centre.
2b WORDS FOR PEOPLE CONNECTED WITH OWNERSHIP
The proprietor of this restaurant is a friend of mine. (used for shops, businesses etc. The owner would be less
formal)
The landlord/lady´s put the rent up. (owner of rented property)
Do you own this house?. No we´re just tenants. (we rent it)
2c GIVING
The river provides the village with water/provides water for the village. (or supplies)
Would you like to contribute/donate something to the children´s hospital fund?.
Jakes Ltd. supplies our school with paper and other items. (often for `selling´ contexts)
It gives me pleasure to present you with this clock from us all.
The school restaurant caters for 500 people every day.
That uncle of mine that died left €3,000 to a dogs´ home.
When she died she donated all her books to the library. (for large gifts to institutional)
You´ve been allocated room 24. Here´s your key.
2d LENDING
We´ve decided to hire/rent a car. Can you recommend a good car-hire/car-rental firm?. (rent and hire are both
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commonly used)
We´d like to rent a flat in Oxford for six months. (not hire)
We´ve hired the lecture-room for a day. (not rent; short, temporary arrangements)
Remember: when you lend, you give, when you borrow, you receive.
That step-ladder you lent me last week, could I borrow it again?.
I´m trying to get a loan from the bank to buy a boat.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Press
Press
Press
WEBGRAPHY:
www.longman-elt.com
www.onlinecv.es
www.grammarly.com
www.bbc.co.uk
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GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
INDEX
A)GRAMMAR: THE INFINITIVE AND THE GERUND
1.-THE INFINITIVE
1a INFINITIVE FORMS
1b INFINITIVE CLAUSES
1c THE TO-INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT AND COMPLEMENT
1d THE TO-INFINIITIVE EXPRESSING PURPOSE AND RESULT
2.-THE GERUND
2a GERUND FORMS
2b GERUND CLAUSES
2c SOME PATTERNS WITH THE GERUND
2c.1 GERUND CLAUSE AS SUBJECT
2c. 2 PATTERNS WITH IT, THERE AND HAVE
2c. 3 GERUND CLAUSE AS COMPLEMENT AFTER BE
2d DETERMINER + GERUND
2d. 1 THE PATTERN the driving
3 VERBS + -ING/ TO-INFINITIVE/BARE INFINITIVE (PATTERN VERBS)
3a VERBS + -ING
3b VERBS + TO-INFINITIVE
3b.1 VERBS + TO-INFINITIVE
3b. 2 VERB + (OBJECT) + TO-INFINITIVE
3c VERB + TO-INFINITIVE OR –ING?
3c. 1 LIKE/LOVE/HATE
3c. 2 BEGIN/BOTHER/CEASE/CONTINUE/ INTEND AND START
3c. 3 ADVISE AND ENCOURAGE
3c. 4 VERBS FOLLOWED BY –ING OR TO-INFINITIVE WITH A DIFFERENCE IN MEANING
B)VOCABULARY
1.-MOBILE DEVICES
1a SETTING UP YOUR DEVICE
1b USING YOUR DEVICE
1c PROBLEMS
2.-COMPUTERS
2a WORKING WITH SYSTEMS, FILES AND DOCUMENTS
2b USING A NETWORK AND THE INTERNET
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A)GRAMMAR: THE INFINITIVE AND THE GERUND
1.-THE INFINITIVE
1a INFINITIVE FORMS
Bare infinitive To-infinitive
Simple play to play
Perfect have played to have played
Continuous be playing to be playing
Perfect + continuous have been playing to have been playing
*A simple infinitive is the base form of a verb, with or without to.

