SIEMENS

CABLE
BOOK

POWER CABLES
&
THEIR APPLICATIONS

PART 1
VOLUME I
 I

-t
 Power Cables
and th eirApplication
Part 1

Materials . Construction
Criteria for Selection
Prniont
r I vJvvr Ple n nin n

Laying and Installation . Accessories

Measuring and Testing

Editor: Lothar Heinhold

i 3rd revised edition. 1990

Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
 Observations on the German terms 'Kabel' and oLeitungen'
and the VDE Specifications

' Kabel' and 'Leitungen'
Porrer cables are used for rhe transmission of elecrri-
cal energy or as control cables lor the purpuses of
measurement, control and monitorin-s in electric
pouer installations. In German usage. a disrinction
rs made rraditionally benr.een 'Kabel' and .Leitun-
gen'.
'Leituneen' (literally'leads') are used. generally
speaking. for wiring in equipment. in u.inng installa-
tions and for connections to moving or mobile cquip-
ments and units. The terrn can thus be rranslated
as 'insulatcd wires' or 'l.iring' or .flerible cables'
or'cords'.
'Kabel' (cables) are used principally for power rrans-
mission and distribution in electricity supply-aurhori-
tv sys[ems. in indusrry and in mines etc.
In the present translation the ierms 'cable' an,
'porver cable' have been used to include flexible anr_
u iring cables where there is no risk of confusion.
\-DE Specifications v
From considerations of consistencv in references an,
for greater clrrity, the VDE Specificarions applicabl_
to po$er cables are eeneralll' quoted in accorcancc
rvith the new pracrice as 'DIN VDE . . . .'.
This applies equalll ro rhe older specificationr
ri hich still retain the designarion , VDE . . . ' or
'DIN 57 .. ./VDE .. .' in their tirles. Furrhermore
since these specifications are of lundamental signifi-
cancc, the practice of quoring rhe date of publication
has been dispensed wirh.

$'ith the use of modern insulating and sheathin_s ma-

terials rhe constructional differences between .Kabel'
and 'Leirungen' are in many cases no longer discern-
l ole.

The disrinction is therelore observed purelv in terms

of rhe area of applicarion. as desiribed in DIN
lDE 0:98 Part I for pouer cables and part 3 for
s.iring and flexible cables, and in the desien specifica_
tions referred to lherein. e.g. DIN VDE Oij0for wir-
ing and flexible cables and DIN VDE 0271 for pVC
insulated cables.

Further factors in the choice between .Kabel' and

'Leitungen' are the equipment Specifications (e.g.
DIN VDE 0700), the installation Specifications (e.g.
DIN VDE 0100) or the operating stresses to be ex-
pected.

It can be taken as a rule of thumb that .Leirungen'

must not be laid in the ground, and that cables of
flexible construction are classified as .Leituneen'.
even if their rared voltase is higher rhan 0.6I kV
- e.g. trailing cables. This apart, there are also types
of 'Kabel' that are nor inrended for laying in the
_eround (e.g. halogen-free cables with improved per-
formance in condirions of fire to DIN VDE 0266.
or ship lirin! cibles to DfN VDE 0261).r - .."
 Constructional Elements Insulated Wires and Flexible Cables
of Insulated Cables
8 TJpes of Wires and Cables .+9
I Conductors ll
3.1 National and International Standards .19
l.l Wiring Cables and Flexible Cables l2 8.1.1 VDESpecifications .19
l.: Porver Crbles IJ 8.1.2 HarmonizedSrandards .19

) l)
3.1.3 National Types 54
Insulation 8.1.1 IEC Standards ))
1.1 Poll mers l5 3.1 Selection of Flcxible Cables 55
l.l.t Thermoplastics (Plastomers) l'7 3.1. r Clbles ibr Fircd I nsrallations 56
Copolymers F)uoroplastics. Polv- 3.1.1 Fiexible Cablcs 6:
r rni l Chloridc {PVC) Pohcthylenc tPE) 1l
Cross- Linked Pol.vethylene (XLPE)
3.1. -r FLEXO Cords
3.i Flcxiblc Ceblcs lbr \lining and
l. l.l Elastomers ::)
Industrv /)
Thcrmoplastic Elastomers lTPE).Con-
ducting Rubber.Natural R ubber (NR). 3.1 Halosen-Free SIENOPYR Wiring rnd
Stl rene Butadienc Rubbcr (SBR).Nirrile Flexible Ca bles rritlt Improvco
Butadiene Rubber (NBR1. Butyl Rubber Perlormrnce in thc Evenr of Frrc
( IIR ). E thylene- Pro py lene Rubber (EPR).

Silicone Rubber (SiR).Ethl lene Vin;-i Core ldentificrrion of Clblcs 3l

Acerrre (EVA)
)t 1
Thermosetting Polymers (Duromers) io t0 Dcfinition of Locltions
2.) Chemicel Aging of Poh nrcrs ?7 to DIN !'DE 0100
!.) Thc Intluence of Moisrure on
Polyolefi ne Insulating !larerials 30 ll Application tnd Installxtion of Cablcs 86
1t Impregnatcd Paper J)
tr.) Lirerature Referred to in Secrion 2 J_1
lt.l Rated Voltagc. Opcraring Volrilge 33
I l.: Selcction of Conductor Cross-Sectional
J Protective She:lths 3'7 Area 89
J.l Thermoplastic Sheaths 3'l
- 3.2 Elastomer Sheaths 38 Power Cables
J.J Sheathing Materials for Special
Purposes 39
lZ National and Intcrnational Standards 0t
- 3.!t lvletal Shearh 39 t2.l VDE Specifications 01
12.2 Standards oI Other Countries 94
Protection against Corrosion .ll 12.3 IEC and CENELEC Standards 94
Cable rvith Lead Sheath 4l
Aluminium-Sheathed Cables l3 Tlpes of Construction of Low- and
High-Voltage Cables
Armour 43
IJ.-t General
6 Concentric Conductors 41 13.2 Type Designation 100
t.)..) Selection of Cables and Accessories 102
Electrical Screening 45
t.1 Conducting Layers 45 Power Cables for Special Applicatiom 124
'1 a
Metallic Componen!s of Electrical 14.1 Cable wirh Elastomer Insulation t:+
Screening 46 14.2 Shipboard Power Cable 124
Longitudinally Water proof Screens. 47 14.2.L Constructionand Characteristics 124
1.1.2.2 Application and Installation 125 18.2.4 Use of Tables 180
1.1.3 Halogen-Free Cables with Improved 18.3 Calculation of Load Capacity l8t
Characteristics in the Case of Fire l:) 18.4 ThermalResistances 184
1.1.3.1 Testing Performance under Conditions 18.4.1 Thermal Resistance of the Cable 18.1
of Fire ll5 18.4.2 Thermal Rcsistance of Air 186
Spread of Fire.Corrosivity of Combus- Horizontal I nstallation . Vertical Installa-
rion Gases. Smoke Density. Insulation tion . Atmospheric Pressure. .\mbicnt
Retention under Conditions of Fire Temperature. Solar Radiarion. Arr;r n-ge-
Construction and Characteristics l:8 nrent of Cables
l+,_).J L:r1ing end I nsralla rion 129 18.4.3 Thermal Resistance of the Soil . lgi
t.1.4 Cables for Mine Shafts and Galleries Temperature Field of a Cable.Definition
14.5 R ivcr and Sea Crbles 1i0 of Soil-Thermal Resistance . Daily Load
1r.6 Airport Cablcs Curve and Characteristic Diameter 'Dry-
lJl
ing-Out of the Soil and Boundary Iso-
11.7 Cable ',vith Polymer Insulation and
rherm d. Fictitious Soil-Thermal Resis-
Lead Sheath 131 tance 7"j and ?"j".Load Capacirv
1{8 I nsulated Overhead Line Cables t.)! v
18.-1..:l Grouping in the Ground . 107
Fictitious Additional Thennal Rcsistanccs
l5 High- and Extra-High-\roltage Cables lJ+ AIj and AIi- duc to Grouping.Loud Ca-
pacity. Extension of the Dn .\rea.Cur-
1i.1 Cable with Polymcr Insulation I J+ rent-C:rrrying Cupacity ol Dissimilar
1 5.2 Lo*.Pressure Oil-Filled Cable wirh Ca b les
Leld or Aluminium Sheath 1i5 18.-1.5 Installation in Ducts and Pipcs . l1-i -
1 5.3 Thermally Stable Cable in Stcel Pipe 138 Thernral Resisrances I{ and ?'i.Load
l i.3.1 High-Pressure Oil-Filled Cable 1i8 Capacity for an Installarion of Pipes in
15.1.2 lnternai Gas-Prcssu re Crble 139 Ground or Air or in Ducts Banks
15.3.3 External Gas-Pressure Cablc (Pressure 18.4.6 Soil-Thermal-Resisrivity . ll {J

Cable) 139
Cable in thc Ground. Phi'sical and Ther-
mal Characteristics of Soil. Influcnce of
Moisture Content.Msasurins. Basic
Planning of Cable Installations Quantities for Calculation Bedding Matc-
rial.Sand.Gravel Mixtures. Sand-Ccmcnt
16 Guide for Planning of Cable Mixtures Calculation of Loud Caplcity
Installations t4l 18.5 Installation in Channcls and Tunncls ?-10 .
18.5.1 Unventilatcd Channels and Tunncls .,.0
17 Cable Rated Voltages t+o 18.5.2 Arransemcnt of Cablcs in Tunncls . 133 -
17.1 .Allocation of Cable Rated Voltages l+o 18.5.3 Channcls u'ith Forced Venrilation . 215
17.2 Rated Lightning Impulse Withstand 18.6 Load Capacity of a Cablc for Short-
Time and Intermittcnt Operatron . 239
Voltage '| .11
General . -
17.3 Voltage Stresses in the Event of Earth 18.6.1 239
Fault 147
18.6.2 Calculation with Minimum Time Value 239
18.6.3 Adiabatic Heat Rise . 241 _
1E Current-Carrving Capacity in Normal 18.6.4 Root-Mean-Square Value of Current 241
Operation 150
18.6.5 Short-Time Operation . 242
18.1 Terms, Definitions and Regulations 150
18.6.6 Intermittent Operation . 243 _
18.2 Operating Conditions and Design 18.7 Symbols Used in Formulae in Section l8 245
Tables 152
18.8 Literature Referred to in Section 18. . 250
18.2.1 Operating Conditions forlnstallations 1<1 -
19 Short-Circuit Conditions
in Ground t52
18.2.2 Operating Conditions, Installation in 19.1 General
air 19.2 Temperature Rise of Conductor under
157
Line-To-Earth Short Circuit 1<'l
18.2.3 Project Design Tables 159
Load Capacity Installed in Ground/Air. 19.2.1 Conductor and Sheat Currents under
Rating Factors for Installation in Line-To-Earth Short Circuit 257
Ground, lor Differing Air Temperatures Load Capacity under Line-To-Earth
and for Groups in Air Short-Circuit /J9
i
I

l9.i Short-Circuit Thcrntal Rating r65 27 Clp:rcitlnce :tnd C:lpacitancc per Lnit
Lcngth . -ri l
l9.l. t Guidc tbr Projcct Dcsrgn . " ' l6J
Pcrlornrrncc undcr Short'CircuiL Condi- ll.l ccncnrl .lil
rions Short-Circuit Dut).' Short-Circuit ll.l Operating Capacitance per Unit
Crplcity ol' Conductor. Scrccns- Shclths Lcngth Ci l-l1
end.\rmour
:1.-.1 Clpacitivc Currcnt /i and Earth'Fault
Criculutions of Short-Circuit Capacity 185
..\dirbltic und Non- \rlilbrrtic Tcmpcrl- Currcnt ,fi of a Cable . li't
rurc Risc ivtethod Tcmperature Rise dur- ll.+ Dielcctric Losses . il6
ing Short-Circuit
19.1.3 Thermo-N{echanic;rl Forccs and 23 InsulationResistance,Insulation
Erpansion . 292 Resistrnce per Unit Length
Gcnerll EtTcct of Thermal Explnsion in rnd Leakage )) I
Crblcs Mounting ot' Singlc-Core Cables
19.3.+ Accessones 296 21 Determination of Voltage Drop . -1'+0
19..r \fechanical Short-Circuit C"p".iry . .

19..1. I Elecrromlgnetic Forccs 19'7 ll.l General . i40

Eilccr of Electromagnctic Forccs Line- l-+.1 Short Cable Runs . -1-10

To-Elrth. Linc-To-Line und Balanced l+.i Long Cable Runs . ll0

Thrcc-Phlsc Short Circuit
r v.+.1 \lulti-Corc Crrblc i00 25 Economic Optimization of Cable Size i'll
Tcnsilc Force fi Surlucc Prcssure fi'
Clble Construction Erperience and
l-i.l S;-mbols used in Formulae in
Calcuhtion Quantities Firing Elements Section 25 i47
Single-Core Cables and Fixing 15.: Lircrature Relerred to in Section 25 . i-17

\[cthods . _r05
Bcnding Stress Surluce Prcssure fi 26 Interference of-f
Porver Cables nith
Srrcssing ol' C)amps lnd Binders Control ud elecommunication Crbles l'19
l9.l.,l .\cccssories . -ili 16.l lntcrtcrcncc
lnductivc . -151
19.5 Sl mbols used in Formulae 16.1.1 \lutual Inductancc . ]51
in Scction l9 . ll6 16.1.1 Inducing Currcnts . -lil
19.6 Litcrature Rcfcrrcd to in Section l9 . 319 16.l.i Current Rcduction Fcctor of the
Intlucncing Powcr Cable . i52
20 Resistance and Resistance per Unit 16.1.-l Voltagc Reduction Factor of the
Lcngth of Conductor . i20 lnl'lucnccd Telccommunication Cable . 355

20. r Resistance per Unit Length on d.c. J-U 16.1-5 Rcduction Factors of Compensating
20.2 Resistance pcr Unit Lcngth on a.c. . 320
Conductors . 357

20.1 Currcnt Reiatcd Losses . 321 26). Noise Voltage in Symmetrical Circuits 358
16.3 Ohmic Intert'crence . i58
ir
26.1 Inductive and Ohmic Interference . 359
Inductance and lnductance per Unit l6.j Details Required for Planning . i59
Length . 3?2
:6.6 Crlculated Example . 160
-l.t Inductance per Unit Length of a
Conductor System . 322 Z7 Design and Calculation of Distribution
i.2 Single-Core Cables . 32f Systems .362
21.2.1 Earthed at Both Ends . 322 27.1 Introduction . 362
21.2.2 Arrangement of Cables - J-:O 27 .Z Determination of Power Requirement
21.2.3 Earthing from Either One or Both as a Basis for Planning JOJ
Ends of Metal Sheath or Screen . 328 27 .?..1 Load Requirement of Dwellings 363
11 1,1 Cross-Bonding of the Sheaths, 27 -2.2 Load Requirements of Special
Transposition of the Cables . 328 Consumers 365
tt ? Multi-Core Cables . 329 27.2.3 Total Load JOO
21.4 Zero-Sequence Impedance and Zero- 27.3 Planning of Distribution Systems 366
Sequence Impedance per Unit Length 329 27.3.t General JOO
Literature Referred to in Section 21 . JJU z't.3.2 Selection of Distribution Voltase JO/
 '^^' 368 30.2 Earthine of Metallic Sheaths and
17.3.3 Low-Voltage Systems .-' 416
Ststcm Configuratron and lypes ol up- Coverings
ciation in the Public Supply Extension of JU. J Conductor Jointing 418
a Low-Voltage System Systems of Build-
ings lndustrial SupPly Systems Location 31 Repair of Damage to Outer Sheath 410
oisubstations Component Parts of the Jl.t Outer Sheath of Polyvinylchloride
Lo$.Voltage SYstem 420
i75 lPVC) and PolyethYlene tPE)
17.i.-1 \f edium-Voltage SYsrems i1.2 Jute Servines on Cables s'ith Lead
Public S upply' Expansion of the Medium-
,11i
voltage System' Distribution Systems tn Sheath
Large Buildings lndustrial Supply Sys- .124
tems Standby Power Supply Component 32 Cable Accessories
Parts of the Medium-Voltage System )J.l Fundament::l Objectit es
Charge Current Compensation and Star 31.2 Requirements
Point Treatment The Superimposed il.3 Stress Control
High-Voltage SYstem i2.4 Fundamental PrinciPles for the
Svstem Calculation i81
1? 1 I )61
Construction and Installation of
Basics r J't
Acccssones
Calculation ol a Lorv-Voltage S1'stem t8i tl7
-r_:.+,I Compound Filling Tc'chnique
! | .+.)Inlestigations of Protective Measures -:1 .i 1
Cast-Resin Techniques lt9
Asainst Excessive Touch Voltage 385
32..1.3 Shrink-On Technique 4ll
27.4.,1 In" estigation of Short-Circuit J-,+,+ Lapping Tcchnique +J{
Protection and Discrimination 189 135
32.4.5 Push-On Technrque
17.+.5 Computer-Aided Systenr Calculation 12.4.6 Plug Tcchniquc 437
27.5 Literature Referred to in Section 27 rl-) Literaturc Referred to in Section 32 . 137
Laying and Installation 33 Cable Plan
.138

28 Cable ldentification Marking ..395

..395 Measuring and Testing of Power
28.1 Manufacturers,VDE-Marking lnstallations
28.2 Colours of Outer Sheaths and
Prolective Coverings 34 Elcctrical l'Ieasurements in thc Cablc
439
?8.3 Core Identification for Power Cables Installation, as Installed
up to Uql U:0.6/ I kV 39'7
Voltage Tests
Jtr
28.4 Core Identification for Cables for 440
Rated Voltages Exceeding General
L:o,U =0.611 kV 398 J).-: Testing with d.c. Voltage
35.3 Tesring rvith a.c. Voltage
29 Lal ing the Cables 399
399 36 Locating Faults
)9.1 Transporting 443
29.2 Preparation for LaYing the Cable 400 J O.1 Preliminary Measurements
29.3 Differences in Level of the Cable Location Measurements bY the
Route 401 Conventional Method
Laying of Cables in the Ground 401 JO. J Locating of Faults by Pulse Reflection
29.4
401 Method M7_
29.4.1 Cable Route
29.4.1 Laying of the Cables 403 JO.+ Preparation of Fa ult Point by Bum-
Through 449
29.5 Laying of Cables Indoors 408
) Locating Using Audio FrequencY 450
Cables on Walls, Ceilings or Racks ' 408 Jb.
29.5.1
29.5.2 Cable Tunnels and Ducts 408 JO.O Testing of ThermoPlastic Shealhs 452 -
Cable Clamps 410
29.6 37 Construction and Resistance of
29.6.1 Types of Clamps Conductors
454
29.6.1 Arrangements and Dimensions
Conversion Table 457
38
30 Installation Guide 415
458
30.1 Preparation of Cable Ends 415
 iuonstrucilonal ElgtllgtILS ul ll l5ulclLE\l vc|utso
I

- 1 Conductors

The conductors in wiring cables and flerible cables for aluminium.

consis! norvada.vs of copper (Cu). The use of alumin-
Qr:Q:o* 1.1 x 10-r(9-20) Q mm:im (1 2)
ium (Al), as well as copper, is also common in power
cables. The cross-sectional area of the conductor ls
rvith the tempcrature J) expressed in "C.
quoted brsically not Js the geonterritul but as the
electrical!1' eJfectiL'e cross'sectional area. i.e the ln the planning of cable installations. horvever. in
cross-scctiontl rrcl as dctermined by e rcsistance
vierv of the unavoidable uncertaincies in the given
, -rasurement. intbrmation. it is quite sut'ficient to calculate rvith
In the international standard tor copper. IEC 28 the conventional temperature coefficients lsee
'lnternational Stendard ot' Resis(ilnce tor Copper'. page 310):
n standrrd value for the resistivity at ?0'C
.- given as g,o=$=g.0l7l1l Omm:im The for copper.
temperature coefficienI e:o at ]0'C for this copper
1:o:393xl0-17K
is rro:3.93 x 10-riK. This value increases or de'
creases approximatcly in proportion to thc conduc- 7.o :126 x l0-r;K (1.3)
tivity. Investigations have sho$n that the product 1

of the temperature coefficient and the resistivity rvith On:-1-:234 5 6 (1 4)

different conductivities is neariy constant a!
0.6776 x 10-a O mm'?/m K.
[or aluminium.
Similar relationships exist for aluminium. In this
case, IEC 1 11 'Resistivity of Commercial Hard 1:o :4 03 x 10- ri K
Drawn Aluminium Conductor Wire' gives the re- zo :4.38 x 10 - 31K (1.5)
sistivity at a temperature of 20 "C as
azo:0.028264 Q mm2/m and the temperature coeffi-
I
::-:2)8 K (1.6)
cient as e.o:4.93 x 10- r/K. This coefficient is pro-
O o
6(|

-ortional to the degree of purity of the aluminium.

z{d decreases with increasing impurity in the same In general.
.y as the electrical conductivity. Here again, the 1
product of resistivity and temperature coefficient re- aJ l/N. ( 1.7)
= ----------:
mains approximately constant, in rhis case at VOf O

.139 x 10 -a f) mm27m K.
To convert a measured conductor resistance to the
The temperature dependence ofthe resistivity is given
reference conditions of 20 "C and 1000 m length, the
in general by
following expressions are applicable, according to
Qc.: Qr,[l + a3,(3, - 9,)] (1.0) rEC 228, 1966:
Thus : for copper,
for copper, 254.5 1000 ottm
n,o=R"ri#frx:, (1.8)
q"=g.o*0.68 x 10-a(3-20) O mm2/m (1.1)

11
I Conductors

lor aluminium, minium for conductors in wiring cables for fixcd in-
stallations. These types. also mentioned in the ncu
R:o = Ra- #L ,. lloo 97t -
248+3 I { t.9) IEC specification, have not, however, been gencrall.
accepted so far.
s here
The minimum number and the diameter of the wirc
i] conductor temperature (oC) and the resistance of the conductor are laid dowr
R, measured conductor resislance at 3'C (Q)
in IEC 228 and DIN VDE 0295 (see also pages 45i
1 length of cable (m) to 457). Cables used abroad embody conductors ir
R.o conductor resistance at l0'C (Q,'km) accordance wirh the rcspectile national specifica
tions. in the case rhar rhesc differ from IEC.
To permit the economicai construction oIcables rrirh
a small numbcr of rvire If the conductors are insulated rvirh a material $ hicL
-eauges. the conduclor desiqn provokes an adverse chemical reacrion s,ith the cop-
has been siightly altered in accordance uith IEC ll8
(for details see IEC ll8. 1966) and rhe resisrancc de- per. a metallic protective laver round rhe coppcr $ irc
termined lccording ro Ihc e\pression is necessary. e.g. of tin or some other barrier (scr
page 27).
IJ
.\.:o = --------; /\ I A: At !Z Llll (1.10)
1l'ft rl'
\\ here
l.I Wiring Cables and Flexible Cables
.1 resisrivity at 20'C
for copper. .4 = l'1 .211 Qmmr; km Tlpes of Conductor
lor aluminium, ,1 :)8.264 f)mm?,,km
For flcxible and uiring cablcs in the Federal Republic
n number of wires in the conductor
of Germany. rvith fcw cxceprions. circular copper
d diameter of individual wires (mm)
conductors arc uscd. Thcsc are aimed at two arear
K factor to allow for the cffects of manulacruring
of application:
processes:
K, for u,ire diameter and surface trcatment
For Fi.rc/ lnstullut iorr
K. for conductor stranding
K. for core stranding The cables are subjcct to nrechanical stresses due to
bending only during installation. Accordingiy, solid
Because of improved manufacturing techniqucs. par-
conductors are preferably uscd up to cross-sectional-
trcularll lhe compaction of stranded circular and sec-
area of 10 mm: and strandcd conductors i' -\vc
tor-shaped conductors, the basic principles shich
l0 mm2
had underlain the establishmcnt of conductor resis-
tances had lost something in validity. so that a revi-
For the Connection o-f ll'lobile Equipnrcnl
sion of the existing IEC and VDE specifications be-
came necessary. In particular the differences in rhe These cables. since they have to be flexible. embody_
resistance values lor solid and stranded conductors. fine-stranded conductors for all cross-sectional areas.
and for single- and multicore cables, in the former Where a particularly high degree of flexibility is nec-
It was thus possible
ranges were no longer applicable. essary, e.g. in the leads to welding-electrode holders,_
in the 1978 edition of iEC 228 to achieve greater
consistency of resistance value and a reduction in
the number of conductor classifications from six to
four. In 1980 this international agreemenl. rras
incorporated into the standards for power cables,
u'ires, and wiring cables and flexible cables
(DIN VDE 0295). The new values are raken inlo ac-
count in the tables and planning sheets in the presenr
book.
As well as plain aluminium conductors, the use has
been tried in some countries of nickel-olated or Fig. l.t
tinned aluminium, and the so-called coppei-clad alu- Multiple stranded, circular fl exible conductor

1l

Tinscl cond uctor Tinscl strxnds
Fig, 1.2 Tinse I conductor
Fllt coppcr wire
Thrcad oi svnthetic Ilbres
Fie. 1.3 Construction of tinsel strund
--\e conductor strands are madc up ot'c number. ilp-
opriate to the cross-sectionul urer of the conductor.
oi errra tlnc substrands (multiple srrunded. circular
tlerible conductors. Fig. l.l). For very llexible con-
nccting cords of vcry small cross-scctional arcir. c.g.
0. 1 mmr lbr clcctric shavcrs. tinscl conductors ( Figs.
l.L and l.i):tre uscd.
IIultiple strunded cirtulur JIe.rible <'onluttors (Fig.
1.1) consist of strands whose individual rvircs are
themselves stranded or bunched. The ability of the
conductor to wirhstand mechanical stresses and its
fle.ribility depcnd particularly on rhc stranding ar-
rangement. as well as on the quality and diamctcr
of the wires. The shorter the lay of the strands and
substrands, the greater the flexibility and the ability
r withstand bending. The srrands may be laid in
ne same direction in all layers (uniform-lay strand-
.,rg) or the direction may alternate from layer to la,'-er
(reversed-lay stranding). Conducrors with uniform-
lay stranding are preferred in llexible cables for hoists
' ,ecause of their better runnins behaviour rvhen
changing direction over rollers.
Tinsel conductors (Fig. 1.2) are made up ofa number
of tinsel threads stranded rogether. Each thread (Fig.
1.3) consists of a textile core with a helical wire strip
(copper strip 0.1 ro 0.3 mm wide and 0.01 to 0.02 mm
thick).
Coppcr Conductors
.
Solid conductors lrc prctcrrcd up to l(r mm- cross-
scctional srea. strondcd conductors lbr 25 rnm: and
J boVc.
Givcn lnd adcquatc lbility to rvithstand bcnding. thc
conductors should have a space tlctor rvhich. togeth-
er with rhe chosen conductor scction. results in good
utilization of the cross-sectional urea of the cable.
Accordingly, where possible, compacted circular con-
ductors. or. if the cable construction permits. com-
pacted sector-shaped conductors. are used. The space
flctor defines the percentage of the geometrical cross-
sectional area of a conductor that is occupied by
the individual wires. The construction of single-core
cable and three-core separately-leaded (S.L.) cable
rcquircs the use of circular conductors.
Aluminium Conductors
DIN VDE 0295 pcrmits the use of circular solid and
stranded aluminium conductors lionr 25 nrmr up-
rvlrds lnd scctor-shapcd conductors Irom 50 mm:
upwrrds.
Solid conductors ure prcterrcd in cables rvith pol.v''nrer
insulation and sector-shlped conductors in the rangc
of cross-sectional urcas tiom 50 to 185 mnrr. Single-
corc cablcs normally have strandcd circular conduc-
tors: solid conductors are usuirlly uscd only in laid-up
single-corc cablcs in cases of high thermal loading.
because of thc problems of thcrm:rl expansion (see
page 192).
If cables with polymcr insulation and aluminium pro-
tcctive (P) or ncutral (PEN) conductors are laid in
the ground or in an agrcssive atmosphere. in the
evcnt of damagc to the sheath and thc insulation
these conductors may be open-circuited in the course
of time through corrosion. The possibiiity of damage
must therefore be taken into account. rvhen such
cables are installed. by the selection of appropriate
protecuve measures.
llilliken Conductors
For high-power transmission with conductor cross-
sectional areas of 1200 mm2 or more. special mea-
sures are necessary to keep additional losses due to
skir effect within tolerable limits. To this end, either
the individual conductor stlands are provided with
an insulating layer (e.g. enamel) and so laid-up that
13
l Conductors

their position within the cross-section of the conduc-

tor changes periodically along the lenght of rhe con-
ductor, or the conductors are made up of separate
stranded, sector-shaped elements which are rrrapped
in conducting paper (Fig. 1.4). This latter type is
also known as the milliken conductor.
\ormal lay-up Compacted
Single-core oil-filled cables require a hollorv conduc-
tor, rvhile external-gas-pressure pipe llpe cables re-
quire oval conductors.

Lou -loss conductor for oil-lillcd
cables ( \liiliken conductor)
Fig. l..l
Construction of multi-core circu lar conductors
Superconductors
The most suitable conductor materials for supercon-
ducting cables are pure niobium and niobium-tin.
those critical temperatures are around 9.5 K .. _.
18.4 K respecrively. Since the current llorls onhlin
a very thin surface layer (0.1gm). lhere is no need
Circular holloq for the u,hole conductor to consist ol this rclatively
conouclof expensive superconducting material. It is sufficicnt
if a thin layer (10 to 100 pm) is dcposited on a carricr
naterial, e.g. high-purity copper or aluminium. The
carrier metals must be so disposed that they are
not traversed by rhe magnetic field of the conductor,
and the generation of eddy-current losses is avoided
(Fig. 1.6).

Solid
shaped
ffi
x1<s.
,/.n fl/$'

Stranded
shaped conductor.
@
Oval conductor
The development of superconducting cables is as yet
in rhe early stages, although 110 kV cables capable
of transmitting 2500 MVA have already been pro-
duced for experimental purposes.

conductor

Fig. 1.5
Construction of sector shaped conductors

Fig. 1.6
Model of a flexible superconducting cable core.
Constructed of aluminium wires each with a lhin
coaring of Niobium laid-up over a PE carrying tube.
Above this an insulation of polymeric plastic loil is
applied followed b1r the concentric retum conductor
and a profiled PE rape as proleclive layer
t-
tl
--l

For the insulariorl of rviring cables and llexible
cables. s-vnthetic nraterials and naturll rubber are
used. and for porver cables. as rvell as these' tmpreg-
nated paper. As a result of the development which
has taien place in recent years. these materials can
be produced rvith various electrical- thermal and me-
chanical properties according to their intended pur-
pose. It is thus possible to manufacture cables lbr
specific requirements and tields of application.
2.1 Pol-vmers
A poll-mer is I macromolecule composed oi r hrqe
number of basic units. the monomers. If tlte mlcro-
molecule is s-"-nthesized using onl."- one kind of
rD{,pomer. the producr is a homopolymcr. If the po-
i- .er chains are made up of nro diffcrent tvpes of
monomer. the result is a copoll-mer. and of three
different t)-Pes a terpolYmer'
\lost of the important insulating matcrials are today
produced s).'nthetically. Only in the case of clastomers
rre partly narural products still oi technical signil-i-
cance.
Technically important polymers are classified (Tl-
ble 3.1.1 .rccording to their physical properties as
tr thermoplastics (Plastomers),
F elastomers and
tr thermosetringpolymers(duromers).
The polymers principally used in cabie engineering
are listed in Table 2.2.
It is rvorth noting that materials rvhich do not fit
lnto rhls clussification oi thermoplastics. elastomerics
and thermosetting materials are finding increasing
application in cable engineering. These include the
cross-linked polyolefines (e.g. cross-linked polyethl-l-
ene), rvhich behave as elastomers above the criticel
melting point. as manifested particularly in the
heat-pressure characteristics :lt iligh letnperatures
(Fig.2.1).
Also in this crteeorv ure the so-cllled thermophstic
elastomers rvith their chdracterislic thermoplastic
behlviour at processing temperatures and elasto-
meric cltlrlctcristics ltt thc temperatures at r''hich
thev are used.

Trblc 2.1 Technically important polymers chssilied according to thcir physical properties

Polymers

Sy.'ntheti, mate rials

^r,,rtu,ior,ill

lrstomers Thermoplaslic (Plastomers) Thermosetting pol,vmers

(Duromers)

Highly molecular materials which
after cross-linking (vulcanizing)
develop elastic characteristics i.e.
a large reversible elongation in re-
sPonse to low tensile stress
Macromolecular materials lvhich
are. at higher temperatures. Plas-
tically formable and are teversl-
bly plastifiable, i.e. theY harden
on cooling but become Plastifi-
able when reheated
Polymers which harden when
heated above a critical temPera-
ture and are no longer reversiblY
formable. In this condition these
materials are normallY cross-
linked

15
2lnsulation

Table 2.2 Summary of the most important polymers used in the manufacture of cables

Thermoplastics (Plastomers) Elastomers Duroplastic

Cross- Thermoplastic (Duromers)
linked Elastomers
Thermo-
plastics

Pol.vvinl lchloride PVC Cross- Blends of Natural Rubber NR Epoxy

Polyethl lene PE linked Polyfines and Buryl Rubber Resin EP
Poly- Natural Rubber (lsoprene Isobutylene Pol)'ure-
Ethylene Vinyl-Acetate
Copoll mer
ethylene I nree btocK -' Rubber) llR tha ne
XLPE Polymer Resin PI
PL
(v.{ < 30%) EVA Styrene- Butadien
Ethylene-.Acrl,late-
Cross- Styrene- Rubber SBR
linked Alkylene-
Copolymer, e.g.: N itri lc- Bu tad ien
Ethylene styrene
Erhl'lene-Ethyl-Acrylate EEA Rubber NBR
Copolymer Thermoplastic
Elh)'lene-Butyl-Acrylate EBA Ethylene-Propylene
Polyurethane
Poll'propylene PP (PUR) Rubber EPR "
Poll'amide P.A and Poll,ester Ethylcnc-Propylenc
Eth.vlen e-Tetrafl uoro-
Dienc Monomer
eth) lene Copoiymer ETFE Rubber EPD M

rnropthr'lene-
Ter rr fl Polychloroprenc CR
Hexafluoropropylcnc- Chlorsulphonyl
Copoll'mer Polycthy Ienc CSM
( Fluorinated Ethylene
Chlorinated Poly-
Propllene) FEP cthylenc CM
Silicone Rubber SiK
Epichlorohydrin
Rubber ECO
Ethylene-Vinyl-
Acetatc-Copolymer
(vA > l0%) EVA

l The gencral tcrm for EPR and EPDM is EPR

:'tslockpollmcr:acopol)mcruhosachainiscomposcdofaltcrnatingscqucnccsofjdcnticalmonomcrunits

lndenr deprh

LDPE PVC (70r)

..1"')
I
10

Fig. 2.1
I Heat-pressure characteristics of polyolefi nes.
,t .1:":^::y-
,r.i
Heat-pressure test to DIN VDE 0472
Test sample: conductor 1.5 mmr with insulation
,/- XIPE minenl
filled I
0.8 mm thick,
Test duration: 4 h
,,r/ EPR I

4:
{cross-linked]r
<; Determination of load using the formula:
EVA' I

I
(cross.linked) F:0.6.y'2-D-6-6'
70 80 90 120 150 140 "c 150 F Load in N
llvA
Temperar!re Ll
D Diameter of core in mm
conren >30% d lvlean wall thickness of insulation in rnm
-
lo
2.1.1 Thermoplastics ( Plastome rs)
Thermoplastics are madc up of linear or branchcd
macromolcculcs. and unlike the elastomers and thcr-
mosetting pol;-mers hlvc rcvcrsible forming charlc-
teristics. Thc combinltion of propertics of thcmo-
plastics are dctcrmincd by their structural tnd molec-
ular arrangcment. Thc thermopiastic polyethylene
(PE) has the simplest structure oi all plastics
trls. i.i t.
HH
tl
HH
Fig. 2.2 Structural torm of Poll.'ethelene {PE)
In the so-called high-pressure polymerization of eth-
chein molecules with liltcral JIkyl groups ilre
$ne.
'.ne''l bv redicll initiation {LDPE los-Densitv
- and the sotjening range is smail. To the e\tent that
PO. Ionic polr mcriz:rLion lt lorv prcssurc. on thc
othcr hxnd. lcads to lincar. very lirtie brlnched chains
(HDPE - ffigh-Dcnsity Pfl. Thc less branchcd the
chain molecules of a polyeth-vlene are. the greater
is its possible cr-vstallinity. With increesing crystallin-
ity, melting temperature, tcnsile strength. Youn-g's
modulus (stiffness), hardness and resistancc to sol-
vents increase. while impact strength. rcsistancc to
stress crackins and transparenc.v decrease. Like ail
thermoplastics, the polyolcfines - as in the case of
e.g. polyethylene and polypropyiene - also consist
of a mixture of macromolecules of dilferent sizes.
and it is possible to control the mean molecular
weight and the molecular weight distribution within
tain Iimits through the choice of suitable polymeri-
zation conditions.
. the technical data sheets of the raw material manu-
facturers, instead of the mean molecular rveight, the
It florv indexr)(for polyolefines) or the so-called
K value (for polyvinyl chloride, PVC) is quoted (see
page 18).
The mean molecular weight and the molecular weight
distribution have a considerable effect on the me-
chanical properties. Thus, as a rule, tensile strength,
elongation at tear and (notched) impact strength in-
::--
" The rncl!-llow
index tMFI) is thc quanrity of matcrial in g uhich undcr
is exrruded rhrough a givc'l sizcd jcr in a pcriod of
iO lr""""r:r""
creasc rvith incrcasing chain lcngth. as :rlso thc viscos-
ity oi the plasticized material. It should be borne
in mind. however. that with incre:rsing mclting vis-
cosity the rnaterial becomcs more difficuit to rvork.
The molecuiar chains (polyethylcnc. polvvinl-l chlo-
ridet rcsulting from the synthcsizing rclctions. c.g.
the polymcrization of suitable monomers (ethylene.
vinyl chloride) are tormed by atomic forces (primary
bonds). The cohesion of the molecular chains is due
to secondary forces. In the polyolefines, for erample,
the dispersion or vxn der Waal forces predominate.
In this case the forces of attraction betrveen the mole-
cules are unpolarized. In plastics rvith polarized
groups. besides the dispersion forces. dipole orienta-
tion furces betrveen the chains are also eifective (e.9.
in PVC). Strong forces of attraction betrveen the
chain molecules are also represented by the hydro,een
bridges. as. for example. in poly-amides. poll-ure-
thancs :lnd iluoroplastics. With sy-mmetrical struc-
tures the thermoplastics bonded by dispersion. dipole
or hy-drogen bonds tend towards crvs(rllization.
The_"- are thcn hard and tough. lnd of high strength.
the macromolecular structure is asymmetrical (e.g.
in PVC). thc tendencv ro crystallization is reduced
and the sollening ranse extended.
Arvareness of thcse rclationships norv makcs it possi-
ble to manul'acture plastics tailored ro their applica-
tion requirements. In addition to standard thermo-
plastic PVC and PE. thermoplastics and elastomers
produced by specifically directed copoll-merization
of ethylenes rvith other copolymerable monomers
har e assumed significancc in cable engineering.
Copolvmers
The thermoplastic copolymers most frequentlv used
in cable engineering are based on ethvlene and are
produced by copolymerization with vinvl acetate
(EVA copolymer) or with alkyl acrylates (EEA and
EBA copolymers). EVA copolymers with a vinyl ace-
tate content up to 30% contain methylene units in
crysralline formation and are therefore workable as
thermoplastics. With a further increase in the vinyl
acetate (VA) content the product becomes rubbery.
Polyethylenes and the ethylene copolymers, such as
e.g. EVA, are of special significance in cable engi-
neering because these thermoplastics can be cross-
t7
 rl

2lnsulation
tl
ll
n n Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

ll c-
I I

Among rhe insulating materials used for flexible anr

: I wiring cables, plastic compounds based on polyvinr
H
chloride (PVC) have assumed particular significance
tl -co-cH 3
The starring material, the vinyl chloride, is nowadal
: produced mainly by the chlorination of eth-vlen.
Fig.2.3 Structural form of EVA (Fig. 2.5). It can be converted to polyvinylchlorid.
il by the emulsion (E-PVC), suspension (S-PVC) o:
mass pol),merization (M-PVC) method.

ll )inked b1' means of orsanic peroxides or high-energy

radiation. Cross-linking increases the thermome-
chanical stability - i.e.. rvith a temperature loading
il beyond the crystallite melting point of the cross-
linked thermoplastics the material no longer exhibits
themroplastic. but rather thcrmoelastic characteris-
il tlcs.
ii-i-i+
ll Fluoroplastics
Fig. 2.5 Structural form of PVL
Fluoroplastics are characterized by an outsrandint
combination of properties. such as good thcrmal sta-
lli bilit.v, excellent electrical characteristics and high rc-
sistance to chemical attack and flame rcsistance. Thc
For insulating and sheathing mixtures in cable engi
best known fluoropol-vmers in cable engineering are
necring, PVC obtained by the suspension method i
n, the thermoplasrically workable copolymers of ethyl-
ene and tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) and of tetra- usually used. These types of PVC, offered by th
fluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene (FEP) chemical industry as S-PVC. are distinguished b'
thcir grain structure and K value. The K value. ac
il (Fie. 2.a).
cording to Fikentscher (DIN53726), characterize
The various mechanical propcrties of the polymers the mean molecular weight of the PVC. The grai:
(e.g. tensile strenglh, extension, elasticity and cold structurc is significant from the point of view of th
ll' resistance). the various resistances to external influ- processing of the compound. For the manufactur.
:
ences (e.g. acids, aikalies. oil) and their electrical and of soft PVC compounds for the cable industrl'. a;
lhcrmal characteristics determine the areas of appli- S-PVC uith porous grain (plasticizer sorption) an(
ll ,
cation of the cables in s hich they are used for insula- a K value of about 70 has bccome generally acceptcd
don and sheathine.
:
PVC and additives like plasticizers, mineral fillers
antioxidants. coulering pigment a.s.o. are preparel
lli in a mixing and gelling process, under heat, to pro
duce the working compound.
It; r The compound, usually in granular form, is pressec
i I onto the conductor as insulation, or onto the cori
-+-
ti L i-i-r-i+ as a sheath, by means of extruders.