Bare infinitive: I´d rather sit at the back.
To-infinitive: I´d prefer to sit at the back.
There is no difference in meaning here between sit and to sit. Which we use depends on the grammatical pattern.
*Here are some examples with perfect and continuous forms.
It´s a pity I missed that programme. I´d like to have seen it.
You´d better have finished by tomorrow.
The weather seems to be getting worse.
I´d rather be lying on the beach than stuck in a traffic jam.
The man appeared to have been drinking.
We cannot use a past form: NOT I´d like to saw it.
*A simple infinitive refers to the same time as in the main clause.
I´m pleased to meet you. (The pleasure and the meeting are both in the present.)
You were lucky to win. (The luck and the victory are both in the past.)
We use a perfect infinitive for something before the time in the main clause.
I´d like to have seen the programme yesterday. (The desire is in the present, but the programme is in the past.)
We use a continuous infinitive for something happening over a period.
You´re lucky to be winning. (You´re winning at the moment)
*In the negative, not comes before the infinitive.
I´d rather not sit at the front.
I´d prefer not to sit at the front.
NOTE: It can make a difference whether the main verb or the infinitive is negative:
I told you not to go. (=I told you to stay)
I didn´t tell you to go. (=I didn´t say `Go´)
*To can stand for an infinitive clause
I have to go out, but I don´t want to.
1b INFINITIVE CLAUSES
*An infinitive clause can be just an infinitive on its own, or there can be an object or adverbial.
A ride on a London but is the best way to see the city.
We need to act quickly.
An adverbial usually comes after the infinitive, and an object always comes after it.
NOT the best way the city to see.
*A preposition comes in its normal place, usually after a verb or adjective.
Your meals are all you have to pay for.
There´s nothing to get excited about.
I need a vase to put these flowers in.
NOTE: In more formal English we can begin the clause with a preposition and relative pronoun.
Less formal: I need some information to base the article on.
More formal: I need some information on which to base the article.
1c THE TO-INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT AND COMPLEMENT
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*We can sometimes use a to-infinitive clause as subject.
To defrost this fridge takes ages.
To turn down the invitation seems rude.
Not to take a holiday now and then is a great mistake.
But this pattern is not very usual. More often we use it as an èmpty subject´ referring forward to the infinitive
clause.
It takes ages to defrost this fridge.
Would it seem rude to turn down the invitation?.
It´s a great mistake not to take a holiday now and then.
But we often use a gerund clause as subject.
Defrosting this fridge takes ages.
*A to-infinitive clause can be a complement after be.
Melanie´ s ambition is to go to Australia.
The important thing is not to panic.
1d THE TO-INFINIITIVE EXPRESSING PURPOSE AND RESULT
*A to-infinitive clause can express purpose.
Laura has gone to town to do some shopping.
I´m writing to enquire about activity holidays.
To get a good seat, you need to arrive early.
*We can sometimes use a to-infinitive clause to express result, although this use is rather literary.
Laura came home to find her house on fire.
He grew up to be a handsome young man.
The to-infinitive can express the idea of `bad news´ following `good news´. We often use only before the infinitive.
I found my keys only to lose them again.
Charles arrived for the concert (only) to find it had been cancelled.
*An infinitive clause can also express a comment on the sentence.
To be frank, you didn´t make a very good impression.
I´m a bit tired of sightseeing, to tell you the truth.
2.-THE GERUND
2a GERUND FORMS
Active Passive
Simple playing being played
Perfect having played having been played
*A simple gerund is the –ing form of a verb, e.g. meeting, dancing, jogging.
It was nice meeting you.
Dancing is not allowed.
NOTE: An –ing form can be a gerund or an active participle, depending on how we use it in a sentence.
Gerund: Jogging is good for you.
Participle: We watched the students jogging round the campus.
But in some contexts it may be difficult to say whether an –ing form is a gerund or participle, and it is not always
important to know the difference. Remember that using the form correctly is more important than naming is.
*We use a perfect gerund for something before the time of the main clause.
Sarah remembered having visited the place before.
(The visit was before the memory.)
But we do not need to use the perfect if it is clear from the context that the time was earlier.
Sarah remembered visiting the place before.
*In the negative, not comes before the gerund.
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It´s difficult not smoking for a whole day.
I can´t help not being amused by these silly jokes.
2b GERUND CLAUSES
*A gerund clause can be just a gerund on its own, or there can be an object or adverbial after it.
No one likes washing the car.
Going on holiday always makes me feel uneasy.
*A subject can come before the gerund.
We rely on our neighbours watering the plants while we´re away.
I dislike people asking me personal questions.
The subject can be possessive, especially when it is a personal pronoun or a name.
It´s a bit inconvenient you/your coming in late.
Do you mind me/my sitting here?.
I´m fed up with Sarah/Sarah´s daughter at my accent.
The possessive is more formal, and it is less usual in everyday speech.
But we are more likely to use a possessive at the beginning of a sentence.
Your coming in late is a bit inconvenient.
Sarah´s laughing at my accent is getting on my nerves.
2c SOME PATTERNS WITH THE GERUND
2c.1 GERUND CLAUSE AS SUBJECT
Digging is hard work. But choosing the colour won´t be easy.
Keeping a copy of your letters is a good idea.
I think walking is the country is a lovely way to spend a day.
In subject position, the gerund is much more usual than the to-infinitive. To choose the colour…is possible but
rather formal.
We can also use the empty subject it referring forward to the gerund clause.
It won´t be easy choosing the right colour.
But the to-infinitive is more usual after it.
It won´t be easy to choose the right colour.
It´s a good idea to keep a copy of your letters.
The gerund is more usual as subject, but the to-infinitive is more usual after it.
Heating a big house is expensive. It´s expensive to heat a big house.
2c. 2 PATTERNS WITH IT, THERE AND HAVE
*Here are some patterns with it and a gerund.
It´s no good arguing. I´ve made up my mind.
It might be worth taking the guided tour.
It wouldn´t be much use trying to stick the pieces together again.
It was quite an experience going camping.
It´s a nuisance being without electricity.
It´s great fun skiing down a mountain.
*We can use there with problem/difficulty and a gerund.
There won´t be any problem parking.
*There is also a pattern with have (=experience) and a gerund.
You won´t have any problems parking.
We had great fun skiing down the mountain.
2c. 3 GERUND CLAUSE AS COMPLEMENT AFTER BE
Jeremy´s hobby is inventing computer games.
What I suffer from is not being able to sleep.
2d DETERMINER + GERUND
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2d. 1 THE PATTERN the driving
We can use a gerund after the, this, that, some, no, a lot of, a little, a bit of and much.
Nancy likes her new job, but the driving makes her tired.
This constant arguing gets on my nerves.
I´d like to find time for some fishing at the weekend.
No parking. (=Parking is not allowed)
I´ve got a bit of shopping to do.
The + gerund is specific rather than general.
The driving makes her tired. (=the driving she does in her job)
Driving makes her tired. (=all driving, driving in general)
NOTE:
a We can use an adjective before a gerund.
b A gerund is usually an uncountable noun, but we can sometimes use a/an or add a plural s.
I could hear a scratching under the floorboards.
c A gerund means an action.
Crossing the road here is dangerous. Building is a skilled job.
But there are also some nouns ending in ing which mean physical objects. These nouns can be plural.
We had to wait at the crossing. The square is surrounded by tall buildings.
3 VERBS + -ING/ TO-INFINITIVE/BARE INFINITIVE (PATTERN VERBS)
3a VERBS + -ING
3a. 1 Some verbs are followed by –ing:
*admit *appreciate avoid carry on consider contemplate delay
*deny deserve detest dislike endure enjoy escape
excuse face *fancy finish give up go on imagine
involve keep keep on *mention mind miss postpone
practice put off *resent risk *suggest it´s no good/use
burst out feel like leave off can´t stand spend/waste time continue stop
Despite his injury he continued playing.