Pure PVC resulting from polymerization is unsuit-

able for use as an insulating and sheathing materia
:

^1r
l
I
I
---l--
tt it
Y-r
T
I

I
rEF
for flexible and wiring cables, because at its servic
temperature it is hard and brittle, and also thermali'
unstable. It is only through the incorporation of ad
L rr - CF3Jy ditives that the mechanical/thermal and electricr
tr characteristics necessary in such materials, togerhe:
Fig.2.4 Structural form of ETFE and FEP with good processing properties, are obtained.
I
18
 j
The most import:rnt additivcs arc: Pol-veth-'.'lene (PE) -
Polyethylenc is a macromolcculur hydrocarbon rvith
P tici:ers
las a structurc sirnilar to thut of thc parat'fins (tbr thc I
The plasticizcrs normllly usecl are cstcrs ol'or3lnic structural tbrnrula see page l7). This matcrial. rvith
acids. such as DOP (Di-1-crhyiherylphthaiate) or its excellcnt dielcctric properties. is used ls an insulat- t
DIDP ( Di-isodecy-lphthalatc). Estcrs of lzelnin or sc- ing matcrial in porver cable enginecring in both non- i
I

bacic acid tre used for compounds rvith especillly
good cold resistance, while those for higher servtce
temperxtures contain trimellith ccid esters or poll es-
ter plcsticizers.
cross-linked (thermoplastic PE) and cross-linked !r
(XLPE) form. The power cables produced by Sie- 't
mens with thcrmoplastic polyethylene insulation are
knorvn by the protected trlde name PROTOTHEN'Y
and those with cross-linked polyethelene insulation r
:

Stabili:ers by the trade name PROTOTHEN-X. Of the wide '

range of ty'pes of polyethelene offered by the chemical :

These confer thermal and thermal oxidization stabili-

industry, only specially prepared, purified and stabi' I
ty on rhe PVC compound during processing and in
lized tlpes rrc uscd in cablc cngincering.
service. Principally used as stabilizers are leld salts
such as basic lead sulphate or lead phthalate Anti-
oxidunts tre necesslry in addition. to prevent. ibr
Because both thermoplastic and cross-linked poil-
ethelene lre sensitive to ionization dischargcs. it is I
c. ,rplc. dcterioration of the plasticizcr through ori- necessar-v- ior clbles rvith r:rtcd voltages from
datlon. L 6, L = 3.5 6 kV upwards to incorporlre conducting
la-vers over and under the insulation. The inner lal er T
Fillcr s usually consists ol a weakly conducting alkyl copo'
-f ;e are used to obtain a specitied combination of l1,mer. Various mcthods rvere tbrmerly used to pro-
vide the outer conducting laYer: T
char:rcteristics. In addition thev contribute to reduce
thc cost. The most uscd llllcrs for PVC compounds > grlphitizing or conducting lacqucr or I conduct-
lrc culcium carbonate and kaolin. ing adhesivc rvith weakly conducting tape applied T
to it:
Lubric tut ts
tr
Thcse improve the
used.
workebility Stclrltcs urc usually
cxtruded conducting luyers. lvhich serc either ap-
plied in a scparxte process or extruded in the sante
process with the insulation.
I
P ROTO D U R Flexible antl lYiritg Cables T
Cables with PVC insulation manufactured by Sie-
mens arc known by the trade name PROTODUR'
They can be laid without special precautions in ambi- T
cnt temperatures above -5'C. If the cables are
colder than this, they must be carefully warmed be-
, e installation. Flexible and wiring cables are gener- T
ally of smaller diameter than porver cables' and are
therefore subject to lower stresses in installation. so
that with careful handling they can be laid at lorver
Conducltng
co[]pounds
T
.' lperatures. For countries such as Norway. Srveden I

or Finland. PVC compounds are available which af-

ford the necessary bending capability down to low Conduclor T
I
temperatures.
For installations with especially stringent require- Insulalinq
ments as to burning behaviour, compounds for cables compound
I
have been developed which satisfy the bunched cable
burning test, Test Category 3, of DIN VDE 0472,
Pari 804, lead to a lower emission of smoke and gas
and do not release hydrogen chloride (see pages 79
I
and 125). Fig.2.6 Schematic arrangement of triple extrusion

19
1
-!-
I
 2Insulation
According to the new specifications of
DIN VDE only outer conducting layers
02731 . .87,
per-
extruded rvith and bonded to the insulation are
mitted.
The extruded conducting layers are very thin, and
so firmly bonded to the insulation that they can be
separated from it only with a scraper' In some coun-
rries conducting layers are used whose adhesion is
somervhat lower, so that - if necessary after scoring
rvith a tool - they can be stripped by hand (cables
rvith strippable conducting layers). Because of the
force required in the stripping operation' such laycrs
are made somewhat thicker.
To ensure operational reiiability in medium' and high-
L
voltage porver cables. it is particularly important'
apart from using high-purity material and observing
appropriate cleanliness in the nranulacturing pro-
cesscs. that thc insulation and the conducting layers
should be free of bubbles, and that therc should be
good adhesion bctwecn the conducting laycr and the
insulation. According to DiN VDE 0273 this must
be checked on every manufactured length by means
of an ionization test.
In comparison with high polymers with polarized
structures, such as PVC. high polymcrs with unpolar-
:
iscd structures, such as PE and XLPE' are character-
L ized by outstanding electrical charactcristics. They
have, horvever, poor adhesion properties in relation
to other materials, e.g. moulding compounds. This
characteristic has to be takcn into account in the
L design of accessories.
For the lorv-voltage range a polycthylenc insulation
Ui compound has been successfully developed which
bonds s'ell to accessory materials and thus ensures
the water-tightness of joints.
li
ll PROTOTHEN.Y
Itis not usual to use thermoplastic polyethylene in
ll power cables for lJolIJ=0.611 kV, because of the
high conductor temperatures to be expected under
short-circuit conditions. For higber rated voltages'
I while it offers advantages in comparison with PVC
and paper insulation because of its satisfactory di-
electdc properties, it has declined in significance as
power cable insulation, beceuse of its poor heat/pres-
iure characteristics (Fig.2.1), in comparison with
1 cross-linked polyethylene, and has been omitted from
the new specification VDE DIN 0273/..87.
n
t0
Cross-Linked Polyethylene (XLPE)
PROTOTHEN.X
The linear chain molecules of the polyethylene are
knirted by the cross-linking into a three-dimensional
network. There is thus obtained from the thermoplas-
tic a material uhich at temperatures above the crls-
tallite mclting point cxhibits elastomcric propcrties
By this mcans the dirnensional stability under heat
and the mechanical properties are improved As it
oC
result, conductor temperltures up to 90 can be
pcrmitted in normal opcralion and up to 250 "C
under short-circuit conditio ns.
There are thrce principal methods for cross-linking
poll'cthylenc insulation matcrials :
Cross-linking bY Pcro.x idcs
Organic radical componcnts. in particular spccilic or-
ganic pcroxidcs. are incorporated. Thesc dccomposc
at temperaturcs above thc cxtruding lemperaturc'
into highly rcactive radicals. These radicals interlink
rhe initially isolated polymer chains in the thermo-
plastic in such a rvay that i] spxce netuork results
(Fig. 2.7).
'o'as cross-
Formerly, polyethylcne cable insulation
linkcd mainly by 'continuous vulcanization in a
steam tube', in the so-called CV!)method (Fig.2.8)'
In this methoti the polycthylcne. mixcd u ith the pcr-
oxide as a cross-linking initiator. is pressed onto thc
conductor. by means of an extruder, at about 130 "C
(below the temperature at rvhich the pcroxide dccom-
poses). Follouing this. in the same process, the insu-
iated core is passed through a tube, about 125 m
long, Iilled with saturated steam at high pressure'
At a pressure of 16 to 22 bar and a temperature ol
aboui 200 to 220 "C, the organic peroxide decom-
poses into reactive primary radicals, which effect the
cross-linking. The crosslinking process is followed
immediately by a cooling stage. This must similarll
take place under pressure in tubes 25 to 50 m long'
to privent the formation of bubbles in the wlcanizec
maierial through the presence of gaseous products
of the peroxide reaction'
An alternatives to this 'classical' crossJinking pro
cess, methods have been developed in which gase'
or liquids, e.g. silicone oil or molten salrs (salt bath
cross-linking) are used as media for the heat transfer
I' Cv:
continuouJ nrlcanisation
Peroxide
f".
R-?-o-o-f?"'-R
CH, CH.

cH.
Primary radical
t--
R-9-9' + CH. o
I
+
- cH2-CH2-cH2-cH2-
cH.
CH"
+
t-
R-C:O
cHr-cHr-cHz-cHr-
Po

Lr|.
I I
R-c-oH +
t
I
cH4 + - cH2-cH
a -cHz-cH2-
I
O Polymer radrcal
CH.
- CHz-CH -CH2-CH2-
I

I
-t
i
Barliial combination during
network formalion
- cH,-tH-cH2-cH2- Cross linked
Pol'Tethylene
I
- cH2-cH-cH2-cH2 -

Fig.2.7 Cross-linking of Polyethylene by organrc perortdcs T

I
lnterml enl
drive unil I
T
I

Tension
I
conlrcl unit Cooling

b I."
l0ne
tit 'f

or t

T
Tube length approx 125 m I

Fig.2.8 Continuous cross-linking in a steam tube (CV process)

I

Y I
I
 2Insulation

Compared to vulcanisalion with steam, these meth- lysis takes place to form silanol groups, which
ods permit crossJinking at higher temperatures and then condense to the interlinking siloxane bonds
lower pressures. (Fig. 2.10).

Because the grafted silane can contain up to three

Cross-linking by Electron Beants
The polymer chains are crosslinked directly by
means of high-energy electron beams, without thc
necessity for the heating stage which is essential with
peroxides. It will be clear from consideration of the
reaction sequence in the cross-linking of polyethylene
by electron irradiation, as illustrated in simplified
form in Fig.2.9, that in this case also gaseous reac-
rion products are formed (mainly hydrogen).
reactive alkoxy groups, this offers the possibility that
bundled linking locations can be formed.
Although as regards the chemical structure of the
cross-linking bridges the cross-linked polymer matrix
appears to be quite different from those produced
by the methods previously described, a combination
of characteristics is nevertheless obtaincd which es-
sentially corresponds to that of the crosslinked PE
produced by the classical methods.

Cross-linking by Siloxane Bridges

Polyolefines can also be cross-linked by means of
siloxane bridges, u hcreby suitable alkoxysilancs are
radically grafted into the poll,mer chains. In the pres-
ence of moisture and a condcnsation catalt st. hvdro-
Like all polyolefines, crosslinked polyethylene is
subject to a time and tenrperature-dependent oxida-
tive decomposition, and it. has to be protected against
this by the addition of anti-oxidants, so that il can
uithstand continuous service at 90 "C over a lonq
period of time (see page 27).

"- CH z-CHz-CH2-C H, -
Polyethylene
*CHz-CHz-CHr-CH.^^,
t
leo
I
Y

,
H. +
-CHz-CH-CH2-CHr^
a

*cHz-cHz-cH2-cH.^,
J
Formation of lao
polymer radicals l-
I
Y
* C Hz-CH-CH2-CH.^,.,
a
H.* a
-, CHz-CH-CH2-CH"-
I
l Y

Eadical combination
* CH:-FH-CH2-CH, ^- Cross.linked
Fig. 2.9
during nework lormarion
I Polyethylene Cross-linking of Polyethylene by
^^,CHz-CH-CH2-CH"-, electron beams

1)
 Elastomers 2.1

HrC.
OR cH,
H.C.
\ /
-CHr + 2 Hrc:cH-si-oR
\
HrC. Polyerhylene

OR cH,
H.L
Hrl-
Grairing
{Radical initiation)

"tta. r, i'i2
RO
/o^
"."a'cH-c{2-cq2-si-oR Rojsi-cH,-cHr-c H
cH,
*"a. oR
cH"

Hydrolysis
+ H2O (caralysrl
-2ROH
H.C
CH.
H
Cross-linked
CHz Polyerhylene

Fis. 2.10 Cross-linking of Polyethylene by Siloxane bridge method

2.1.2 Elastomers
In contrast to the thermoplastics. the molecule chains
l[ elastomers form an extensive meshed networli'
This cross-linking, or vulcanization, gives rise to the
elastic nature oIthe material: a large reversible exten-
sion in response to low tensile stress-
Elastomeric materials are used lor insulation and for
sheaths. They are applied mainly where the product
has to be particularly flexible.
The classical elastomeric material. natural rubber'
hls declined in signific:.rnce in recent yerrs' In its
place. the synthetic elastomers. produced by the co-
polymerization of ethylene and propylene, are con-
itantly finding new areas of application in cable engi-
neering. These ethylene-propylene copolymers'
known under the general term EPR, contaln no dou'
ble bonds, and cannot, therefore, be crossJinked
by
rhe vulcanization methods appropriate to the unsa-

A wide range of elastomers is nowadays available
to the cable industry. This makes possible the manu-
facture of compounds with specif-rc properties, such
as high abrasion and oil resistance, weather and heat
resistance and flame resistance, combined with good
overall elecrrical and mechanical chlracteristics.
turated rubbers (e.g. natural rubber, styrene buta-
diene rubber). On ihe other hand, because of the
absence of iouble bonds in the main molecular
greater
chains, these elastomers have a significantly
resislance to thermooxidative decomposition and
to
ozone and heat'
rhe effect of ultra-violet radiation'
2 Insuladon
IJ
I
i-i*
I
H
HH
tl
Y_Y
tl
HH
With the incorporation of a dienet), EPDM elas-
tomers are obtained (Fig. 2.1 1), in which the double-
bond active in cross-linking is arranged not in rhe
main chain but in a side -eroup.
Thermoplastic Elastomers (TPE) :'
Technically interestine combinations of propcrtics
can be obtained through thc admixture of rhermo-
plastic olefines. e._1. poll propylene rvith ethl lene pro-
pylene elaston.rers, or bl rhe direct production of so-
called pollolciine block poll'nrers. Such copolvmers
of ethl'lene and propllene *'ith a block structure con-
sist of an EP elastomer phase uith crlstalline homo-
poll mer end blocks. *'hich represent the unstable re-
versible cross-linking centres. At temperatures above
the cr]'stallite melting point. rhese materials have
thermoplastic propcrties: belou thc cr1'stallite melt-
ing point the),behave as elastomers. Polymers of this
kind are therefore called thermoplastic clastomers
(TPE):'.
Another class of thcrmoplastic clastomers is repre-
sented by three-block polvmers o[ styrene and ethl l-
The drencs used as tercomponenls are spccial hydrare mrlcrials *ilh
double iinks tahich arc non{onjugatcd
ln ror:re Fublicerions for thcmoFllsric cllslomcrs rh. !bbrclia(ion TPR
rj u*d as prcviousl]
Fig. 2.11
Structural form of EPR and EpD
EPR
EP0i\il
with Erhylidiene
as Iercomp0nent
ene butylene blocks, which are so struct.ured that etl
ylene butylene chains contain styrene units as en
blocks. Polyesters and polyurethanes wirh TPE prol'
erties are also known.
Other types of elastomers used in cable engineerir
are polychloroprene, chlorosulphonated polyethl
enc and chlorinated polycthylcne, which. because t
thcir advantaceous properties in relation to enviror
mental influences. are prcfcrably uscd as shearhin
matcrials.
Conducting Rubber
Through the addition of conducting fillers, e.g. ca.
bon black. natural rubber and syntheric elastom.
compounds riirh a resistivity of from a few Qcm u
to several thousand C2cm can be produced. Conduc
ine rubber compounds are generally used in the mor
itoring of flexible and riiring cables in mines. an
also for inner semiconductin-s layers and held limi
ing in s,"-nthetic elastomer insulated high-r,ohag
cables (Ozonex principle).
Natural Rubber (NR)
Natural rubber is obrained in various counrries i
rhe equatorial belt from rhe rubber tree (hevea bras:
liensis). This tree contains in the cambium cells unde
its bark a milkl juice (latex), which flous our whe
the bark is cut. The rubber is obtained from th
through coagulation with chemicals, electro coagL

lation or by other methods. The resulting rubber is
supplied to the manufacturer in smoked form as
'r*ok"d sheets' and in chemically bleached form as
'crepe'. Rubber is a hydrocarbon of high molecular
weight with the monomer unit 1,4-polyisoprene'
with the addition of vulcanization and aging-protec-
tion additives, specially selected fillers, and where ap-
propriate by blending with synthetic elastomers, insu-
iating compounds for cables and compounds for the
sheathing of flexible and wiring cables can be manu-
factured.
Unlike synthetic elastomers, natural rubber has to
be subjected to a so-called mastication process during
rnufacture. to make it receptive to the additives
a,rd to obtain the required plasticity in the com-
pound. The significance ofnatural rubber in the cable
industry has declined sharply in recent years in fa-
vour of synthetic eiastomers.
Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR)
SBR is a copolymer of styrene and butadiene' re-
ferred to as either a hot or a cold polymer according
to the method of manufacture. Cold polymers. rvith
the normal st)rene contcnt ol 2'lol, (by rveight) arc
characterized in comparison rvith the so-called hot-
rubber t-vpes by higher tensilc and tclrr strength rnd
bctter rvorking c h arac teristics : thel irrc thercfore prc-
ferrcd as admixtures used in thc production of SBR-
NR compounds. SBR and SBR-NR mixturcs trc
suit:rble for usc ts insulation in lorv-voltagc fleriblt'
and,,r'irins cubles for operxting tenlpcrlltlres up to
60 "c.
Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR)
Through the copolymerization of acryl nitrile nith
hutadiene. ellstomers are obtained rvhich are distin-
.,-rishcd in comparison rvith the SBR types b-u" high
oil rcsistance and good rveather resistance. For this
rc:lson thev are preferably used for sheathing com-
po u nds.
By mixing rvith PVC, NBR-PVC blends are produced
rvhich have better flame resistance.
Butyl Rubber (IIR)
Butyl rubber is a copolymer of isobutylene and
lsoprene. To permit vulcanization, an unsaturated
componcnr of 1.5 to 4.5% (by rveight) is introduced.
Thc lorier the isoprcne content. thc less is the ertent
to rvhich thc rubbcr lgcs under hc:.rt i on thc othcr
Elastomers 2.1
{
hand, i lower isoprene content lowers lhe rate of
vulcanization and makes the product less elastic' i
The relatively smali number of double bonds makes
butyl rubber less susceptible to the effects of oxygen
and ozone. The main advantages are very low water
absorption and low gas permeability. The good heat
resistance permits operating temperatures uP to
90 "C with suitable compound structures. The me-
chanical properties can be improved by the addition
of special active fillers; plasticizers, for example, im'
prove the elastic properties, particularly aI low tem-
peratures. Since EPR and EPDfvt synthetic elas-
tomers have become available, butyl rubber ist used
onl;' in special cases.
Ethylene-Propylene Rubber (EPR)
EPR is uscd ls:r general designation for the tr"o
su b-types
ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) and
erhylene-propylene terpolymer rubber (EPDM).
Ethylene-propylene rubber (EPR) is a copolymer of
lorv density rvithout C-C double bonds. i.e. it rs a
completely saturatcd polymer rvhich. likc polyethyl-
ene. can only be cross-linked radically The further
dcvelopment of this saturated rubber to EPDM
(Fi-s. 2.11) through the incorporation of dienes rvith
hrcral doublc bonds pcrmits a conventional sttlphur
vulcanization as ',vell as radical cross-linking. e.g
u irh pcroxidcs.
There is litrle ditterencc bcnvccn cross-linked EPR
and EPDivl as regards mechanicll and electrical
properties. Peroxide - i.e. radical - cross-linking.
ho$ever. gives better long-term hext resistance and
better heat pressure charucteristics than sulphur vul-.*-
caniza lio n.
Outstanding characteristics of these elastomers are
resistance to ozone. oxtgen and ionization. good flex-
ibility at low temperatures and high resistance to
$eather and light. Because of their good dielectric
properties EPR and EPDVI. depending on the struc'
ture of the compound. are suitable for insulation at
voltages up to 100 kV, rvith a maximum permissible
oC. Such insu-
service temperature between 80 and 90
Iating materials will wirhstand temperatures up to
250 "C without damage under short-circuit condi-
tions.
Cables rvith ethylene propylene rubber (EPR) manu-
rlcturcC by Siemens are knorvn by thc protected
tradc name PROTOLON.
25
2lesulation
Blending EPR with PE enables the mechanical
strength and hardness to be increased significantly
('hard grade'). The insulating materials so produced
closely resemble the elasticized polyethylenes in their
combination of characteristics, i.e. they exhibit, as
well as the improved mechanical characteristics, im-
proved electrical characteristics, similar to those of
polyethylene. They are known by the abbreviation
HEPR.
Silicone Rubber (SiR)
Silicone rubber is produced by the polycondensation
of hydrolyzed dimethyldichlorosilane and methyl-
phenyldichlorosilane. The macromolecules in this
case consist not of carbon chains, as in most other
polymers, but of silicon-oxygen chains (Fig.2.1?),
uhich is the reason for the rcmarkably high heat
resistance.
During processing, fillers are added to the silicone
rubber, together with organic peroxides for the pur-
pose of crossJinking (vulcanization). The end prod-
uct is characterized by a high heat resistance. Because
of the excellent insulation properties and the practi-
cally unvarying flexibility over the temperature range
from -50 to +180"C, flexible and wiring cables
insulated *irh siliconc rubber crn bc uscd contin-
'180'C (up
uously at conductor tempctatutes up to
to 250 "C for short periods).
Thc silicone-rubber-bascd SInNOTHERM com-
pounds manufactured by Siemens have outstanding
eiectrical charactcristics r.vith good resistance to
ozone. They are inscnsitivc to moisture and exhibit
good rveather resistance. The-v are thus suitable for
both insulation and sheathing. Another preferred
arel of application is that of accessorics.
ftttl QH" 9H. I
-Fo-gi-o-qi-o-f-
ttrl
L CH3 R I
(R = CH, or C,H,)
Fig. 2.12 Structural form of SiK
_:o
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA)
EVA is a copolymer which is used either as a t.
moplastic (vinyl acetate content < 30%) or, with s
able crossJinking, as an elastomer (see Fig.2.,l
structural formula). The properties of an EVA cc
lymer are in the main determined by the ratir
vinyl to acetate content. Cross-linked EVA e
tomers are characterised by good heat resistance .
permit conductor temperatures up to 120'C- T
also exhibit excellent resistance to aging in hot
and superheated steam, together with very satisfa
ry heat/pressure characteristics (see page 16), part
larly at high temperatures. In addition, EVA c,
pounds have outstanding resistance to ozone and
ygen, weather resistance and colour stability. The
namic freezing point is in the region of -2{
- 30 "C. The application of EVA as an insula
material is limited by its electrical characteristic
the low-vohage range. The compounds are used
heat-resistant non-sheathed cables and flexible co
and for heating cables.
2. 1.3 Thermosetting Polymers (Duromers)
Unlike the elastomers, thcrmosetting polymers
usually closely crosslinked and in general have be
',vear resistance and dimensional stability than
t.
moplastics and elastomers.
Thc application of the thermosetting pollmers as
sulating materials is limited to the use of epo:
and polyurethane rcsins for thc {iiling of cable ac
sorics. Filling resins bascd on epoxides are preferr
converted to the thermosetting state bv heat-cur
Poll'urethane resin materials, on the other hil
harden at room temperature, and so offer advanti.
in application techniques. Both types o[ resin are :
able for outstanding adhesive strength. particulr
to metals.
A suitable choice ofresins and hardeners enabl
uell balanced combination of thermomechanical
electrical pfoperties to be obtained, together r
good chemical resistance.

2.2 Chemical Aging of PolYmers
Bv the term'aging' is understood lhe change in the
-maierial
with time Polymers are sub-
of a
"ioo.it'i.,
iect'in use to chemical changes which have an adverse
,e-i;;;;;
their mechanical and electrical characteris-
ncs.
with
The chemical aging processes are accelerated
increasing temperature. It is therefore necessary to
p.ot..t pily..tt which are exposed to high tempera-
iur.t Uy means o[ stabilizers' in order to ensure an
adequare service life for the products made
from
them.
t rlrtion lnd.particularly.'. sheaths tha( are exposed
pro-
to direct sunlight (UV radiation) must be further
rected ag;rinst this effect by the addition of so-called
lieht stalilizers to the compounds' Carbon black has
'. to be an excellent light stabilizer, especialll"
vc-d
lbr polyoleiines; an addition ol2 to 3% (by $cigh[)
oi rineiu divided carbon black, well distributed' al--
tords an effective Protectlon.
In the prescnce of atmospheric oxygen, thc chcmical
aging of many polymers' e.g. the polyolefines' arises
from oxidation processes rvhich are provoked' or ac-
celerated. by heat and light' For thc purpose of stabi-
lization. anti-oxidants are added to thc polymcrs ln
a proportion, normally' oi 0.1 to 0 5% (b1" neight)
Asins relcrions. espcciulll oxidution. itrc ltccclcrl(r'd
cltall-ticall.v by the presence of some metals This
is parricularl; marked in thc case of contact bct\\'cen
coppcr and polyolefines. in this situation anti-oxi-
i rnts oftcr no apprecicble proccction'
tn practice. to avoid direct contact betlveen pollolc-
hnc insulation and copper conductors. separators are
otien introduced. e.g. plastic hlms rvith sufficient sta-
hilitl in cont:-rct sith copper. or tinncd coppcr con-
-!.lctors itre used. In mediunl and high'voltage cable
the tield-limitrng conducting layers act as separltors'
Conductins compounds xre protected against the ef-
t'ect of direct contact lvith copper by their high car-
bon black content.
Where there is direct contact betrveen polyoleFtne in-
sulating materials and copper conductors. metal
deactivators are added to the insulating compounds
to counl.eract the catalytic effect. It has been possible
to demonstrate by practical aging tests that by this
means a sen'ice life can be achier.ed which is compa-
rrble riith that obtained in compounds not subjecr
to contact $.ith coooer.
-Duroplastics ' Chemical Aging 2'2
Evaluation of the aging properties of polymer cable
materials is based on two quantities: the sertice
life'
*ii.h d"oot.t the period of time for which a material
up to
remains serviceable' and the temPerature /imi''
;hich a material can be used subject to given bound-
ary conditions. These two quantities are interrelated'
so that an increase in the temperature limit results
in a reduction in the service [ife'
In determining the corresponding pair of values for It
the service life and the temperature limit, the changes
in the signihcant characleristics lvhich are necessary
for the iunction of the material must be examined
f
i
as functions of temperature and time up to point
rvhere an end criterion is reached. The choice of char-
acteristics and of the end criterion determine the re-
I
sults.
F
In clble engineering the terr strength is in most clses
adopted as the essential characteristic, and as an end
criterion, on practical reasons' the attainmenl of a .."-
Tf
particular elongltion value, e.g. en=50% (residual f
elongation).
DtN VDE 0304 contains guidclines for the dctermr-
T
i
nrtion of the thermal stability oI electrical insulating
mlrerials. the revised edition of December 1980 being
a rcproduction oi IEC 216 (1974). :
According to DIN VDE 030'1. under the designauon
' tcmpcraturc indcx ' (Tt ). a te mperaturc limit for a
scrvicc liic ot'20000 h is stipulated Tli l6J' for exam-
ple. signifies that the material for which it is quoted
rcmains scrviccablc for 20000 h under lnl thermal
strcJs a! tcmperaturcs up to l6'l 'C'
To obtain the tempercture index (TI). expcrimentalll'
determined pairs oI values for a rirnge of tempera-
tures - the test temperaturc l' and the service life
r5 - lre plotted on a grlph trith time on a loecrithmic --
horizonial aris and the reciprocal of the absolute
temperature on the verticai axis. A straight line is
drawn through the plotted points and bv- ertrapola-
tion gives the required temperature index' ln the
grrphs of Figs. 1.13 to I I6 the temperrture.values
on the horizontal axis h:rve been converted to oegrees
Celsius ("C) for erse of resdtng.
21
 Chemical Aging 2.2

rc6.
h.
301
2 20 1

10s rcl
b o> Yeats
4l
2
,l,I
100 1J
8l
Months
2

101
1
6 ?0
4
10
2
6
\ 02
Days

6 2

\\.
2

10'
6
4

I
0.6
0.4
4b dc $ do120{0160 2oo 25o"c3so 40 60 8b 100 120140160 200 250 "C J50
20
Temperatute
TemPeralute-

Fig. 2.15
Curvc I Normll peroxide crosslinked compound
Service life of EVA insulation comPounds
for mcdium-voltage cablc
Curvc 2 Compound with metal dcactivator for lo$-
volrage clble with copper conductor
..to.
2.1.1

,{vice liie of XLPE insulation compounds

Fig. 2.15 shows thc temperature dependence of thc

service life of an EVA insulating compound' Aging
took place in contact with tinned conductors; the
end crirerion was eq: JQo/o and the temperxture index
(Ir) was 117 "C.

29
 I lDSUlaUOn

rc5 2.3 The Influence of Moisture

h on Polyolefine Insulating Materials
4
30
2
20 Practical experience and long-term tests on mod^,
rcs cables have shown that water has an adverse effer
10
6
b on polyolefine insulating materials such as pE anT
XLPE. Using appropriate dyeing techniques, it;.
2 possible to observe tree-like structures in such mater
10"
6
4
2

l.- als subjected to electrical stresses. These originatd

from practically unavoidable microscopically smalr
fault locations and run in the direction of the electr
? Months field. This phenomenon, known as 'water treeing
2
l0j (WT) is quite distinct from 'eiecrrical' tree formatio=n
,|
6 (electrical treeing, ET) caused, for example, by ior
1 20
izarion.
2 \ 10
The mechanism whereby WT structures arise has nc -
6
101 0ays
so far been clearly explained. Because the WT growr
6
2 is influenced by many lactors besides water and elecl
2
1 tric flelds, and these processes rake a long time, inve:
tigation is very difficulr and time-consuming. t-no
, 1o'
ing the finer points, WT structures can be c*ded
6
1 into two groups (Fig.2.17):
2 D 'bow-tie trees' in rhe interior of the insulation _
1
tr 'vented trees' originaring from rhe boundaries of
0.6
the insulation.
Because of the low concentration of moisture in rhF
TemPeralute.....--..-.-
intcrior of the insularion, the growth of .bow-ti.
Fig. 2.I6 trees' is slorved do*n. so that they usually remai
Service life of EPR insulation compounds small (Figs. ?.18a and 2.18b). The serviceability oT-
cablcs is thcrcfore only rarch impaired b1..bo*,-tr.
trces'.
Fig. 2.16 shows the scrvice lifc characreristic for an '\'cntcd rrccs' (Figs.2.l9a ro :.190 r"quirc .norl
EPR insulating compound for 0.6,/l kV cables. The critical asscssmcnt. Thcsc can cxtcnd right rhrougi
values uere obtained from insulating coverings in the insulation if sulficicnt rvatcr is available. In rhi
direct contact rvith copper (l0yo elon-eated conduc- \\a) thc clecrrical srability of rhe cablc is gradualll:
lors); the end criterion $as cR:100% and the rem- rcduccd. until a breakdorvn of the cable is in, te,'
pirature index ( I/1 rres I I3 'C

ourer conducting layel Point oi

)K.
Inner conducting layer
A\N
,,80w'tie

Conducror

Fig.2.11
Diasramatic example of WT structures

l0
 Influence of Moisture 2'3

Fig. 2.194
" Vented tree ". grorving from the outer graphited
conducting lay-er o[ a PE cable

Fis. 2.18 r
'' 6o*-tie rress" in a cable rvith XLPE insuhLion
(magnihcation 1 : 100)

,
t

Fig.2.l9b
PE cable from the earll dlls of PE technLquc.
" \'enrcd trcc". grosing from thc outer uraPhitcd
conducring la1-cr

,
8.

Fig. 2.18 b
PE cablc' from the clrlv days of PE techniquc rvith
'' B()\\-.!ic trccs"
of hiei dcnsity (magniiiclrtion I : !60)
ll
 Fig. 2.19d
" Vented tree " (lcncrh approx. 700 pm) on rhe\.der
extruded conducting layer of a 20 kV XLPE cable
afler several years operation $ith water inside the
cable (magnification I :135)

Fig.2.19c
PE cabl: fronr rhc elrlr. davs of PE technique.
'\:nted rree" srorring from the outcr srlphited
.-onductinc It\cr. {Thc picture
',r,rs constructed fronr
i\\ o photociaphs )

Fig. 2.19e
" \/ented tree" (length approx. 50 pm) at rhe outer ex-
truded conducting layer of a 20 kv XLPE cable after
se\eral vears of operarion (maenification: 1 :1i5)

:r
 Influence of Moisture 2.3

by the conversion of the water tree into an electrical

tree (Fig. 2.19l).
Experiments on cables that had been in service
for
oUout.igttt years. in which' as a result of lack of
care in iristaliation, water had penetrated to the con'
ductors and the screen regions, have confirmed the
results of accelerated laboratory tests on the
deterio-
ralion to be expected in the electrical strength of insu-
lation. In this lonnection. Fi-s' 2'20 shows, by means
of Weibull statistics (a method of evaluation speciall)"
developed for the physics of breakdown mecha-
nismsl, the determinid residual strength as dependent
on the nature of the applied voluge' which by linear
prob-
resression of the measured values plotted in the
abilit-v diagram is established as 63 2oh of rhe ratec
value. lt cin be seen from this illustration that lvatet
in the conductor has a particularly unfavourable el'-
fect on the insulation [2. 1].