I actually enjoy cleaning shoes. It´s relaxing!.
I don´t fancy going out this evening.
Suddenly everybody stopped talking. There was silence.
Would you mind closing the door?.
Verbs marked * can also be followed by that + clause:
They denied that they had stolen the money. (or They denied stealing….)
Chris suggested that we went to the cinema. (or Chris suggested going …)
3a. 2 Some verbs must have an object before an –ing form:
The police found the man climbing the wall. Other verbs like this include catch, discover, feel,
She overhead them talking about the closure of hear, leave, notice, observe, see, spot, watch
the factory.
Notice, however, that this is not the case when these verbs are in the passive:
The man was found climbing the wall.
3a. 3 Some verbs can have an object or no object before an –ing form:
Then can´t stand (him) driving his old car. Other verbs like this include detest, dislike, dread,
I remember (you) buying that jumper. envisage, hate, imagine, like, love, mind (in
questions and negatives), miss, recall, regret,
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resent, risk, start, stop
3a. 4 Some verbs (admit, deny, forget, recall, regret, remember) from 3a. 2 and 3a. 3, can be followed by having +
past participle instead of the –ing form, with little difference in meaning:
He remembered having arrived at the party, but not leaving. (or He remembered arriving…)
I now regret having bought the car. (or I now regret buying…)
3a. 5 A few verbs (feel, hear, notice, observe, overhear, see, watch) can be followed either an
-ing form or bare infinitive, but the meaning may be slightly different:
an –ing form a bare infinitive
Suggests that an action is repeated or happens Suggests that the action happens only once.
over a period of time. I noticed him throw a sweet wrapper on the floor,
Did you hear those dogs barking most of the so I asked him to pick it up.
night?.
Suggests that we watch, etc., some of the action, Suggests that we watch, hear, etc., the whole
but not from start to finish. action from is start to its finish.
I was able to watch them building the new car I watched him climb through the window, and
park from my office window. then I called the police.
3b VERBS + TO-INFINITIVE
3b.1 VERBS + TO-INFINITIVE
afford *agree *appear *arrange attempt ask dare *decide

*demand deserve *expect fail forget grow hasten *happen
*hope hurry *learn long manage neglect offer pay
*plan *pledge *pretend *promise refuse *resolve seek *seem
struggle *swear *threaten *vow *want *wish tend claim
The shop refused to accept a cheque.

He threatened to report their their behaviour to the principal.
It was late, so we decided to take a taxi home.
I waved Karen, but failed to attract her attention.
*Verbs marked * can also be followed by that clause.
It seems that Mary is going to win.
It appears that I´ve made a mistake.
*After dare you can use the infinitive with or without to:
I wouldn´t dare to tell him. or I wouldn´t dare tell him.
But after dare not (or daren´t), you must use the infinitive without to:
I daren´t tell him what happened. (NOT I daren´t to tell him.)
*After some verbs you can use a question word (what/whether/how…etc.) + to…. . We use this structure
especially after: ask decide know remember forget explain learn understand
wonder
We asked how to get to the station.
Have you decided where to go for your holidays?.
I don´t know whether to apply for the job or not.
Do you understand what to do?.
Also with: show tell ask advise teach somebody what/how/where to do sth.:
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Can somebody show me how to use this camera?.
Ask Jack. He´ll tell you what to do.
3b. 2 VERB + (OBJECT) + TO-INFINITIVE
*These verbs are followed by to….(infinitive): want/ask/help/expect/beg/mean (=intend)/would like/would
prefer. The structure can be:
Verb + to or verb + object + to…
We expected to be late. We expected Dan to be late.
He doesn´t want to know. He doesn´t want anybody to know.
*After some verbs, we need to include an object before a to-infinitive:
allow/agree/believe/cause/command/consent/decide/enable/encourage/entitle/fail/force/
get(=persuade)/help/hope/invite/persuade/pretend/remind/show/start/teach/tell/want/ volunteer.
Can you remind me to call Sam tomorrow?.
Joe said the switch was dangerous and warned me not to touch it.
I considered her to be the best person for the job.
After help you can use the infinitive with or without to. So you can say:
Can you help me to move this table?. or Can you help me move this table?.
*After advice and allow, two structures are possible. Compare:
verb + -ing (without an object) verb + object + to…
I wouldn´t advise staying in that hotel. I wouldn´t advise anybody to stay in that hotel.
They don´t allow people to park in front of the
They don´t allow parking in front of the building. building.
*After some verbs, an object might or might not be included before a to-infinitive. Compare:
I prefer to drive. (=I do the driving) and I prefer you to drive. (=you do the driving)
Other verbs like this include can bear (in negative sentences and in questions), hate, help, like, love, want, wish.
*With some verbs in the pattern verb + object + to-infinitive we have to put the word for immediately after the
verb:
We waited for the taxi to come before saying goodbye. (NOT…waited the taxi to come..)
They arranged for Jane to stay in London. (NOT….arranged Jane to stay...)
Other verbs like this include appeal, apply, campaign, long (=want), plan. After apply and campaign , the to-
infinitive is usually passive.
They applied for the hearing to be proposed.
*Make and let have the structure: verb + object + bare infinitive (infinitive without to).
Hot weather makes me feel tired.
Let me carry your bag for you.
In the passive voice we say made to do.
We were made to wait for two hours.
The verbs notice, feel, hear, observe, overhear, see and watch use the same structures in active and passive
forms.
She noticed him run away from the house. (NOT ….noticed him to run away…)
He was overheard to say that he hoped John would resign.
3c VERB + TO-INFINITIVE OR –ING?
3c. 1 LIKE/LOVE/HATE
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When you talk about repeated actions, you can use –ing or to…after these verbs. So you can say:
Do you like getting up/to get up early?.
Stephanie hates flying/to fly.
I love meeting/to meet people.
BUT (1)We use –ing when we talk about a situation that already exists (or existed).
Paul lives in Berlin now. He likes living there. (=He lives there and he likes it)
The office I worked in was horrible. I hated working there. (=I worked there and
I hated it)
(2)There is sometimes a difference between I like to do and I like doing:
I like doing something = I do it and I enjoy it:
I like cleaning the kitchen. (=I enjoy it)
I like to do something = I think it is a good thing to do, but I don´t necessarily enjoy it:
It´s not my favourite job, but I like to clean the kitchen as often as possible.
3c. 2 BEGIN/BOTHER/CEASE/CONTINUE/ INTEND AND START
These verbs can be followed by –ing or to-infinitive with no or little difference in meaning:
Don´t bother locking/to lock the door.
Even though it was raining, they continued to play/playing.
But normally we do not use –ing after –ing:
It´s starting to rain (NOT it´s starting raining)
3c. 3 ADVISE AND ENCOURAGE
These verbs are followed by –ing when there is no object and to-infinitive when there is one. Compare:
I advise taking more exercise. or I advise you to take more exercise.
3c. 4 VERBS FOLLOWED BY –ING OR TO-INFINITIVE WITH A DIFFERENCE IN MEANING
These verbs can have a different meaning if they are followed by –ing or to-infinitive.
+ to-infinitive +.ing
come to talk about a gradual change to say that someone moves in
After some years, they came to the way that is described
accept her as an equal. He came hurrying up the path.
go on To mean that something is done to say that someone moves in
after something else is finished the way that is described
After the interval, Pavarotti Although she asked him to stop,
went on to sing an aria from he went on tapping his pen on
Tosca. the table.
mean to say that we intend(ed) to do to say that something has
something something else as a result
I meant to phone you last week. If we want to get there by 7.00,
that means getting up before
5.00.
regret to say that we are about to do to say we have already done
something we are not happy something that we are not
about (regret to say/tell you/to happy about
inform you) It´s too late now, but I´ll always
I regret to inform you that your regret asking John to do the
application has been work.
28
unsuccessful.
remember to mean that remembering to mean the action comes
comes before the action before remembering
described I remember going to the bank,
Remember to take your hat but nothing after that. (I
when you go out. (first remember that I went there)
remember, and then take it)
stop to say what we stop doing to say what it is that we stop

something doing
She stopped to make a cup of They stopped laughing when
tea. Malcolm walked into the room.
try to say that we attempt to do to say we test something to see
something if it improves a situation
I tried to get the table though I tried taking some aspirin, but
the door, but it was too big. the pain didn´t go away.
need to say that it is necessary to do to say that something needs to
it be done
He needs to work harder if he It´s a difficult problem. It needs
wants to make progress. thinking about very carefully.
(=it needs to be thought about)
help you can say help to do or help Can´t/couldn´t help doing
do (with or without to) something (=I can´t stop myself
Everybody helped to doing it)
clean/clean up after the party. I don´t like him, but he has a lot
of problems. I can´t help feeling
sorry for him.
She tried to be serious, but she
couldn´t help laughing. (=she
couldn´t stop herself laughing)
B)VOCABULARY
1.-MOBILE DEVICES
1a SETTING UP YOUR DEVICE
Setting up1 your new tablet couldn´t be easier!
1 Plug it in2 and charge the battery to 100%.
2 When the tablet is fully charged, switch it on3 and follow the instructions to set up
your account.
3 To receive email on your new tablet, open the email app and sign in4 to your
accountant.
29
4 If you get locked out5 of your account, you can request an email to reset your
password. After you have put in6 a new password, you´ll be able to log in again.
5 And finally, if you want to get more news and great offers from us, don´t forget to
sign up7 for our newsletter!.
1 get something ready to use
2 connect to an electrical supply

3 make it start by pressing a switch or button (opposite switch off)
4 write your username and password to enter a page or system (opposite sign out)
5 unable to enter (for example if you enter the wrong password)
6 typed in
7 agree to receive something
1b USING YOUR DEVICE