This knorvledge has given rise to the follo"vin-e mea-

sures for rhe construction. manufacture and installa-
tion of cables with PE or XLPE insulation:
a) minimization of fault locations in insulation and
al the boundaries of the conducting layers' i'e':
tr optimization of the purity of the insulating
and conducting-layer materials and the clean-
liness of the manuf;rcturing process:
D extrudcd conductins lavers to bc preferred'

b; rcduction of sltlcr conrcnt and prcvcntion of ln'

gress of moisture. i.c.:

tr prevention of ingress of water into the conduc'

Fig.2.l9f
Structure change from WT to ET at the top of a
" Vented rree", XLPE cable aiter 6000h "Water tree-
ing test" with 5 kV/mm and water in the conductor
and following short-time stressing with approximately
nine times operational field sfength. (The picture was
construcred from trvo photographs)
tors and the screen region in mlnutacture'
storage' transport and installation and in ser-
vice (e.g. through subsequent damagc to the
sheath).
tr use of mechanicitlll resistant outer sheath' e g'
of PE.
D provision of lcngthsise rvirtcr-tisht screen te-
gion to limit the ingress oI rvater in the event
of damage to the sheath.
tr in high-voltlge cable. for > 36i60 kV' the use
of a Iaminated aluminium sheath and a length-
rvise water-tight screen region'
In addition to this. intensivc development is in pro-
gress to increase the resistance of XLPE insulating
iompounds to WTt) bv means of additives [2 3]'
r, In lFr hlc:trurc lLo rcicrrc,.l t..) r "WJtcr trcc rctrrdcnt compouno
r\\ TP. rcmoourd)

-rJ
 Probabiliry of failure P
aoa

/_"$_____
I
ll
,rf:t
I
24 JI

Test series

Percenr rared kV/nn 7t ) 12

varue % 100 157
0.1
100 lor kV/mm rc2
102 kvimm
Vollaqe qradienr f.-..........-
Voilage gradienl 6
a) a.c. \'oltage
b) Impulse voltage

I Nerv condit.ion, dry. not prcstrcsscd

Water in the conductor and bclow thc shcath
of thc
cable after eight years in opcration
Water under the sheath of thc cablc aftcr oJl
so.en 50
)ears ln oPeratron
Ware..at the undxmt{:cd sherth aftcr ninc
operatron
lcars in
t0

23 4

Jestseres 1i 2)3| 4
Fig.2.20 eel:elr iared kV/mm. 150 g9 | 116
varLe vo ,, i0 ,
Breakdosn stren,sth of t0 kV pE cables. 100 47 i 59 I 78
\\'eibull-Disrribution : 0.r
Probabilirv of lailure p relarir e to mcan voltage tc 102 hV/mm
sradrent f (break-doun rolragc dir.ided bl
thickncss Voltage gradrenr F
of insulation)
c) d.c. r'oltale
-

.rl
 Impregnated Paper ' Bibliography 2'5

tion from the liquid to the semi-solid state' and are

_2.4 lmpregnated PaPer prevented from flowing in the permissible service
temperalure range by the microwax structure'
impregnated paper was used for conductor insula-
tion ai ttre oi th" last century' It made possible In addition, these non-draining compounds - like all
-the manufacture "ni of cables for higher voltages' Be- polybutene compounds - have outstanding dielectric
cause of its good dielectric properties'
pirper lnsulil- propenies, even after long periods of service
to lne
tion is still indispensible for cables used al up
For extra-high-voltage low-pressure oil-frlled cable'
-hiehest operating voltages customary today ln the
loiv- and medium-voltage ranges' however - up to
a lorv-viscosity gas-absorbing impregnant is used'

polymers to an ever- This may be e mineral oil rich in aromatic com-

30 kV - it has been replaced by
development pounds. a naphtha-based mineral oil with alkyl ben-
- increasing eKtent in recent decades' This also to the high- )ene additivei or an alkyl benzene, ensuring good
is noru bJing extended increasingly
gas absorption in an electric field at all service tem-
voltage range.
I G '. papcr consists of the purest possible long*ta- i.r",ur.t. especially in regard to hydrogen' Other
re-
characteristics oI these impregnants are adequate
oled ccilulos". obclincd from northcrn timbers'
It is sistance to oxidation and little tendenc.v to srvell in
pro-
,lso knort n ls sudium ccllulosc papcr' lrom the the presence o[ the sealing materials used'
- ."ss by rrhr;h it is prepared. The conductors arc insu-
Ln ivith this special high-quality paper to the thick'
n!-. required tbr the ratcd volta-ee In the casc ol 2.5 Literature Referred to in Section 2
- thc higher'voltagc cables, it is advantageous to
pro-
vide conducting pilpers on the conductor and I scrcen Il.ll Krmmel, C : Sunderhauf. H: Lringswasserdichte
of metallized paper on the core. rvhose thickness' up Kunststoffkabel (Lengthrvise watertight clbles)'
- to ir certain iimit' according to DIN VDE 0225' is Elektrotechn. Z. (1952) No 4, pp' 173-176
counred as part of the insulation thickness' f2.ll Kulkner, W: Miiller. U; Peschke' E F: Henkel'
H.J.: Olshausen' R.v.: Water treeing in PE and
The single- or multi-core clble asscmbly' accordins XLPE insulated medium and high'voltage cables'
- to the cable construclion. is dricd in an imprcgnltLtng Elektr.-Wirlsch. 8l (1932) No' 26, pp 9l l-9?2
[1.i] Pcschke. E : Wicdenmann. R': Ein neues
VPE-
txnk and then impregnatcd rvith a degasscd and dried
impregnating medium f impregnrting compound') \littclspannungskabel mit Water-tree-retardier-
- appropriate to lhe intended purpose of thc cablc' cndcr ilTR-)isolierung (A nerr XLPE mcdium-
r oltage cable wilh water-tree-retardant
(WTR) in-
Papcr-insulated c:.rblcs arc dividcd according to thc 36 (19S7) No 6'
.uhtilon). Elektr.-Wirlsch
ncthod of imprcgnation into mirss-tmpregniltco
- clblcs and oil-llllcd c0blcs. Cables lvhosc lnsulatlon
I rillcd aftcr instlllation *ith nitrogen undcr pressltre
2q; knorr n its internrtl gls pressure
crtblc
-
uou -r ollitgc. mcdium-r oltlge lnd urternitl gits prcs-
sure cebles are impregnated rvith high-viscosity pol!-
' '|tcnc compounds. r'hich have very lorv dielectrtc
,.sscs and erccllcnt irging charucteristics' trom .low
to vcrl high opcrating tempcfatures. ln compilrtson
ri ith thc oil-resin compounds produced tiom natural
or svnrhetic hldrocirrbon restns.
The viscositl of the impregnating compound is cho-
sen in such a way that small differences in level do
not cause the compound to migrate.
For special cables to be installed on steep slopes.
'non-draining cables' and internal gas pressure
cables. special compounds are used, known as non-
draining or nd compounds. These consist oi polybu-
tenc modificd by the addition ot' selected microcrys-
tallinc'r',lxcs: thcv shrink onlv slishtlv in thc transi-

i5
Experimental installation for the investigation
of the influence of water on polymer insulating materials
in medium- and high-voltage cables

,.:

;.i;:' ;;

i
\
'\

3 Protective Sheaths
A distinction is made in the DIN-VDE specifications
between sheaths and protective coverings or outer
of thermoplastics or elastomers'
-coverings
Protective coverings and outer coverlngs serve as cor-
rosion protection over a metal sheath or as light me-
-ct"nical protection for flexible and wiring cables'
!i..*rexs shetths are dimensioned for greater mechan-
rc l stresses.
Since the Droperties of these components ltre slmllcr
1 ior dimensions' only rhe collective term
"'s..cxth' is uscd in rclation to cablcs in the follo* ing
- section.
3.1 ThermoPlastic Sherths
Pol-vvinyl Chloride (PVC)
PVC-based compounds arc uscd prcdomintntly as
n sheathing material for po',ver clblcs and for llcxiblc
lnd rriring cables becausc ol thc mlnl ad\'ltntil{cs
thcl ol'ilr.
The thermoplastic sheath is extruded onto the c:Lblc
corc assembly in a proccss providin-t a seamless
sheaths havc a cleln.
'"cr. Cablcs rvith PVC outer
iroth surface.
The PVC compounds combine high tensile strength
lnd elonr:arion. pressure stability even in high-tem'
. .rrturc reglons. resistlnce to prlctic lly lll chenri-
clls in soils and most chemic:rls encountered in chem-
icll plants. and especially flame resistance and resls-
tlncc to aeing. The sheaths used in PROTODUR
cablcs are characterized by their comparative hxrd'
ncss. toughness rnd adequirte pliabiliry from the
point of vierv of bending at low temperatures (see
page 18).
The PVC outer sheath proved over many years for
por"er and wiring cables in fired installations is also
used. in a suitably softer form, for flexible cables.
Llshr and medium PVC-sheathed flexible cords have
bL'en introduced satisfactorily for household equip-
mcn! bccrusc ot'thcir cicar irnd durable colours and
Protective Sheaths ' Thermoplastic Sheaths 3'1
smooth surlaces. PVC-shearhed flexible cords are nor
suitlble for use at low temPeratures. in the open atr
or in heating appliances (e.g smoothing irons)' in
rvhich the cable can come into contact with hot parts:
elasromer-sheathed cords should be used in these
cases.
Poll ethl lene (PE)
Practical experience in supply'authority systems has
shorvn rhat in many cases medium-voltage cables laid
in the ground are subjected to considerably higher
mechanical stresses than was originally assumed' Be'
cause of rhe danger presented to cables by the pene'
tration of moisture. an undamaged impervious outer
sheath has a decisive effect on the life expectancl"
of PE and XLPE insulation (see page 30). A mechan-
icalll resistant PE sheath is therefore increasinglv-
prelerre,i. especially' for medium- and high-voltage :
cables *ith XLPE insulation. A PE shearh is recom-
mcndcd in thc ncrv spccification DIN VDE 0271 37
rbr XLPE cablcs laid in thc ground
Thc disadvantagcs of thcse mlterials. such as llam-
m.rbility. greater ditticulty of handling in instailatton'
interior adhesion to the miltericls normally used in
rueccsories lnd greater longitudinal shrinkagc' are lc-
ccpted in vierv of their grei'tter hardness and abrasion
."ria,rnaa. From considerations of resistance to UV
r;.-rdiltion and environmcntitl strcss cr:rcking' onl;
black PE sheaths arc permitted. Thc mosl significant
fuctor in the choice of the base poly-mers is the tem-
perature to be expected in normal service. The screen
temperature to be expected under fault condirions
(see page 286) should be allowed for by suitable con-
structional measures.
Particularly advantageous is the combination of a
PE sheath with the measures described in Section 7 3
tbr the sealing of the screen region of the cable
againsr the ingress of moisture.
ln connection with the leading-in or laying of cables
in intcrior locations. ir must be rem!'mbcred th;lt PE
37
 J l'rotecrrve Sheaths
sheaths are not flame retardant. Where necessarv.
appropriate fire protection measures should be
adopted at the site, e.g. spraying or painting the cable
with a flame retardant protective coating.
Poll'amide (PA) and Polyurethane (PUR)
Polyamides are polycondensarion products with lin-
ear chain structures made up of dicarbon acids and
diamines or aminocarbon acids. Polyurethanes are
polyaddition products with a chain-formation to spa-
tial structure of di-isocyanates or polyisocyanates
and dialcohols or polyalcoholes respecrively. Flexible
and wiring cables subjecred ro parricularly high me-
chanical stresses or to chemical influences, e.g. from
benzene or agressive, mostly aromatic oils (e.g. coal-
tar oils), are provided with a protective layer of po-
lyamide or polyurerhane or/er the sheath or the insu-
lation. These two materials are distinguished mainly
b1 outstanding mechanical propcrties and good resis-
tance to oils, fats, ketones, esters and chlorinated
hldrocurbons. Pollamide protective covcrings arc
applied to, among others. flexible and wiring cables
for use in mineral oil extraction and in aircraft.
Poll'amides are not suitable lor use as insulating ma-
terials, on account of their poor dielectric characteris-
tics. but because of their high abrasion rcsistance and
touqhness, together with their good resistance to or-
ganic solvents and fuels thc! are used as sheathins
materials for special flcrible and rviring cirblcs.
Polvurerhane sheaths har.e high inrpact rcsistancc.
high fleribility at low rentperarures and,sood abra-
slon rcslstance.
Poll propl lene (PP)
Poly'prop1.'lene is of lcss importance because of its
brittleness ar lo\\' tempcrature and its special sensitir._
itr to t hermo-oxida tir e deteriorltion. eipecilllv rvhen
in contrcr uirh coppcr. can onll bc emploved undcr
limired conditions.
3.2 Elastomer Sheaths
ln the Federal Republic of Germany, apart from
use in * iring and halogen-free coblei *ith im-
.ships
proveo propertres under fire conditions, elastomer
sheaths are only used for rviring and f,lexible cables.
Because natural rubber has only limittcd rcsistancc
-1O
to weathering, chemicals and heat Siemens have de-
veloped special synthetic elastomer compounds for
use as an outer sheath material.
_
Polychloroprene (PCP)
A polymer of 2-chlorine-butadien shows a good resis_
tance against the influences ol light, oxygen and
ozone and a very good resistance against cold, heat
and flames. Its excellent resistance against chemicals,
which is very high for a elastomer deserves special
mention.
It has, therefore, particular advantages for use as
a basic material for sheathing compounds.
The cables and flexible cables manufactured b1,Sie-
mens uith a sheath based on polychloroprene are
kno* n under rhe rrade mark PROTOFIRM. The
-
mechanical srrength of the vulcanized compound is
very hi-lh. therefore. these cables have an increased
service life under mechanical stresses of any \_J.
-
PROTOFI RM sheaths also offer advantages u.hire
good resistance to seathering. flame rctardance and
a certain ammount of resistance to oil is reo uired.
furthcrmore where a clastomer is preferred to pVC
-
compounds bccausc of its higher flexibility, rcsistancc
to abrasion and tear cxtension.
Thcsc shcaths, thercfore. arc particularly suited for
flcxiblc cablcs in undcrground mining applicarions
and loc:rtions rrith fire hlzard
Chlorosulphonl I Potvethllenc (CSII)
CS i\'1is produccd bl,chlorosulphonation of pol),crh-
1lc'nc. The parrly cr)srallinc polycthylcnc is in rhis
process transferrcd into an anrorphous clastonter. -
The cross-linkins can be established by using eirt-^r
radical or conventiontl special sulphur compounu-.
CSNI is alailublc:rs an industrial prodtrct undcr the
tradc mark HYPALON (N4anulacturer: Dupont de
Nemours International S.A.). Both. propertics and
the ranqc of applicarion corrcspond to thosc of po- -
lvchloroprc-nc (PCP). hos,cver. CSlvl has improved
properties as regards colour lastness and resistance
to heat.
Chlorinated Polyethl.lene (CM)
CM is a new sheath compound with characteristics
virtualll identical wirh those of HYPALON but u,ith
rcduced flcxibility at lou' temperirtures. When -
blcndc'd g ith oth!.r !'lastontcrs soccial comoounds
 Sheaths of Rubber for Special Purposes' rylh*!::l
NYBUY and PVC'insulated cables with lead
sheath
can be produced, e.g. by the use of
EPR or EPDM as locutions with
at low temperarure is improved' 9r',by
tl" ;;;;J r- ntting stations as well cables
- t'lexibility
'"i'tiiur-i",adien i"" ona explosion hazard: these also have'
rubber the oil and fuel resis- mechanical dam-
"t" as protectio; against corrosion and
tance is imProved'
_ ogi. uo oot.. sheath ol PVC'
For the lead sheath a cable lead Kb-Pb to DIN
17640
Nitril-ButNdien Rubber (NBR) agatnst the vr-
is used which is sufficiently resistant
immersed in oil bration whictr are normally present' The base
materi
- Cables which are ro be permanently
on
o.. o-tia"a with an oil resistant sheath based at for this cable lead is pig lead Pb 99'94. tots
predominantlv
ttti", (NBR)' Nitril rubber is DIN 1719. To avoid a coarce grain structure thts
-
"iitii il"a"a'with ivc and is known for its good blended with 0.03 to 0 05% (by weight)
of copper
"r.i
,..ir,on". to oil. This resistance to oil is based on { I tole J, r,.
ii. o"i".i,v of the nitril rubber molecule' Nitril rub-
oils
U", it ,ft.t.f"re highl.v resistive to non'polarised
- ,olt.nt, but docs sri'eil considerably in highlv-
"i.
polarised solvents'
_
Trble 3.1 Cable lead to DIN 17640'
3.3 Sheathing Nlaterials for Special Purposes A base metal of Pb 99.94 to DtN 1719 with an addition-
al 0.001% lvlg must bc uscd

Sicmcns have devclopcd cablcs and llexiblc

cables
D.sig- Tellurium lead
(Flamc-
unO". ,ft" trade mark SIENOPYR FRNC nation
n"i"tO.n,, Non Corrosive) which hlve particulirrly:
namell
importanr characteristics in the evcnt of tire' Abbrevi- Kb-Pb Te 0.0+

> reduced support ol combustion cvcn rvhen ation

bunched Uscd lbr Wcak ullol cable Cablc sheaths

shcuths: busc metal rvhich tre subjected
> tirmes do not contlin corrosivc sttbstanccs lbr manufacturc to l high dcgrcc
> grcrtlv rcduced snrokc dcvclopmcnt of liloy clblc of vibrution
shci.I ths
> rctcntion of instltiltion
r', hicvcd bl thc usc ol'spccial shcathing mrtcrials Componenls in % (b! rveightt

Ahe base matcrials are olelincopol-vmcrc such.:ls Cu 0.03 -0.05 0.0i to 0.05 "
flamc-retardent qualities'
- VA or EEA. To achicve 5b
L
thcsc mctcrii.tls being normally combustiblc' ccrtaln Sn
hvdratc containing mineral tlllers are used' Thcrefore o.orto
rcmtindcr to t 00?6 remlindcr to
- satisfl the aboic requirements itll other additivcs Pb
such as lnriitging a!:ents are halogen-frce'
\{lximum umount of rddiLi\cs in 70

Ag 0.001
0.001
I[ 0.050
3.4 Nletal Sheath
Fe 0.001
\tg 0.001
Lead Sheath Sb 0.005

Insulation materials. sensitive to humidity' e'g tm- Sn 0.005

0.001
prcgnated, paper are protected by a metal sheath' Zn
Since the bcginning of cable mlnufacturing leud, : Thir Cu uddi(ion crn bc omi(lcd by irgrconrcnt bct!\r'cn
lcrd smeLlers
s hich is crsl io hlnJlc. hls bccn the proven mrtterill rnd cablc m:rnuilcturlrl
uprol)05';
tbr this pLrrDosc. Lcud covc'rcd PVC'shelthed cablcs ' iirt-*"i".rrr riupumx\ rlso hrlc :rn so conicn( ol
l9
 Table 3,2 Features of Lead and Aluminium

Features Cable lead Kb-Pb Aluminium for

to DIN 17 640 cable sheaths
Density g/cm3
2.7
Ten<ile o.a..rh N/mm2 13 !o 18 lo to zo 55 to 65
Elongation % 40 to 50 z) to J) z) to J)
Brincll Hardness to DIN 50351 HB 5131,2s130 4to5 5.0 to 6.5

Melting point
HB 2.sl3t, 2s130
roirr
'c 327 658
Specific resistance at 20 'C Om 2t.4.10-8 -
2.84. 10
E

Thermal conductivity
K. 34.8 218

Specific heat capacity I

--i-; 1.45.106 2.5 . 106
m-l\

For cables u hich are to bc subjccred to hcavier vibra- To ensure these cables correspond to the normal ^, ,,
tion, e.g. cables for installation on bridges, rail*.ay, core paper-insulated cables, the thickness of the >ro_
cables or aerial cables, Siemens prelerably use a lead- minium sheath is dimensioned such that the conduc_
tellurium-alloy to DIN 17640 (Kb-pb Te 0.04). The tivity of the sheath has a value equal to or greater
basis for rhis alloy is pig lead pb 99.94 ro DIN 1719. than that of the corresponding standardized neutral
to u'hich at leasr 0.035% of tellurium is added. conductor.
The main characteristics of lead and aluminium for The good electrical conductivity of the aluminium
use as cable shcaths arc shorvn in Table i.2. sheath ensures a eood screening factor; the interfer_
cncc u,irh control cables and communication cables
Aluminium Shcath is therefore lower than that of lead-sheathed cables
(see page 352).
In the 1 940's Siemens AG rr.erc thc first manufacturcr
to succced in pressing aluminium. *.ith its high stabil- Normally cables *.ith aluminium sheath do not have
ity and good conductivity. arouno a corc asscmblr.. to be armoured. due to the mechanical stabilitv of
u hich prcviously could only be done rvith aluminium. This is of parricular imporrance in rhe
lead. Afrer
haling provcn their rvorth, cables rvith aluminium case of single-core cables ivhere *,ith lead_sheathed
shc:rth wcrc included ar firsr in VDE 02g6,,10.56 l)'pes the mechanical protection could onlv be
"Spccifications for Metal-Sheathed power achieved by a relarilely expensive non-magnetic r"-
Cables on
Triai " since 1964 for aluminium_sheathed cables. mour
DIN VDE 0255 '.Specification for Cables s.irh Aluminium is not susceptible to vibration and does
Mass.lm pregnatcd papcr Insulation and
Meral- not tend to re-crr.stallize even at higher ambient tem-
Shearh in Powcr Plants'. applies.
peratures. These facts make aluminium-sheathed
A. rcliable. corrosion prorccrion ensures cables particularly useful for installations u,here sub_
that the alu_
minium sheath is not threatencd even under lection to heavy Vibration is to be expected. e.q. on
unfa_
vourable conditions. Aluminium_shcathed bridges, alongside rails av tracks etc.
cables arc
installed in the same manner as paper lead
cables.
The.smooth soft aluminium sheattr-atio*s
surncienitu
small bending radii (see page 400).
The good electrical conductivity of
aluminium makes
itpo-ssible 10 use the sheath as neutral
conductor
IPEN) in thee-pbase systems wtrh earrhed neutral
point (three-phase four_wire sysrems).

40
 Conosion Protection 4.1

4 Protection against Corrosion

po"ver cables depending upon the requirements, a bedding o[ im-

Meial-sheathed as rvell as armoured
must be provided wirh protection agalnst corroslon'
4.1 Cable rvith Lead Sheath
F- .ius \laterials in Bituminous Compounds
prignated jute (NEKEBA) is applied'
If for practical reasons, a polymeric sheath was not
selecte-d a layer of polymeric foil must be
laid over
the armour if there is danger of chemical or electro-
lytic corrosion (NEKEBEA)'

(J rutrntouretl C ubles
Pollmeric Outer Sherth
A reliable corrosion protection is provided by a
1^protection against corrosion consists of several
sheath of PVC which is chemically stable and
flame
tt- -rs oi bituminized paper and one layer of pre- to abnor-
retardent. Cables which are to be subjected
impregnated jute, rvith intermediate coatings oI
neu-
mal stresses. either in operation or during installation
tr"i biiurninout coatings (Asphal0 The outer surface
is white-rvashed to Prevent sticking of the cables a PE-sheath or a reinforced PVC sheath to
rvhilsr on the drum. Norvadays this type o[ protecuon
DIN VDE 0225 can be Provided'
aqainst corrosion is onl.v rarely uscd lt is increasingil- The PE outer sheaths of medium- or high-tenston
oieferred to use a plastic sheath bondcd to thc lead cables are alrvays coloured black (see page 395)'
sheeth b1 a suitable comPound
Table4.1 shors the colour of outer sheaths to
DrN VDE 0206.
Annoured C ables

Beked cables are provided with a protectlve lnner

covering over the lead shelth consisting of several
layers oi bituminized tlbrous materiai rvith intermedi-
atc lalers of bituminous compound This protecttve
rer covering serves also as bedding for the armour'
-\e armour is prorected lsainst corrosion by surtace
a lal er
Table 4.1 Colour of outer sheath
., jute in bituminous compound. The outer
is *hite-rvashed. This tlpe of protection agalnst cor-
''-rsion is sufficient under normal conditions'
tf there is a danger of heav,v chemical or electroll-.ttc
PE outer sheath
corrosion at least one la-ver of elastomer type or pot)-
meric foii hxs to bc provided in addition to the tapes
\ledium and
oi tlbrous m:rLeri:ll. unless the clble is protecred b1
high-voltage cable
c.n outer polymeric sheath.
PVC outer sheath
Separate Lead-Sheathed ( S.L.) Cables Black
Lorv-voltage cable 0.6/1
Separate lead-sheathed (S.L.) cables have, over each Yellow
Low-voltage cable [or 0.6/ 1
lead sheath. a bitumen layer and a layer of polymenc
mining applications
tape rvhich is lollorved by a further layer of bitumen below ground
compound and one layer of bituminized tibre tape. > 0.6iI
lvledium- and high'
Ol'er the touch protected and laid-up cores an inner vokase cable
protecii'.'e shearh of puper- or textile tape. and (or).
 4.2 Aluminium-Sheathed Cables

Whilst being exceedingly durable when installed in

free air, aluminium has to be protected by a water
and ion-resistant anti-corrosive covering, if the cable
is to be installed in the ground. In order to achieve
a high degree of salety and mechanical strensth a
multiJayer corrosion protection is required.
According to DIN VDE 0255 Type A5 it consists of
a plastic foil applied overlapped and bonded to the
aluminium sheath and to the outer pVC sheath bv
means of bitumen compound.
Special tests show that the corrosion protection ad-
heres well to the aluminium sheath and that in the
event of a locally limired damage to the cable eventu-
al corrosion on the outside of the aluminium sheath
is practically limited to the exposed area.

.11
 Armour 5

5 Armour

Single-core cables in single'or three-phase a'c'

sys-
-fh. orrnou, protects the cable against mechanical
stresses. In ,h. a"r" of polymeric cables
for rated **-, ur" not armoured as a rule, in order to avoid
addirional losses. An armour of non-magnetic mate-
above Lfo/U:0'611 kV it normally serves
-voltages rial. however, has to be provided wherever mecnanl-
llso as an electrical screenlng'
cal demage or higher tensile srresses are to be
e't-
ar- pected du-ring or after laying of the clble Occasional-
Paper-insuhted lead-sheathed cables are normally
eacn ap-
-rnorrred
*'ith trvo compounded steel tapes' iy rntr.-itpr-.gnated or oil-filled cables are manuflac-
ol'. ln open helir in such a mlnner thill the
in tured sith an open armour of steel wires' inste:rd
."cond tapc corers the g:rp left b;- thc firsc' of a non-magnetic armour. tor reasons ot economlcs'
-High-r'oh,rge crbles wirh polymer insulrrtion having
aiallic a-opp". ,"ta.n as rvell as low-voltage cables
s: PVC or XLPE insulation and alumintum-if
-sheathed clbles do not require to be armoured
they are sufficiently protected against damage and
noi.uUj..t.a to tensiie stresses' The permissible pull
- during ia1-ing of cablcs is shorvn on p'rge 406'
An armour of flat-steel wires may also scrvc as a
screen in multi-corc cablcs r"irh polymcr insullttion
- not having a screen ofcopper' This design is common
for PVC ilbles ior 3.5 6 kV. *here ;t scrccn lrounll
each core separately is not rcquircd' irnd illso fLrr
- cubles to be installed in nenvorks rvhcre doubic carth-
Iiruits orearth-faults in earthcd ncutral s)sterns
rcnticr ltn :lrmour ot'stccl rrircs ltdvltnt;tgcoLts in its
- firncrion as a commoll mctallic screen (scc also
^" ltc -n i ).

(;$les \\ hich lre to b!' itlbjectcd to highcr mcchlnl-

- (especialll tensilc stress) must be 1r'
!.., stresscs
mourcd rrith salvanized stcel uircs' The right protilc
I'g. tllt. round or "2"-rvire). dimensions lnd
- ...icnsth ol'thc $ires hits to bc choscn according to
thc size :rnrl applicarion ot'thc clble' e g as rirer
cable. submarine citble or shati cable (see pages 129
- rrnd ll0t. A stccl t:tpc hclir prercnts bird-cageing
of the * ires.

.+-)
 o Loncentnc conductors

6 Concentric Conductors

The concentric conductors in low-voltage cables such

Concentric conductors are arranged under the
as NYCY, 2XCY, NYCWY and 2XCWy are used outer
polymer sheath to ensure they are protected
as PE or PEN conductors (see page 397) and at the against
corrosron. ll armour is arranged above the concentric
same time form touch protecdon. Accordine to the
conducror a separarion sheaih
VDE specificarions these must be of copp-er. The limperviou,
"*,.uJLJ
sh.eath) of PVC musr beapplied Uer*..n ttern. (iyp.
cross-sectional area included in the type desienation.
relerence desisnations for concentric conductor
houever, relates only to the material used for the page 101.)
sLe
phase (main) conducrors.

in a cable u.ith copper conductors. for cxamole.

NYC\\'\' 3 x 95 SM,50 0.6. I kV. the value of diiecr
currcnt reslsttnce of the conccntric copper conduc-
tor. to comph * ith thc abovc rc-,qulation nust not
be greater than the maximum value of that of
a coo-
per conduclor of 50 mmr. Similarly in a cable wiih
aluminium conducrors NAyCWy 3 x 95 SM,,9i
0.6/l kV lhe value old.c. rcsisrance of rhe concenrric
copper conductor, to comply u,ith thc above recula_
tion, must not be greater than the maximum
of that of an aluminium conductor of 95 mmr. ""alre
The concentric conductor compriscs cirhcr I hclicallr
applied layer of copper sires or a ulve form llrcr
of copper uires r CEAN DE R-crblr., ) c.g. NYCrif:
or 2XCWY. In addition a copper tapc is applicd
hclicalll to interconnect thc \\.ircs (transvcrse helical
tapc). In rhe Fedcral Republic of Gcrmlnl. alumin_
runr rs not permitted for use as it concentric
conduc_
tor.

tll
 Electrical Screening- Conducting Layers 7'1

7 Electrical Screening

with (H-foil), if necessary in combination wirh conducting

Electrical screening is necessary only for cables
pop"t. it can also consist of a combination of alumi-
Uo>0.6/1 kV and fulfils the following functions:
nium tape with conducting Paper tapes'
> Potential grading and limiting of the electrical
I lelo
Cable with PVC Insulation
> Conduction of charge and discharge currents
The "inner conducting layer" consists of a PVC
p . ouch Pro tectlon compound having a high carbon-black content' This
is normally applied togerher with the insulation in
To satisfy these functions the screening normally"
comorises a combination of conducting lay-ers rvith
a single production process so that both layers are
,1lic elements. One differentiates between cables bonded firmly without gcps or cavities'
ru-r non-radial characteristic fields (e'g' belted For the " outer conducring layer" elastic conducting
cables) and radial field cables. The rldial characterts- adhesives with a cover o[ conducting tapes (textile
tics of lines of held between conductor and screen or carbon black paper) is a preflerred mcthod'
is achieved by placing a conducting layer' I metal
screen or a metal sheath over each individual core'
Cable rvith PE or XLPE Insulation
Insulation is stressed only perpendicullr to the rvall
(papcr
thickness. In cables with laminated dielectric Bec::use of the higher sensitivity of PE and XLPE
insulation) this is the direction of the highest elcctri-
insulation to partial discharge the reliable ''lell adhe-
cal withstand. Interstices of the corcs in thcsc cablcs
remain field-free (see Page 97).
Iilolc /. I
Arrangement of conducting Layers above and beiorv lhc
t) cable insulation
7.1 Conducting LaYers
Tl pe of insulution Conducting la;-ers required
Thc magnirudc of clcct.ric strcss rnd thc dcgrcc of belorv the above the
.sitivitl of thc insr-rlation mtterinl ilg lnst pilrtlal in sulrtion insulation
(inner (outer
govern the tvpe of screening of the insulit-
-chrrrge
!ron with conducting la]ers (Table 7.1). conducting conductlng
laler over lir!'erl
the conductor)
rble rrith Paper Insulation
rlted voltages excecding Lio,'L'
Thc "inncr conducting la.ver" consists of scleral kV KV
ielcrs ol'semi-conducting paper (llso kno"r'n as cat-
bon black paper). This is often retlrred to as conduc- I mpregnated PlPer
t) 3.7 l0
it
tor smoothing because is used to smooth local belted cable
3.6i6
peaks in the electric field rvhich could otherrvise oq' radial field cable 3.7 15
cur. e.g. because of irregularities in the surftrce of 6i 10
stranded conductors.
Pvc
EPR 6i10
The "outer conducting layer" normaly consists of
PE 3.616
merallized paper. also known as H6chstidter Folie
XLPE 3.6i6
r' Paper-insul:rted cablc wilh non_rldill tictd: p"missiblc only for rlled
tn thri boot rh\: rn]plcr rcrm .onducring h)_cr' hrs bccr ujcil ini(crd toit,rg.. Lo Ci<3.? l0 kV. In C..mrny bellcd cabl's irrc nodnrll/ useo
ol rcmrconllucrrng trt!r chosc in rh\: r\s0cct.i!c IEC jtinJrrJt tbr voitilgcr 1,, C'<6,10 kv l*c prge l'l$)

45
 7 Electrical Screenins

sive eap and cavity-free bonding to conducting Iayers > A layer of copper wires with a helix of copper
is of greatest significance for the life expectancy of tape or tapes aborc thc laid-up individuattv
the cable. DIN VDE 0273 requires proof of non-par- screened cores (transverse helical tape) which
tial discharge for each individual cable length for a mav
be each screened with conducting layers or;
voltase range up to 2 Uo and with a measuring sensi-
tivity of <5 pC. DA layer of copper wires with a helix of copper
tape or tapes or a layer of copper tape oter-each
The "inner conducring layer" normally consists of indiuidual core which may be each screened with
a polvmer compound which is made conductive bv conducting layers; or they are
adding carbon black and is, together with the insula-
tion. applied ro rhe cable in a single manufacturing > Metal sheaths (e.g. paper-insulated cables) aboue
process and in the case of XLPE cable, cross-linked each inditidual core or above the laitl-up cores
r,r'ith the insulation. which may be each individually screened ty mer_
alized paper; or
The "outer conducrin_e layer" is formed by rhe insu-
lation and a laver of conductive polymer compound > Steel-wire armourins (e. g. in cables ,,vith polymer
bein-e simultaneously applied to the cable and in rhe sheath) ouer the laid-up individually screened
case of XLPE cable. cross-linked. This from a techni- cores; each screened by conducting layers
cal viovpoint is rhe most favourable solution *,here Other materials (e. _s. aluminium) are not accept-
rhe conducting layer is firmly bonded to rhc insula- able. parricularll in Germanl .
tion and rcquires a special tool to remove it durine
cablc. installltion. In anorher variant rhis l.r_ver cai In contrast to lhe rules for concentric conducto)./
bc rcmoved bl hand after picrcing ri ith a tool. for copper screens ir is not the elecrrical effective
In thc Fedcral Republic of Germanl, it u,as previous cross section which is the important factor because
practicc to use cabics in rvhich thc outcr conduct- *'hen considering earrh fault or short-circuit stresses
ing Iaycr consisted of graphitc rubbed on rhe outer (see page 287) the geometric cross secrion
is the morc
surface of the core *'ith a conducring tape applied significant (Tablc 7.2). Screens are arrangcd belorv
ovcr it. This graphite required a special solvcnr to the outer poiymcr sheath to providc protection
rcmovc it during installation. Thc nov regulation against corrosion.
DIN VDE 0273'..87 does no morc include this r.ari- If armouring is provided above the copper scrcen
ant. thrs must alwavs bc separatcd from thc scrcen b\'
ln inrpcrr ious sep;.rr:llion shelth of pVC,
Cablc rr ith EPR Insulation
Table 7.2
EPR is lcss sensitivc'to partial discharse in comoarj-
\'linimum cross-sectional areas of screens to VDE
\\ith PE and XpLE bLrr hcrc ulso irincr lnd outer (geometric cross scction )
',()n
conducting larers of poll.mer compound must bc
providcd und firmh.bonded ro thc insuhtion. \ominal cross-sectional area Nominal cross-sectioni
of main cond uctor arel of screen
mm: ntm I
t t of Etectricar ti
l}::llft.omponents i-j
l6
t6
50 16
The resis.tance ol'conductinc lavers
is sufficienr ro 70
,n. rerl small parrial charge and dischrrge 16
::l-.:-"]
currents ovcr small distances. to
e. q.
ovcr the circumler- 1?0 to
cncc ol the corc. For
the transmission of these cur-
rcnls ln the loneitudinJl 150 i) "
dircction ol rhe clble ro_ 185 _) ''
$ aros.the.earthed
point. additional elemenrs having 240
a suDstantially los.er i) -
specific resistance n...rr..1i
This function is performed "r. 300 t)
,:100
by metallic screens u.hich 3_i
are ln contrct ,,r.ith the conducring lalers.
relectrical
L.rependlng I For cabies luid in c:rrlbr u.orj scclion of t6 mm: rs pcimrrrrrl
on cablc tr pc thcse
are: ' Forsincle-corc crblcs lrid in canh !cro\r sccrion of t6 nm, ij
ircrmitlcd

46
 Metallic Components ' Screens Resistant to Water Penetration 7'3 -

Type designations of screens see page 101; details

curreni carrying capacity of screens in the event
-foi
of earth fault. double earth fault and earth short cir-
sce pagc 281.
_cuit 5

7.3 Longitudinally Water Proof Screens l Conductor

2 Inner-conducting IaYer
- If conditions are to be considered (e' g sub- 3 XLPE insulation
"*rr"."
marine cables,runs with great height differential' 4 Outer extruded conducting layer
damage to outer sheath) additional measures can be 5 Semi-conducting crePe PaPer
- taken. To avoid rvater penetrating the cable through 6 Swelling tape t'

damage to the outer sheath rvhich could, in the area 7 Copper wire screen l
I

the screen. spread over a large distance it is pru-

8 Helix of copper tape
-''] of ' 9 Inner covering of unvulcanized rubber
,ir to use cables which are protected against $ater l0 PE outer sheath
i

peuetration in the screen irreas. To achieve this pro- j

iection thcrc are scverll constructional possibilities' Fig. 7.1

] e.g. in the screen arer absorbent porvders or lapes Single-core cable rvirh XLPE insulation. longitudinall;.'
clbe added *hich srvell in the event of moisturc waGr proof screens and PE sheath Type NA2XS(F)
in-:s so thirt all c:lvities and g:rps are filled and the lY Ix 150 Rill 15 6. l0 kV
- longitudinal spread of moisture is limited'
In ir construction devclopcd by Siemcns thc scrcenlng
'.vires are
embedded in unvulc:rnised rubbcr. Thc gap
I
sealing betrveen screen wires :rnd thc extrudcd outer
conducting layer is irchievcd by a bolster of lor"-con' If transverse sealing of the sheath against diffusion
ducting moisture srvelling ltbres or a cotnbinlttion of moisture is required as e.g. rvith high-voltage
of low-conducting crepe pxper r"ith a tlpc of non- cables r',ith rated voltage UolU>36160 kV, an alu-
conducting moisture srvelling fibrcs. This bolstcr also minium tape. plastic coatcd on one side only' is ap-
cnsures electricll contac! ol'the scr.'en rvircs lith thc plied in a longitudal direction bctrvecn the PE sheath
outcr conducting lirycr abovc the- insttlittitln. Outcr and the coppcr scrcen. This is closcll- bondcd to the
nrcchunicul protcction is proridcri in cach clsc b1 PE sheath at the overlapping arca (AI pcth-shcath).
lr tough PE shcath (Fig. 7.1). Thc area surrounding thc scrccn is tillcd u ith swclling
porvdcr. A further possibiiity *'hich is plrticulari)"
This t! pc o[' construction has signiticlnt advilntlgcs suitable tbr submlrinc c:rblc is it mctal sheath 1e. g.
\ -r thc simplc longitudrnrtlll $;ttcr prool rltriltnt Pb. Al) * hich normalll' mlkes a coppcr screen unnec-
lclling tapc or srrcllins poldcr) irnd c"cn thottgh
^...' essar\'.
marginlll'more costly has rcccived good murket ac-
ccptancc. The special advantages of thc inncr cover-
, ol' unvr.rlcanized rubber irrc:
> good adhesion to thc PE shcath rvhich limits the
unavoidable shrinking of PE shelth to a negligible
dcgrec:
> protcction of the othcr component pilrts of the
cable when. in the event of shorr-circuit or double
earth short-circuit, the screcn cln attilin a relotive'
ly high temperature;
> additional barrier against ingress of moisture
from minor damage to the sheath when in such
an cvent thc moisture is prevented from re:rchtng
ttlc inner core and the longitudinal sealing (ssell-
'I
',) n...i

.t1
Ths power-supply cable to a mobile container crane is
subJscted to frequent reeling and unreeling and also to
nt-sh-mechanical stresses.
PROTOLON trailins cables which are service-free
o{Ier safety in operaiion and long service life even
under such extreme conditions

Insulated Wires and Flexible Cables
- 8 Types of lVires and Cables
- 8.1 National and International Standards
porver
lnsulated wires and flexible cables for electrtc
installations must be capable of rvithstanding the
st. -ses experienced during both installation and in
operrrion. ln a typical normal plant. containing fi'red^
.ubl. run, and itirh provision lbr the connection of
nAile loads, this cln bc bcst ensured by using cables
r'1 'h comply *ith the relevant nationsl or interna-
tional srandards, not only rvith regard to construc-
rion irnd testing but also to the parlmeters and limi-
trtions lbr the iype ol applicrtion For spccial appli-
c:rtions only cables which comply, in thcir conslruc-
tion and ciaracte.istics, as close as possible to VDE
or IEC specitications should be uscd'
8.1.1 VDE SPecifications
The mlin VDE specificutrons govcrning c()rlstruc-
tion. tcsting and applicltion of ilcxiblc cablcs arc:
DIN VDE 0107 Insulating and shetth cornpounds
for cabl':s and tlexiblc cords
DIN VDE 0150 Cables. rvircs and flt'xiblc cords tbr
Pou er inst;.rlia cion
voE 0lS I PvC 61$1g5. rr ircs rrntl ilcxiblt'
^:t
cords for Porver installl tion
DIN VDE 0lSl Rubber cables. wires and flcxible
cords tbr Po*er installnlion
l)lN VDE 0139 Detlnitions tbr cables. lvlrcs ilnd
flexible cords for porver installution
DI\ \'DE 0l9l Idcntificetion ofcores in clbles and
tlerible cords used in porver instal-
lations with nominal voltages up to
1000 v deviation or addition and introduce them into their
DIN VDE 0295 Conductors of clbles. wires and
flexible cords for power installation
DIN VDE 0198 Application of cables, wires and
Purts 3 and 4 flexible cords in porver installations
DIN VDE 0171 Testing of clbles. rvircs lnd l'lc'xible
c..-:::
Types o[ Wires and Cables 8'1
li
I
l.
When the VDE Approvat Organization verihes that
ii
a flexible cable complies with the relevant VDE speci- i
fications it authorises the use of a black-red printed
identification thread. A second identification thread
I
is used as a manufacturers mark which shorvs for
the products of Siemens AG the colours green-rvhite'
red-rvhire. As an alternative to the identification
threads or in addition to these the mark dVDE )
and the manufacturers lrade mark may be printed
or embossed on the cable or sheath ln special cases
the clbles are marked *irh r rvord lrldc murk or
by r protected trirde merk such:rs. in the case of
Siemens. a coloured line over the full length of the
sheath. At the prcsent limc therc are no VDE specifi-
calions to covir the cables shorvn in Sections 8 21
to 8.4 horvever, in producing thcse cablcs' the su[et1'
technical requiremenls laid dorvn in VDE are ad'
hercd to such that all types of construction compll'
with thc principles of these rules.
Intbrmation for the sciecrion of cablcs is given on
ouge 55.
8.1.2 Harmonized Standards''
It is thc rask ol the Europenn Committec tbr Elcctro'
tcchnictl Standardisation (CENELEC) to rcmovc
rcchnicirl bJrricrs to trldc bctr"ccn mcmbcr countries
*herc diflering standrrds. nittional resulirtions or ap-
provll proceedurcs crist. \\'ithin thc committee ecch
ioun,tj it represented bl its national delegates (rep-
resentatives of consumers. mtnufltcturers and stan-
drtrds org:rnislrtions) $ho prcpirrc I b;rstc hlrmoniza-
tion document rvhich. after a pcriod for public com-
mcnt. is used as a basis tor a final harmonized docu-
ment rvhich is then issued and brought into force'
The relevant nationrl committees are then obliged
to ilccept the contents ol these documents without
relevant national standards system.
if..liiiiu"int,or,t. L. r Rcrzhil. E.: \\'drncr. A.. Hlrmoniricrung dc.
i:",tr:."-i"",tf -leilunr.n Boolilct ll. vDe-Vcrhg cmbH
"n,f
+9
 6 r yPes or E'lres and cables

CENELEC harmonized documents for flexible
cables are:
HD 21 Pollvinyl chloride-insulated cables of rated
volrages up to and including 4501750V _
Part 1 up to Parr 5
HD 22 Rubber-insulated cables ofrated voltages up
to and including 4501750V part 1 up ro
- common system of type designations has been
Part 4.
These documents together with the associated
amendments are aimed to achieve world-wide ap-
proval of rhe relevanr IEC srandards (see page 55.y.
In the Federal Republic of Germany they are pub-
lished and in force as:
DIN VDE 0281 PVC cables, wires and flexible
cords for porver installation
DIN VDE 0l8l Rubber cables. *,ires and flexible
cords for polver installation
The national standards DIN VDE 0150 for rvDes of
construcrion. rvhich are replaced by rhe above har_
monized standards, have meanwhile been with_
drawn.
Marking
The harmonized standards relate firstly to the most
commonly used cables such as insulated u,ires and
flexible cords. For these a special marking was a-greed
containing rhe letrers <HAR> or ahernarivel;; har-
monization thread coloured black-red-yello*..
This marking rogerher $,ith VDE mark. authorized
by thc approval organization. and the manufacturcrs
nrark is sho*.n on the insulation or sheath. hcnce
products of Siemens AC are marked e. g.
SIEMENS <VDE> <HAR>
lf identification threrds are used the nationalirv of
thc ap-proval organization can be dererminea fiom'
thc lengths of colours on rhe thread (Ta-
^differing
ble' 8.I ).
The countries Finland, portugal and Switzerland
rec-
ognise the harmonized standards but their use
in
these countries requires individual approval.
Type Designation
In order to avoid confusion due to language a new
agreed. Inirially this system will be used only for
har-
motized cables and approved supplementary types.
This consists of three parts (Table g.2).
The first parr identifies the regulations to which
the
cable has been manufactured and the rated volta_ee.
The letter " H " indicates that rhe cable in all respelts
complies u'ith the harmonized standard. A lettei .e,
is used ro indicate that the cable complies basically
uith the harmonized standard but is only
"pprou.d
for use in a specific country (approved national sup-
plementary rype).
vohage is expressed by tu,o a.c. volra,*
Ln:,:,:O
uo,' u wngrg:
Uo is the r.m.s. value between any insulated conduc_
tor and earth and
U is the r.m.s. value between any two phase con_
ductors in a multic-core cable or in a svstem
of single core cables.
The second part contains the abbreviations for com-
ponent parts. The third part contains information
on the number of cores and rated cross-section as
u'ell as indication uhen a protective conductor
(green-lellorr) is included. For harmonized flexible
cables the presence of a grcen-1,ellou core is nb.loneer
..O
indicated b1 rhe letrcr ..1" or s.hich previou-slv
rr as uscd as a suffix ro the tvpe
designation.