Move your fingers together on the screen to zoom in1. Move them apart to zoom out2.
To bring up3 the photo that you´ve just taken, tap on the picture icon at the bottom of the screen.
Move your finger up or down on the screen to scroll down4 or scroll up5.
To turn up6 the volume, use the button on the side of the phone .
1 make something look bigger and closer
2 make something look smaller and further away
3 open onto the screen
4 move text and images up on a screen
5 move text and images down on a screen
6 increase (opposite turn down)
1c PROBLEMS
If the phone signal is bad, the call might break up. (you cannot hear the other person´s voice clearly)
If your phone goes off in the cinema, that can be really embarrassing. (makes a noise)
If you are talking and you get cut off, the connection is lost and the call ends.
If the battery runs out, then you need to charge it. (has no more power)
If you download a lot of videos, you might use up all your data for the month. (finish the amount you have)
2.-COMPUTERS
2a WORKING WITH SYSTEMS, FILES AND DOCUMENTS
Harry: I´ve put a back-up (noun: extra copy for safety) of my essay on a memory stick, but it
would be a disaster if I lost it after all the work I´ve done.
Laura: Well, back your work up (make a copy of computer information so that you do not
lose it) on my hard drive as well.
Sienna: You´ve done an excellent job keying in (put information into a computer using a
keyboard) all the figures. It´s good to have the budget on the server.
Dan: It did take me a long time to type the figures in (put information into a computer using
30
a keyboard.
Sienna: I am sorry about that. I´m afraid I´ve got one more request. Everyone at the meeting
will need a printout (noun: printed copy of an electronic document) on the budget.
Please could you print out (produce a printed copy of a document that has been
written on a computer) six copies?.
Holly: I´ve set up (prepare or arrange something for use) a new system for accessing the
photo selections that people upload to the website. That will free up (make something
available to be used) space and filter out (pass information through a device to remove
unwanted information) any spam. Do you want to try it out?.
Rory: Ok. So I click on (carry out a computer operation by pressing a button on the mouse or
keyboard) this icon to zoom in on the picture, and then on this one to zoom out.
Note that with the verbs back up, type in, key in, print out, set up, free up and filter out, the object can go either
before or after the participle, e.g. back a file up or back up a file.
2b USING A NETWORK AND THE INTERNET
phrasal verb meaning example
log in/on put your name into a You can log on/in using my
computer or website so that password if you want to use
you can start using it my computer.
log off/out finish using a computer Don´t forget to log off/out
system or website when you´ve finished.
pick up sth. or pick sth. up connect to the internet and I´ll be able to pick up my
access emails emails on my phone while I´m
away.
Tip
Many websites are in English. Next time you visit a website, note down any phrasal verbs that
are used on the web pages, e.g. check out our new products.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
Press
Press
31
Press
WEBGRAPHY:
www.longman-elt.com
www.onlinecv.es
www.grammarly.com
www.bbc.co.uk
UNIT 5: PHRASAL VERBS I

INDEX
A)GRAMMAR
1.-VERBS WITH ADVERBS AND PREPOSITIONS
1a VERB + ADVERB
1b VERB + PREPOSITION
1c WORD ORDER WITH PHRASAL VERBS
1d PHRASAL VERB or PREPOSITIONAL VERB?
1e THE PASSIVE
1f ADVERB IN FRONT POSITION
1g OTHER WORDS FORMED FROM PHRASAL VERBS
2.-PHRASAL VERB MEANINGS
2a INTRODUCTION
2b SOME COMMON ADVBERS
3.-PHRASAL VERBS IN/OUT
4.-PHRASAL VERBS OUT
B)VOCABULARY
1.-SEEING AND HEARING
1a SEEING
1b HEARING
32
A)GRAMMAR
1.-VERBS WITH ADVERBS AND PREPOSITIONS
1a VERB + ADVERB
A verb + adverb is called a phrasal verb.
Come in and sit down.
I threw away my old briefcase.
These adverbs are sometimes called `particles´. They combine with verbs to form phrasal verbs, e.g. call in, walk
on, fall over, go under, climb up, fall down, watch out, set off, hurry back, run away, squeeze through, fly past, pass
by, turn round, get about.
1b VERB + PREPOSITION
A verb + preposition is called a `prepositional verb´.
I was looking at the photo.
We didn´t go into all the details.
Prepositions combine with verbs to form prepositional verbs, e.g. believe in, look into, insist on, hint at, see to,
come from, look after, cope with, consist of, hope for, feel like.
The preposition always has an object: believe in God, look into the matter, insist on absolute silence.
NOTE: Sometimes an adverbial can come between the verb and preposition.
I was looking carefully at the photo./I was looking at the photo carefully.
1c WORD ORDER WITH PHRASAL VERBS
(a)Some phrasal verbs are intransitive, but others have an object.
Intransitive: Suddenly all the lights went out.
Transitive: Someone turned out the lights.
(b)When a phrasal verb has an object, the adverb can usually go either before or after the object.
I threw away my old briefcase. ≈ I threw my old briefcase away.
We woke up the neighbours ≈ We woke the neighbours up.
NOTE: The word order depends on what is the point of interest. Is it the object (the neighbours) or is it the action
of the phrasal verb (woke up)?.
We must have disturbed everyone in the street. We certainly woke up the neighbours.
There were lights coming on everywhere. We woke people up.
But in many contexts either order is possible.
(c)But when the object is a pronoun, the adverb goes after it.
My old briefcase was falling to pieces. I threw it away.
The neighbours weren´t very pleased. We woke them up.
Neil borrowed some money from Maureen and never paid her back.
(d)When the object is a long phrase, the adverb goes before it.
I threw away that rather battered old briefcase.
We woke up just about everyone in the street.
33
Neil never paid back all that money he borrowed.
1d PHRASAL VERB or PREPOSITIONAL VERB?
(a)The adverb can go before or after the object, but the preposition goes before its object. Compare the adverb
away and the preposition for.
Phrasal verb: Lisa gave away her computer.
Lisa gave her computer away.
Prepositional verb: Lisa paid for the meal.
NOT Lisa paid the meal for.
A pronoun goes before the adverb but after the preposition.
Lisa gave it away.
Lisa paid for it.
NOTE: a The preposition comes at the end in some patterns.
What did Lisa pay for?.
b Some phrasal verbs can have as their object a gerund clause, a wh-clause or a that-
clause.
I´ve given up drinking alcohol.
I read through what I had written.
Tom found out (that) the story was untrue.
c Some prepositional verbs can have as their object a gerund clause or a wh-clause.
Don´t you believe in paying your taxes?.
The answer you get depends on who you ask?.
(b)Some words are always adverbs, e.g. away, back, out.
Some words are always prepositions, e.g. at, for, from, into, of, with.
Some words can be either an adverb or a preposition, e.g. about, along, down, in, off, on,
over, round, through, up.
(c)With phrasal verbs, the stress usually falls on the adverb, especially when it comes at the end of a clause.
Lisa gave her computer away. What time did you get up?.
With prepositional verbs, the stress usually falls on the verb.
Lisa paid for the meal. It depends on the weather.
1e THE PASSIVE
Many phrasal verbs and prepositional verbs can be passive:
Phrasal: The rest of the food was thrown away.
The alarm has been switched off.
Prepositional: The children are being looked after by a neighbour.
The matter has been dealt with.
We usually stress the adverb (thrown away) but not the preposition (looked after).
1f ADVERB IN FRONT POSITION
34
We can sometimes put an adverb in front position, especially one that expresses movement. This gives the adverb
extra emphasis.
The bell rang, and out ran the children.
Five minutes later along came another bus.
There is usually inversion of subject and verb (ran the children). But when the subject is a pronoun, there is no
inversion.
The belt rang and out they ran.
NOTE: We cannot normally use the pattern with a preposition.
NOT Into the details we went.
1g OTHER WORDS FORMED FROM PHRASAL VERBS
We can use a verb + adverb as a noun.
Sue was at the airport an hour before take-off.
We offer a complete breakdown service.
We usually stress the verb: `take-off´.
We can also use a passive participle + adverb before a noun.
Sam attacked the wasp with a rolled-up newspaper.
NOTE: Some nouns have the adverb before the verb.
an outbreak of rioting the amused onlookers
We stress the adverb òutbreak´.
2.-PHRASAL VERB MEANINGS
2a INTRODUCTION
(a)Some phrasal verbs are easy to understand if you know the meaning of each word.
You´ll have to turn round here and go back.
Jeremy stopped and put down both the suitcases.
These verbs express movement.
But often the phrasal verb has an idiomatic meaning.
I´ve given up smoking. (=stopped)
The idea has caught on in a big way. (=become popular)
NOTE: Sometimes the adverb adds very little to the meaning.
David rang me (up) yesterday.
(b)Sometimes there is a one-word verb with the same meaning as the phrasal verb. The phrasal verb is usually
more informal.
Scientists are trying to find out/discover the reason why.
We must fix up/arrange a meeting.
The problem won´t just go away/disappear.
The accident held up/delayed traffic for an hour.
You have failed to keep up/maintain your monthly payment.
35
You´ve left out/omitted two names from the guest list.
They´ve put off/postponed the match until next week.
A new company has been set up/established.
(c)Some verbs can take a number of different adverbs.
The child took two steps and fell down.
Enthusiasm for the project has fallen off. (=become less)
Kevin and Diana have fallen out. (=quarrelled)
I´m afraid the deal fell through. (=didn´t happen)
And the most common adverbs go with many different verbs.
The cat got up a tree and couldn´t climb down.
I can´t bend down in these trousers.
A pedestrian was knocked down by a car.
Interest rates may come down soon.
(d)A phrasal verb can have more than one meaning , often a concrete and an adverbial meaning.
We´ve been to the supermarket. Gavin is bringing in the groceries.
The government are bringing in a new law. (=introducing)
2b SOME COMMON ADVBERS
Here are some adverbs used in phrasal verbs.
back=in return
ring/phone you back later, invite someone back, get your money back
down=to the ground
knocked down/pulled down the old hospital, burn down, cut down a tree, break down a
door
down=on paper
write down the number, copy down, note down, take down
down=becoming less
turn down the volume, slow down, a fire dying down, let down the tyres
down=stopping completely
a car that broke down, a factory closing down.
off=away, departing/removing
start off/set off on a journey, clear off, a plane taking off, see someone off, sell goods off
cheaply, strip off wallpaper.
off=away from work
knocking off at five (informal), take a day off
off=disconnected
put off/turn off/switch off the heating, cut off our water, ring off
off=succeeding
36
the plan didn´t come off, managed to pull it off
on=wearing
trying a coat on, had a sweater on, put my shoes on
on=connected
put/turned/switched the cooker on
on=continuing
go on/carry on a bit longer, work on late, hang on/hold on (=wait), keep on doing sth.
out=away, disappearing
rub out these pencil marks, cross out, wipe out, put out a fire, turn out the light, blow
out a candle, iron out the creases.
out=completely, to an end
my pen has run out, it turned out all right in the end, clean out a cupboard, fill out a form
work out/think out/find out the answer, write out in full, wear out the motor, sort out
the confusion
out=unconscious
the boxer was knocked out, I passed out/blacked out.
out=to different people
gave out/handed out copies of the worksheet, shared out the food between them
out=aloud
read out the rules for everyone to hear, shout out, cry out, speak out (=express an
opinion publicly)
out=clearly seen
can´t make out the words, stand out in a crowd, pick out the best, point out a mistake
over=from start to finish
read over/check over what I´ve written, think over/talk over a problem, go over the
details, get over an illness
up=growing, increasing
blowing up balloons, pump up a tyre, turn up the volume, step up production, bring up
children
up=completely