Thc marking is approved b1,the CENELEC

member
countnes ln accepting the HAR approval proceedure.
The use. of wires, cables and cords marked
in this
manner ts accepted by these countries
without further
approval:
Belgium (B) r /r,
,. r,,
pederal Repu.blic oiGermany
(D) ii.irr,Jril"a, tNI_l
Denmark (DK)
NorwaY (N)
France (F) Austria (A)
Unired kingdorn qgg)
\'r\.' SPain (E)
Ireland QRtl Ss eden (S)

_i0
 National and International Standards 8'1

Table 8.1 Approval authorities and harmonization marking

Harmouization Harmonization marking
Country and approval authority by black red yellow
marking either
printed or embossed identihcation threads
(colour length in cm)
black lred lYellow

CEBEC <HAR> 1
Beleium
Coirite Electrotechnique Belge (CEBEC)
<VDE> <HAR> I
Federal Republic of Germany and West Berlin
v.iU"na Deutscher E lektrotech niker (VDE) e' V '
Priifstelle
<DEivtKO> <HAR> 3
Denmark
f .arks Elektriske Materielkonrroll (DEMKO)
il
USE <HAR> 1
France I

Union Technique de I'Electricite (UTE)

<IIRS> <HAR> 5
L ,nd
institute for Industrial Research and Srandards (llRS)
lEtvlNlEQU <HAR> 5
Italv
tstiiuro del Marchio Qualita (lMQ)
KElvlA-KEUR <HAR> 3
Netherlands
N.V. tot Keuring van Elektrotechnische Materialien
(KEMA)
7
NElvlKO <HAR>
Norwey
Norees Elektriske M ateriellko nt ro ll (NENIKO)
<OVE> <HAR> 5
nrroio
Orr"rr.l.ttir.t Verband fiir Elektrotechnik (OVE)
".
SENIKO <HAR> 5
Sweden
s' enska Elektriska Nllterielkontrollanstalter
. ivrKo) .I
OUNEO <HAR>
-Jilln
Asocilcion Electrotichica v Electronica Esp'rnola (AEE)

rited Kingdom BASEC <HAR> 3

British Approvals Service for Electric Cables

5l
 -us v.rulgs

Table 8.2 System for cable designation for flexible

cables to harmonzed standards
EIemen6 of the description
Part I Part 2 Part 3

Standffds
Harmonized type
Recognized national type ffi
tl
Rated voltage UolU
300i300 v I
300i500 v ---J
4s017 s0 v

Insulation
07 rJ
PVC
Natural andror styrene-butadiene v
aubba. R
Silicone rubber
S
Sheathing -
PVC
Natural and or styrene-butadiene rubber
Poll'chloroprene R
GIass-fibre braid N
Texrile braid
Textile braid u ith flame-retardaru qompound T
_ T2
Special constructions
FIar. divisible
Flar, non-divisible H
Cen rral he:rrt { non-strain_be:rring H2
)
D5
Conductors
Circular solid (risid)
Circular stranded (rigid.y
oi rec::sr roiil"o *,,"rr,,ro*
s -R
!l:^i:1. lgi"',
Flexible_(Clas j -K
oi IEC l:8i ior. n.riUt" crblc>
Highlr flerible rCles 6 of tEC I jti) _ -F
tbr
Itc\lblc cables
Tinsel conductor -IJ
Ntt. of corcs
-\'
l'rotcctile conductor
\\'il hout green vellorr corc
rlrtn grecn, r,ellorr core
Sizc of conductor

cxrntptcs of t).pe desicnations

,i;i,T:"il:l-:heathed
clbre ror
.... . .s,u 5uuq conductor
i,,1f; -ccncrar purposcs

3::'t l1':^l **..-,n*,n.. r", r'llll;Y l;iil]

*irh green vellou.core
;,_::::,i.-, H07RN_F 3c2.s
;:ii'il;:":lliiledcircurarcord.,-'l;;rl:llJlft1.;
 Harmonized Standards 8.1

Table 8.3 Summary of cables to harmonized standards

Rated No. of Nominal Superseded types
Cables Type
voltage cores cross- to VDE 0250
to DIN VDE 0281 abbreviation
UolU sectional area
mmz

Single-core non-sheathed cables

for internal wiring 0.5 to 1 NYFA, NYA
H05V-U 300/500
- with solid conductur H05V-K NYFAF, NYAF
- with flexible conductor
Single-core non'sheathed cables
for general PurPoses I 1.5 to l0 NYA
with rigid solid conductur H07V-U 45017 50
- H07V-R 1 6 to 400 NYA
- wirh rigid stranded conductor 1.5 to 240 NYAF
with flexible conductor H07V-K 1
-
H03VH-Y 300,'300 1
- 0.1 NLYZ
F rat linsel cords
H03VH-H 300'300 1 0.5 and 0.75 NYZ
Flut non-sheathed cords
; ',r PVC-sheathed cords
2ro4 0.5 and 0.75 NYLHY rd
-,,rcular H03VV-F 3001300
H03VVH2-F 2 0.5 and 0.7i NYLHY fl
- lli.r t

Ordinary PVC'sheathed cords Ito) 0-75 to 4 NYMHY rd

H05VV-F 300i 500
- circular 1 1 to 2.5 NYMHY rd
H05VVH2-F 300/500 ) 0.7 5 NYMHY N

300i 500 3to24 0.75 and 1 NY FLY

Flat PVC-sheathed flexible cables lo HO5YVH6-F
450r7i0 1.5 to 16 NY FLY
lilts and simihr aPPlication H07VvH6-F

Cuhles
to DIit' l/DE 0)31
j00 500 I I 0.5 to 16 N]GAFU
llcut-resistant silicone HO5S.'-K

:tlili'b9_- H03RT-F l:oo':oo l2and3 0.7 i to 1.5 NSA

;.rided cords

300'500 Ito) 0.75 to 2.5 NLH. NVIH

,.., rd i nlr-v.. to u gh-rubber- H05RR.F
3and4 4and6
shcathed cords
300r500 I 0.75 and I Nivl Hdu
narl- po I vchlo roprene-
'd H05RN-F
i
fandJ 0.75 and I Nlvl Hdu
shclthcd cords N Nl Hou
4 0.7 5

450,',750 I 1 .5 to 500 NNIH. NMH6U

H cav;- po lvchloroprenc- HOTRN-F
2and5 1to25 and NSHou
sheathed flexible cables
3and4 1to 300

Rubber-insulated Iift cables

for normal use
4ro24 0.7 5 NFLG
- braided cables HOsRT2D5-F 3o0i soo
NFLG
HO7RT2D5-F 450/750 4to24 1

armoured cables 300/5oo 4to24 0.75 NFLCC

H05RND5-F
45017i0 4to24 1 N FLGC
HOTRND5-F

5i
 Table 8.4
Comparison of flexible cabres to harmonized shndards
DIN vDE 02gr and DIN vDE 02g2 with IEC
Type of cable
Cables to Superseded Comparable
DIN VDE 0281 types to construction
c:- -r^ ^-_-s rrux-snca[osq
DIN VDE O25O to IEC 227
',r-yrE-!ur caDles Ior lnternal wiring
- with solid conductor H05V-U NYFA, NYA
- x'ith flexible conductor H05V-K NYFAF, NYAF
227 rEC 05
227 IEC 06
Jrrrsrs-Lurs u(.)n-sncatneq caDtes lor general purposes
- *'irh rigid solid conductor
H()TY-U NYA...e
- r'ith rigid stranded conductor
H07V-R NYA...m
227 IEC 0l
- uith flexible conductor
H07V-K NYAF
227 IEC 0l
227 IEC 02
Flat tinsel cords
-----_.-.- -.......--..........- H03VH-Y NLYZ ))1 rEt- A.
Flat non-sheathed
"o.d. ..---=-....."=.- HO3VH-H NYZ ))1 lE t-
^1
Light PVC-sheath.d
- circular "o.d,
- flat
H03\'\'-F I nvr pv,,r
Ho3\'\'H2-F I Nil;jy ii l)? lFa i1
Ordinarl' PvC-sheathed ;-d;-
- circular H05\'1'-F
- flat NYMHY
H05\'1'H2-F ,)7 I Fa <,)
NYMHY f'I
Flat pvc-shearheo fl
"*ibl.
lifr and similar application "ullill.-_.._.- H05VVH6-F
HOTVVHGF
NYFLY --
NYFLY
Cables to
Comparable
DIN VDE 0282 consl.ruction
l^ I tra 1r<
Heat-resistan! silicone-insulated cables
HOsSJ-K N2GA FU
Drstoeo cords 245 IEC 0i
HO3RT-F NSA
vrqlnilrl tough_rubbcr_sheathcd cords 245 rEC 5l
H05RR-F NLH 245 IEC 5i
NM II 245 IEC 53
vr(lrnar)' polychloroprcnc-sheathcd fl exiblc
cublcs H05RN-F 14i tFa il
NMHciu
rr sr\ \ porlchloroprcne-shcathed
flcrible c:rblcs HOTRN-F NMHou 245 IEC 6i
NSHriu 245 I EC 66
truoncr rnsuluted Iift cilbles for
normal usc
- braided cables
H05RT2D5-F N FLC
HOTRT2D;F NFLG
a rmourcd cables
HO5RND;F
HOTRNDs-F
N FLGC
N FLCC
----.-.--
d. l.-t National Tl.pes
o1 a.pproved national tvpes uhich deviure lrom
rhose cabtes shou,n rn tne harmonized tvDes:
:ff::,lr-"T
or natlonal t1.pes Tabtc 6 ,.r a number 'ho.,"
exist. nrmelr. l. natiolal types which not yer bcen embraced
by,rhe
' li';;,::i:i;J!:j:;:: na,iona, ,vpes which .harmonizarion procedurc. e.g. flexible
caDles wtth a rated volta-se > I kV
as wellas muhi_
core cables for fixed u.iring for which
a) approvgd narional
rlon ls not yet finalised.
harmoniza_
rypes u.hich are an addition
ro the approved hirmor
All tables mentioned in 1 and 2 are however
I" ::HT ::i{" : i: ." i!;.1;1 covered
b1'VDE specificarions, carry the VDE ."**;;;;
"# f3fl l?' o, n.,
",
p..,. ; ;i', i"r;';A,ffi :.T
h
:, ::,i: ::,:,,
are only approved for use in the Federal
of Germanl'.
n"juUIi.
<t
 National and Internationat Standards ' Selection 6f Flexible Cables 8.2
8.1.4 IEC Standards
The following IEC publications are current in respect
of cables:
rEC227:
"Polyvinylchloride-insulated flexible cables and
cords with circular conductors and a rated voltage
not exceeding 750 V " 5 Flerible cords for normal
tEC 245:
" Rubber-insulated flexible cables and cords with
circular conductors and a rated voltage not ex-
ceeding 750 V".
' re cablesto IEC correspond in construction lvith
rhe rypes listed in Table 8.4 to DIN VDE 0281 and
DIN VDE 0282. They differ in some cases in dimen-
Ans and test requiremenis.
r the IEC standards cables are identificated by trvo
numbers preceded by the abbreviated title of the rele-
vant IEC standard. The first number designates the
basic class of cable, the second the specific type rvith-
in the basic class. The class separation of 'medium'
and 'light' does not comply with the classiflcations
in DIN VDE.
0 Non-sheathed cables for lixed rviring.
0l Single-core non-shcrlhed ctblc rvith rigid conduc-
tor lbr general purposes
01 Singlc-core non-shcathed cable rvith llexible con-
d uctor for general purposes
He:rt-resistant silicone-insulated cable for a con-
'
^03 ductor temperature of maximum 180 'C
05 Single-core non-sheathed ccble rvith solid conduc-
lor for internal for a conducior temperalule
oi 70 'C "viring
06 Single-core non-sheathed cable with flexible con-
ductor for internal rviring for a conductor temper-
Irure of 70.C
07 Single-core non-sheathcd cable rvith solid conduc-
tor for internal wiring for a conductor temperature
oi l0i .C
08 Single-core non-sheathed cable wirh flexible con-
ductor for internal wiring [or a conductor temper-
arure of 105 .C
1 Sheathed cables for fixed wiring.
10 Light polyvinyl chloride'sheated cable
4 Non-sheathed flexible cables for light duty.
41 Flat tinsel cord
42 Flat non-sheathed cord
43 Cord for decorative chains
dutY.
51 Braided cord
52 Light polyvinyl chloride'sheathed cord
53 Ordinary polyvinyl chloride or tough'rubber-
sheathed cord
57 Ordinary polychloroprene or other equivalent syn-
thetic elastomer-shearhed cord
6 Flexible cables for he'.rvy duty.
66 Heavy polychloroprene or other equivalent syn-
thetic elastomer-sheathed flexible cable
7 Sheated flerible cables for special duty.
70 Braided lift cable
7l Flat polyvinyl chloridc-sheethed lift cables and
cables for flexible connections
74 Though-rubber-sheathed lift cable
75 Polychloroprene or other equivalent synthetic elas'
tomer-sheathed lift cable
8 Flexible cables for special appiication
3l To ugh-rubber-sheathed arc r.r'elding electrode
cable
82 Poly-chloroprenc or other equivalent s;"nthetic elas-
tomer-shcathcd arc $ clding elcctrode cllble
8.2 Selection of Flexible Cables
When selecting the type required the relevant VDE
specifications and thc VDE specifications for the
erection of power installations and also the special
regulations issued by electricity supply authorities or
others (factory inspeclorate. mines and quarries in-
spectorate) rvhere applicable. must be observed. In
countries other than Germany, in addition to the har-
monized types, cables made to the VDE specifica-
tions may be used provided their characteristics meet
the requirements for the function and the relevant
regulations for that country. Tables 8.5 and 8.6 show
the most commonly used types and areas of applica-
tion.
))
 8.2.1 Cabtes for Fixed In]tanation

Table 8.5 Cables for fixed installarion

Typc

Single<ore 300i 500 v

non-shcathed To facilirare large-scale inrernal
wrnng. additional colours and
DIN
cables for
028r
inrernal *iring two-colour combinations are
allowed. Green and yellow may
onl) by used individually, ho*-
I ever. rt rt rs permirred by lhe
I PRorot)uR insulation applicable safety requiremenrs.
I Copper conductor. solid
I Copper conducror. flexible

Single-core ,1i0 750 V *:-ili.r, <, r_ -_:!,Jt:. --*,t:i_

non-sheathed H07V-K is flexible, becruse of ils
cables for
rl
l. lrncl) stranded conductor. and
DIN \'[
0:81
so oflers advanraqes for inslalla-
purposes tion in conduit in confined
spaces or for connections to
morr'ing parrs - e,g. hinged con-
troi panel.s.
As equiporenrial bonding con-
'l
tn ductors, these wires can be Iuid
I directly on. in or undcr pluster,
PRoToDUR insuhtion
: Copfcr conductor. solid or on racks etc.
i Conper conducror. srr.rndcd rilid
4 Copper conducror. flcriblc

Single-core 1.8'ltv
Pollchloro- Cables rvith a nominli \oltt!e
prcllc-she!thed ( ,, L' of at lcrsr L8 I tV
I) lN \'t'
rrJ 0:50
crblc for considqred to bc short-circuit
spccii!l und earth-fault-proof in su itch-
I'ol\chloronrcni shc lh
nurPoscs PRr)r('Lo\ iniuhrion boards und disrribution bolrds
Conpcr conducror fi c\iht j ralcd ur up lo I 000 V.
SlFLr\
ll! t
::0 :rtio v
SIF LA building arc indispensible DI\ \'I,?
ru ild il! $ h.n slot chasing is not possible 0:i0
\flrc\ rn buildings of prc-strcsscd or
Poured concrete. or on li!:ht
building boards.

Rubhcr sheath
PR0r()r)uR insuhrion
Coppcr conducror. sotrd
LiSht PVC.
shea thcd
ci For applications \ri(h more srrin-
cable

1 PRoDoruR
i
sheath
:
lt
l4
gent requirements - e.g. in ugri-
culrurirl installations, dairies.
cheese-making plants. laundries.
industrial and administrative
DIN..
0t50
vD.

I Exrruded fitler
buildings.
3 PRoroDuR insulnrion
4 Copper conducror. solid or strrnded
 Fixed Installation 8.2

.lilucto15 Standard Applications

colourS
Cross- of insulation Io dry locations In damp and In op€rating ln areas
s€ctional or sheath wet locations, areas and store with explosion
area and outdoors rooms subject hazard
mm_ to fire hazard

0.5 to I Green-yellow For intemal wiring of equipment and pro- Not permitted Noi permitted Not permitted
Black tected installation in and on luminaires.
Light blue Also for installation in conduil on and
Brown under plaster, but only for signalling sys-
violer tem5.
Grey
Whire
Red

1,5 lo 400 Crcen-yellow ln conduit on or under plitster (only in Open instullu- Installation'in ln s$irchboards
Black plastic conduit in bathrooms and shower tioo on insula- plastic conduit and distribution
Light blue compartmcnts in drvellings and hotels) and tors beyond on and under bourds to
Brorvn for opeo instrlllrtion on insula(ors over arm's reach. plaster Dl\ \'DE 0165
Violct plaster beyood arm's relch. ln cquipment. but not out-
Grey switchborLrds and dislribution bolrds and ooors
Whirc in or on luminaires rvith J rirtcd volt:rgc of
1.5 to 240 Red up ao 1000 V a.c. or 750 v d.c. to earth.
For use rn rlil vehicles the d.c. opcrating
voltage may be up ro 900 v to elrth.

1.5 to 100 Bluck for ir:rction rchiclr:s und busscs to l)llj VDE 0l l5
as $cll ls in drv rooms

,,tal to Naturul In or under phstcr. including instalhtions Not permittcd \ot p,irmitted Not pcrmittcd
)lo.l1 in bJthrooms xnd sho\-er compxrtmcn(s in
tllrnd-:) drvellings and hotcls. without plilster co\'-
lr.sudt.5 ering in cavities of ceilings and rvalls of
I non-flammable mirterials. Not permitted in
*ooden houses or buildingj uJed for lgri-
cultural purposes. or in adjLrcent scctions of
buildings not separatcd from them by fire-
proof *irlls.

1.5 to 16 Grey Oo, in and under plaster On, in and On. in and On. in und
1.5 ro 10 under plaster under plaster to under plaster,
1.5 ro l0 DIN VDE OlOO depending on
1.5 ro 15 specialchemical
r.) ro 16 and rhermal
fcctors (see
DIN VDE OI65)

57
 Table 8.5 Cablcs for fixed installarion (continucd)

T]'pe Type Rated Construclion

designarion vottage Rcmarks
Stan631,
UoiU
--

Lead covcred NYBUY 300/500 v

PVC. This typc is preferred for use
DIN V5
shearhed *here high safery is demanded _
I 0250
cable I
e.g. in chemical r\'orks, heavy in_
dusrr]' and mining installarions.
I -l__-_,
PRoroouR outer shcarh
: Lcad shcath
I Errrudcd filtcr
1 PRoroola insularion
5 Coppcr conducror. solid or slrandcd

PVC-shearhed NHYRU Z' t' 300;i00 \ Used in place of liehr pVC-

metalclad DIN V
iaole sheathed cables tbr fixed u.iring 0250
\\'nere tlxtngs on plaster are more
$ideiy spaced. \HyRUZy has
an eiasric rubber illler and a
I PRoroola oulcr shaarh tinned-copper shearh wire 0.5 or
: Foidcd rn.tal (zinc) shcalh l.i mm: s.irh one, rrr.o or three
i Erlmded fillc. strands) under the iolded-meral
:lShcath uirc sheath. The shearh \{ire nust not
i PRoroD(a insularion be used as an eanhing or protec-
6 Coppcr conduclor. solid or srrlndcd
ln'e conductor.
\YLY .li 3 kV
'll-
^\_eon src x t x!i ,r/rtv<vDEt
Lighrins Applicalion accordine to DIN DIN VI
Cables \;DE 0t:3. 0150
l -rj

\YLRZY .1,',8 kV stcxExt.6liv<vD€>

Thc discharge wire consisrs of
I
unl|ed copper slrands of 0.3 mm
I
dia. and has a cross-secrional
I ProrcDrR shqth area of 1.5 mm:.
: Foldcd mctal (zinc) shcarh
I Dischargc *irc
4 PRoroouR insulalion
5 Copp€r conducror. Ilcxiblc
'NOTHERM.
rnsulated
SIA 300i 500 v l\,laximum
I operating .ondu.r* Cr ruc
he!t- I temperarure 180.C. cld.-<v
resistant For use in high-ambienr lemper_
caotes
I
atures
relates to-
I - e.g. in hearing appli- DIN VDE
SI.AF I ances. hrgh.po\r'er luminaires. 0t50
foundries and boiler rooms.
I
1
rxposure to superheated steam
and flue gases should be
I Silicone rubbcr insularion avoided-
2 Coppcr conductor, rolid
3 Coppcr conductor. llcxible
Heat.
rlslSlant
HO5SJ.K 300/500 v
AO5SJ.K DIN VDI
silicone.
insulatcd{ablc 0282

5E
 Fixed Installation 8.2

Standard Applicxtions
colours In ilrets
l^Lross- of insulatioo
ln operatlrlg
with e:(plosion
I areas tnd store
secLlonSl or shea!h rooms sublect hazrrd
area to fire hazard
mm-
On. in and On, in and On, in and
1.5 to l5 On, in and uoder plastet' but not in bath' under plaster,
under Plaster under plastcr
1.5 to i5 rooms and shower compartments in dweil- depcnding on
pefinrtted
1.5 ro 35 ings and ho!els, specialchcmical
|
.L 1.5 to 6 and thermirl
factors (see
DIN VDE 0165)

On. in and Not permitted

1.5 ro 15 Grey On, in and under plaster and ln rooms coll' On. in and
under plaster. under plas{er
1.5 to :5 taining high-frequency equipment. but not
in rooms permitted
1.5 to 25 in buthrooms and shower comparlments ln
contxining irno to
drvellings and hotels.
high-lrequencY DIN VDE 0293
equlpment. in rooms con_
but not trining hi!h-
outdoors lrcquency
cquipmenr

cqulvrlcnl Not pcrmissible Not permissible

Onlv in ventilared steel pipes to DIN '19010 or in
and under also in metallic neon signs
-iitrlrt on flastcr.
and reliefs as well as cable conduits of mctal'

On rnd Not permissible Not pcrmissible

under plaster

Not permi(ed Not permttted ,'-ot permitred

1.5 to 10 In prorected installations in equipment and
in or on luminaires

0.75 to 120

Not permitted lnstallation in In switchboards

0.75 ro 95 ln conduit on and under Plaster and in or plastic conduit and distribution
on luminaires on and under boards to
plaster DIN vDE 0165

59
 d l\.pes ol wtres and Lilbles

Table 8.5 Cables for fircd insrallation (conrinucd)

T) pe Tl'pe Ratcd Constructron Rcmurts

dcsignatio \'oltacc Stirndarc
.; r'

Hcat- N4CA .150i 750 V Maximum operating conductor

resistant DIN VE
tempcrature 120 'C. 0250
synthetic For wiring subject ro high-
elastomer- mechanical s(resses.
insulated
cables N4GAF

I S\nrhetic clirstomcr insularion

I Copper conduc!or. solid or slr.rnded. tinned
I Copp.r conduclor. lle\iblc. linned

60
 Fixed Installation 8.2

.ors Slfndard .{pplicxtions

colours ln
In dry locarions ln dcmp and In operlting i.rreas
Cross- of insulation with e:(plosion
wet Iocallons. arcas and store
-sectional and outdoors rooms subjec! hazard
area to tire hazard
rmm-
Not permitled lnstailation in In switchboards
In conduit on and under plaster. in or on
-0.5 ro 95 Black phstic conduit and distribution
L5 and 1.5 Creen-Yellow iuminaires and in protected installillions ln
on irnc unocr boirrds to
L5 and f.5 Blue equipmenl.
plaster DIN VDE OI65
1.5 and 2.5 Brown
-L
0.5 to 95 Black

(
.l
t,
,l-1
I

6L
 tJ I) pes ol \\rires and Cables

8.2.2 Flexible Cables

Table 8.6 FIe xible cables

Ttp. T) pe Rared Construction Rcmarks
dcsignation voltage S lunda_
L'o' U

Flat HO3VH.Y 300i 300 v To avoid overloads. these

unset DIN Vr,
cords may be used for per- 0281
cord
manent connection to appli-
ances, or in conjuncrion
\\'ith appliance conneclors,
only if the current does not
exceed 1A.
I PRoToouR inlul!tion Not suirtble for cooking or
2 Tinselconduclor
heatlng appliances.
lat non- HOSVH.H 100 i00 v Not suirable for connecting
shearbed DIN V
cooking and heating appli- 0:81
cord
I
ances,

PRoToDuR insuhlion
Copper conduclor. highl! t'le\ jblc

Light HO]\TV.F 100 100 v

PVC. HOJVVHz-F
Not suilable for connecring t)t\ \ I

cooking rnd hertinu appli- 0:s I

sheathed I
ances.
corcl
As \rcll as thc round t)pe.
I PRoTot)LR shc!lh thcre is also a Oat version
: PRorooL,r insuhlron H03VVH2-F, tqin-core,
i Coppcr conduclor. ftc\iblc 0.5 and 0.7i mmr.

Ordinary HO5VV.F 300 i00 v Pcrmitted for connecting

PVC- HOJVVH2.F DIN VLrr
shcathcd cooking and hearing appli 0281
corcl ances only if there is no
possibility of contact be-
tween the cable and hot
parts of the appliance or
other sourccs of hcat.
As well as the round t!pe.
1 PRoroDuR shcarh there is also a flat \.ersion
2 PnoroDUR insularion H05VVH:-F, r\rin-core.
J Copper conduclor. llcxiblc u, /) mm'
 Flexib le Crbies 8.1

rctors Srandard Applications

colours
JET Cross- of insulation Loca(ion Permissible strcss
sectional arer or sheath
mm:

0.1 Black ln drv locarions - e. e. in homes and offices For connecting extremely light hand appir
Whire ances - e. g. elecrric shavers. The curren!
Grey loading must not exceed I A and the length
must not exceed 2 m.

0.5 rnc 0.75 B lack In dry locations - e.g. in homes. kitchens For light electricll equipmenr uith rer;" lorv
Whire and otfices mechanical stresscs - e. g. rudios. table
Brown lamps etc.

0.i and 0.?i Black In dry locations - .. g- in homes. kitchens For lighr electrical equipment !r i!h lo$
3 0.5 rnd 0.15 Whire lnd offices. mcchlnicrl stresses - e. g. otllce rtachinej.
0.i and 0.75 Not in rndus(riirl or agriculturrl premires. table lamps. kitchen appliunces erc.

2 0.75 to 2.5 BIack In dry locations: for domesric xnd cooking For connecting electrical appliances wi!h
3 0.75 to 2.5 whire appliances also in damp and uet locattons. medium mechanical stresses - e.g. washrlrg
u. /) to i.) Not in industrial or agricultural premises. machines. spin driers. refrigerators etc.
0.75 to 1.5 but permitted in taiiors shops and similar The cables may be installed permanenll! -
7 I to:.5 premises. e. g. in fumiture. decorative panelling,
8 T1'pes of Wircs and Cubles

Table 8.6 Flcxiblc cablcs (continucd)

T) r,e Ttpe Rrled C(rnstructr(rn Rcmarks

Sldnd.rr,{,
desiSnation \oltage
L'o L

Braidcd HO3RT-F 100/i00 v The braid consists of pol- Dt\ \.t_

corcl ished rayon yarn. Further 0l8l
:31 development led to the de-
sign of rubber-sheathed
cables suitable to withsrand
the high-mcchanical and
thcrmai stresses Nhen uscd
l Brrid rr ith dorncstic irons (scc
I Te\rile fill.r Secrion FLEXO-cables).
I S\ nrhelrc .L:lomer insuhlion
.1 Copper condu.t!rr. fle\rble. tinned

Crdinary- HO-iRR-F ,i00 500 v Thcse cubles irre not suil- t)tN \'r
tough rble lbr continuous usc 0:8:
rubber- I
ou ldoors.
sheathed
cord I \!rurrl rubher \h$th
: S\nlheric el!\tomcr insulation
3 CDppcr condu.ror. fl€\ible. tinned

Ordinarv HOJRN-F ,i00 500 v For use u hcrc thcrc is .l l)lN Yt_
poll chloro- possibilitl of crposurc ttr 0:sl
I
prcne- I l'rts and oils.
sheuthed
cord Pol)chloronrcne shcrrh
S)nth.uc !lrsbnrrr insulut'on
Cof'pcr conduclor. llc\iblc. linncd

HOTRN-F .150r750 V Pcrmittcd for permanent DIN Y[

polychloro- protccted installation in 0t8t -
prcnc- conduit or in equipment.
shcathed and for rotor connecting
flcxiblc cablcs for motors rvith ratcd
cublcs voltagcs of up to
I 000 V a.c. or 750 V d.c. to
carth. i
ln rail vehiclcs the d.c.
opcrating volta!c may bc -+!
up ro 900 V to earth. ,l
I
\/i
The dcsign ot thc
OZOFLEX-H07RN-F highll
ncxiblc cuble is similar to
thar of the H07RN-F. but
I Pol-rchloroprcnc outh€r sb€ath with a short lay. textile filler
I Pol,Ychloroprenc inncr shealh
and extremely finely
3 S!nlhelic elaslomer insulation
stranded conductors. T
4 Copper conductor. flexibl.. tinned
5 Teitile fillcr r.
PROTO- NSSH6U 0.6/1 kv This type ofcable is suitable DINIff
FIRM. for forced guiding and feel- o25Z r
sheathed ing only to a limited extent.
cable For this kind of use,
CORDAFLEX cables
1 PRorofrnM tpol\'chloroprene) outcr shcath (NSHT0U) are recom-
2 Polychloroprcnc inncr sheafi mended (sce page ?2).
3 Syn$eric .lasromer insularion
4 Coppcr conductor. flexible. tinncd

64
 Flexible Cables 8.2

'rductors Stlndard Applic.rtions

colours
nber Cross- of insulation Location Pcrmissiblc strcss
sectional afeil or shesth
mm:

0.75 ro l.i Bluc-white ln dry locations - e.g. in homes. kitchens For lighl eleclricrl appliances wirh lo\r
0.75 to l.i and offices. mechanicul strciscs - e. g. elecrric blankers
Not in industrial or rericullural premiscs.
but permitted in tailors'shops and similar
premises.

0.;-i to l.i Black In dry locations - e.

-r. in homes. kirchens F-or conncc!ing electricul uppiilnccs rrith
0.;i ro 6 und offices. low mcchilDicrl strcsses - c.:. \'Jcuun:
0.7i !o 6 Not in industriul or lgricultur:rl prcmiscs. clclrncrs, irons. kitchen cquipmenr. solder-
0.75 to l-5 but permitted in railors shops Nnd similar lng lrons ctc.
premises. Thcsc clblcs miry also be insr:riled permil-
ncntly - c.g. in lurniture. d!'cori!ri\e
pJncllint. scrccns ctc.

0.;-i lnd 1.0 Bhck In drv, damp lnd *ct locations lnd out- For connecting clcctrical lppiilncrs lnd
{).7i irnd I doors tools rvith lorv-nrcchunicirl stresses - e. g.
0.75 and 1 dccp-l'at lriers. kitchcn equipmenr. solder-
0.; i ing irons. hcdgc clippcrs clc. Thesc cables
0.7 5 mr-'- ulso bc insrallcd pcrmanently - e.g. in
cxvities in pretabricated building secrions.

1.5 to 500 Black In dry, damp and rvct locations and our- For connccting electrical appiiirnces and
1 to 25 doors. tools. including industrial equipmenr $irh
I to 300 In agricultural operating arcxs and thosc mcdium-mechanical stresses - e. g. large
I to 300 c"hi-r r^ fi-- l'.."..1 wirtcr herters, hot-plates. pouer drills. cir.
I ro 25 In operating areas and storerooms ta cular saws and mobile motors or machines
',) l$ 1.5 to 4 DIN VDE 0165 subjecr to explosion ha- on buildinq sites. For permanent installa.
oi6 l.) anq z.) tion - e.g, in temporary buildings - and for
dircct instlllltion in componenrs of hoist-
ing equipment. machines erc.

1 and 1.5 Where cables are subject to kinking and

I and 1.5 rwisting - c.g. lbr hcnd grindtrs and porver
1 and 1.5 drills.

2.5 to 400 Yellow ln dry, damp and wet locarions ard out- For heavy equipment and tools wirh high-
1.5 to 185 doors. mechanical stresses on buildiog sites, io
1.5 ro 185 Irr agricultural operating arcas and those industry, in quarries and in open-cast and
1.5 to 185 subject to fire hazard. ulderground mines.
1.5 to 70 In operating arcas and storerooms to
ro 36 1.5 to 4 DIN VDE 0165 subject to explosion
hazad.

b)
8 Tvoes of Wires and Cables

Table 8.6 Flexible cablcs (continued)

Rated Constructron Remxrks StandarLl
Type Type
designalion voltage
UoiU

450/750 V Suitable for operation in Constrt

HYDRO. TGK cle*
water at depths up to tlon
FIRM TGKT rclales to
500 m.
cables TGW DIN V'
The ability to operate con-
rinuously in water has been 0?82
:l proved by tests.
Design and dimensions are
as for H0?RI.--F.
TGFLW Cables lo meet special
rcquirements on request.

I
I
I Polychloroprcnc sheath
2 S-lnrhclic clasiomcr insulaoon
3 Copp€r conductor flciiblc
:t lflsulation cross-linkcd polyolcfinc

{CMH.IG 300/500 v Maximum operatlne con_ Const rL-r.

Heat- oC.
lion cl(
ductor tcmperature 120
resrstanl
flexible
These cables also remain relates _
flexible at low remperarures DIN VI]
cable
- down to about -10"C. 0282
Heal-resistant !! nthctic claslomer sheath
Hcat-rcsistanl sl_nthctic clastomcr insulrlion
Copp€r conduclor. flcxrblc, linned

N:GMH]C 300/500 v Maxlmum opemtlng con_ DIN \''

Heat- oC. 0250
ductor temperature 180
resistant
Exposure to superheated
silicone-
steam and flue gases is
insulated
harmful.
and
sheathed
lf air is excluded at temPer-
atures above 100'C the me-
cablc
chanical properties of the
1 Siliconc-rubber shcath
2 Siliconc-rubtlcr insulation silicone rubber are im-
J Copp€r conductor. flexiblc parred.

v These cables have a PRO- DIN vt-'

ARCO. NSLFFOU 200
l
FLEX TOFIRM sheath which is
oil-resistant, flame retar-
welding
dant and resistant to abra-
cable
sion and indentation. Maxt-
mum oPerating conducror
I PRoIoF|RM (polychloropr.nc) shcath temperature 80'C.
: Scparator
3 Copp.r conductor. flcxiblc

FLEXIPREN hand-welding DIN \_

FLEXI- NSLFFOU 100 v
cables have an extremelY 0250
PREN
fi ncly-strandcd conductor,
weldiog
with thinner strands thall
cable
(hand held) arc required bY VDE 0250.
1 PRoToFIRM (polychlo.oprcnc) shcath
This makes them excePtloo-
2 Scparator
ally flexible.
3 Coppcr conduclor, hiShly ncxiblc

66
 Flexible Cables 8.2

Stcndxrd Applicrtions
colouts
Cross- of insulation Locltion Pcrmissrble srress
icctronal arcir or 5neirlh
mml

l 5 to -<00 Blue fn water, in d4,, damp and wer locations For connecting electrical equipmcnt wnh
I ro 15 and outdoors medium-mechanical stresses. especiall)
I to i00 cquipmenr which opcrates continuousl)- in
I !o -:00 water - e. g. submerged pumps and under-
I ro li water Iloodliehrs.
TGK tbr rlaler temperarures up ro 10.C
TCKT tbr continuous immersion in cclk-
ing water up to -10'C
lo -0 TGW and TCFLW lor rvate11g111p.r","rat
lo;0 up ro 60'C.
I

{
u:to-.J C rev ln dry. damp and Ner !oc!rions 3nd For connecting cooking rnd he:rrinu rccii-
outdoors Jnces with medium-mechanical stresl.J -rnd
u :lo__) increuscd embient tcmpcrJtures - e. g
0.li lo l.-i cookers. €lect c stortse hqlters etc.

0.75 io .l Brown In dry, damp and wer loclrions and For Iow-mechanical srresses and hi_eh-
0.i5 to 1 outdoorS ambient lemperatureS.
0.75 to .l
0.75 to .l

lo lo r35 Black In dry, damp and rver locations and For very high-mechanical stresses as
outCloo15 machine aDd hund-rvelding cables.

25 !o i0 Black In dry, damp and wer locarions and Highly-flexible hand.welding cable for very
outooors high-mechaniclrl stresses.

o/
8 T1pe5 ofJVires and Cables

Table 8.6 Fiexible cablcs (continucd)

T! pe T.vpe Rated Construction Rcmarks Stand;rr.

dcsignation voltage
L oiU

PVC SYSL 300/500 v For llxcd installation but Constr

control not rr'ith free movement and tlOn Clo(.
cable forced guidance orl rollers related l.
I
or reeling dury. DIN \
0250
I PRoroDuR shcarh
2 Separator I >l: core)
I PRoroDL'R insularion
.{ Coppcr conducror lle\ible

PROTO- \YSLYO -1001500 v For arrcngements affording DI\ \'I

FLEX \ - r- I
fre--dom of movement: not 0li0
PVC. I for lorced guiding over
control rollers or operation on
cable reels.
The outer sheath is substan-
I PRoroouR shcalh
2 T€J(ilc la)c. tially unaffectcd by mois-
I PRoroDuR insulslion ture. oils. fats and chemi-
.1 Copper conductor. fle\ible ca ls.

PROTO. }.YSLYCYO i00 i00 v These cables meet rhe re-

;riii 4i. ifli :1jt
1 1\l'n('.i9-
quirements for " Elcctrical
FLEX
screened equipmcnl of indusrrial
PVC- machines" in accordance
control \\ilh IEC :04 and DIN
cablc I PRoToDUR shcath
VDE 01 ll. The screening
: Tinned-coppcr brsid braid of rhe NYSLYCYO.
I PRorooriR innlr shcath by virtue of its design, has
I PRoroDuR insulation a very low coupling of
5 Copper conductor. flcrible 150 O/km.

Lifr YSLTKJZ 300/500 v Insulation lnd sheath are Constr

control made from a cold-resistant tion cl(-
cable PVC compound (flexible rclatcs tc
do,,\'n to -10'C) DIN \r)
Cables with up to l8 cores 0250
have a tertile strain bearing _
element: with 24 or more
cores the strain bearing elc-
ment is a steel rope. This
$ill support the maximum
I PRoroDuR shcath
suspension Iength with a
factor of safety of five. The
I Separalor
4 PRoToDUR insllalion manufacturer's installation
5 Copper conductor. Bcxible instructions musl b€ ad-
6 Sheathcd strain bcaring clcment hered to.

68
 Flexrble Crbles 8.2

rductoas Standard Applications

colours
inber Cross- of sheath Location Permissible stress
sectional areS
mm:

r60 0.5 ro 6 Crey In dry damp und wct locrtions For control equipmenr, production lines
lnd muchine tools as connecring lnd inter-
conlecting cxbles with medium-mechanical
srresses.

o6L 0.5 to 1.5 Crev ln dry. danrp lnd rrct locrtions For control equipment. production lines
and machine tools as connecting and inter-
connr:cting cablcs with medium-mcchanicll
slrcsscs,

L) _,\ 0.i ro:.i Grev In dry. damp and *ct locltions For controi rooms, production lines lnd
datl-proccssing equipmcnt with mcdium-
rncchrnicdl stresses. rvhere interferencc
<r'hhrF<.i.\6 i( rFd,'ire,l

Black ln dry, damp and wet location A sclf-supporting flexible control cable
with mediurn-mechanical strcss - e.g. for
lifts rnd conveyor systemsl suspension
lengths up to -s0 m. cage relocity r.rp to
1.5 m.'s.

69
8 Tl pes of Wires and Cables

Table 8.6 Flexible cablcs (continucd)

T. -- T! Pe Rated Construction Remarks Stanrr
designation voltage
UolU

Lifr YSLYTK.JZ 300/500 v Insulatioo and sheath are Con-

llerible YSLYCYTK-JZ made from a cold-resislant tion c
control compound (flexible dorvn to r'
rela
cabies
I
8 - i0 'c). DI\
The strain bearing element 0l5G-
is a steel rope with reduced
rs isting uhich *ill support
rhe maximum suspension
lengrh !rith a factor of
safer) of fi\'e.
I PRO1oDUR shearh ln equipment for which in-
: Te\til. b.!id terference suppression to
I PRoroDuR in ner shealh YDE 0875 is required. type
I Sepiiraror \'SLYCYTK-JZ nust be
i Te\rile filler used. The manufaclurer's
6 PRoroDuR insuhuon
7 Coppei conductor. nerible installa(ion instructions
3 Shealhed nrain bcanng clemcnl must be ldhered to.

Flat H05VVH6-F i00 500 v Flat PVC'insulated cables DI)

Pvc- are nol intended for use 0ts,
shea!hed ouldoors.
lle\ible
cables
for lifis HO?VVH6.F 500/700 v
and
similar 1 PRoToDUR rhcarh
applica- : PRoIoDUR insulalion
rion i Copf'er conduclor. flexible

PL,{NO. NGFLGOU 300/500 V A cold-resistani chloro- DII'

FLEX prene rubber is used for rhe 025(
flat sheath. enabling the crblcs
flexible to remain sufficientiy flex-
cables ible doqn to - 35 'C. Thc
insulation consists of an
ozone and \r'ealher-resistant
PROTOLON synthctic-
1 Pollchlaroprcnc shcalh elastomcr. Maximum o;rr_
I Synthctic .laslomcr insulation aring conductor temPera-
3 Copper conductor. highly nexibl€ ture 90 "C.

70
 Flexible Cables 8.2

nductors Standard Applicrtions

colours
umber Cross- of sheath Location Permissible strcss
secuonal area
mm:

i+ I Black ln dry, damp and wet iocation Self-supporting flexible control cables with
rdi- 0.5 for rhe medium-mechanical stress - e. g. for lifts
.ually- communi- rnd conveyor syslems; suspension iength5
ireencd cation cores up to 150 m, cage velocity up to l0 m.s.
lfnmuni-
lon

:
t

0.75 and I Black In dry, damp and wel locatlons Fle:<ible power and control cables with me-
dium-mechanical stresscs and sharp bend-
ing in one plane in operation - e. g. in hoist-
ing equipment, transport systems, machine
lools erc.. as power supply and control
caole.
ro l'1 1.5 to l6

o14 1to 2.5 Black In dry, damp and wet locations and
'.o I 1ro.1 oulooors
1roi5
nd+ 1to95

71
 8 Types of Wires and Cables

Table E.6 Flcrible cablcs (continucd)

-f! pe Tlpe Rated Construction Rcmarks Srandart
dcsignation \oltage
L'oiU

CORDA- NSHTOU 0.6/1 kv Maximum operating con- DIN VDE

FLEX ductor temperature 90 "C. 02i0
cable Shca(h ol' pol) chloroprene.
0erible dorr n lo - l0 "C.

I Polvchloroprene ourer :he!rh

: Polvchloroprene inncr shealh
3 S!nlhetic claslomer insulation
I Copper conductor. Ile\ible. linned

CORDA. \SHTOU 0.6,1 kv I1arimum operuting con-

FLEX(K) Dh* vl)
ductor temperature 90 oC. 0150
cable
Sherth of pollchloroprenc.
0eriblc doqn ro - 15.C.

I PolYchloroprene lrulcr rhe3lh

I Suppo ing braid
-1 Pol)"chloronrene Inncr sherlh
I Texljle Lrlcr
i Slnllictic elasromer insubtion
6 Coppcr conducror. Uc\ihtc. tinncd

COR DA. \SHTOU 0.6 1kv l\1 axi m r.:m opcrarin g con- DIN VI:
FLEX
(sM) ductor temperature 90.C. 0t_r0
cable Sheath of poll'chloroprene,
flcxiblc do$ n ro -:0.C

I Pol)chloroprenc oursr shcuth

: Suppo.ring braid
I Polvchloroprene inne. she!rh
Ll Svnlheric elaslomer insulation
5 Foil
6 Coppcr conduc(or. Ilcxiblc. tinned

72
 Flexible Cables 8.2

. nducrors Standard Applicltions

colours Permissible stress
Cross- ofsheath Locauon
sectional area
mm:

In dry, damp und we! localions and For high-mcchanical stresses on rcels with-
1.5 tslrcx
outdoors out guide rollers fbr apparJtus with realing
2.5
speedy up to 60 m,iminule.
.1 to 50

''

Bhck In dry, drnp ind \\et locallons xnd For high-mechanical stresses prel-.rably for
::o l0 Li .rnd 1.5
lorced guiding - c,g. rccls or guide rollers.
1.5 to ll0 outrloors
lbr high Jccelerirtion and tra\el speeds in
hoists, trunsportltlon xnd qolevor cqulp_
mcnt. For tru\'al spccds up to l:0 m mln-
I LIIC,

Yellow In dry. damp and $et locations nd For very high-dy-namic stresses as e. g.
l0 L5 and 1.5
out<loors opcrution of clcctro-hydraulic grab cranes'
10 to 50
ciane Iifting mrgnets etc. as well as mobile
cublc carrien. For travel speeds up to
ll0 mtminutc.
 S Tl pcs qrf \\ij1g5 and Cublcs

8.2.-l FLE\O Cords

FLE\O cords comprisc clastomcr- or PVC-shcathcd
cables iraving either vulcanized or nroulded. non-scp-
arable connectors. such as plues connectors or appli- Fig. 8.1
ance plugs, factory attached at on or both cnds. If European flat plug up to 2.5 A to
cables and connectors are of elastomers these are vul- DIN 49464-F/CEE 7 sheet XVI
canized in the press. With PVC sheathed cables the
connectors are also of PVC injection moulded to
form one unit. Frequently plastic plugs are also
moulded on to elastomer-sheathed cables. Prefabri-
cated FLEXO cables save time and cost during in-
stlllation. have a high deeree of electrical sufetl. and
offer the user practical advantages.
Due to the additional requirements for connecring
:ables tor hearing applicanccs, especiall_v- domestic Fig.8.2
rrons. a cable sas developed u,hich u'iil u,ithstand SCHUKO plug for 10 A to DIN 19.1.11-Rl CEE 7

the high bending stresses and remperature. This cord

sheet\:ll \r'irh two protecrive contacr s)stems.
nainlv for use in Belgium and France
is available under rhe trade name THER\4OSTABIL
rnd is desiened closely to rhe r),pe of construction
05RR and fulil,compiies rvith rhe harmonized stan-
dard.
Thc pin support bridge is of mouldcd Duroplast and
supports other contacts such as the protecrivc con-
ductor contact. it is not permitted to use thermoplas-
tic materials for the manufacture of the pin support
bridee. All component parts of the conneclor are
firmly embedded and secured on ail sides in cither
the elastomer or rhe plastic during moulding and
therefore are electrically insulated and mechanically
protected.
Fig.8.3
The conductors are either soldcred or rvcided to the SCHUKO plug for 10 A ro DIN 49.1.11-Rl/CEE 7
contact pieces. The attachment. of thc cord to the IV
sheet
support bridge is formed by a tapered sleeve rvhich
prevents sharp bending and improvcs resisrance to
kinking. The arrangement of cord entry into the con-
neclor can be either central (Figs. 8.1 or 8.2) or an-
gled (Fig. 8.3). Cables with central cable cnrry arc
suitable for appliances \\,here the plug is frequently ing and tooling this is only pracrical where laree
disconnecred and connecled. Connectors with aneled quantities are required.
cable entry are generally more suirable *here sp-ace The free cable end, used for the fixed connection,
is limiued. can be finished by the customer as desired and can
The relevant standards iay down rhe profile and d! be stripped, fitted wir.h boot-lace slee.r'es, sDade con-
mensions for the pin end of the connector. However nectors or others.
the overal shape of the body of rhe supporr bridge As part of an elaborate quality control system all
is lefr to the designer providing rhat all test require- features relevant to safety are tested both during and
ments are fulfilled. A Siemens design, generally fa- immediately after manufacture. Safety features re-
voured by users, is protected under the trade name lated to personel safety are routine tested.
PROTOFORM.
Furthermore, during approval type testing rhe rele-
Connectors of different constructions could also be vant national approval authorities carry out exten-
manulactured, bul because ofthe high cost of mould- sive elecrrical and mechanical tests.

'1,1
 Flcxiblc Cablcs lbr i!lining and
lndustrl S'3

Heavy PROTOITONT Polychloroprenc-She:rthed

Cebles NSSHOU
These cables are used lbr the connection of motors.
l'ixed and movable heavy apparatus as weil as indus-
trial tools. This type of construction aiso replaces
For factory made approvals type NSHOU. which was not covered by the harmon-
conncction cords. special ized standard. tor cables subjected to hrgh-mechani-
il::;:;';X""":L':,i:',i1,';::l'iiiil,:"*l;t: cal strcsses having cross-scctional lrcas up to 6 mmr
harmonized ri.;;;. il" rpprovels rre brsed on and up to 5 cores. In mining belorv ground rvhere
,tt. I..quir"rn"n-ir-" r oix I'dE regulations ls rvell cebles ere subjected to gls J construction type nust
as CEE publications 7 rnd ll respectlvelv' be used which has l concentric protectlve conductor
surrounding either all main phase conductors or is
equaly divided arranged around e:rch individual
phase conductor. The iater typc is prelerred in rhe
mining industry (Fig. 3.5). Thc inrcrsticcs of the corcs
8.3 Flexiblc Cables for )Iining mly:rlso be used to incorporate pilot cores.
-. and IndustrY

,re high-mechanical stresses met in mining and

he:rvf industry require tough cebles with a type of
construction suited to the relevlnt application.
These cabies must have a particularly stronq outer
shcrth. For clastomer-shcathctl clbles Siemens huvc
developed the impacr rcsistant. tcar-abrasion resls- tl
lant PROTOFIRIvI sheath (sce pagc 38). Sheath col- I PROTOFIRM outcr sherth
ours see Table 8.7. l Polychloroprene inner sheath
l Textile layer
+ Numbered PROTOLON-insulated cores
5 Copper conductors, flexible. tinned

't.rtrlc ti.7
Fig. 8.-l
Shc;rth colours to DIN VDE 0:06
Heavy PROTOivlONT polychloroprene'shelthed cables
.tnd DIN VDE 0118
NSSHoU l9 x 2.50.61 1 kV

Sheath colo ur

Rltcd voitage L/o/U<0.6. 1 kV

Rrtcd voltage Uo/ U> 0.6r I kV
Intrinsically safc cquipment

Poll chloroprene-sheathed Cables for Heavv-

\ lechanicai Stresses
Pollchloroprene-sheathed cables for heavy-me- 1 PROTOFIRM outer shexth
cnanical stresses 2 Polychloroprene inner sheath
for rated voltases uo to 1000 V are
3 Textile layer
;'i[{ill 3i,'., Tl." ii,*T.,il?il; 4 Layer of tinned copper wires
caotes.forminingi. 1;: JJ*: !,, 5 PROTOLON insulation
rhe-regulations DIN vDE 0118 and
6 Copper conductors, flexible, tinned
;;:: ""E0168 as well as anv special regulations
i'"lllrl:]::1, mining authoriry must be observed. Fig. 8.5
annltcations DIN VDE 0100 is similar- Heavy PROTOMONT polychloroprene'sheathed c:ble
lr- ,.1.i.'i''n
NSSHoU I x 95+50/3 E 0.6i 1 kV

/)
 8 Tlpcs of \\rircs and Cables

PROTOLON trailing cables (Fig.8.10) are con-

structed in line rvith DIN VDE 0250. For thc currcnr-
carr) ing capacities to DIN VDE 0250 o{' 3 loaded
conductors in free air at 30'C thc valucs sho$n in
Table 8.8 apply. For ambient tcmperatures orher
than 30 "C rhese values require to be adjusted using
the factors given in Table 8.9.

I PROTOFIRM outer sheath
2 Polychloroprene sheath
3 Extruded filler
4 Conducting rubber
5 PROTOLON insulation
6 Copper conductor. flexible
Fig. 8.10
PROTOLON trailing cable
NTSCGEWoU I x 25+l xtj
The cores for high-voltage cables lrom 6 kV uprvards
are constructed to the OZONEX principle (see
page 24) developed by Siemens and which has been
proved over several decades i.e. to avoid harmful
partial discharge conducting rubber layers are placed
over the conductors and above the PROTOLON in-
sulation. The earth conductor, sheathed in conduct-
ing rubber. is divided and laid into the interstices
I 6i10 kV betrveen the cores.

In high-tension cables the conductins rubber lar.er

also acts as touch protection. It is therefore necessarv
for the conductivity to be such rhat thc rcsistlr.,.,
betsecn the protective conduclor and any poinr on
Table 8.8 the outcr conducting )ayer not to ercccd i00 O,
Current-carrr ing clpaciries of PROTOLON rrailins
cables at i0'C ambient For particularly hieh stresses and travel speeds er-
ceeding 60 n min PROTOLON cables are fitted u.irh
Nominal cross- Currcnt-carrving capacitics an additionll rextile braid incorporated in rhe outer
sectional area ra(cd voltase
sheath. The textile braid increases mechanical
mm- up ro 10 kv above l0 kV strensth and provides torsion protection.
./..)
I Trailing cables must be provided wirh terminations
6
to protect against ingress of moisture. With rated
voltages greater than 6 kV the termination also pro-
10
vides an electrical function. The individual rermina-
IO 110
25
tjon constructions are dependant on operating and
146
installation conditions.
i5 t71 181
50 21 3
For motor connection boxes, transformer station!
70 279 and gate-end boxcs and similar equipme)-
95 336 PROTOLON indoor terminations are used.
120 391
' r50 450
For rated voltages up to 10 kV a simple dir.iding
185 514 box termination is sufficient (Fi-q.8.11). From l5 kV
upwards a dividing box rvith core sleeves is required
For cables laid on the ground etc. a correction factor
(Fig.8.12). Where space is severely limited a smaller
of 0.95 has ro be applied
divider with core sleeves over the cable tails is avail-
able (Fig. 8.13).
Table 8.9
Correction factors for ambient air temDeratures other For use on ourdoor trailing cables up to 35 kV a
than 30 'C. To be applied ro the current-;arrying capaci-
rn:lcanised water shed termination is available which
ties shown in Table 8.8
may be directly connected to overhead supply wires
Ambient temperature oC (Fig.8.1a). These are mainly used in Electriciry
Correction factor Board networks during network alterations, for the
supply to floating dredgers, or open cast mining, or

78
 Flcriblc Cablcs tbr ivlining lnd Industrl
ll'3

Heavy PROTOIIONT Polychloroprene-Sheethed

C;rbles NSSHOU
These cables are used lbr the connection of motors.
l'ixed and movable heavv apparatus as well as indus-
triel rools. This type of construction also repiaces
For lactory made rpprovals cype NSHOU. which was noc covered by the harmon-
connccdon cords. special
are necessary lor cven tnougn ized srandard. tbr cubles subjected to high-mechani-
indiridual countrics
lhe cord itself complics in llmost ull clscs wltn tne cal siresses having cross-sectional arexs up to 6 mmr
harmonized stanaaiJ- rnc lpprovals are based on and up to i cores. In mining beloiv ground rvhere
the requiremenis-or-p r x vDE regulations ls rvell cebles are subjccted to g:rs J construction ttpe rrust
as CEE publications 7 and 11 rcspectively' be used rvhich has l
concentric protective conducror
surrounding either all main phase conductors or is
equaly divided arranged around elch individual
phase conductor. The Iutcr ty-pe is prel'errcd in rhe
mining industry (Fig. 3.,s). Thc intcrsticcs of rhe corcs
8.3 Flexiblc Cables for )lining
mlv also be used to incorporate pilot cores.
and Industry

-,re high-rnechanical strcsses met in mining and

heavv induslry require tour:h cubles with u type of
construcrion suited to the rclcv3nt application.
These cables must have a particularly stronq outer
shr'oth. For clastomcr-shca thcci cablcs Siemens havc
developed the impacl rcsistan!. tclr-abrasion rcsis-
tant PROTOFIRIvI sheath (see page 38). Shcath col-
ours see Table 8.7. I PROTOFI RlI outer sheath
2 Polvchloroprene inner sheath
l Textile laver
"lNumbered P ROTO LON-insulated cores
j Copper conductors, flexible. tinned
'trblc ll.7
Slrc:rth colours to DIN VDE 0106 Fig. 8.{
and DIN VDE 0118 Heavy .P ROTO ivlO NT polychloroprene-sherrhed cables
NSSHOU l9 x 1.5 0.6, 1 kV
Sheath colo ur

Rutcd eoltage UolU< 0.6 I kV

Kutcd vohage UolC;>0.6 1 kV
' ntrrnsically safe cquipmcnt

Pol;-chloroprene-Sheathed
Cables for Heavv-
.\lechanical Stresses
P.ol:-chloroprene-sheathed
cnanical stresses
cables tbr heavv-me- 1 PROTOFIRM outer sheath
lor rated vohaees up to LOOO v aie 2 Polychloroprene inner sheath
ffilT":':YTd by Siemens under the trade name 3 Textile layer
4 Layer of tinned copper wires
;;;:y-.lt"Ir (Figs.8.4 and 8.5). when serecting
5 PROTOLON insulation
iirl:'rlflllyS rhe regularions DrN vDE 0118 and
6 Copper conductors, flexible, tinned
of rt . -L-- ", od as well as any special regulations
F..';:,..:l:t.ul, mining aurhority must be observed. Fig. 8.5
- ','qustnal applications
,., rrrEvant DIN VDE 0100 is similar- Heavy.PROTOMONT polychloroprene-sheathed crble
NSSHOU 3 x 95+50i3 E 0.6/1 kV

15
- 8 Tlpes of \\ ircs and Clbics
Cables for Coal-Cuttcrs for Operation
bclow Ground
\'loving corl-cultcrs in rnining below ground are con-
nected with coal-cuttcr cablc (Fig.8.6). These cables
are subjected to the hcavicst mechanical stresses.
Depending on the type of cable arrangement: free
dragging, forced guiding by protective cable drag
chains or forced guiding with a cable roller system,
three different cable constructions were developed
particularly for rhe supply of power to coal-cutters.
The drag cable must be capable of withstanding the
operational pulling forces with a high lactor of safe-
t.v. For this purpose a steel-copper braid is embedded
in the outer sheath which performs additionally the
function of concentric protective conductor.
In the drag chain system cables are guided rvithout
siqnificant tensile stress. Thc cutter cable in this ar-
I PROTOFIRM outcr shcarh
2 Armour (protective conductor) of steel-copper braid
, i I nncr sheath
.1Control monitoring conductor:
control conductor 1.5 mm2 flexible tinned copoer con-
ducror under a PROTOLON insulation colouied blue
and monitoring conductor 1.5 mmz tinned concentric
copper conductor and conducting layer
5 Phase conductor:
copper cooductor, fldxible tinned under a coloured
pROTOLON insulation and conducting layer
td
ranqencnt, howcvcr, must bc particularly flcrible to
allow casicr installation and to achicve frce ntovc-
mcnt of thc chain. To achieve this the concentric
protcctivc conductor consisting of stecl-copper braid
is arranged between the inner and outer sheaths.
A later development for forced guiding ofcoal-cutter
cable is the protected installation in an enclosed duct
via a moving roller system. For this purpose a spe-
cially flexible range of coal-cutter cables, having a
braid of strands of polymeric yarn embedded in rhe
outer sheath, rvere developed. All cutter cables have
control and monitoring cores laid into the interstices
bets cen lhe cores. For mechanical reasons these con-
trol and monitoring cores are constructed in concen-
tric form. The monitoring conductor is electrically
connected to the conductive rubber layers lr hich sur-
round the cores of the phase conductors. This con-
nection is used together with a monitoring device
to detect damage to the cable and initiate disconnec
tion.
With increasing cross-scctional areas thc problenr of
both mcchanical handling and service Iile incrcase
and because of this Siemens do not manufacture
PROTOMONT coal-cutter cablcs larger than
150 mmr lor Us1'L:0.6i1kY.
Poll chloroprene-Sheathed Cables for Hoists
In interconnecting shafts between coal seams of dif-
ferent lcvels. hoists mav be installed.
| 2 3 4 56
1 PROTOFIRM sheath
2 Wide mesh textile braid
3 Textile braid
4 Screened communication cores
5 PROTOLON insulation
6 Sheathed strain bearing element
7 Copper conductors, flexible, tinned.
Fig. 8.7
PROTOMONT rubber-shearhed cables for hoists.
NTMTWOU 8 x 1.5 ST+2 x I FM(C) 0.6iI kv
 I ndustr-v 8.3
for Mining and

Fqr thL' con(r.l1. of hoist cages, J

c:rblc NT\ITWOU is uscd.
- ,:!i

,\ rorslon-trce centrally arranged

tiee hanging of rhis cable up to 200
car.ion purposes. two of the ten
screened. -

i ii.t s t o 7 39 r0

polychloroprene-Sheathed Cables
for'b bDuR out"' th""th
Lighting :

Frr. ,^h. .:lT:'tfn of lishii,iffi

.\JJnuu .fl.ameproof 1 Monitoring conductor
cotl rtce cabtes are used in whiih'
5 Conducting laYcr
r idual core screenins is used as o prototivi,ciiiil-ffiar
6 Extrudcd fillcr
, or. Whcre rhe corl face lighting installation iidiri. ProtcctiYc conductor
porttes relecommunicarions, then the coal face ligbt. 8 Control corc
ing cable musr also conrain a screencd conmuniee. 9 PROTODU Il
insulrtron
rions Dair 1Fie.3.3). t0 Coppcr conductor. llcxiblc

. loth cable rvpes are connccted to monitodng 6ppa. Fle. 8.9

r:rrus. In the case of NSSHOU cablcs onc phtsc i;n. SJPROIVIOIT C.TbIC NYHSSYCY
ductor is used as a conductor in thc monitoring rys. J x.15+l x l(y'3 E+3 x l.i ST+UL i.6 6 kV
rcnr. In cables incorporating tclccomnunicxtions onc
n:onitoring corc is providcd shc:rthcd with conduc.
rivc rubber rvhich in turn is conncclcd to thc cotrduc.
tivc rubber layers over thc phasc con(luctor$ itnd thc
control cores.
SUPROivIONT cables of cither thermoplastic or
clustomcric construction are used to bring the high
tcnsion nctwork of 6 kV or 10 kV direct to the load
ccntrcs. These cables are used, lor example. for the
incomrng feed to transformers in mining work laces
bclow ground and in lunnel operations for roads or
67 S
underground rail systems. This avoids having low-
PROTOFIR\t o uter she:rth voltase cables with lar-ee cross-sectional areas. For
Textile layer rersons of safety thcse cables are provided with a
Polychloroprene sheath protectivc conductor, a monitoring conductor and
.{ Conducting rubber sheath stcei-wire braid as armouring below the outer shexth.
5 Protective conductor In addition control cores are incorporated in rhe in-
PROTOLON insularion tcrslices of cores. SUPROMONT cables are sup-
Communication cores plied. mostly, in lengths of either 100 m or 200 m
8 Copper conductor, flexible, tinned with factory-fitted end terminations. The form of ter-
Fig.8.8 mination being arranged to suit the type of connect-
P ROTO MONT-polychloroprene sheathed cable ing or interconnecting boxes.
lor coal face liehtins
NSSHKCGEF-MOil
3 x 6 + 2 x 2.5 ST+2 x 0.5 FM +2.5 UL 0.6/1 kv
Trailing Cables and their Terminations
Trailing cables are used to transmit large amounts
of energy in the voltage range of 1 to 35 kV and
llining Cables above 0.6/1 kV
are subjected to high-mechanical stresses. These
cables are used on large mobile machinery such as
Siemens provide mining cables for rated volt- excavators, dredgers coal face equipment and hasting
l9es
SUPROMONT
UolU>0.6ll kV under the trade name gear in the form of drum wound or trailed power
cabie (Fig 8.9). supplies.

77
8 Tlpes of \\rires and Cables

PROTOLON trailing cables (Fig.8.l0) are con-

srructcd in linc rvith DIN VDE 0250. For thc currcnt-
carr) ing capacitics to DIN VDE 0250 ol' -1 loaded
conductors in frce air at 30'C the valucs shorvn in
Table 8.8 apply. For ambient tcmperaturcs orher
than 30 "C these values require to be adjusted using
the factors given in Table 8.9.

I PROTOFIRM outer sheath The cores for high-voltage cables from 6 kV uprvards
2 Polychloroprene sheath are constructed to the OZONEX principle (see
3 Extruded filler page 24) developed by Siemens and which has been
,l /-^-.1,,^ri--
uLrrrrs r',hhpr
' !vrrs
I uvvvr proved over several decades i.e. to avoid harmful
5 PROTOLON insulation partial discharge conducting rubber layers are placed
6 Copper conductor. flexible over the conductors and above the PROTOLON in-
sulation. The earth conductor. sheathed in conduct-
Fig. 8.10
PROTOLON trailing cable ing rubber. is divided and laid into the interstices
NTSCGE\\'oU 3 x ?5+3 x 15 I6i10 kV bet*,een the cores.

ln high-tension cables the conducting rubber laler

also acts as touch protection. It is therelore necessarv
for the conductivity to be such that the rcsistar^
betseen the protective conductor and any point di
Table 8.8 rhe outcr conducting layer not to escced 500 Q.
C urrenr-carr1 ing capacities oi PROTOLON trriling
oC ambient For particularly high stresses and travel speeds er-
cables at -.i0
ceeding 60 m min PROTOLON cables are fitted rvith
Nominal cross- Currcnt-carrf ing capacities in A ln additionll textile braid incorporated in the outer
sectional area ratcd voltai:e shcath. The terlile braid increases mechanical
mm- up to l0 kV abovc I0 kV strength and provides torsion protection.
2.5 Trailing cables must be provided with terminations
1 43
to protect against ingress of moisture. With rated
6 56
voltages greater than 6 kV the termination also pro-
10 78 vides an clectrical function. The individual termina-
16 r04 110
tion constructions are dependant on operating and
25 138 146
installation conditions.
35 171 18r
50 213 :zo For motor connection boxes, lransformer station.
'70 zo) 279 and -eate-end boxes and similar equipme.--
95 3t7 JJO PROTOLON indoor terminations are used.
120 170 391
150 450 For rated voltaees up to 10 kV a simple dividing
185 514 box termination is sufficient (Fig. 8.11). From 15 kV
upwards a divrding box with core sleeves is required
For cables laid on the ground etc. a correction factor (Fig.8.12). Where space is severely limited a smaller
of 0.95 has to be applied divider with core sleeves over the cable tails is avail-
able (Fig. 8.13).
Table 8.9
Correction factors for ambient air temperatures other For use on outdoor trailing cables up to 35 kV a
than 30 "C. To be applied to the currenl-carrying capaci- wlcanised water shed termination is available which
ties shown in Table 8.8 may be directly connected to overhead supply wires
oC (Fig.8.1a). These are mainly used in Electricity
Ambient temperature
Correction factor
Board networks during network alterations, for the
supply to floating dredgers, or open cast mining, or

78

Fig. 8.1 I
Dividing box termrnatton lor
trailing cebles NTSWOU and
NTSCCEWOU wi(h rrted
voltages from I to 10 kV
Fig. 8.12
Dividing box termination with
stress cone for trailing cables
NTSCGEWOU with rated
voltages from l5 to l5 kV
Fig.8.13
Low-space dividing box with
stress cone for trailing cables
NTSCGEwoU with rated
voltages from 6 to 10 kV
-v-
i
-t
+ Fig.8.14
Vulcanized outdoor water
T shed termination with clamP
on terminal
Haloucn Frcc Cablcs 8.3
tbr rhe po',ver supply to building sitcs. This outdoor
tcrminiltion is dcsigncd to withstand thc strcsscs to
be expected during tiequcnt rcirrrangement ofcables.
8.4 Halogen-Fre€ SIENOPYR Wiring
and Flexible Cables with Improved
Performance in the Event of Fire
Experience gained from a number oi large fires has
shorvn that. particularly in buildings rvith a high den-
sity of installed cables and rvires, e. g. hospitals. horels
etc.. considerable consequential damage can be
caused when the cable insulation is PVC based. In
such conditions during the combustion of PVC matc-
rials chlorine and hydrogen is released rvhich in the
presence of moisture combine to form the highl-v cor-
rosive hydrochloric acid. The consequential damage
caused by this is often more eKtensive than thc prima'
r-v damage. ln addition such materials in the event
of tlre lead to such a strong smoke dcvclopmcnr thlt
rescue rvork and tire fighting is signiticantly ham-
pered.
To reduce rhe risk. espccially in buiidings with a high
concentration of people and/or high value contents.
Siemens has developed halogen-free insulution mate-
rials having special profile characteristics to suit their
applications und employ these on the most important
basic types of cables and wires. These new products
bear the trade name SIENOPYR and l'ulfil the gener-
al requirements for cables and wircs in respect of
electrical mechanical and chcmicll pirramctcrs and
in addition have the following spccial cha ractcristics :
tr very little support of combustion
tr no corrosive combustion gasscs from halogcns
> much reduced smoke dcnsitY
The testing relating to combustion cher:rctcristics of
cables and wires are laid down in DIN VDE 0472
for
rhe combuslion characteristics in Part 804
gasses in Part 813
the corrosiveness ofcombustion
the smoke density in PreParation
For further details see also page 125 " Halogen-Free
Cables with Improved Performance in the Event of
Fire."
The oreferred areas of application for SIENOPYR
cablei are in installations having increased safety re-
ouirements, e.g- hospitals' .high-risc buildings' the-
atres, industrial buildings' Po\Yer stations' hotels,
79
8 Ti pcs of Wircs and Crrtrlcs
schools. dcpartnlent storcs. clectrontc d ta proccss-
ing plants and the trausporl lnoustry'
For thc application of thcsc cablcs thc rulcs givcn
in DIN vDE 0198 Part 3 " Application of cablcs.
*ires and flcxrblc cords for porver installations. Cen'
eral rules for cables". must be observed. In particular
the data for the relevant basic types of cables, from
which the SIENOPYR t!pes were derived' must be
noted. In addition also rhe relevent installation and
apparatus standards as \\'eil as standards and di-
rectives of the relevant authoritics or institutions
must be observed.
In line uirh current market requircments the follori-
ing cable t)':pes are readily availablc:
r-ight sheathed SIEr.\OPYR cables.
Heat resistant non-sheathed singie-core cables
Single-core sl nrhetic clastomer-sheathed SIENOPYR
cables for special purPoses
Sy nrhetic elastomer-sh ea t hed llexible SI ENOPYR (X )
cables.
Apart frorn thc above special tl pes arc mlnufactured
c. g. control cabics.
Light-Sheathed SIENOP\R Cables
As installation cables in buildings u'ith high dcnsitl ol'
people andror valuable conlents for fixed installation
above, on as rvell as in and under plaster SI ENOPYR
sheathed cables type NHXMH 300i 500 V are recom-
mended. These cannot only be used in dry but also
in humid and wel rooms. The cable corresPonds to
DIN VDE 0150 Part 214. It is based. as regards di-
mensions and basic characteristics on the NYM type
of construction and is designed for the same maxi-
mum conductor opcratine (emperature of 70'C.
1 Sheath of non-crosslinked polyolefine compound
2 Core insulation of non-crosslinked special compound
3 Insulation of crosslinked polyolefine compound
4 Copper conductor, soiid or stranded
Fig.8.l5
Light sheathed SIENOPYR cable NHXMH 300/500 V
80
Hcat-Rcsistant Non-Shealhcd Singlc-Core
SIENOPYR Cables
For ssitchgcar and distribution boards in drl rooms
as rviring cablcs. u'ith incrcascd pcrformance in thc
event of firc, cables 4i0t750 V with solid conductor
(N)HX4CA or with flexible conductor (N)HX4GAF
are used. These cables are also suitable for internal
rviring of apparatus having rated voltages up to
1000 V a.c. or 750 V d.c. to earth. The maximum
conductor operating temperature is 110 "C. These in-
sulated rvires also remain flexiblc at low temperatures
and can be used dorvn to - 30'C.
The construcrion complics riith the rcgulations for
heat-resistant s]'nthetic clastomer-insulated cabies
(N.ICA respectively N4GAF) DIN VDE 0150
Part 501.
l.v
I
;;..,".,, -. . . ,.1
I
I Insulation of s,r'nthctic elastomer based on Ethl'lene-
Vinl lacetatc-CopoJlmer
2 Copper conductor. solid. tinned
3 Coppcr conductor. Ilexible. tinned
Fig. 8.16
Heat-resistant non-sheathed single-core SIENOPYR
cable. (N)HX.lGA. (N)HXlGAF'1507750 V
\..-
Single-Core 51'nthetic Elastomer-
Sheated SIENOPYR Cable for Special Purposes
These cables for kV can be used for fixed
1.8i3
installations in traction vehicles and buses to
DIN VDE 0115 Section 2 as well as in dry rooms.
DiN VDE 0100 permits lhese to be used as short-
circuit fault proof and earth fault proof connections.
The maximum conductor operating temperature is
90 'C. The sheath is oil resistant to DiN VDE 0472
Part 803 test type A.
The construction is in line with DIN VDE 0250
Part 602 for special rubber-insulated cables NSGA-
FOU.
 Halogen-Free Cablcs 8.3

I Shelth ot'cross-linked synthetic elastomer based on

Ethl lene- V in y lacetrte-Co poly mer
I Insulution of cross-linked synthetic elastomcr based
on Ethy lene-ProPYlene- Rubber
3 Copper conductor, flexible. tinned

Fig. 8.17
Single-corc s)ntheric elastomer-sheathed SIENOPYR
clble lbr sPccial PrlrPoses
r\)HXSCAFHXO 1.8;l kV

SIE\OPYR(X) Synthetic Elastomer-Sheathed

,-(lesible Ceble (N)HXSHXO
' :or tlexible connection c:lbles irnd interconnecting
cubles in buildings with high conccntration of people
;rnd or vulueble contents with medium-high mechani-
cul strcss s1 nthetic elilstomer-sheathed
SIE\OPYR(X) c;rbles are used. tYPe
(N)HXSHXO (Fig.3.18). Thcsc can bc use-d in dry.
tllmp and wet rooms as rvell as outdoors. They may
lrlso be used in fixed installations

The cables are constructed closely to DIN VDE 0250

Prrt 81 2 (NSSHOU). The ma.rimum conductor oper-
rting temperature is 90 "C. The sheath is oil resistant
ro DIN VDE 0472 Part 803, test type A. Further-
rnore the cable is KMVr) fault resistant which means
Lhey are also suited to meet the special conditions
ol rpplication in nucleer power stations.
,-i-iiFliL' .e.oolant medium

ry-rffi'
I Outer sheath ofcrossJinked syntheiic elastomer based
on Ethylene-Vynilacetate-Copolymer
2 Inner sheath ofcrosslinked synthetic elastomer based
on Ethylene-Vynilacetate-Copolymer
3 Insulation of cross-linked synthetic elastomer based
on Ethylene-Propylene-Rubber
4 Copper conductor, flexible, tinned
Fig.8.lE
SIENOPYR(X) Synthetic elastomer-sheathed flexible
cable (N)HXSHXO

81
9 Core Idenrification of Cables

9 Core Identification of Cables

The identiflcation of cores for insulated cables has If flexiblecables have one core with a smaller cross
been agreed internationallY and is incorporatcd in scction then this core must be marked green-yellow
DIN VDE 0293 (Table 9.1 ). in cablcs with protective conductor or blue in cables
without protective conductor.