lock up before leaving, eat/drink it up, clear up/tidy up the mess, use up all the sugar,
pack up my things, sum up (=summarize), cut up into little pieces.
3.-PHRASAL VERBS IN/OUT
(A)Compare in and out:
In=into a room, building, a car, etc out=out of a room, building, a car, etc.
□How did the thieves get in?. □He just stood up and walked out.
□Here´s a key, so you can let yourself in . □I had no key, so I was locked out.
37
□Lisa walked up to the edge of the pool and dived □She swam up and down the pool, and then
in. (=into the water) climbed out.
□I´ve got a new apartment. I´m moving in on □Andy opened the window and looked out.
Friday. □(at a hotel) What time do we have to check out?
□As soon as I got to the airport, I checked in. In the same way you can say go out, get out,
In the same way you can say go in, come in, walk move out, let sb. out, etc.
in, break in, etc Compare out and out of:
Compare in and into: □He walked out.
□I´m moving in next week. □He walked out of the room.
□I´m moving into my new flat on Friday.
(B)Other verbs + in
*drop in=visit somebody for a short time without arranging to do this
□I dropped in to see Chris on my way home.
*join in=take part in an activity that is already going on
□They were playing cards, so I joined in.
*plug in an electrical machine=connect it to the electricity supply
□The fridge isn´t working because you haven´t plugged it in.
*fill in a form, a questionnaire etc=write the necessary information on a form
□Please fill in the application form and send it to us by 28 February.
You can also say fill out a form.
*take sb. in=deceive sb.
□The man said he was a policeman and I believed him. I was completely taken in.
(C)Other verbs + out
*eat out=eat a restaurant, not at home
□There wasn´t anything to eat at home, so we decided to eat out.
*drop out of college university, a course, a race=stop before you have completely finished a course/race etc.
□Gary went to university but dropped out after a year.
*get out of sth. that you arranged to do=avoid doing it
□I promised I´d go to the wedding. I don´t want to go, but I can´t get out of it now.
*cut sth. out (of a newspaper etc.)
□There was a beautiful picture in the magazine, so I cut it out and kept it.
*leave sth. out=omit it, not include it
□In the sentence `She said that she was ill´, you can leave out the word `that´.
*cross sth. out/rub sth. out
□Some of the names on the list had been crossed out.
4.-PHRASAL VERBS OUT
(A)out=not burning, not shining
38
*go out □Suddenly all the lights in the building went out.
*put out a fire/a cigarette/a light □We managed to put the fire out.
*turn out a light □I turned the lights out before leaving.
*blow out a candle □We don´t need the candle. You can blow it out.
(B)work out
Work out=do physical exercises
□Rachel works out at the gym three times a week.
Work out=develop, progress
□Good luck for the future. I hope everything works out well for you.
□A: Why did James leave the company?.
B: Things didn´t work out. (=things didn´t work out well)
Work out (for mathematical calculations)
□The total bill for three people is €84.60. That works out at €28.20 each.
Work sth. out=calculate, think about a problem and find the answer
□345 x 76?. I need to do this on paper. I can´t work it out in my head.
(C)Other verbs + out
*carry out an order, an experiment, a survey, an investigation, a plan, etc.
□Soldiers are expected to carry out orders.
□An investigation into the accident will be carried out as soon as possible.
*fall out (with sb.)=stop being friends
□They used to be very good friends. I´m surprised to hear that they have fallen out.
*find out that/what/when…etc., find out about sth.=get information
□The police never found out who committed the murder.
□I checked a few websites to find out about hotels in the town.
*give/hand things out=give to each person
□At the end of the lecture, the speaker gave out information sheets to the audience.
*point sth. out (to sb.)=draw attention to sth.
□As we drove through the city, our guide pointed out all the sights.
*run out (of sth.)
□We ran out of petrol on the motorway. (=we used all our petrol)
*sort sth. out=find a solution, put in order
□There are a few problems we need to sort out.
□All these papers are mixed up. I´ll have to sort them out.
*turn out to be…, turn out good/nice etc., turn out that…
□Nobody believed Paul at first, but he turned out to be right. (=it became clear in the end
that he was right)
□The weather wasn´t so good in the morning, but it turned out nice later.
39
□I thought they knew each other, but it turned out that they´d never met.
*try out a machine, a system, a new idea, etc.=test it to see if it is OK
□The company is trying out a new computer system at the moment.
B)VOCABULARY
1.-SEEING AND HEARING
1a SEEING
verb meaning/use example
see; see sth (a)understand sth. (a)I see what you mean.
(b)realise sth. (b)I can see you´re not very
happy with the situation.
(c)use your eyes to look at (c)I can´t see a thing without my
things glasses.
(d)find out (d)See if there´s any cheese in
the fridge.
look use your eyes in order to see If you look carefully, you will
sth. find your keys.
look at sb./sth. paying attention to sb./sth. Look at me when I´m talking to
you.
look after sb./sth. take care of sb./sth. Don´t worry; I´ll look after the
kids tomorrow.
X Will you look for the baby
while I´m out?.
√ Will you look after the baby
while I´m out?.
look for sb./sth. try to find sb./sth. I´m looking for Steve –have you
seen him?.
X I am looking my keys.
√ I am looking for my keys.
look forward to +sth./-ing be excited and pleased about I´m really looking forward to
sth. which is going to happen our vacation.
We´re looking forward to seeing
you again.
look into sth. try and find out the truth about Police are looking into the
sth. disappearance of the two
children.
look through sth. look for sth./check sth. I´ve looked through my pockets
but I can´t find my keys
anywhere.
look sth. up; look up sth. check a word in a dictionary or He looked up the word in his
40
other reference book dictionary.
have a look look quickly to check sth. Can you just have a quick look
at the engine for me?.
gaze into sth. look into space, etc. Patrick was gazing into the fire.
gaze (at sb./sth.) look at sth. for a long time She gazed at the beautiful
landscape.
glance (at sth.) quickly look at sth. once He glanced nervously at his
watch.
She glanced round the room to
see if there was anyone she
knew.
glance through sth. read sth. very quickly Can you glance through my
essay and tell me what you think
of it?.
glimpse sth./sb. see sth./sb. by chance for a very I glimpsed her face in the crowd
short time and then she was gone.
catch a glimpse of sb./sth. see sb./sth. very briefly I only caught a glimpse of him
as he drove off.
catch sight of sb./sth. see sb./sth. briefly I caught sight of Mary as she
walked into the supermarket.
notice sb./sth. see, hear or feel sb./sth. Cathy noticed that Isabella was
restless.
I was too busy to notice how
hungry I was.
stare (at sb./sth.) look at sb./sth. for a long time She stared at the page for
because you are interested or several minutes –she was not
angry sure what to write.
stare into sth. look for a long time into sth. She was staring into the water.
watch (sb./sth.) look at sb./sth. and pay Harriet watched the man with
attention interest as he walked on.
X I am seeing TV.
√ I am watching TV.
keep an eye on sb./sth. take care of, look after sb./sth. Will you keep an eye on the
food in the oven while I pop out
for a minute!.
1b HEARING
verb meaning/use example
hear sb./sth. notice by using your ears Did you hear that sound?.
hear sb. + -ing notice sb. is near by using I think I can hear someone
41
your ears knocking.
hear sb. do sth. notice sb. do sth. by using your Have you heard Boyzone sing
ears their latest hit?.
hear about sb./sth. know about because sb. told Have you heard about the fire at
you chemical factory?.
hear of sb./sth. know sb./sth. exists I´ve never heard of him before.
hear from sb. receive news from sb. Have you heard from Sarah
lately?.
hear (that) + noun clause find out sth. I hear (that) you´ve been
selected to play in the team.
be hearing things be imagining you hear a sound I must be hearing things –I´m
sure someone called my name.
listen pay attention to a sound or Listen!. There´s a strange noise
speech coming from the engine.
listen to sb./sth. pay attention to sb./sth. I am listening to the radio.
X I like listening the radio.
√ I like listening to the radio.
X I hear the news now.
√ I am listening to the news
now.
listen to sb./sth. take sb., sb.´s advice seriously I wish I´d listened to his advice.
listen hard listen very carefully I listened hard but could hear
nothing.
be all ears be very keen to hear about As soon as I mentioned money,
Karen was all ears.
sth.
lend an ear listen sympathetically to what I´m always ready to lend an ear
sb. says if you need to talk.
BIBLIOGRAPHY:
42
Press
Press
Press
WEBGRAPHY:
www.longman-elt.com
www.onlinecv.es
www.grammarly.com
www.bbc.co.uk
43