Table 9.1 Core idcntilicrtion

Cablcs s ith grecn, yellorv core Ciblcs u'ithout grccn /1'cllorv corc
(markcd J' to DtN VDE 0l-i0 (markcd'0'to DIN VDE 0250
rcspcctivr-ly'G to DIN VDE 0?81.0:31) rcspcctivciv 'X' to DIN VDE 0131i 0:81)

Cablls for fi\!'d instirlliltion

I green !cllo\\ black (othcr colours '')

) grecn l ellorv. black r' brorvn, bluc

3 greeni ycllorv. black. blue black, blue. brol n

grecni yellorv. black, blue, brown black, blue. brou n, black

5 greeniycllorv. black. blue, brown, black black. blue. brou'n. black. black

6 and over grecn/yellow, black and numbcrcd

additional cores black and numbered

Flerible cables
3)
1 black

1 brown, blue

3 ereenlyellow. brown. blue black, blue, brown "l

4 green/yellorv, black, blue, brown black, blue, brown. black')

5 greeniyellow, black, blue, brown, black black, blue, brown, black, blacka)

6 and over green/yellow, black and numbered

additional cores black and numbered
r) Ti3 individual colours yellow or any othd colour combinalion except grecn/y.llow is no! pcrmi(rcd. Cabtes for wiring of appararus and
lreco or
Panially Typc Tcsted Factory-Buih Asscmbles may hoq,cver bc marlcd grecn or ycllow as w.ll as with dual colouri.
:' This 2-core variant is !o DIN vDE otOO Part 540 and is only pcrmissibtc for qoss secrions equal or grcaler rhan 10 mrtl'l coppcr
rr Tire corc coiour for illumination and lightirlg is brown
'r i to 5-corc cablcs without grccntyclloq corc arc no! yc! harmonizcd

82
 Identification 9

Tr;c;mn^rr.ni rhrt
-
tn. core marked greeniyellow must be used exclu-
sivell- for protective conductor (PE or PEN) This
- must not be used tor any other purpose'
The core marked blue is used for neutral conduc-
tor (N). This core can be used as required (i e also
as phase conductor) but not as protective conduc-
tor (PE) or combined neutral and protectlve con-
ductor (PEN).
If porver supply cables are used in telecomunication
installations ro VDE 0800 the green/yellow core must
also be used exclusively as conductor with protective
- l( :tlon.

dJ
l0 Deilnitions of Locations
10 Definition of Locations to DIN VDE 0100
The definition of locations in accordance with the
follo*ing categories often requires exact knowledge
of the condrrions at site as $ell as of the operating
conditions. If. for exampie. tn a location high humidi-
ry occurs only at one definite place but the rest of
the location is dry because of proper ventilation. the
whole iocation need not be ciassified as damp.
Electrical Operating Areas
are rooms or locations used essentially for the opera-
tion of eiectrical equipment and eenerally accessible
ro qualified personnel onll'.
These include. ior example. suirch houses. conrrol
rooms. distribution installations in separtte rool.lls.
separate electrical test depanments and laboratories.
machine rooms in pou.er stations and rhe like u here
the machines are artended solely by qualified pcrsons.
Closed Electrical Operating .{reas
are rooms or locations used exclusively for the opera-
tion of electrical equipment and kept locked. The
Iocks may be opened by authorized persons onll- and
onl_"" qualilied persons are permitted to enter these
areas.
These include, for example. closed su itchboards and
disrribution boards, lranslormer cubicles, switcheear
cubicies. distribution boards in sheet-steel housings
or in other forms of enclosure. pole-mounted substa-
tlons.
Dry Locations
are rooms or locations in which condensation of
moisture does not usually occur or in which the air
is not saturated with moisture. These include, for
example, dwelling rooms (also hotel rooms), ofljces;
they may also include: business premises, sales
rooms, lofts, staircases and cellars with heatine and
venrilation.
Kitchens and bathrooms in dwellings and hotels are
considered as dry rooms as regards the wiring insral-
lation, as moisture is present in them only tempo-
rarily.
84
Humid and Wet Areas and Locations
are rreas in which electrical equipment must be at
Ieast drip protected (lP X1 to DIN 10050).
In areas and locations in rvhich $ater jets are used
fbr cleaning but uhere the elecrrical equipment is
not normaly directly subjected to rvater jets the
.quipment must be at least spiash protected 1lP XJ
to DIN .10 0i0).
In in rvhich uater.jets are used
areas and Iocations
and where the eiectrical equipment is directly suh
jected to the q ater jers than the cquipment must ha\v
a sufficient tvpe of protection or suitable additionll
protection u hich does not impair rhe proper opera-
tion oi' that equipment.
Notc:
Protection class lP X5 to DIN -10050 does protecr
the equipment against cleanine with high pressure
water jets e. g. hosins dou,n or hieh pressure clean-
in g.
Locations )Yith Fire Hazard
are rooms or locations or sections in rooms or in
the open where, owing to local conditions and the
nature of the work. there is a risk that easily ignitable
materials in dangerous quanrities mav come so close
to electrical apparatus that high temperatures on tl.'
apparatus or arcs may cause fire. \v/
These may include working. drying, storaqe rooms
or sections of such rooms as well as locations of
this nature outdoors, e.g. paper, textile and wood-
working lactories. hay, straw. jute, flax stores.
When classifying rooms as locations with fire hazard
the relevant regulations must be observed.
Easily ignitable is applied to combustible solid mare-
rials which when exposed to the flame of a march
for 10 s continue to burn or to glow after the source
of ignition has been removed.
These may include hay, straw. straw dust, wood
shavings, loose excelsior, magnesium turnings, brush-
wood, Ioose paper, cotton waste or cellulose fibre.
 Location Types l0

)lobile Buildings
-"...onrtru.tions which arc suitable lbr anrJ designed
for repeated crrection and dismantling such as fair
equipment e. g. round-abouts' slides, are:lna
-ground
stantls. sales kiosks. tents, also buildings for travel-
ling erhibitions, apparatus for artistic displays in the
and similar. Wagons which can be largely modi-
-air
fied and used operationaly in a fixed location (e'g'
Shorvman rvaqons) are also classified as mobile build'
_ ings.
horse. cattle. slreep and pigs. In lddition duc to the
prescnce of casily ignitable materials an increased
danger of tire may be present. Further dangcrs arc
present in rooms for intensive farming and also for
small animals e. g. failure of life sustaining systems.
Depending on the form of danger existing in the agri-
culture operating area. in addition DIN VDE 0100
Parts 720 and 737, covering humid and wet areas
and rooms as well as outdoor installations' musr be
observed.

Aress with ExPlosion Hazard

- r.^ arexs in rvhich because of local and operational
L..,rci:rons:rn explosive utmosphere c:ln occur in r
danUerous quantity (explosion hazard).
_
Ap.qrplosire atmosphere is u mixture of combustible
1- )r. t"pou.t. mist or dust with air. which contains
i,.c usual additional substances (e. g' moisture). under
- atmospheric conditions such that atter ignition a
burning reaction extends unaided.
- Opcrarional equipment for areas with explosion haz-
ard are selected in respect of zones. temperature class
and the explosion group of the combustible material:
- see DIN VDE 0165.

Installations on Building Sites

_
comprise the electrical equipment for carrying out
struitural rvork above or below ground on building
sites as rvell as with structural steelwork' Building
- sites also include constructional work and parts of
'"ch which is extended, modified. put into service
.,,-{emolished.
-
Ptaces at rvhich merely handlamps, soldering irons'
welding equipments. electric tools to DIN VDE 0740.
- ^ g. drilling machines, grinding wheels. polishers and
ulner appliances used individually are not regarded
as building sites.

Agricultural Operating Areas

are rooms, locations or areas which are used for agri-
culture or similar purposes e.g. horticulture.

Note:
In agricultural areas because of special ambient con'
ditions e. g. ingress of moisture, dust' highly chem!
cally agreisive vapours acids or salts' to which lhe
electricil equipmint is subjected there is an in-
creased risli oi accident both to persons and to farm
animals (large animals). Large farm animals include

85
 .r ryp,,!d U .rllu lnrtillt:ltlOn Ol L:lblCs

l l Application and Installation of Cables

Cables must be selected and applied in line

wirh ruies Ir.is not permitted to bury flexible insulated
laid dorvn in DIN VDE 029& and *," .,unauiirl._ power
cables in the ground.
ferred.to therein. They must be installed
ing suitable installation fixing marerials. ",ili;
;;
prorecred against mechaniial. thermal
Th;y;;; FIar underplasrcr cable musr only
be installed bv rr,^
be.
cll damase by location or protective means.
;;:i;- ::.,:!,":h means and pro..rr", ,fr., a" i",
a.ioi'l
oama,ce rhe cable. Approvcd means
:r
lor rnsrance use of pads of gypsum plur,.,
of n*ing .r.
)Iechanical protection rvhich is generally o, ,h.up-.j
accepted ce.ble clips of plasric or insulcrion
include: .our.d ,"r"1. ,i.l,i
adhesive or nailing u.irh spccial
' > n*;"g,
Insulared u,ires in condurt u.hich
bear the identifi_
s ashers. "i;'i".;f;,;d
carion mark A ro DIN VDE 0605.
Flat underplaster cable can be installed
under plasrer-
> Sheathed cables. board.sheets only when the
boards ur. ,.aur.a'l
i > Porr er cabies. rhe \r,all \\,irh pads of_e1,psum plaster. \_
Light l'C-sheathctl t.ables may be
P
> Installarion in or undcr plaster, *ork and cemenr. Direcl insralled in brick_
cmbedding l;;;;.;;";,
> lnstaliation in cavities. nor pernlilted where rhe concrere
ts tamped, vibrated
or rammed.
> Installation in rrunkin_s ro DIN VDE 060.1.
Lig.lu Pt'C-sheathed cables ,yyl.t and lead coceretl
A^t_locarions which are parricularly P l,',C -s he a r hc d t es,y y B (t y r"y h;";;;.," ;; i;:
hazardous addi- ca b
tlonal protec_tion must be provided" underground conduit providinc
or sreel conduit or cladding .. fri"f,
g UV pofyr.ria ill,l l"accessible ;" ;;;j;
iri".ui"iy fi""a. lemarns and replacabl. ;.
Such dangerous locations lan exist io. strong, protected ""d ing;J ";;;;;;;i
or near floor level. "";;p;;-;; il^Tlfri:"ilv
lrqurds. and venrilared. This type "guinrt
should be rhe exceprion and
of insialatioi
under pl.aster must be insralted only used i".,h;;;;;.
9:1,: ll ::
parailel to the room corners.
verrically
\\'here rrallr)rg drunt and
:_r^:::r-zontally In ceil_ drug cablcs areused on mo_
rngs rhe may be installed using
the di;"; ;;;;; .::l_"ir".:. minin g ma-chinery ;;J";;;;;;;;
:e atso DIN VDE 18015). 'norr ,?11."
urtn well as convcying
o.r cabre nxing ;;il','i;
:"1:: ::;:l::,l|: ?I; _accessorics.as
a oove eround and
open_cast "quip;;;;
opera-.-. r

b.i;g.J ;;;
.cted movement
;;il;
shape must be considered. W
;; ;$..i
i"".Tl"rT?i:
does not cause damage to the
:::
uons DrN vDE 0r68 n,"r,

In rpecia!
olitl"llJoomilar
g. u,ith flexible cable for fast
ca.ses, e.
move-
elec_ forced guiding over rollers
u Ical equlpment.
:)-::l: i"dcables, e. g.
strucrecl
speciaily con_
Apan fro.m the cable oubide CORDAFLe X ' p"f rcii"r"_
diameter and the cable prene-sheathed cable NSHTOU
construction also the rype of must be usel.
insrallation
tion wilt affect rhe smaijisr ""d ";;;;: /oads musr be relieved of purr
"l""."ui" fi"aj"g.""!lli. 3:!P.!:: :'.1,!:
at their connecring
f^r:l :tl.r..,core
or
rh" p.ot;iiu.
are raid doq,n rn DrN vDE conductor
Il:',.1:::*
rarr :",,"es
J (see Table I l.l ).
02e8 "nar. ,h";;i;-;;l;;
must be left longer
ca.rrying cores, such that iailure
Metal sheathing as well as :lfrent tf," ,irui"
any unrnsulated sheath
retreving,device "i i, lniy
the protective conductor.or"
not be used as operitional srress
Itj":-yr,
tng conductors nor must "r;;;;r;;;;': :r,-.j:::":-.roundingafte-r
off
rhe currenr carryrng cores.
tiey oe used lor neutral :11e,v:: ". of the cabte entry p"iii
or protecdve conduclor. the power cables against sharp "r"
$:i,:"#;::", bends

86
 Pcrnrissiblc Bcndine Radii ll -

Table l l.l \lininrum pcrmissiblc bcnding radii

Cablc tl pc Rated voltage up to 0.6/ 1 kV Rrted

votrilgc
above 0.6, I kV

Cables for pernwnent inslallatiotl Outer diameter r/ o[ the cable or thickness d of llat cable
up to 10 mm over l0 to 15 mm I over 25 mm

Permanent installation +d 4d 6d

Formed bend l( 2d Jd

Fletible cublcs Outer diamcter r/ of the cablcs or thickncss / of lht clblc

up to I oYer o\er lo\er
3mm I to ll mm ll to l0 mm I l0 mm
Fixed installation 3d 3d 1t 6d

Fqp movine )u 1d ir/ 5d l0 {/

e--.;able entry 3d +u 5J 5l l0 r/

Forced guiding " e.g.

drum operatton 5d 5t i,/ 6t tzd

cabie waeon operation 1d 5r/ l0 (i

drag chain operation i11 5d 10 r/

roller guides 7.5d l.) .I 1.5d l.J Ll t5 d

t'Thet-rpcofconsrruclionmustbccheckcdlocnsurcsuirabilityforlhisl)peoIopcrrlion
-

The application and installation of neon Iighting

' cables is covered in DIN VDE 0128. In addition to
this the following must also be observed:
Where neon lighting cables enter enclosures they
- must be covered with sleeving or enter through a
gland. In ouldoor installations the cable en!ry must
be sealed by sheaths or covers of insulating material
- to prevent surface creepage.
In respec! of cable constructions which are used for
several different types of application it may be advis-
- able to discus the application with the manufacturer.

87
 I I Appiication and Insrallation of Cablcs

I I. I Rated Voltage, Operaring Voltage Operating \roltage

The definitions of ratcd voltace and operating volt- The opcrating voltaee is thc voltage bet\r.ecn conduc-
age of wiring cables and flerible cables is given in tors or bctrvccn conductors and carth pr"aan,; .,
*
DIN VDE 0198 Part 3. porvcr installarion undcr hcaltht,stablc conditions.

Rated Voltage Cables y,ith Raled Voltage

uolu <0.61 I kv
The rated voltage of an insulated cable is the voltage
on rvhich the construction and testing of the cable, These cables are suitable for application on 3_phase.
in respect of electrical characreristics, is based. The sinlle-phase and d.c. installations *h.r" th.'mu*i_
rated voltase is expressed bv ls.o a.c. voltage values mum permanently permissible operating voltage docs
Llol U expressed in V: not erceed the rated voltagc of rhe cable by morc
tharl
LIo rms value between one-phase conductor and earth
(non insulated surrounding). 109i' for u,iring cables and fle_rible cables u,jrh ratcd
r/ rms value between t$'o-phase conductors of a Vollage
multi-core cable or a system of single-core cables. U< -1501750
Lr6i V
In a s,ystem rr.ith a.c. voltase the ratcd voltage of 1096 for wiring cablcs and llexiblc
the cabie must be at least equal lo the rated voltase cablcs sirh rared
volta se
''f the system ro
',r.hich it is connected. This condiriJn
.rpplies to the value Uo as rvell as ro rhe value U. L'o. U:0.611 kV
In a svstem $.ith d.c. voltage the rated svstem voltace
musr not ercced 1.5 timcs rhe rared a.c. voltage of lf iring Cohle:; unl Fta.rih!e Cuhlt,.r \t.irh Rott,l l.olrugc
the cabic. L:o U >0.611 ky'

Thc'se cables are suirable for application in 3_phase

and single-phase installations having a maximum
op-
crarrng voltaee not e.\ceeding l0yo above the rated
voltage ol the cable.
Table I 1.2 The cable may be used:
Typical rated voltages of various cable types
a) in 3-phase and single-phase installations where
Rated Cabie type rhe star point is eflectiveiy earthed:
voltage
UolU b) in 3-phase and single-phase installations where
rhe star point is not effecrively earrhed providing
r00/i00 v Tinsel cords and flat non-sheathed cords that any individual earrh laulr is not susrain.j
220i 380 v FJat building u.ires Ionger than 8 hours and the rotal ofall earth
laulr._.
300/500 v Light PVC-shearhed cables tlmes per vear does not cxceed 125 hours. If this
450/750 v Heavy polychloroprene-sheathed flexible situation can not be ensured than. ,o anru."
u
cables service life of rhe cable. a cable having a higher
rated voltage should be selected.
0.6/ 1kv PROTOFI RM-sheathed cables
| .8/ 3 kv Single-core poli chloroprene-sheathed
cableslor special purposes Cablesfor Direct Current Installatiotts
4 i 8kv Neon lighting cables
For cables in d-c. installations the permanent per-
6 /10 kv missible operadng d.c- voltage between conductors
kv
8.7i t s must not exceed 1.5 times the rated a.c. voltage of
12 120 kv the cable. In 2-wire earthed d.c. installations-
this
l4 /25 kv Trailing cables value must be multiplied by a factor of 0.5.
18 i30 kv
:0 /35 kv

8E
 Rated Opcrating Voltagc Conductor Cross Section I l '2
11.2 Selection of Conductor Cross-Sectional
.{rex
General
The temperature rise. respectively current-carrytng-
caoacitv. of a cable is dependent upon the type ol
construction. the characteristics ol the materials used
and also operating conditions' In order to achieve
a sat-e design and a full service life of a cable the
conductor cross-sectional area must be chosen such
th:rt the requlrenent
current-carry ing capacity /"> loading /o
i thc co nditions of
tr normal oPeration and
tr shorr circuit
1 satistled. This rvill ensure that no part of the
'-rble at any point in time is heated above the rated
maximum permissible operating [empcrlturc rcspcc-
tively short-circuit tcmperature.
Current-CarrYing CaPacitY
in r'r*ormal OPeration
The design of installation projecrs is simplified by
using esrablished data collected over several decades
in respect of current-carrt ing capacitl: undcr practlcal
aoolications rvhich has now been incorporated in var'
ious regulations governing apparatus and installa-
tion. For electrical installations in buildings the
standards for electrical installation of buildings
DIN vDE 0100 apply for power installations up to
'000V. In this standard. up to the present day' in
/-ilrt 523 the types of installation rvere divided into
,-rree groups:
Group 1: insulated conductors and single-core cables
in a conduit
,-iroup 2: multi-core cables for fixed installation
Group 3: single-core cables for fixed installations
and power cables.
The xssociated values for current-carrying capacity
had been determined originally for rubber insulated
cables.
By todays standards, these groupings of types of in-
stallation appear extremely rough but have, however,
proved to be adequate for the methods practised at
that time. Meanwhile, however, different installation
practises have developed and modern, more sophisti-
cated materials have become available. These devel-
opments have necessitated the evolution of more de-
taiied project planning.
In Februrry 1988. the specilication DIN VDE 0:93
Part .1 " Recommended values for current-cilrr]-ing
capacity lbr sheathed and non-sheathed cables tor
tixed wirings. tlexible cabies and cords"' wus pub-
lished. This pubiication contains comprehensive and
detailed information on the relevant terms and regu-
larions required to determine the cross-sectional area
of conductors for normal operation and for short-
circuit conditions. Firstly the Precise operating condi'
tions on rvhich this data was based were detlned and
specilicd. Blscd on rhcsc rtferent'e !)perdtlttg concli-
rrr.,rs. rvhich teke into lcount thc rrpe oJ' operdtiotl
as rlcll as iutullutiort tncf ttnbient c c'rtrtlilir'trls, tabu'
lated data rvas prepared ol ratatl lalrrr's of current-
carr,ving clpacity | (rlted value). To clter tor condi-
tions rvhich der iate from the ilgrced opcr:lting condi-
rions. convcrsion fuctors were prepared. The relarion-
ship:
I,:l,nf
applics riherc fl/ is rhe product of ull conlerston
tlctors rvhich arc aPPlicable.
As J basls tbr ty.'pe of operation. t t.rttllrtti'.ltis ttperutitttr
*as sclectcd. rvhich is operation at constant current
lbr a durction sufficicnt for the cable to reach ther-
mal equilibrium but otherwise not limited in time'
Short-tinc tnd' intermittentl operatiort e'g' for the
starting currents of motors or the operatlon or crane
installations are described in Section 13 6'
The spec(ied untbient !empcratLrre for all applications
is :O iC ind it is required that the room is sufficiently
large and ventilated such that the ambient tcmpera-
tu.. i. not noticexbly increased by the cable losses
The in.stallation conditions, in comparison to the pre'
viously used groups I to 3. are more precisely defined
and enlarged. One differentiates norv between:
\tethod of Installation tYPe A:
lnstallation in walls having low thermal conductivity'
lvlethod of installation tYPe B I :
Installation of single-core insulated cables in conduit
or duct on or in a wall,
Method of installation tYPe B 2 :
Installation of multi<ore insulated cables in conduit
or duct on or in a wall,
Method of installation tYPe C:
Installation of cable directly on or in a wall/under
plaster,
Method of installation tYPe E:
Insrallation oi cable in free atr.
89
 . ^ r !l,Hu!Arrwrr dllu lltstil ilUon oI LaDjcs

Table I 1.3
Currenr-carrf ing capacit-"-. Cabrcs for fired instatarion. Mcthod
of instatation A. Br, B l and c

I nsularing material
PVC
Type designation t) NYM. NYBUY, NHYRUZY, NYiF, NYIFY,
HOTV-U, HOTV;,HO7V-K, NHXMH 8;
Maximum permissible
operating temperature 70 "c
No. of loaded
conductors

Method of installation

ln thermally
insulated $,ails . .9n or in rvalls or undcr plaster
In condurl or trunking

&& PF
I direcr installation

I nsulated conductors
in conduit r) 5r
Insuiated conducrors
rn conduit on
Mulri-core cable in
bb
Multi-core ca blc on
the uallrr
conduiI on the \r'a ll
or on the lloor
thc rvall or on the \v

&ffi
M ulri-core cable in
conduit s'
1-r j--r
4d 4@)
Insuiated conductors
rn trunking on
i--t
4@
J----,
1@J
\4ulLi-corc cablc in Singlc-core shearhed
trunking on rhc u,all cable on the u,ail or
the wall or on the floor

RR
on the floor
//./,/,/,/) .//rtrt
?n'/.Fi
ryt'n
Multi-core cable in Insulated conductors,
the wall srngle-core sheathed
Multi-core cable, flat
wcbbed building
cablcs. m ulti-core
wrrcs ln the wall or
cable in conduit in
masonry 6)
under plaster 7)

-opper conductor
Nominal cross-sectional
area tn mm: Current-carrying capacity in A

1.5
IJ I /.) l ).-) I 5.5
18 19.5 tt.)
21 2l 19 LO 24
6 28 28 lo
JI 35
t0 41 36
46 41
l6 42 )t 50 50 46
56 63 57
.i) 68 68 61 85 /o
101 89 90 77 112
)0 89 l)a 111 110
96
95 138 r 19
70 r08 151 134
95 rJo 192 171
t20 164 'r1a
207
188 269 239
-
90
€
I*
 Conductor Cross Scction I1.2

Table I l.-l
Currcnt-carrl ing clpacity. Crblcs for llxcd installation. \lethod of instlllation in ftee 3ir

Insulating material PVC

-
Type designation " NY\,t. NY)vlZ, NYMT, NYBUY, NHYRUZY.
NHXMH :), NYHSSYCY ])

)la.rimum permissible operatlng temperature 70 'c

No. of loaded conductors
Method of installation

Ae
''i l>03d

CoDper conductor Current-carrying caprcity in A

ainal-cross sectional afel rn mm-
r.5 18.i
2.5 l)
+
6
10 60
10 30
z) 101
i5 1?6

50') 153
70') 196
95 "' JJJ

I' Typc designation and fur(hcr dctails iI Secdon E.l

:r Not included in DIN VDE 0:98 Part l. Insuladon ofc.oss-linkcd polyolcfine compound
I' Ratcd voltag. 1.6i6 kv
"' Not included in DIN VDE 029E Part,t

r ur each of these reference operatittg corlditions the
recommended rated values of current-carrying capac-
itv /. are shorvn in Tables I 1.3 and I 1 .4. The headings
r ,.he tables include diagramatic representations of
the installations for ease of understanding which, to-
gelher with the footnotes, provide a detailed descrip-
tion. The current<arrying capacities apply for:
> two-core cables with two conductors loaded as
well as for two loaded singletore insulated con-
ductors or two loaded single-core sheathed cables
given in Table 1 1.3 columns 2. 4. 6 and 3 45 rvell
as Table 1 1.4 columns 2 and lor
> three-core cables with three conductors loaded as
well as for three loaded single-core insulated con'
ductors or three loaded single-core sheathed
cables given in Tablell.3 columns 3. 5' 7 and
9 as well as Table 11.4 column 3.

( tr Typc designadoo and furlher dcrrilr in seclioo 8.1

''_' Also appliG (o iosularcd corducroG i! conduit ia cnclosed floor trcnch
Also appliG lo iosulalcd coDducro6 io coDdui! i! ecatilatcd 0oor u.dcb
_'
Also appliG to ouili-corc cabl. iD opc! or vcotilatcd trench
" Also applies to idsulalcd co[duc!o.s, siogle-corc shothcd cablc, rnulti<ote cablc in ducting in thc floor
: Also af'pli6 ro iosulalcd coDducloB i! conduir io lbc cciling
Also applics to dulri.corc cablc i! rhc cr itg
r' Not includcd i! DIN VDE 0298 Pan,l. tDsulatio[ ofc.oss-[nkcd polyolcfine compouDd

91
 r r .'riri)rrcauon and tnstilllalron ol cables

Whc::. for cxample, in a multi-cerrc cablc all conduc- tr, Rarcd short-circuit duration (rr,= I s)
tors are not loadcd at tlte samc tinlc. the I'alue of r* Short-circuit duration in s
curreni-carr\,ing capacity is possibll. r:reatcr than that -/,n, Rated short-circuit current densit\.
given in Tables l l .3 and 1 1..1. Thc rclo,ant r.alues S" Nominal cross-sectional area ofconductor
depend on the type of construcrioll of thc cable and
thc insrallation conditions such that common conver_
sion factors cannot be prepared. For reasons of safe- Determination of Voltage Drop
ty it is recommended to consider only the number Especially in low-voltage networks. apart lrom rhe
of loaded conducrors, disregarding rhe rotal number current-carrytng capacity, the conductor cross_sec_
of cores. rvhen allocating a value of current_carrvin s tional area must also be considered in respect of volt-
capacitl. from Tables I 1.j and I 1.1. Only in rhis wai
a,ee drop Arl ro ensure this does not exceed
cen olerloadinq be safely aloided. the per_
missible value. For the calcularion of this. .ornpr.-
The current-carrying capacit.i' at ambient temDera_ hensive aids for desi-sn are included in Secrion
1.1.,{
tures other rhan i0 "C can be esrlblished usine rhe of part I of rhis u,ork.
conve:;ion facrors given in Table l.l.l0 in paril of
t his u ork.
Protection against Excessire Temperature Rise
I he currenl-carrvrng capacitv quantirics
,eiven in Ta_
bles 11.3 and 11.-1 appiy *irh rhe proviso rhar only
it is possible to heat cables above rhe permissible
eirher one multi-core cable or ru o iespectivelr. three
limit bv an operarional overcurrenr as s,eil as bv
insulared conductors. alternatir.elr -ringte_ short circuit-current. prorective der.ices must be
in.
t, siLeathca
cre cable. are installed. Ifser.eral cables are arran-eed
corporated. therefore. for protection against ovcrcur._
rent as lisred in e.g. DIN VDE 06j6. DIN VDE 06,
ne\t to one another. Jbo\'e one .tnolher or adiucinr
and DIN VDE 0660.
to or :bo!e porrer cables thcn the clrrrr'ins clpecirl.
is rcduced corresponding ro rhe hindefcd hear'dissi- The co-ordination oI these ovcrcurrent protection
dc_
pation. respecrively rhe addirional hear eenerared. vrces to the conductor cross_sectional
area is made
Cl)nveision factors rlhich clter for rhis g,:ouforg oi bv refcrcncc ro DIN VDE 0100 part -130. Details
cables for fixed installarion (possiblr. ,vith'po'*,cr
lbr
this arc also includcd in Section t.:.S in part
cables). are given in Tables 1.l.ll and l.l.12
2 oi
in Sec- this work.
tron 1.1.1 of part 2 of rhis worx.
AIso included in part 2 rvill be found informations
on flexrble cables and merhods of insrallation uhich
could not be_incjuded in part 1 for reasons ofspace.
Lonversron lactors are also incorporated for lrcat
re_
.tistant cables, for ntulti-core cabks rr.ith ntore
thart
{irc <ores and, for cahles
operating on drtuns.

Currcnt-Carr.r.ing Capacity under

Short Circuit
,c^rtrermall) permissiblc short-circuir
.- currenr /,r.
rs.oetermined from the rated
short_tine current den-
.v/ r-./,h. Irom Table
I .1.16 in Section 1 .1.3 of parr 3
ot tnrs work from:

l,o.= I,r,l/llli
/,u. = /,r,,
S.
n here

/'r' Thenmally permissible

short-crrcurr current-car-
,rrb! rylng capacirv
I uermally
efectiue short_circuit currenr
92
 National and International Standards l2.l

Power Cables

12 National and International Standards

12.1 VDE Specifications DIN VDE 0273 Cross-linked polyethylene-insulated

In respect of construction, testing and applicatioo
d 2orver cables. the relevant valid editions of the
lollowing VDE specitications and DIN standards ap-
plv:
[ ,..i VDE 0]06 Recommendations on coiours for
polymeric sheaths and coverings
with polymeric and rubber insula-
tion for cables and flexible cords
DIN VDE 0207 Insulating and sheathing com-
pounds for cables and flexible cords
DIN VDE 0255 Regulations for mass-impregnated
paper-insulated metal-sheathed
power cables (except external gas-
pressure and oil-filled cables)
DIN VDE 0256 Low-pressure oil-filled cables and
their accessories for nominal volt-
ages up to uolu 2301400 kv
cables, nominal voltrses :
UolU 6i10, l2120 and l8i 30 kv
DIN VDE O]7] Cross-linked polyethylene-insul:rred
conductors for overhead transmls-
sion lines. nominal voltage:
uolu 0.6lt kv
DIN VDE 0239 Definitions for cables. rvires and
Ilexible cords for power instrllation
DIN VDE 029] Identification of cores in cables and
l'le.rible cords used in power installa-
tions rvith nominal voltages up to
1000 v
DIN VDE 0295 Conductors of cables, wires and
flexible cords for power installation
DIN VDE 0298 Application of cables, wires and
flexible cords in power installations
Part I : Ceneral for cables rvith rated volt-
ages UolU up to 18/30 kV

I \ VDE 0257 E.\ternal-gas-pressure pipe type
cables and their accessories for al-
ternating voltages up to 275 kV
DIN VDE
0258 Internal-gas-pressure cables and ac-
cessories for alternating voltages up
to l/) KV
DIN VDE 0265 Cables with plastic insulation and
- lead sheath for power installation
DIN vDE 0266 Halogen-free cables with improved
_ characteristics in the case of flre;
nominal voltages: UolU 0.611 kV
_ DIN vDE 0271 PVC-insulated cables with nominal
voltages up to and including
6/10 kv
DIN VDE 0272 Crosslinked polyethylene-insulated
- mal endurance profiles
cables ; nominal voltage:
uoiu 0.611 kv
Part 2: Recommended values for current-
carrying capacity of cables for fixed
installation with rated voltages
U,;lU up to 18/30 kV
DIN VDE 0299 Calculation method on the basis of
fictitious diameters for determina-
tion of dimensions of protective
coverings for cables and flexible
cords for power installations.
Part 1: Power cables
DIN VDE O3O4 Thermal properties of electrical in-
sulating materials
Part 27: Ceneral procedures for the determi-
natiod of thermal endurance prop-
erties, temperature indices and ther-
Part 22: Lisi r:f materials enC available tests

93
 12 National and Intcrnational Srandards
DIN VDE 0472 Tcsting of cablcs. rvires and flcxiblc
cords
DIN \rDE 0100 Ercction of powcr insrallations wirh
ratcd voltages up to 1000 V
DIN VDE 0l0l Erection of power insrallarions wirh
rated voltages above 1 kV
DIN VDE 0103 Mechanical and thermal short_cir-
cuit strength of electrical power in-
stallations
DIN VDE 0105 Operation ofl power installations
DIN \rDE 0111 Insulation co-ordination to equip-
ment for three-phase a.c. systems
above 1 kV
,lN YDE 0115 Rail-borne and trackless vehicles
DIN VDE 0l 1E Specilications for rhe crecrion of
elecrrical insrallations in mines be_
low ground
DIN VDE 0168 Spccification for the erection and
operation of elecrrical insrallations
in open-cast mines, quarries and
similar ri,orks
DINVDE 0211 Planning and design of
overhead
pou'er lines with rated voltages up
ro 1000 v
DIN VDE 0228 Proceedings in rhe case of inrerfer-
ence on telecommunication installa-
rions by electric power installations
DIN 17640 Lead and iead alloys for cable
sheaths
DIN 89150 Cables and flexible cords for instal-
Iation on ships; survey, current rat-
lngs, overcurrent protection, direc_
rion for Iaying
.DIN 89158 Power cables wirh copper braid;
MGCG
t1..pe
DIN 89 159 Communication cables, type
FMGCG; nominal cross-sectionil
area 0.5 mm2 and 0.75 mm2
DIN 89t60 Power cables without copper braid;
type MCG
I2.2 Standards of Other Countries
Cables manufactured to standards of orhcr countries
e.g-. British standards (BS). French srandards (NF).
Italian standards (CEI), Swedish standards (SEN),
comply normaly in their basic construction witi
cables manufactured to VDE.standards but deviate
in dimensions and test requirements. Where required
Siemens AG can also supply cables to meet rh;se or
other standards. Certain rypes are already approved.
by the relevant standards institures.
12.3 IEC and CENELEC Standards
The international commissions IEC and CENELEC
have the responsibility to unify the r.ar;-ing srandards
which exist within the E.E.C. Ar rhe piesent rime
lt cannot be forseen by u hat date full harmonization v
will be achieved. In deference ro IEC. CENELEC
does not normally prepare independant specifica_
tions. The " final harmonized documcnts.. aic issued
by CENELEC and after a short introductory period,
enforced to be incorporated in the narional specinca-
tions of the relevani standards institutions without
any change of content. In certain circumstances
CENELEC also issues European Norms (EN norms)
which must bc acceprcd by the mcmber counrriei
unchanged in form and contenr.
The following IEC publications are relevant to power
cables:
IEC 28 (1925) Revised ed.
International standard of resistance for copper
IEC 55 \J
Paper-insulated metal-sheathed cables for rated
voltages up to l8/30 kV (wirh copper or aluminium
conductors and excluding gas-pressure and oil-
filled cables)
55-1 (1978) Fourth ed.
Part 1 : Tests
55-2 (1981) First ed.
Part 2: General and construction requirements
Electrical installation in shiDs
92-3 (1965') Second ed.
Part 3: Cables (construction, testing and installa-
tions)
 Narional and Intcrnationil Standards 12.3

IEC lll (19S,1) Sccond cd- IEC l.l0 ( 1966) First cd.
Rcsistivitl t't' conrnrcrcial hlrtt-.jrarvn alunrinium Irnpu)sc tcsts on cablcs and thcir:rcccssorics
clcctricll cond uctLr r rvirc
IEC 137 (1931) Second cd.
IEC 1.+I Calculation of the continuous current r:rrins of
Tests on oil-t-rlled lnd -uas-prcssure
cables and their cables ( 100920 load factor)
acccssones
IEC 3ll (1970) First ed.
141-l (1976) Second ed.
Fire-resisting charlcteristics of electric cablcs
Part 1:
Oil-tllled. paper-insulated. mctul-sheathed cables IEL JJ-:
and accessories tbr liternating loltaees up to and Test on electric cables under fire condirions
including -100 kV
l-12- 1 (1979) Second ed.
ll I -l ( I 96-1) First cd. Part l: Test on a sinsle vertical insulared lirc or
Pl rt l:
crble
' .rcrnal qas-prcssurc clbles ancl lccessories tbr al-
ternating voltar:es up to 175 kV i-r:--.i (1982) First cd.
Parr -i: Tcsts on bunchcd rvires or cablcs
lll-3 ( 196-1) First cd.
..IT J: IEC 501 (1931) Third ed.
'-.iternal cas-prcssurc (gas comprcssion) cables and Extruded solid dir-lc.ctric insulatcd porvcr cablcs ibr
acccssories lbr rltcrnttins volrlues up to 175 kV rrted voltages tionr I kV up to 30 kV
l-tl--+ ( l9lt0) Firsr cd.
IEC -i'+0 ( l93l) Sccond cd.
Part -l:
Test methods lor insLrilrions and shearhs of electric
Oil-impregnatcd papcr-insulatc.d high prcssure oil- cubles and cords (chsromcric and thcrmopllsric
lilled pipe-type crblcs and their lccessorics lbr al- compounds)
ternatins voltagcs up to and including.l00 kV
IEC 167 (196.1) First ed. IEC 754-1 (1982) First ed.
ivlcthods of tcst for the derermindtion of rhc insu- Test on gases cvolvcd during combustion of elec-
lation resistance of solid insuhring milterials tric cables.
Part 1: Determination of the amount of halogen
IEC 133 (198.1) Sccond ed. acid gas evolved durins the combustion of poly-
Guide to the selcction of high-voltage cables meric materials taken from cablcs

rF'216 IEC 311

zluide for the determination of thermal endurance Common tcst mcthods lor insulating and sheath-
. operties of electrical insulatins materials ing matcrials of clectric cablcs
31 1-1 Part I
261-l (1974) Second ed.
\ [ethods for seneral lpplicarion
'rrt 1:
veneral procedures for the delerminirtion of ther- 3l1-1-I (1985) First ed.
mal endurance properties, temperature indices and Section One:
thermal endurance profiles - lv{easurement of thickness and overall dimen-
(s. DIN IEC 216 Teil 1 / VDE 0304 Teil 2l) sions
216-2 (197 4) Second ed. - Tests for determining the mechanical properties
Part 2: List of materials and available tests 811-1-2 ( 1985) First ed.
G. DIN IEC 216 Teil 1 / vDE 0304 Teil 21) Section Two :
IEC 228 (1978) Second ed. - Thermal ageing methods
Conductors of insulated cables E11-1-3 (1985) First ed.
Section Three:
iEC 229 (1982) Second ed.
Tests on cable oversheal.hs which have a special
- Method for determining the densiry
protective function and are applied by extrusion
- Water absorption test
- Shrinkage test

9)
l2 National rnd Intcrnirrional Standards

8l 1- l-4 ( l9Si) First cd. 8l I -l-2 ( 19ti5) First ed.