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DEVELOPING COMMUNICATIVE SKILLS IN ENGLISH

Copyright MELC, S.A., 2020

DEVELOPING COMMUNICATIVE SKILLS IN ENGLISH

DEVELOPING COMMUNICATIVE SKILLS IN ENGLISH

UNIT 1: REVISION OF VERBAL TENSES

2.-TENSE CONSOLIDATION: PRESENT TIME

2a BASIC ONTRASTS: PRESENT SIMPLE AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS

3.-TENSE CONSOLIDATION: PRESENT PERFECT

3a PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

4.-TENSE CONSOLIDATION: PAST TIME

4a BASIC CONTRASTS: PAST SIMPLE AND PAST CONTINUOUS

5.-TENSE CONSOLIDATION: FUTURE TIME

DEVELOPING COMMUNICATIVE SKILLS IN ENGLISH

DEVELOPING COMMUNICATIVE SKILLS IN ENGLISH

2.-TENSE CONSOLIDATION: PRESENT TIME

2a BASIC ONTRASTS: PRESENT SIMPLE AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS

(1) Present simple generally refers to:

a.-Present simple generally refers to:

*Facts that are always true

Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

British people drink a lot of tea.

I don´t like gangster films.

a.-These can be temporary:

I´m staying in a hotel until I find a flat.

b.-They can be actually in progress:

The dog is sleeping on our bed.

I´m learning to drive.

2b STATE VERBS AND EVENT (ACTION OR DYNAMIC) VERBS

prefer, understand, seem, suppose, suspect, want, wish

Typical examples are:

Be, depend, feel, have, measure, see, taste, think, weigh

Compare these uses:

Jack is noisy. Jill is being noisy.

DEVELOPING COMMUNICATIVE SKILLS IN ENGLISH

Sarah has a Porsche. We are having an interesting

I think I like you!. David is thinking about getting a new job.

This fish tastes awful!. I am just tasting the soup.

I feel that you are wrong. I am feeling terrible.

This bag weighs a ton!. We are weighing the baby.

It depends what you mean. I am depending on you.

2c OTHER USES OF PRESENT CONTINUOUS

(1) Temporary or repeated actions.

This use emphasises a temporary or repeated habitual action.

My car has broken down, so I am walking to work these days.

Are you enjoying your stay here?.

(2) Complaints about bad habits.

You are always complaining about my cooking!.

Other possible adverbs are: constantly, continually, forever.

(3) With verbs describing change and development.

Things are getting worse!.

More and more people are giving up smoking.

2d OTHER USES OF PRESENT SIMPLE

(1) Making declarations.

Verbs describing opinions and feelings tend to be state verbs.

I hope you´ll come to my party.

I bet you don´t know the answer!.

Ship sinks in midnight collision.

DEVELOPING COMMUNICATIVE SKILLS IN ENGLISH

(3) Instructions and itineraries.

style is more personal.