Sccti(ln Four: Scction Trvo:
- Tcst rt lo\ tcrlpcrlturc Loss of mass Lcst
Thcrntal stability tcst
3l I-l Part l
Methods specific to elastomcric compounds 8l 1 -.1 Parr 4
\4ethods specific ro polyethylene and poll.propr.
811-l-l (1986) First cd. lene compounds
Section One:
81 1-4- 1 (1985) First ed.
- Ozone resistance test Section One:
- Hot set test
- Resistance to environmenlal strcss crackins
- \lineral oil imnrersion test
- \Vrapping tcst afrer thermal ageing in air
81 I --i Part l \{clsurcmcnt of the rnclt llou inder
lvlethods sp.ciiic to PVC compounds - Carbon black and'or minerrl conrcnt mclsurc-
nrent in PE
311-l- l (19Ei) Fjrst ed. IEC 310 (1980) Firsr ed.
Section One: T!.sts for porver cables rvith crtruded insulation
- Pr:ssure resr at high tcmperature lbr rrred lolrages abor.e 30 k\t (Lr.:-.j[ li\'.y up
- Test lor resistance to crackin!: ro I j0 kv (Li-: 170 kV)
\-
 Tlpcs of Construction of Lorv- lnd High-Voltagc Cubles l3.l

l3 T-v.'pes of Construction of Lorv- and High-Voltage Cables

13.l General In the Federal Repubiic of Germanv. rvith cables

having PVC insulation on rated voltases of
When designing cables it is necessarv to take itccounr
L'e L'=l0 kV, normally multi-core cables are used.
6r
oI both ambient conditions and the electrical stresses
For medium-voltlge cables with XLPE insulorion
rvhich ma-v- occur. Whcre:rs the ambient conditions
hos ever single-core t) pes are mostly prelerred. Three
arc important rvhen selecting the right tvpe ot'protec-
laid up single-corc XLPE cables have advanragcs
rive covering and armour. the electrical stresses are
rr hcrc instlilution spece is Jt J prcmium.
' : decisive tuctor tbr. rmonsst orhers. the thickness
of rhe insulltion and the right rvpe of screen. A dis- The senicc lili ot' r:redium-voltase cables wirh \LPE
tinction is made betrreen cabies ha,,ing a non-rldial insuhtion is influcnccd b_v., ingress ol' moisture (sce
.-r\ctric fleld (e.9. belted cables) and radial field page 30). Thc'retbre turther developm!'nr has rhe rxr-
, bles. gct to limit and loculise the insress of rvurer rr hcn
the cable sheath is tlamagc'd. T_"-pes oi construcrion
,\[ulti-core cubles vith nort-ntLliul ./ielr/ have only
riith PE sheath (sce plge 37) .rnd longirudinll *lrer-
onc screen tbove the Iaid-up cores, They are. as cun
be sccn frorn Table 7.I (see page .{5) dcpend- trqht scrccns lrc thL'rclbrc ot'incrcascd sieniilcancg.
ing on the material useci for insulation only per- Dimensions and tcst spccilicutions of cables as rrcll
missible up to cable rarcd t oltage of nruximum as rcsulations lbr thcir installution are laid do*n in
L'or L :3.7r10 kV. Paper insulated cables rvith non- national VDE spccilicarions and international IEC
radial tleld are also knorvn as belted cubles. as abovc standards (see pagc 93). Apar! from these a larse
the laid-up cores an addirional rhin layer of insula- number ol othcr types of constructions erist for spe-
tion is added, namely the belt insulation. cial applicirtions (sce page 12.1).
High-tension cables manufitctured to VDE are nor- The cables must be sclected depending on rated volt-
mally used for nctworks rvhich have a non-earthed age. the requircmcnts in opcration and also economic
star point. The insulation " conductor,lmetal sheath " considerations. Table 13.1 shows the various basic
is therefore dimensioned such that the cable can aiso. t.vpes of construction of cables. On pages 102 to I 23
'- the event of an earrh fault. remain in operation the cable typcs together rvith tcrminations and joint-
z-{r several hours wirhout incurring any damaee (see ing methods commonly used in Germany are illus-
rge l-17). trated. For the selection of cables the chapter " Plan-
To meet the requirements of standards effective in ning of cable installations ' (page 141) should be ob-
-rher countries for nelrvorks with non-eanhed serveo.
' star
,,oint (e.g. nerworks wirh earth-fault compensarion
or insulated star poinr) belted cables wirh increased
belt insulation are often used.
Radial field cables have a screen above the insulation
of each individual phase conductor which directs the
field lines in a radial formation. Radial freld cables
tnclude all single-core cables having a concentric con-
ductor and screen as well as multi-core cables havins
a.conducting layer above the insulation of each indil
vldual core: the interstices are field_free.
The metallic components of the screen (see page 46)
can be arranged also either above each individual
core or above the laid-up cores.

97
 l-1 Trrc. (rl'( ()n51rucli()n oi L,,rr- lrrrcl ilrr:lr-\ olril!l ('Jbl-s

-l'ublc
l-1. I Ilusic corrsllucrions rrl clri.lcs

Clrlrics *itlt insullliotr ol P\'( rrr \LPt:

Dill_rlrnr rr l' Rltcd T] n(-,\l- ctrn(tl rrcl trrrl Erlnrplcs ol'

clcclnc ficld \ollrscs t) pc dcsi!nu rion
(,, L
KV

,\' rn-r udi u I li c ld cu hle,.t

Cl blcs rrithLrut rrrctal cr.rc'ring N\ \'. \.\\'Y

l\\':'. \.{l\\'
\lLrlti-corc cablcs
\flth conccnl nc con.:uctcrr
N \'C\\ \'. \..\ \'c \ \'
]\C\\ \' :,. \A:\C\\ \
Up t() !\1tlt llilt \lcel rrire u;:Iout
-r.6 6

.wliul t it ll c,ti!ct

Sinrl('-core eirblcs
ir tth coneclttric cLrIl!j!.i!i(rr

-r.6 6 \\ rth e()irnf[ :.!rccD

P:rrtirrl discirargc-licc i\- l\ S: \'. \,\ l\S: \'

liom i.(r (.l ] rr itlr copfrcr :crccn coI.15tructt()ti b\ !r5c
ol- I cond ucting
lal cr trctrr ccn N YS\" \,\\ SY
conO ucl()r and
lnsu Iillion {inncr
lor X LPE Thrcc-corc cablcs uith cond ucting llr cr) us N]XSE]\'. N/\]XSE]\'
frorn 3.61 6 coppcr scrccn abovc rr cll as llt outcr
crch indir idual crr re c()nd ucting h\ cr
ly bondcd
li rnr
10 thc in su lt rion

IOT ,\ LPE Three-corc. cables q ith N]XS:\" NA:XS:\'

from -1.6 6 a conduclins inner larer N:XF]}'. \ A]X F]\'
ubor e the laid-up cores
and a coDcenlric copper NY F\'. NAYFY
screen or flat steel \4ire
armo ur

98
 []rrsic C onstrLrcti<rl l-1. I

lc \ ith plrpc:- iir5ulilti(rn unti trtcl,tl .i:cltth " (tttlt:s inlprcr:natctl cltblct

T1 pc rrl' constructttrn Errmplcs ol-

irges trpc dcsir:nalitrn
L'

rr 6 l0 Bcltcci cablcr: \KLEY

Thc Il id-u p corcs Jra surroundcd b\ ] colnntolt instrlatiorr \,.\ K L EY
- l-.clt irtsulat irrn - lolle\\\cd b\ thc nrctlrl shctrtlr
\KI]A
\.-\ K U.\

-1o I ii () Singlc-ct.rrc clrblcs

l-or r oltagcs ( ,, a : -1.6 (r kV untl
-r :
NKLEY
Cond uctor s ith in:ulu tion. :itror c :r llr,, cr ,rl trrct.rili:eLl frirlcr tr iI]- \,\ K L EY'
xnd protccri\c lr\ crs clLtdcd lbtrr c thc insullrtitlrr. to cnsurc
run;- caritics in thc diclcctric rcnrlin licld NKY
l-rcc und ltcncc corr)n:l-trcc. CJ\ it tc\ NAKY
rnlr-'" r:ccur bcIorv thc nlctitIshcuth duc
to chi.lngcs in volurnc ol'thc inrprcunat.-
ing nrass causcd through vltri tions rn
Ioird.

tq I,l8 t0 Scparatc lcud-sherrhcd (S. L.) ctblcs:

N EK E I],\
TIrree single-core clbles each u,ith lcad
N.\ EK E B,\
shcath and corrosion protcction. laid-
up and provided \\'ith rire ncccssarv
olerxl protecri\ e Ia) !-rs. S. L. cirblcs Ibr
I 1.6 l0 kV and I 7.1 -:0 kV
are commonl.v" used in Gennuny.

0 ro 18, i0 H-Cable :
NHKRGY
Paper-insulated cores covered by H-loil are laid-up and are surrounded NAHKRGY
by textile webbing rvhich contains aluminium wires interrvoven. A common metal
sheath and protecti\.e layer is then added overal. This type ofconstructron
is now used in Cermany only for special applications.

t ilh l"od ,h""rh (puper-lcrd clrblc) and cables $irh iriuminiurn shc*h
-q"bl"t

qo
I3 Tlpcs of Consrruction of Low- and Hir:h-\-ol13ng C'n61c-5

l3.2 Tr pe designation RF Flcxible circular conducror

R\{ V Stranded circular conductor conrpacted br
Cables arc dcsigna led \\'ith: cither squeezing through rollcrs or lhe us;
> ,\bbrcr,iltcd dcscnptlon of thc cable desicn and of shaped wires (for thermall-"- stable cablc\
* ith paper insulation)
its component materials
H Circular hollow conductor, lhe diamerer of
tr Number of cores by nominal cross-sectional arca the oil channei given in mm preceds the Jerter
of conductor in mml 'H' e. g. RMiV 14H
> Indications of shape type of conductor OM Stranded conductor of oval cross-section
> Where applicable nominal cross-sectional area of
The rated cross-sectional area of copper screens is
scrcen or concentric conductor in mm:
given after an oblique sign 'i ' locared aftcr the sym-
> Rared voltage in kV (sce Section 17).
bols for the phase conductors
The description of type of construction is derived e.g. NYSEY I x95 RMi 16 6 10 kV.
by adding a combination of letters after the firsr letter
'N' The rated cross-sectional lrea of the concentric con-
building the order ofconstruction out*ards from
'he conductor. The letter ' N ' indrcates " Norm 11 pe ' ductor is also rndicated folloriing I ' sign afrer the
sl nrbols for the phase conductors
and designates cable tlpes uhich comply uith rhe
c.g. NYCWY i x 95 SMi50 0.6 I k\/.
VDE specilicarions nrentioncd in Sections ll and 1,1.
The follo*'ing are not indicated:
Further Commonlv Used Sr mbots
_, Copper conduclor
> lnsulatron ol- impresnut!'d papcr (core. bclr )
YV Rcinlbrccd PVC shearh
> Inner and outer conductins lavers in cables rrirh
IYV Reinforccd PE sheath
pollnrer insulation O Opcn armour (FO or RO)
> Inncr coverings AA Double outcr pro(ccrive la1,cr ol'fibrous ma-
tcria
> Fillcrs of the interstices
Tc
I

Lead sheath ol'lead Tellur alloy

> Inner beddings of fibreous materiais.
sv Special inrprcgnation for cable with paper
insulation for steeply sloping cable runs
Additional S1'mbols for Cables (sr': nd : non-draining compound see
with lmproled Characteristics in the Case of Fire pagc 35)
HX Insulation of crosslinked Halogen-free po-
Iymer compound
HX Shcath of cross-linked Halogen-free poll.mer
compound
'l Sheath of non-cross-linked Halogen-frce po-
lymer compound
FE Insulation retention (symbol appears after
the designation of conducror)

;iymbols for Ships Cable

\{ Power supply ships cable ro HNA standard
G lDsutatron of EpR
\J Sbeath of CR
Screen of copper braid

Slubols for Conrtuctor

DF Solid circular conductor
RM stranded circular
conductor
SE Jotrd sector shaped
conductor
SM stranded sector
shaDed conducror

100
 Lctter Designation 13.2

Table l-1.2 Summary ol'the main lcttcrs uscd for the typc dcsignation of cable
Construclion clenren( Paper-insuhtcd Poll"me r- High- and crtra
cables insulated cables high-voltaee ceblcs
DIN VDE O]5J DIN VDE 0265, DIN VDE 0:56.
027 | . 0272. 02'7 3 0257,0258
Norm tl pc N N

Conductor
no letter no le!ter no lelter
of aluminium
Insulation
Paper rvirh mass impregnation no lelter
Pcper oil impregnated o
- lvi!h high-pressure oil cables in jleel prpe OI
Paper rvith mass impregnation
- Ibr external gr.s pressurised cable P
- lor internJl g3s pressuriscd cablc I
\:C. polyvinylchloride
PE. polrethylene ]Y
XLPE. cross-linked pollcth-vlene 2X
Concentric copper conduclor
longitu<iinal layer c
-irhirh *are form iay cw
Coppcr screen
- lor single-core crbles or
for multi-core cables rvith common mctallic scrccn S
- mclallic screen on e:rch core in multi-corc cxblcs SE

Screening in multi-corc cirbles trirh p!pcr insulation

rnd common mcral sherth {H-clblc)
- single-corc screening !r'irh metalliscd pdper
(Hdchsrddrer Folie) H

Metal shearh
of lead
- for single.core cables and multi-core cables
with common sheath K
- for three-core cables with corrosion protection on each sheuth EK
- non-magnetic pressure protection bandage on the lcld shearh : UD
of aiuminium
- smooth KL KL
- corrugated KLD

.ron laid-up corcs u

-laid-up coics
Thermoplastic sheath and inner protective covering
- rYL
-
SneaLn
PE shearh
'app€d bcdding with addirional laler
I Y
2Y
Y
2Y
or plasttc tapc E E
Armour
- steel tape
- flar steil wire F F F
- round steel wire p R
- spiral binder taDe G
- skid. wire (non-magnetic)
GL
- steet tubc
ST
Outer protection
_ 0ute) in compound
iliE",Aflf,"n" Y I
- PE sheath
2Y

Cable wirh IJoIU=O.6ll kv wirhout concentnc conductor

- wr(h grecn/ycllow core
-r -l
- wltnout grecn/yellow corc -o

101
 rJ I Jpcs ur \-onsrrucuon ol Low_ and Hrgh-voltage Cables

13.3 Selection of Cables and Accessories

Tablc 13.3 Cables and associate accessories

Construction Dcsignation, Preferrcd applicarion Limited applicarion

standards

NY l' NYY Power cable: It may be necessary to 9r..

IPROTODUR-insllation 2PROTODUR-sheaih NAYY lndoors. cable trunking. relevant local regulation
(PVC) {PVC) outdoors and buried in the

+
installing in countrics ot_
ground, for power stations.
'| : industrl and switcheear as
than Germany.

well as for urban supply net-

works, if mechanical damage
is unlikelv

DIN \'DE O27I

I Cu'condLrcbr 4 Tanc or c:(trudcd filcr lEc 50:
N\ \' N\'Y Conrrolccblc:
I P R OTO DU R-ioJulrlion : PROTODUR-shcrrh as for power cables
IPVCI (P|C)

t)IN VDE O:7I

I Cu-conducror ,l Tirn. or c\trudcd fillcr tEc it)l
N,\ \ c\\ \ NYC\'\'" For installation in the ground. \\'here high-mechlnical
L\1. : PROI()- I Concrnrric. I pR()To- \.{ \'c\\'\' ,l indoors. cablc trunking and s(icsscs m )'occur dunn
condr,;tor DUR. prorccu\. or I)UII-
rn\uli[ron PE\ corrducro. sh.rrh outdoors if subscqucnt mc- slilllllrion and opcrilrion.-r
rl'\'Ct t( u $lrL.r irnd (l\(l chanical damugc is likcl\. For conccntric conductor shoui
((rrlt\ar\L urbrn nct\rorks. houschold rlot bc considcrcd irs irrnr
hcjrr!t (ln.) fccdcrs and srrc.l Iishring.
rlii
lttl
Thc c,.rnccntric conductor in
$'r\e forfi is not cut Jt brrnch
\\ c\ :' poln(s.

:
Dl\ \'DE 0t?l
5 [\rru(lcd Iilt.r lEc 501

\ t (; \\'FG\' For installarion in rh. {round.

I P.I{OT{ ). : Fli,r \r,i\.t :r Srcct rrt)c l

il
PROT()- \..), \'FG \. rndoors. coblc trunkin! and
DUR. ouldoors i f incrcilscd ntcch!n-
rP!c) (PlCl rcrl protection is rcquircd or
\\ hcrchich-pulling sl.csscs
ml) occur durinq insrullltion
or opcrution

561
j Cu<onduclor 6 Fillcr DIN VDE O]7I
? Lapf,cd inncr co|'crin!
IEC JO:
I Con,.crrrc mnductor in $r!c formllton :':,a,,^..,-,-..
ConcL:nLrrc -,
condurror , ' rnolrcd
,hcire!ii\

l0l
Comprehensive solutions can be provided
quickly for complex planning tasks with the aid
of a data processing system

7ri:z

;

tion. The a.c. voltage rvithstand is approximately
60 kVimm and the peak voltage withstand
130 kv/mm.
These valucs are higher than those of low-pressure
oil cables. Without sacrificing the safety in operation
it is possible therefore to reduce the thickness of insu-
larion. Because ol this particularly economical t-vpe
ofconst:uction cables can be produced for rated volt-
ages oi i o't/:1211710 kV and greater.
Fig. l5.l I
lniernal gas-pressure cable in steel pipe
NtvFSl l\' I x 120 RMiV 6'+i 110 kV
Fig. t5.12
Outdoor sculing ends u ith sprcader box tbr intcrnai g:ts-
:-...:,1-r I t^r,, :n si,t.'r :\rI\'-r
Thermally Stable Cable in Steel Pipe 15.3
15.3.2 Internal Gas-Pressure Cable
The paper insulation over each core is impregnated
with a non-migrating humidity proof mass. Because
of thus no additional proteccive cover is necessary
during transport and installation. This cable, in con-
trast to external gas-pressure cable does not have
a sheath (Fig. 15.11). Above the outer layer of paper
insulation copper tapes are applied overlapped rvith
conducting paper which lorms a screen for field limit-
ing. Either individual non-laid-up cores each pro-
rected by a gliding rvire or laid-up multi+ore cables
,,vith flat steel-wire armour are fed into the steel pipe
rvhich. on completion. is then filled rvith Nitrogen'
The operating pressure is set at 15 to l6 bar for rated
voltages of IJltJo:61 I l0 kV The gas can penctrate
the insulation and Illl all voids such [hi]t. even in
the event oI earth t'ault. ionisation is prevented' The
vohage withstand of this cable core arransement. the
construction of which closely resembles that of mass-
impregnated cable, is so improved by the gas pressure
that the c:tble is suitable for higher operating voltage
(see page 134).
15.3.3 Extern:ll Gas-Pressure Cable (Pressure Cable)
The paper-insulated cores are each ivrapped rvith H-
tbil and impregnated rvith a high viscosity synthetic
oil..\bovc thc tbil is I leld sheirth. rvhich acts as
a diaphragm. and rhis is strcngthened by trvo lalers
of helic.rlll rvound copper tape (Fig l5l3) Above
rhc luid-up corcs is lr tllt steel-*irc itrmtrttr' \itcr
fccding cablcs into thc pipc'and the installation is
completed. thc pipe is iilied rvith nitroscn lt a pres-
sure ol 15 to 16 bar. Thc girs prcssure tlloss the
mrss impregnation to erplnd under helt but' \t'ltn
thc g:rs tighilc:rd shcath Lre t ine rts a mcmbrlne' lbrces
it birck to thc originil position *hcn it cools To
eusc this ilction of the shertth membrltnc the conduc-
tors lre of ov:.rl cross-section instead of round'
Fig. 15.13
Externul gls-pressure cilble in steel pipe
\..P\:D!FS! lY 3 x l-to o\1 \" 5'!'t 10 \\'
139
15 High- and Extra-High-Voltage Cables
15.3 Thermally Stable Cable
in Steel Pipe
Occasionally special requirements regarding mechan-
ical strengths ofcables are to be met. In areas subject
to subsidence, e.g. movement of ground and also
of the surface cables laid in the ground are subjected
to pressure and tensile stresses. In long cable runs
on bridges or scaffolding with long distances between
support points it is necessary to have special mechan-
ical protection or mechanical reinforcement. For
these applications cables laid in steel pipe have ad-
vanlages over other methods, furthermore it should
be noted that steel pipe provides good screening
rvhere neighbouring control and telecommunication
cablcs could other\r'ise be affected.
Thc pipe used to accommodate the cable can be in-
stalled independanr ol rhe cable installation. For this
onll parts of the underground cablc run nced to be
accessible or opened at man holes other$ ise the pipe
can be sealed afrer being installed and tested. To
catcr for later extcnsions additional pirres can bc laid
in rescrve.
The direction o[ cable runs in srecl pipc must bc
planned in great derail such that sharp bands arc
avoided wherevcr possible. Thc insrallcd lcnsth of
cable cores is dependent upon thc tlpe ofcablc. the
cross-sectional area of conductor and thc tvpe of tcr-
rain. Depending on circumstances elery 300 to 800
mcters lointinl points arc requircd and at these
points zr nlo to thr!.e mctcr lcngth of largcr diametcr
pipe is r clded to r.hc main pipc via srecl adaptors.
This consrruction makes it possible to rcopcn this
joint at a iatcr datc and rcclosc it $.ithout endangcr-
ing thc cable or cuu.inc rhc pipc. Ar rhc end of the
cable pipe a sprcuder box is uscd t'ronr *hich the
cable tails are lcad to sealing cnds: thesc cable tails
bcing protected bl non-magncric flcxible pipcs. The
stcr'l pipe must haYc good corrosion protection be-
cause \!ater tightness and mechanical \r'ithstand of
the steel pipe are viral facrors in this form of cable
installation. The pipes are therelore protected by a
layer of extruded PE coverinc.
It is possible to improve this corrosion protection
by the use of "electric corrosion protcciion". To
achiele this protection graphite electrodes are in-
stalled close to the pipe. Pipe and elcctrodes are con-
nccted to the output of a lo*.-pou er rectifier set such
that the graphire elecrrodes are anodes and the
earthed steel pipe forms a cathode. Material transfer
cannot occur.
The operating pressure and hence the air/oil tightness
of the installation is monitored by contact manome-
15.3.1 High-Pressure Oil-Filled Cable
The paper insulated cores which are screened with
H foil are impregnated with low viscosity synrhetic
oil. A layer of copper tape in which the helix gap
is closed with a plastic tape prevents the impregna-
tion leaking and also prevents ingress of moisture
during transporrarion and installation. Above this,
a protection against damage during feeding into the
pipes. a slow wound helix of non-magnetic gliding
rvire is added (Fig. 15.10).
On conpletion of final installation the pipe is then
evaculted before filling r.r'irh a lorv viscosity insglqr-
ing oil and via a prcssure rcgularing detice, .a
under a working pressure of 16 bar. As the oil ex-
pands due to temperature rise caused by electrical
load the cxcess florvs into a storage container *hcn
a set operating pressure is reachcd. Converscly as
the cable cools and oil pressure falls the rcquired
quantity is automatically rerurncd, via a pump s1,s-
tem. to maintain the set operating pressure. The vital
componcnt parts of the pressure regulating appara-
tus. such as pressure monitors. pumps and valves.
are duplicated in the installation. Faiiure ofanl one
item automaticalll initiatcs rhc sriitching in of thc
rcscrvc itcm. The pos cr suppll lor this sr.srcm is
normalll takcn from the nctwork bur a standbl gcn-
r'raaor is also installed to carcr for suppll, failure.
The opcrating prcssure oI l6 bar ntaintains the cable
insulation void-free during anl condirion of op-rr-
Fig. 15.10
High pressure oil filled cablc in steel pipe
 Low-Pressure Oil Cable 15.2

Single-core cables are provided with a longitudinal
channel via a hollow conductor. Depending on the
diameter of the oil channel, the viscosity of the oil
used and the loading of the cable with double-sided
feeding, cable runs of approximately 4000 m can be
adequately supplied with oil. If only one end is con-
nected to a vessel the relative length is halved.
For oil-fiiled cable runs where great differences in
level occur and also for very long cable runs, sealed
stop joints are fitted to divide the static pressures
and also to allorv the connection of expansion vessels
along the cable run. With this system one achieves
locked sections which with respect to oil content are
completell independent of one anolher. For Iong
j rble runs. depending upon height differentials. the
number of locked sections is reduced compared to
those required for a level run.
The operlting pressure of an oil-filled cable is nor-
:--.ally bctrveen 1.5 and 6 bar. Since the strength of
the lead sheath only permits lorv internal pressures,
thcsc cables have a pressure protecrion tape in the
form of a helix rvound directly over the lead. [n
3-core oil-hlled cables this tape is of steel but in
single-core cables it is of non-magnatic material. For
cables with aluminium sheath the tape is omirted
In of small leakages, e.g. at pressure switches,
case
merering links or valves any oil loss is replaced over
a long period by the oil present in expansion vessels.
Operation can therefore be continued until a suitable
time occurs to make a repair.
For all voltage ranges outdoor sealing ends with por-
celain insulators are available (Fig. 15.9).
Three-core oil-filled cables are sealed off rvith
spreader joints. The individual cores are carried
through corrugated flexible copper pipes to single'
conductor sealing ends. The oil expansion vessels are
connected to the splitter dividing bos. With single-
core oil-filled cables the pressure expansion vessels
are connected to the individual sealing ends.
AII lorv-pressure oil-filled cables can be connected
via connecting sealing ends direct to transformers or
s*.itchgear (see page 394). Especially for the highest
voltages the rvide spaced through-bushings can be
replaced by sealing ends shorving particular advan-
rage where space is limited, e. g. in caverns, enclosed
srr itchgear etc.

Oil expansion vessels consist of cylindrical steel con-

tainers rvhich contain oil-hlled comprcssiblc cclls
The cells are soldered air tight. All remaining spacc
in the container is hllcd rvith oil. Depcnding on the
exoansion of the oil which results from load Iaria-
tions and seasonal lemperolures of the ground. the
rrumbcr ol'rcsseis is cillcuhted irnLl thus thc operilting
orcssure is maintaincd ivithin desired limits. Vessels
.,l thc samc construction arc built into the cable drum
')r the purpose of controlling the pressure inside thc
-table. rrithin prescribed limits. during trrnsport stor-
iLge and installation thus catering for nornlal temper-
ture lluctuations.

The operaring pressure of an oil-filled cable. or an1

onc of the several locking sections within an installa-
tion, is monitored by means of contact mirking ma-
nometers. lI an excessive temperature rise occurs
rvithin the full length of the cable, the high-pressure
contact is operated similarly and if damage or oil
loss occures, the low pressure contact is operated.
The functioning of the cable can thus be monitored
from one central point and any fault can be signalled
by either visual or audible alarm. Lorv-pressure oil-
filled cables have the advantage over other high-volt-
agc cable thal this constcnt monitoring is possible Fig. 15.9
l, t r! ra!:r.!i',.elv iorv oo,,.rating oressure. Ouldoor se'rlins enris lbr single-corc oil-ililed clbles

t3'l
l! lllgn- anq Exlra-l.llgn- vollagE \'aulcs

Oil content y

1.0

0.5 r0
Conduclor cross'secllon 4-_
a oil-filled cable b mass-impreenated cable

Fig. 15.5
Relationship of current-carryine capacity with respecr
to cross-sectional area Oil pressute p *
Fig. 15.7
Characteristic of an oil expansion vessel

Dielecllic loss factof lan {)

r.c Iage q:ad:enl F -.._

a oil-filled cable b mass-intprcgnared cablc

Fig. 15.6
Dielectric loss factor in rcspcct to \'oltugc sradient Fig. 15.8
(typical relationship) Oil expansion vessel rvith g:$

voltage at which the cavitics start to ionise the loss
factor often rises r,erv considerably (ionisation knee).
The dielectric loss factor tan d for oil-fllled cables
(Fig. 15.6) is considerably lower and is little in-
fluenced by temperature and voltage; foimation
of voids and ionisation do nor occur. Oil-filled
cabies are, without having to increase the operating
pressure, the only cable which can be used for the
highest currentll, used a.c. operating vokage (up to
Ci. :420 kV).
Oil-{llled cables are manufactured as 3-core cabies
for cabie rated voitage of U:60 ro 132 kV and as
sin-cle-core cables up to the highest currently used
operating voltages. The longitudinal channels for oil
movement are achieled in 3-core cables by omitting
the filler from the inrersrices between the laid-up
cores and the metal sheath. The oil channels are
therefore situated directly below the metal shearh
*'hich facilitates rhe connection of oil expansion ves-
seis at anv given srraight joint. shouid this be neces-
s.rr), as on long cable runs (Figs. 15.7 and 15.8).

l -)o
 Cable with Polymer Insulation ' Low-Pressure Oil-Filled Cables 15.2

cent. developments it is recommended' for the in- The voltage withstand is:
crease of safety of operation and in service life to
build these high-voltage cables with protection ingres For mass-
impregnated
of moisture in both longitudinal and radial direction cables
(Fig. l5.l).
For rated voltages up to UolU:64lll0 kV cables
with pollmer insulation are already in use to a large Short-time
withstand kv,'mm 50
extent. The development of this cable for higher volt-
Limiting continuous
ages is continuing. withstand kV/mm 12 to 15
Working stress kV/mm max.5

15.2 Lorv-Pressure Oil-Filled Cable

with Lead or Aluminium Sheath
, :or the oil-fillcd cables (Figs. 15.2 and l5.l) thc
paper insuhtion is impregnarcd ir thin oil. \\'hcn
"vith
heated the expanding oil can florv through longitudi-
nllchanncls to oil expansion vessels which receive
:.-.le oil under increasing presstlre, conversely $ hen
' lche load is rcduccd and cooling occurs, the oil is
lbrced back into the crble.
In oil-impregnated cablcs cltvities cirn nc!ct occur'
These cables are therefore insensitivc to tcmpcraturc
cycles and are therefore thermally stablc. Thc voltage
withstand of oil-filled cables during opcration is
markedly higher than that of mass-imp regnated
cables (Fi-q. 15.4).
The insulation of oil-filled cables therefore onll re-
quires to be half the thickncss ofrhat of mass-impreu-
nated cables for a given rated voltage. With the high-
er thcrmal stability of thc oil-filled cable also a higher
operating temperature can be used. Since. because
of thc reduced insulation thickness on oil-filled cables
and thus the thermal resistance is less, these clbles
have a higher current carrying capacity by approxi-
mately 50% highcr for a givcn cross-scctional i.rrea
(Fi-s. l5.s).
Thc higher the operating voitage of a cable the morc
important becomes the dielectric loss factor tan d.
With mass-impregnated cable the loss factor laries
considcrably r', ith vuriltions in rcmpcrature. At thc

0rl :illed cable

15.2 Oil-tllled cable

Fig.
NOKUDEY l x 3oo Rlt.'v 1l H 64i 110 kv JO

20

llme-..-*

Fig. 15.{
Fig. 15.3 Time-voluge rvithstand ol oil-fillcd cablc in compurison
oil-rilled crbl.j NoKDEFOY I x Ii0 sNt 36r'6{) kV rvith mass-impregneted cable

li5
15 High- and Extra-High-Voltage Cables

15 High- and Extra-High-Voltage Cables

All cables are subjected to changes in load and there-

fore to temperature cycling during operation. The
changes due to thermal expansion and contraction
of both the conductors and insulation materials
under the metal sheath, in mass-impregnated cables,
produces small cavities (voids) in the insulation
which u,hen of a certain size start to produce partial
discharge due to the influence of the dielectric field
rvhen this field is of a certain srrengrh. At this stage
not only the dielectric losses are increased but also Fig. t5.l
uhere high volta_ges are concerned the service life High voltage cable wirh XLPE insulation
of the mass-impregnated cable may be reduced. For Tl pe 2XS(FL)2Y 1 x 2a0 RM/35 64/'1 10 kv
this rcason this type of cablc to DIN VDE 0255
is permitted only for rated volrages of up ro
UotU:18130 kV. For higher rared volrages ther-
mally stable cables wirh papcr insulation (Table 15.1)
or cables with polymer insulation must bc uscd. paper insulation were uscd but these are now increas-
ingly superseded by' cables with insulation of XLPE
and in somc countries also of EPR. The special ad-
15.1 Cable rvith Polymer Insulation vantasc of the cables is tbat thcy are maintenance-
lree. The construction of the cables complics, except
In the past for rated voltascs from Lro,U=36160 kV ibr dimensions. rvith the standard construction for
almost rvithout exception thermalll srable cablcs rvirh rated rolta,ees up to [',, U:18'i]0 kV. Bascd on re-

]'ablc l5.l Summarl'of trpc ol'construction and arca ofapplicarion for thcrnrallr stablc cablcs rvith papcr insularion

Cahlt, .rith natul shtath C'ahlt, in .tracl pipc

Basic Normalll used Standards Basic Normalll used Standards

construction rated voltages U cons lruction rated voltagcs L'
kY

Oil_fillcd cablc.r

Lou.pressure 60 to -llio DIN VDE 0]56, Hirh-pressure 1 10 to iti0 IEC 141-4

oil-fi1led cablcs ( t - :410) IEC 141-1 oil-filled cable (t; = 110)
u ith lead or
aluminium sheath

Gas prcssura cablcs

Internal gas 110 to 150 DIN VDE 0258,

pressure cables (t; = 170) IEC 141-l

External gas DIN VDE O]57.

pressure cablcs I EC 141-l

l -l+
 Insuleted Overhead Line Cables 14.8

Table 14.2 Recommendations for installations
Type of proximity ot Recommendation for
crossing installation
On pole No gap necessary
In woodland or near No distance specified,
single trees mechanical damage must be
avoided
From roof areas Touching when swinging and
under maximum sag to be
prevented
From chimney stacks lvlechanical damage when
swinging must be prevented,
the distance above opening
of chimney stack 2.5 m
ports, insulated suspension clamps are used which
also accommodate a change of route direction of up
to 30o. For branch points, insulated branch point
clamps are used which allow connection without re-
moving insulation from the cores. The electrical con-
nection is made through a toothed contact plate.
When selecting suspension clamps, the maximum
allowable rope tension (normally between 30 and
40 N/mm2 of rope diameter) with a maximum sup-
port load not exceeding 6000 N must be observed.
The suspension spans are selected depending on the
terrain to be between 300 to 500 meters. This span
also depends on the height of the mast which may
be up to 150 m, however for pole heights ol 8 to
10 m the span is approximately 40 to 60 m.

'rom anlenna and Touching when swinging also

\-irens with maximum sag must be
prevented

From accessable parts not less than 0.6 m

of buildings e.g. flat
roofs

From bridges or No distance specified.

similar mechanical damage must be
prevented

From telecommunica-
tion overhead lines:
Bare wires
Acrial cables
Distance at crossing
Fixing points of rrbove or bclow
telecommunication
equipment :,:l
vTable 14.3
C urren t-carrying capacity ofinsulated overhead line cablcs

Jross-sectional
area of aluminium
conductor
mm:

Operating frequency up to 60 Hz
Wind speed 0.6 m/s
Ambient temperature 35 'C
Direct sunlight
lvlaximum conductor temperature 80 oC

T JJ
l4 Power Cables for Special Applications
solvents and fuel oils. The lead sheath must not
be used as neutral conductor (N). If a sheath
wire is incorporated it can be used to earth the lead
sheath e. g. in explosion proof installations
(DIN VDE 0165). Because of the good coupling re-
sistance of the closed lead sheath these cables have
advantages where electromagnetic compatibility
(EMC) is important.
14.8 Insulated Overhead Line Cables
Insulared overhead cables are not strictly power
cables. Based on their application and construction
they ha1'e become classified as overhead line cables.
Because the same insulation materials are used as
for po*cr cables these overhead line cables are cor-
ered bl the VDE regulations for cable.
Construction and Characteristics
lnsulated overhead line cables for medium voltage
are not standardized. The construction is largell in
line u ith cable to DIN VDE 02.73. For the construc-
tion and testing of overhead line cable lor 0.6,11 kV
rated voltage the standard DIN VDE 02.74 is appli-
cable. The stranded rope conductors (15 to 70 mm:t
are made of drawn pure aluminium * ires. These
wires compll uith DIN 4E200 parts prior to being
manufactured into the conductor rop!-. For th!- con-
struction and characteristics of the conductor rope
DIN 48201 Part 5 applies rvith thc'erception of thc
values for numbcr of strands. ciiamctcr and elcctrical
resistance of the rope rrhich is laid dorvn in
DIN YDE 0174. The insulation of individual conduc-
tor ropes consists of biack XLPE t1'pe 2XI1 to
DIN VDE 0107 Part 12 u,hich. to improve resistance
to sunlight and u'eather. has an addition of at l9i,
carbon black. In addition to single-core overhead line
cables. bundles of 4 cabies are also standardized
(4-core insulated overhcad line cables). in this 4-core
Fig. t4.15
Insulated overhead line cables
\-FA:X :l x 70 R\,1 0.6'1 kv
cable the phase conductors are marked by l, 2 or
3 longitudinal ribs along the lengrh of the cable. The
neulral conductor (N) being the fourth core has the
same cross-sectional area as the phase conductors.
The neutral does not bear an identifying mark.
Bundles of four cores each with a conductor cross
section of 70 mm2 are also available combined with
either one or two additional cores of smaller cross
secrion (35 mm2;. These additional conductors carry
identification markings of four and five ribs respec-
tively.
Application and lnstallation
Insulated overhead line cables have advantages par-
ticularly over difficult terrain. They are frequentll
used in woodland (narrow avenues are possible) and
are also used for the extension or refurbishment of
existing urban netuorks. In these areas four-core
overhead line cables are predominant for systemsA
three phase * ith PEN. Bundles of four-cores wrr.,.
one or two additional cores of reduced cross section
are used where street lighting is feed from the same
main line.
Single-corc overhead line cables are frcquently used
ior the suppll of single-phase loads.
Suspension and support ol the cables is possible b-v
rhe use of \ ooden or concrete poles as well as from
roof supports. For this s1'stem DIt.\ VDE 0211 ap-
plies and for domestic iecds DIN VDE 0100 Part 7ll
applies. The specific characteristics of insulated over-
head line cables provides full insulation qithout
breaks both in opcn terrain as uell as in buildings
rr here mechanicai damage to the insulation is most
unlikcly to occur. Rccommendations for installarion
in differcnt situations is given in Tablc 14.2.
For thc current carrling capacitl ol overhead line
cables (see Table 14.1) instead of thc values in
DIN YDE 019E. houcrer. Table 4 of DIN YDE 017.1
applies. The conductor temperature. in the event of
short-circuit for mcchanical reasons must not exceed
1i0 "c.
For the suspension of insulated overhead line cables
special supporting equipments are required. In the
suspension clamps each individual core of the bundle
of four is securely wedged in a polymer chock thus
transmitting a friction grip of the rope core indirectll'
via the insulation. \\rhere the cable incorporates cores
of smaller cross-section these are not held b] the
clamp. For the suspension from poles or roof sup-
 River and Sea Cable . Airr'ort Cable . Cable with Polvmer Insulation 14.7
Fig. 14.12
Installation operation at sel: running off from cuble
stack over rollers to laving head at stcrn of vesscl
in the bed using a scavenging kecl rvirh high pressurc
water Jets.
For river crossings srandard cablcs could also be used
ii laid in thermoplastic piping or luid in rrenchcs cur
in thc bcd.
14.6 Airport Cables
Airport cables suppll energy to aifport lighting appa-
ftrtLls.
Construction and Characteristics
The cables are single corc and have a copper conduc-
tor of 6 mm: and a concentric conductor of 2.5. 4
or 6 mm? cross-section. Insularion and outer sheath
are of PVC. The consrruction is in line with iEC 502
and DIN VDE 0271. Prelerred rated voltages are 1/2
and 5/10 kV- Other rhan this standard consrruction
tr hich is used in Germuny there are construcrions
having EPR insulation and CR sheath e.g. ro the
American standards of rhe Federal Aviation Admin-
istralion (FAA L 8l+).
Fig. t4.t3
Airport cable FLYCY I x 6 REl2.5 ll2kV
Application and Installation
Single-core airport cables supply airport lighring
equipments connected in serries. Normally single-
phase transformers are used to feed special liehts.
For this duty joints or plug connectors are used to
connect the equipment via flexible tails of NSGAF.
14.7 Cable rvith Polymer Insulation
and Lead Sheath
Cables with polymer insulation and lead sheath are
used in Germany for spccial operating condirions
whereas. in thc main. PVC-insulated cables are used
for rated voltages of 0.6/1 kV. In special circum-
stances lead-sheathed cables are also used for higher
rated voltaecs (e. -q. 3.6'6 kV) or with a different insu-
Iation of c. g. XLPE.
Construction rnd Charucteristics
Cablc u ith poll.mer insulation and lcad shearh for
0.6 I kV ratcd voltauc arc govcrncd by DIN VDE 0265.
Thcsc are constructcd as multi-corc cable and conrain
either solid or stranded copper conductors. The lead
sh!':rth is arranged ovcr the inner covering. Below
this an additional tinned conductor may be arranged
as sheath rvire- Above the lead sheath a PVC sheath
is provided.
Application and Installation
Cables rvith polvmer insulation and lead sheath are
applir'd especiallv rvhere there is danger ofeffect from
Fig. l{.1-l
Cable rvith PVC insulation and lead shearh
NYKY 0.6,'I KV
tJl
r{ ro\}er LaDles lor Speclal Applrcatrons
In order to avoid mctallic contact bctween construc-
tion elements having different electrolytic potenrials
a protective extruded covering of PVC (separation
sheath) is always included between a concentric con-
ductor and the round steel-wire R or the flat steel-
wire armour F. In addition, a protective PVC sheath
is included above the armour. This sheath is coloured
yello* in underground mining cables with rated volt-
age of 0.6/l kV. For both construction and tesr.ing
of these cables generally DIN VDE 0271 applies for
PVC insulated cables and DIN VDE 0273 for XLPE
insulated cables. In addition, where no other national
standard exists, IEC 502 is relevant.
Installation and Fixing
In mining installations rvith slopes up to 50'rhe cable
must be supported at dislances of no more than
5 meters and must bc hung rrith suitable sas betueen
supports. This applies for armoured as well as unar-
moured gallerl' cablcs.
In mining locations rvhere the slopes excecd 50'
cables must be tear rcsistant u ith a degrcc of safcty
factor 3. For the calculation ol' tear rcsistancc of
cables the armour is the deciding lactor. Thesc cablcs
must. afier hanging in, be fixed by clamps at dis-
unces not exceedin-q 6 meters. Whcrc longcr dis-
tances betr,,een supports is unavoidablc the armour
must withstand the tensile srress',r'ith a llctor ols:rfc-
ty of 5.
Accessories for mining lpplications bclo*' cround
nrust. in Gcrman1,. apart lrorn VDE approval. also
have the special approval of rhc Obcrbcrg:imtcr (min-
lng lnspecloral.e ).
14.5 Rirer and Sea Cables
Cables used for crossing rirers or for ltvinc in sea
\\'ater. e.g. for the conncction ol island net\\orks to
the mainland. for the supply of cnergl' to ol'f-shorc
plant or for rhe operation of lighthouscs or nar.iga-
tional aids. are usuallt fitred sith a subsrantiai ar-
mour to \\ ithstand the high-mechanical srresses dur-
ing installarion and u hcn in opcrrLrion.
T)'pe of Construction
River and sea cables normalll have polvmer or paper
tnsulation. Poh'mer-iusulared cables havc the ad\.an-
t:L,se ol lo\\'$eight. Normxll) lorr.-volra-!:e cables are
I i0
PVC insulated and for medium voltage XLpE is
more commonly used. For this application a cable
with both longitudinal and radial water tightness is
generally selected (see page 47). Cables having po-
lymer insulation are particularly suited especially if
a combination of communication cores as well as
optical fibre cores are required. With paper lead
cables the lead sheath must be thicker than those
in DIN VDE 0255 to cater for the mechanical srresses
to be expected. If the cable is to be subjected continu-
ous vibration, e.g. by heavy surf, the lead sheath
is then strengthened by alloy additions as prorecrion
against metal fatigue fractures. The armour of river
and sea cables consists of tinned steel wires uhich
are, depending on local conditions, either of round
or flat profilc. The shapc and thickness are depcndent
upon the expected tensile stresses and any prevailing
danger (bl punting poles, anchors. movement of sea
bed etc.). In particularly unfavourable conditions a
double armour may bc necessary. To provide safe
prol.ection against corrosion of thc lrmour thc c' 'r
serving comprises two layers of compounded special
jute or a polymcr shcath (PVC or PE).
Lal ing and lnstallation
The method of lal,ing sea cables is dependent upon
iocal conditions and on the tlpe of equipment avail-
able (loading facilirics and typc of ship). The dclivery
iength is oftcn onll limired by transportation capaci-
rr'. If necessarv individual lcngrhs arc spliccd to
achieve the total required length. Should it be ncces-
sary to joint crbles at sea. cable joints can be pro-
vided n hich are also safe in operation under difficult
installation conditions. Rivcr cablc-s and cablcs laid
in tidal insliorc \\'aters arc olten laid in trcnches cut
Fig. l4.t I
XLPE-insulated sea crble u'ith round steel.uire
armour for I I'10 kV
 Halogen Free Cable 14.3

14.3.3 Laying and Installation 14.4 Cables for Mine Shafts and Galleries
Cables with improved characteristics in the event of
fire are used in indoor installations and outdoors in
In mining installations below ground cables with
polymer insulation are commonly used as mine shaft
a similar manner to NYY cables. They can be ar-
and gallery cables. These cables for rated voltages
ranged on racks or fixed to walls and ceilings in either
0.6/1 kV always contain a protective conductor and
vertical or horizontal directions by means of cable
most of them are armoured.
clips. The bending radius of the cable is 12 D (single-
core 15D). Installation directly in the ground is not
recommended for these cables. When terminating Construction and Characteristics
these cables both inner and outer sheaths should be
Cables used in mining applications normally have
cut at ihe same point. When the insulation has been
copper conductors. For plant with rated voltages up
removed a silicone covering which may be included
to 10 kV PVC insulation to DIN VDE 0118 is used.
must also be removed. In addition the instructions
In areas subject to mining gas, however, only installa-
[or installation and transportation given in tions with rated voltaees up to 6 kV are permitted.
DIN VDE 0298 Part I must be observed. For joint-
Installations having a rated voltage of 10 kV and
,ng eirher flame retardant cast-resin joints or flame
rvith cable having XLPE insulation have been ap-
retardanc shrink-on sleeves may be used. If insulation
proved bl Oberbergamt (OBA) (mining aurhoriry)
retention is required tbr the joints special measures
Nordrhein-Westlalen. The protecrive conductor is in-
nus! be taken.
'!- corpomted in the follo',ving types:
Cables to DIN VDE 0266 (type NHXHX and
NHXCHX) are designed for a maximum conducror > as sepirmtc insuhtcd conductor marked green yel-
operating temperature oi 70 "C with a maximum lo"v e.g. as in NYFCY-J 4 x 50 S lvl 0.6/1 kV
permissible short-circuit temperature o[ 160 'C. For > conccntric conductor above inner covering e.e.
cables (type (N)2XH and (N)2XCH) rvith VDE Re- as in NYCYRGY 3 x 50 SVI/25 3.616 kV
gister Nr. 11099109'110 the maximum permissiblc-
conductor operating temperature is 90 "C and the
p equally split. concentric conductor over individ-
maximum permissible short-circuir remperlrure is url corc's c. g. irs in NYCEYRGY 3 x 50 R\1i25
250 "C. The current ccrrvins capacity- must be taken
6',10 kv.
from the relevant trbles in DIN VDE 0293 Parr l
(see Section l8).

The cablcs rith spccial characteristics in thc event

,ri firc lrc ,.-mplolcri rr hcrc spcciul mcesrrrcs. tbr thc
protection of high-rllue cquipmcnt or pcrsons. musr
'rc takcn. In these circumstlnces aplrrt from the re-
'iLrccd spreltl ol firc. in sonle cuses priorirl is -eiven
!-,ro the characteristics as reeards corrosiveness of
tlmes rnd smoke densitl rvhcrels in other ctses insu-
lirtion rctcntron mlv be ot'primc importlnce. Fig. t4.9
Gallerv cablc NYCYFGY I x 110 SNIr'70 i.6i 6 k\'

Fig. 1.1.10
\tine shaft cable NYCYRGY i x l:0 SVI 70 1.616 kV

t29
14 Power Cables for Special Applications

elastomer, halogen-free, material compound HI 1,

base EPR to DIN VDE 0207 Partz3.

The laid-up cores are surround by a core cover

of halogen-free elastomer compound with low
flammability. The sheath consists of halogen-free,
low flammability elastomer compound HM 1 to
DIN VDE 0207 Part 24 (base EVA). If necessary a
concentric conductor is arranged below the sheath
(type NHXCHX).

Cables to DIN VDE 0266 normally have insulation

retention (see page 127) of more than 20 minutes
(designation FE). For this the conductors of smaller
Fig. 14.6
cross sections require additional silicone covers.
Arrangement testing of insulation retention
under conditions of fire

1.{.3.2 Construction and Characteristics

To improve the characteristics of cables in ltre there
are rwo courses of action. Firstly one can increase Fig. 14.7
the halogen content of the materials or one can add SIENOPYR-FRNC-cabIe NHXHX 4 x 1.5 FE 0.6,'l kV
components which together with halogen have a syn- with insulation retention
ergistic effect. By this means cable can be manufac-
tured having a very good characteristic in regard to
rhe limitation of spreading of fire. Corrosive and
toxic gases are hou'ever developed during combus-
tion. By special compounding it is possible to reduce,
at least, the high smoke emission of the halogen con'
taining materials. Such cablcs as FR-PVC-cable
(flame-retardant lorv smoke) arc used in some Euro-
peaa countries c. g. lor installation in po"r'er sta(ions-
Fig. 14.8
Anothcr possibilit) for the improvement of the char- STENOPYR-FRNC-cable (rr-)2XH 4 x 1.5 0.6'1 k\/
q ithout insulation retention
acteiistics in firc is to prevent the formation of toNic
or corrosivc gases: here pure polyolefines are used
as materials for insulation and sheaths. These materi-
als are relativell'easill flammable. An improvement
of rhe characteristics of such pollmers is possible
b1 the use of special compounds (see page 39 Cable with lmprored Characteristics in the Event of
"sheathing \4aterials for Special Purposes"). One Fire According to YDE Register Nr. 11099109/ll0
possrbilitl' for this is the addition of aluminiumoxl '
SIENOPYR-FRNC-cabIe Type (N)2XH (Fig. 1a.8)
hydrate. In the case of fire \\'ater is than released
have an insulation of special cross-linked polyethyl-
*'hich vapourises. This endotherm process leads to
ene compound 2XI I to DIN VDE 0207/Part 22 with
quicker exringuishing of the ltre.
the laid-up cores surrounded by a cover of halogen
free, low flammabiiity thermoplastic filler. The
sheath consists of a low flammability thermoplastic
Cables with Improved Characteristics
compound with increased heat resistance HM2 to
in Fire to DIN \rDE 0266 DIN VDE 0207 (base EYA). if required a concentric .

SIENOPYR-FRNC-cabIe to DIN VDE 0266 type conductor can be arranged below the sheath (type
NHXHX 0.6,'1 k\t (Fig. 1.1.7) have an insuiation of (N)2XCH).

1'rt
 Halogen Free Cable 14.3

resistant to the spread of fire (Fig. 14.3); type desig-

nation in SIENOPYR cables: FR (flame retardant).
Similar tests are also included in other national test
specifications for cables. The current international
concept is laid down in IEC report 332-3 and an
IEC Srandard is under preparation.
As an aid for the selection of materials for cables
wirh improved perlormance in fire oxygen index test-
ing is also used. In this test a sample of the relevant
material is combusted and it is recorded what degree
of oxygen content, in a nitrogen/oxygen mirture, is
necesssary to sustain combustion. The higher the re-
corded oxygen index OI " the more resistant the ma-
terial is to supporting combustion under normal con-
I itions r sure assessment of the characteristics and
performance in fire for the complete cable can horv-
ever only be made by testing in the chimney rig. The
orygcn index test however is most useful for material
ualitv assurance testin c.
Fig. l{.5 Testing for smoke densiry (cube rest)
\-/

Corrosivity of Combustion Gases
Halogens contained in cable marerials such as chio-
rine in PVC, but also fluorine and bromine in other
polymer insulation materials, raise rhcir ignition tcm-
pcratures and hence their rcsistance to thc spread
o | fire along the cable. I I however the cable insulation
is burnt lbr example by external heat inpur corrosive
-sases
of combustion are formed rvhich. togethcr * irh
humidity from the air or rvith *lter front fire ex-
inguishers. form acids (e.g. HCL). This acid can lcad
ro corrosion damage to electrotechnical equipment
\-..nd to parts of buildings. A test method $'as there-
fore devised to measure the amount of corrosive gas
oroduced during combusrion (Fig. I4.4). [n rhe tesr
proceedure laid dorvn in DIN VDE 0471 Part 813
material samples are combusted and the gases pro-
duced passed through water while measurements are
made of elecrrical conductivitv and oH value of rhe
water.
Cables containing only materials rvhich comply rvith
prescribed values of conductivity and pH level are
classed as halogen-free and non-corrosive in the event
oi fire (designation in SIENOPYR cables: NC, non-
corroslve).
:--
'' in iotcrnr!!()nil rirndrnir LOI
Smoke Density
If cables rvith insulation or sheaths containing chlo-
rrne are combusted dense black smoke is produced.
This smoke hampers fire fighting and also evacuarion
of anv premises used by the public. To assess cables
usrn-u spccial materials rr ith lesser smoke densiry in
the case of tjre I EC TC 20 recommends an oprical
test procedure in an enclosed cube (Fig. 14.5).
The FRNC cables described on page 128 have. under
comparable conditions of fire. a ten times lolver
smoke densitl than PVC-insuiated and shearhed
' cables of similar construction.
Insulation Retention under Conditions of Firc
In certain installations it is also required under condi-
tions of flre for the cable to remain functional for
a certain period of time i.e. to continue to supply
electrical energv. To ensure this characteristic is satis-
fied cables are subjected to a test of insulation reten-
tion under condirions of fire (type test) (Fig. 14.6).
In the type test laid down in DIN VDE 0472Part814
a single cable in horizontal position is subjected to
flame from a long gas burner. A voltage of 380 V
is applied to the core of the cable (rated voirage
0.6 1 kV) via a fuse and the test result is satisfacrory
ii the tise remains inract durins the test.

t27
14 Power Cables for Special Applications

Fig. 14.2 Fig. 14.3

Burning PVC during combusr.ion resting Burning SIENOPYR-FRNC cable during combustion
tesL I n-q

[igasur]nq eleclrode
C:: t!3sn ng ccitigs
ii -'lf ans'metioi
Ces l',,?-i-.i! boll]9s Comb,,,ls:ron o,;gr v. l1 d slLlled vlate
;r eoi.:_: fvl etncj a0ru3i3t 3 pfi elecrfoc: L
i\
Porcgiar: i:a.
coN;a iri'; 36n;r€
uuo9i I9::

r--:

Srction pump
Cond!criviry pH ma3suring
measuring devri:
0evrce

Fig. I1.4
Tesl airansemgnr to assess corrosivitl of combustion gasses

116

t4.2.2 Application and Installation
Cables of the type MGCC (Fig. 14.1a) can be in-
sralled in line wirh DIN 89150 and close to IEC Pub-
lication 92-352 as a permanent installation in any
room and on open decks.
Cable lvlcG (Fig. la.1b) should only be installed be-
low the upper metal deck.
Due to the good electrical screening of the
MGCG, having a copper wire braid, radio interfer-
ence and the disturbance of the operation of elec-
tronic equipment is reduced. The copper wire braid
also acts as mechanical protection and in the event
of a fault provides touch protection. For this purpose
r' 5oth ends must be securely earthed by screlvs.
The load c:rpacities o[ shipboard cables is laid down
in IEC 92-201 (values: see Part 2).
,v. 3asically rhe cables type MGCG to DIN 89 158 and
rllcc to DIN 89 160 are recognized by the follorving
classificarion bodies. However for the individual
manufacturer approval may be requiredr)
> American Bureau of Shipping (ABS)
> Bureau Veritas (BV)
> Det Norske Veritas (DNY)
> Germanischer LloYd (GL)
> Lloy'ds Register of Shipping (LRS)
> Polski Rejestr Statkorv (PRS)
> USSR Register oI Shipping (RSU)
r' thii could
Dcpcnding on cl:rssriexti.)n aulho.ity
Shipboard Power Cable'Halogen Free Cable l4:3 - -
14.3 Halogen-Free Cables 2) with Improved
Characteristics in the Case of Fire
The standard low-volnge cables (0.6i1 kV) for in-
door installations (Section 13) and the standardized
installation cables (Section 8) are flame retardant in
rhe sense of IEC 332-l and the identical regulation
DIN VDE 0472 Part 804, type test B. These require
a single test on the cable using a gas burner. PVC-
type
insulated cables and flexible wires as well as the cable
commonly used in some countries with XLPE insula-
tion and a suitable sheath satisfy IEC test require-
ments. These cables have proved themselves over
many years in service and will continue to be used
in the future mainly in industrial installations.
For buildings or plant rvith a high concentralion of
either persons or high-value contents however very
ofren more stringent safety requirements apply. To
meet these requirements cables with improved perfor-
mance in the event of fire are available.
1.1.3.1 Testing Performance under Conditions of Fire
The follorving characteristics of cables are relevant
under conditions of f-tre:
> Spread of fi re
p Corrosivity of combustion gases
> Smoke density
> Insulation retention during fire
Spread of Fire
Practical experience has shorvn that a single PVC-
insulated and PVC-sheathed cable rihcn installed in
the normally vertical plane does not aid the spread
of fire. horvever this does not appll- rvhen cables are
bunched such as installation in parallel or in bundles
(Fig. 14.2). An arrangement [or comparative testlng
rrls developed to determine the burning characteris-
tics of bunched cables (DlN VDE 0471 Part 804 type
rest c). For this test the cables are fired to a ladder
rack side by side in a vertical chimney. at the bottom
of rvhich a gas burner subjects the cables to flame
for a given period of 20 minutes.
Afier turning off the burner the flames must not con-
tinue to spread to the upper end of the test arrange-
ment. Cables which pass this test can be classed as
mcirn cith€r approvrl
r' Sc,: p.rgc 79. 'Fhloged-Frce SIENOPYR wiring rod Flerible Crblcs
'
*irh improved Performrncc in th. Ev€nr of Fire
I i)
 14 Power Cables for S_pecial Applications

14 Power Cables for Special Applications

14.1 Cable with Elastomer Insulation
These cables have been superseded in Germany by
cables with PVC insulation. Only on shipboard in-
stallarions are cables with elastomer insulation still
used to any great extent.
In a iew countries low- and medium-voltase cables
u,ith an insulation of Ethylene-Propylene-Rubber
(EPR) have major significance. The operating char-
acteristics of these cables compl;' as to their permissi-
ble conductor operating temperature of 90 .C in nor-
mal operation and 250 "C in the event of shorr-circuir
with rhose of XLPE cables. However ir must be nored
thar in the medium-voltage range EPR offers a higher
resisrance to parrial discharge but on the other hand
has slightli higher dielectric losses.
tions in engine rooms under tropical conditions or
when used outdoors in u'inter conditions.
The core designation for shipboard cables is shown
in Table 14.1 and this differs from DIN VDE 0293.
Table l4.l Core identification ofshipboard cables
No. of cores Colo u r
I Light gre1,
l Light grcl -black
3 Light grel -black-red
4 Light grey-biack-red-blue
j Li ght gre.v'-black-red-blue-black
6 and Light grer'. e3ch \^ith a number desig-
a bove nation in black commencing from the
centre u ith number I

14.2 Shipboard Power Cable

In cables to IEC 92 for merchant marine vesscls elas-

tomei insulation materials and normalll.also eias_
tomef sheathin,q materials are used. pVC shcaths are
also permitted in various combinarions but. because
of their thermoplastic characreristics and because of
the insrallarion conditions prevailing on shipboard. t:l.ljJ
are not recommended.
a) MGCG 0.6.11 kV ltirh scrsen
l:1.2.1 Construction and Characteristics
In Germanv shipboard cables are manufactured.
compll in-e *'ith the relevant DIN norms. s.ith EpR
insulation and CR sheath. This insularion is suirable
for the normal conditions of operating temperatures
in ship building of up to 85 .C. The pROTOLON b) MGC 0.6,/1 kV without screen
compounds used by Siemens have a particularly hi_eh
reslsta-nce to high temperature and have a
I Tinned stranded conductors
long ser-
vice life under the influence of ozone and partial
I EPR insulation (PROTOLON)
dis_ 3 Inner covering
charges. The PROTOFIRM sheath is highiy resistant 4 Separating foil
to notch impact and tearing as well as being oil resis- 5 Copper wire braid
tant and flame retardant. It mainrains irs elasticitr, 6 Polychloroprene-sh.ath (pROTOFI RM)
at both high and lou temperarures. e.g. in insrella_
Fig. l4.l Shipboard po*r--r cables MCCC und \lCG
1'1,1
 Cables and Associated Accessories 133

uolu>6110 kv (u_> 12 kv)

Indoor sealing ends Outdoor sealing cnds Cablejoints
(examples) (cxamples) (examples)

Straight joint WP

Push-on sealing end

FAE $ ith core sp.eading

Push-on scxling end

IAES lvirh corc sprcirding Srraight transition joint 5\l-wP to
ctnncct paper insullted S. L.
\\ ith i-core XLPE cablcs

Secling end FEP

with porcelain insulators
and core spreuding

l2l
lJ I )?es ol uonstructlon ol Low- and Hlgn-voltage uables

Tabte 13.3 Cables and associated accessories (continued)

Construction Designation, Prcferrcd application Limircd applicarion

standards

N A 2X S(F) 2'l N2XS(R2Y In unfavourablc insrallation In cablc trunking and indo(

I -Al- 2 PROTO- 3 Copper scrcen 4 PROTO- NA2XS(F)2Y conditions cspccially if, after
coo- THEN-X- (longirudinal THEN- mcchanical damagc ingress of
ducror insulaiion (XLPE) wa|cr dght) shcalh (PE)
water in longitudinal dircction
musl be avoidcd longitudi-
It must bc noted that the pI
sh,eath.is no-t.flamc retardar
wnsn rnsta rng single-cors
c:IOIeS ln arr adcquate fixin(

+ 's
nally watertight cables with must bc providcd bccause o-
rtl 4 extrudcd fi lling compound dlmamic effect of short-ci rc
and gap scaling in thc scrcen currcnts (s€e pagc 297).
area offer advantage. For lhe selection ofscreen
cross-section the earth-faul
rcspectively double ea h-p.
condirions of the nerrvorl n
be considcred.

5 Inn:r irnd ourer 6 Gap sealing

cooductin_e Ialer (conducdng t:lpe q.ilh s*clling rapc)
DIN VDE O]7]
7 E{ruded fillcr IEC 502

sa N2XSEY Typcs used in countries where Thcse cablcs wirh A sheu

I PROTOTHE\--X- I Cu*crecn over PROIODUR. n*A2XSEY 3-core cables are rsquired previously used in u..ran no
rnsulatior (XLPE) each individual shcath {PVC)
works are in Gcrmany incrr
ingly superscded by mech:Lr.
cally superior rypcs wirh Pl

ffi
shcuth.

.ri 56

.l Cu-conducror 5 Inncr rnd ourcr 6 Conduclin! tapc

conducrinc llrcr DIN VDE O]7]
7 Ertrudcd filler IEC 502

-ffi
\:\ SE \ F \ N]XSEYFY Tl pes used in othercountrics
I PROTO- : Cu- I PROTO- I Flar srcel- 5 PROTO_ NA2XSEYFY with Bat steel-uire armour F
;i{EN-X- scrccn DUR- $irc DUR- or armour ofsteel
rntulstton ovcr cach shcath irrrnour shcrth
,\LPE) indilidual rpvc) lpYC) N:XSEYRY round-\rire R $ hsre dilfi cult
NA]XSE\'RY installarion and operating
conditions exist. Preferred
1 I 3{ 5
\r'ith PE sheath instead of
PVC sheath for laling in
ground.

6 i 18 910

6 Cu-conducloa 8 Conducting lapc 10 Errruded llller

7 Inr:i and ourer 9 Trpc DIN VDE O:73
co:du.!ing hlc. IL E )UI

ll:
 Cables and Associated Accessories 133

U o; I U 2 l2 120 kV (U^> 24 kV)

Indoor scaling cnds Outdbor sealing cnds Cablcjoints
(examplcs) (examples) (cxrmplcs)

Brass straight joint

EoD wirh transparent

\-. irst-rcsin insulttor

PLr;h-on strright joint Ai!lS

Srrrighr joint wP

Srraight transition joint Sivl-wP for connccnng

a papcr insulated S.L.-cable
Plue-in termination WS to i single-core X LPE cables

t2l
13 Types of Construction of Low- and High-Voltage Cables

Table 13.3 Cables and associated accessories (continued)

Construction Dcsignation, Prefcrrcd application Limitcd applica!ion

standards

NA NKLEY Cablcs prcviously used for Not suitablc for mcchanical

1Al- 2 AluEridium- 3 Plasric apc 4 PROTODUR- NAKLEY urban nctworks; now bcing strcsses and areas subjcct to
coo- shcalh mass cmbcdded rcioforc-cd supcrscdcd by XLPE cablcs. subsidcncc; whcrc diffcrcnssl
cluctor shcau
(Pvc) in lcvcl occur (e.g. stecp sloDe
cables wirh polymcr insulaiio
must be used.

561

5 Conducting papcr 6 Insulatioo

(irnprcgnaled (conducting pap€r
papcr) and Al foil) DIN VDE 0255

N2\ S \ N2XSY Thesc cablcswirh PVC shearh ln ground ifbecause ofmc-

1 PROTOTHEN-X- 2 Cu-scrccn 3 PROTODUR- NA]XSY previously used in urban net- chanical stresses damagc to i.
insuiation shcaft (PVC) works are in Gcrmany PVC sheath is likely.
CXLPE)
incrcasingly superseded by When instailing singlc-core
mechanically superior type cablcs in air adequare llxing

:E
with PE shearh. must be providcd becausc of
the dynamic effect ofshort-ci
ii cuit currents (see pagc 297;.
I

For the selection olscrcen

cross sections. the e:trth-faui
respectively double earth.fau
conditions ol'the network ml
45 5 6 7
be considcred.

.1 Cu- i lDoer and ourer 6 Conducliog 7 Tape DIN VDE O]7]

conducror aooductinglayer I EL )UI

\:\ ]\ S :\ N2XS2Y ln ground for urban networks If after mechanical da,nage i;

I Al. 2 PROTOTHEN-X- I Cu- a PROTOTHET'- NA]XS]Y because ofextremely low di- gress ofuater is likely cable
insulalioD (XLPE) screen shearh (PE) electric losscs.
duc!or having longiludinal water

4ffi
To ease installation 3 cables tightness in the scrcen area h,,
hr
can be layed up and supplied advanlages.
l:14 on a single drum. \\'hen used indoors it must b.
b
observed that the PE shealh r
not flame retardant.
\\'hen installing single.core
cables in air adequate fixing
must be provided because of
the dynamic effecr ofshort-c:
5561
cuit currents (see pagc 297).

5 lnn.i and ourcr 6 Conducdng upe 7 Tape DIN VDE 0273

conouctlng layer tEc 502

120
 Cables and Associated Accessories 133

url u>12 120 kv (u_ > 24 kv)

Indoor scaling ends Cablc joints
(cxamples) (examplcs)

Srraighr joint with individual lead inner casing

EoD wi(h rransparent

cast.resin insulators

EoD wirh transparent

cast-rcsrn insulators Straight joint with steel inner casing
wlth lncreased short-circuir for connecting H-cables to
withstand S.L.<ables

'_
r ro
13 Types of Construction ofLow- and High-Voltage Cables

Table 13.3 Cables and associated accessories (continued)

Construction Dcsignation, Prcferrcd application Limitcd application

standards

NEK E B NEKEBA In ground ifno panicular Indoors and in cablc trunkin

I I NAEKEBA

ffi
Inditidually Stccl-lapc 4 Jutc strcsscs arc Prescnt only with flamc retardant ou
screcncd lcad- rape scrving shcath alternarively with our
5hca!hcd core
shcath rcmoved;
whcrc thcre is danger ofcorr,
1234 sion additional corrosion prc
tcction is rcquiled;
whcre differenccs in level occ
(c.9. sreep slop€s) cables wilf
polymer insulation must be
uscd.

61
i Cu- 6 Conducting 7 Insula(ion 8 Layers ofmass-
conduc- papcr (imprcgnatcdpapcr) imprcgnaled
fibrous rnar.rial DIN VDE 0255

\,\ E[EB\ NEKEBY ln ground increased corrosion Wherc differenccs in tevel

I Al- 2 Individually 3 Plaslic .1 Sreel-tapc 5 PROTO- NAEKEBY protection is required; also occur (e.g. steep slopes) cabl
lape a[nour DUR-

ffi
shcarbed lcad- suitable for indoors uith polymer insuiation mu.
shcrtbed core shcalh
(Pvc) be used

1234t

s; s

6 Conducrin! ; lnsulalion E Lavcrs ofmass-

r|lp3r lrmpregnarcd papcr) imp.cena(ed
fibrous materiaii Dh.- VDE Olj j
\u ti I .\ NHKF-A $ ith flat srccl-wire armour F H-cables wi(h steel-t-.,.", ar-
I of : Lead I
Scr€-_ning FIar sreel 4 Jure NAH KFA or amour of round steel-$,ircs mour are rarell used. S.L.-
mar3lliscd rhcrth qirc armour scr\lnq R as river or sea cable: in cirbles are preferred: \ 'here i

--fl
NHK RA ground where particularl) lerences in level occur (e.g.
l:lr NAHKRA hi gh-mechanical stresses can sleep slopes) cables with pol\
be expected: {o provide in- mer insulation must be used
NHKBA creased protection against
,\-AHKBA corrosion a red PROTODUR
sheath (PVC) rcplaced thejure
ierYing (Dcsignation:
s'HKRY respectively
5 6; NHKFY)
8 i

5 Cu-conducror ? Insula(ion E Fillcr

(imprcgn3reJ
o lonor:rrns pJn3' p.rlerl a Lryers ofmass_
rmtrcSnatcd
tlbrous rnate.ials DIN VDE O:5J

118
 Cables and Associated Accessories 13.3

uolu-6110 kv (u-:12 kv)

Indoor scaling ends Cablcjoints
(cxamplcs) (examplcs)

Streightjoint WP

Push-on sealing end Push-on sealing end

IAES IO FAE IO

Straigh( rransirionjoinr UMP for connecting

a ]-core mass impregnated cable
to a 3-core XLPE cable
 r.rer. r vrBS! v4urvJ

Table 13.3 Cables and associated accessories (continued)

Construction Dcsignation, Prcfcrrcd application Limited application

standards

NA ?x S2Y N2XS2Y In ground for urban nctworks Largcr termination spac€ th"
1 Al- 2 PROTO- 3 Cu-scrcen 4 PROTO- NA2XS2Y because of cxtremely low tor stngte-corc cable is re_
cooductor THEN-X- THEN- dielectric losscs. quircd.
insuladon shcath
(XLPE) (PE) Cables with PVC shcath For installation in trunkins
prcviousiy used in urban and indoors ir musr be norid

ffi
nctworks are in Ccrmany
incrcasingly supcrscded by thc
12 I 4 mcchanical supcrior type
with PE shearh.
rhat thc PE shearh is not flan
retaroant-
Multi.corc cables with Polyr
polyn
lnsutatlon are not available i
Iongitudinal warer tighr forr

5 Inn:: and ourcr 6 Conducling lapc 7 Tapc DIN VDE O?7]

condu.!in8layer IEC i02

\l\ su :\ N2XSE2Y
I PROTOTHEN-X- : Coppcr-screen I PROTOTHEiT-- NA2XSE2Y
rnsulatron over cach she th
(NLPE) indivudal core (PE)

#
It
lll

{: 56 1

I Cu. i lnncr and oulcr 6 Conductint DIN VDE O]73

.onJJJlor condu.lrn! Ia)cr (ntc - 7 Errruded
fillcr IEC 50:

\ t\ st: t-\ nvIXSEYFY \\/ith flat steel-wire armour F The prer-iousl; used cables
I PROTO- I Copo!'r Fht
PROTO-.1 5 PROTO- or armour ofround sleel-xire u ith PVC sheath areiGer,
TtlE\-X. screcn DUR- srccl-*irc DUR- ^-A2XSEYFY
titiutauon orct each sheaLh armour sheath R for underground mining. manr' rncreasinely s. ..sedc
r\LPE) indii idurl {PvC) (pvc) i.*IXSEYRY with PE sheath insread of br superior types with PE
NA2XSEYRY PVC shearh also for insralla- sheuth.
tion in ground where in5tallil-
tion and operating conditions
I I l.l 5
arc difficulr.

==_il
llli-l
67 78

6 Cu.
cobduator
910

7 Inn€r
outcr
and 6 Conducring 9 Exrrudcd
rape filler
concluctrng DIN VDE 0273
lryer 10 lape IEC 50:

lr6
 Cables and Associated Accessoriis 133

Uql U:6110 kV ( U- - 12 kV)

Indoor sealing ends Cablcjoints
(Examples) (Examples)

Push-on straight joint AiltS

i-
Push-on scaling end
FAE

Strright joint wP

Push-on se3ling
cnd IAES

Srraightjoint WPS *ith shrink-on sleeve

Sealing end with

porcelain insulator FEP

Straight transition join! UMP for connecting

,q*\
a 3-core mass impregnated cable

"{:;1'],, to 3-single-core XLPE cables

PLug-in tcrminrtion WS

rti
13 Types ol Construction of Low- and High-Voltage Cables

Table 13.3 Cables and associated accessories (continued)

Construction Designation, Prefcrred application Limitcd applicarion

standards

N2I S \ N2XSY Thes€ cables with PVC sheath In ground ifbecause ofme.
I PROTO- 2 Cu-screen 3 PROTODUR- NA2XSY prcviously used in urban neG chanical strcsses damase ro rr
THEN.X- shcarh works arc in Germany PVC shearh is likely. ' '
iDsulalion (PVC)
increasingly supeneded by When installing single_core
O(LPE)
mechanically superior type cablcs in air adequare fixins
with PE shearh. must be provided bccausc o-f
thc dynamic cfTecr ofshon-ci;
cult currents (see page 297).
t2i

ffi
For lhc sclection ofscrcen
cross sections, the ca.th-faulr
respecrively double car!h-fauL
conditions ofrhe network mu
be considered.

.l 5 i5 1

4 Cu- i Inncr and outcr 6 Conduclinc 7 TaDe DIN VDE O2?3

conduiror conducung Iltef r.rpc IEC 501

\ \ l\ S :\ N:XS:Y ln ground for urban networks I I afre r mechanicald^ge ir

l '1,- : PROTO- 3 Cu-scrccn I PROTO- NA]XS2Y becausc ofextremely low elec- gress ofwater is Iikely uable
Conductor THEr--X- THEN. trical losses. To case installa- having longirudinal water
insulation sncaut
(XLPE) {
pE) tion 3 cables can be layed up tighlness in the screen area h..
and supplied on a single advantages-
drum. Whcn used indoors it must bl
obse.ved thar lhe PE shearh i
not flame retardant.

_'E
When installing single-core
l:1.1
cables in air adequare fixing
must be provided because of
dynamic effect of shorr-circu:
currents (sec page 297).
For rhe selection ofscrecn
i56 1 cross-scctions. earth-[ault rc-
spectivcl) double carrh-faulr
conditions ofthc nct*ork ml
bc considered.

Inrr: and outcr 6 Conducting uf'j ? Trpc DIN VDE O]73

IEC JO]

I f,, :'rf r :\ N]XS(F)]Y In unfavourable inJalliltion In crble trunking anaoor

A:- : PROTO- I Coppcr scrccn .{ PROTO- N.{:XS(F)lY conditions especial l-'.' if aftcr il musl be noled the I L shear
.onciuclor THEN-X- lonqirudincll\ THEN- mechanical damase ingress of is not flame retardant.
in,;ul:rtron $ulcr ushr ,hl.rrh
{PE) *ater in longitudinal direcrion \\'hen installing single-corc
mu5t bc avoided. longitudi- cables in air adequate lixing
nall]'water tight cables !\'ith must be pror-ided because of
extruded filler and sap sculing dl namic effccr ofshort-circu
l?il in the screen area offer advan- currents (see page 29?).
tages. For the selection ofscrcen
cross section the ear(h-fault r
spectilely double earth-far.rlr
--:== conditions ofthe network mr
!tt be considered.
5 56 1

5 InD:r and ouler 6 Gap sealing 7 Exrruded filler

conducrjnc la\cr (conducting upe DIN vDE O2?3
,*ith srelli!rg trpr) lEc 50:

t1t
 Cables and Associated Accessories 13.3

uolu-6110 kv (u-:12 kv)

Indoor scaling cnds Outdoor sealing cnds Cablejoints
(examples) (cxamples) (examples)

-,
€:?

f,
:fl Straight joint WP
HI
HI
Push-on Sealing cnd with Push-on
s€rling cnd porcclain insulator FEP sealing end
rAES r0 FAE 10

- ''l-
et'rKq.
Plug-in terminrtion WS

Straight joint UI{P for connccting a 3 core mass

impregnatcd cabie to 3-single core or one 3-corc
PROTODUR cable

Push-on Push-on sealing end FAE 10 Srraightjoint WP

scaliirg end
IAES 1O

1r3
 13 Tlpes of Construction of Low- aod High-Voltage Cables

Table 13.3 Cables and associated accessories (continued)

Consrruction Dqsignation, Preferred application Limitcd applicarior

standards

NY S NYSY For powcr stations and

::---:--:-------
wncn s€lectlng screen cross_
I PROTODUR- 2 Cu-sclccn 3 PROTODUR. NAYSY switchgear as well as stadons 56ctrons canh_faulth rq5p€c-
iD5ula!ioo shcat becausc of small bending radii rrvcly ooubtc canh-faulI
("vc) (Pvc) conc
in confincd spaccs indoors. uons ot tnc network must
As underground b€cause of consrocrcd-
h
light weight where installation Whsn installing single-co1q
conditions a.c difficult (c.g. caotes ln atr adcquate fixins
steep slopcs) musr bc providcd becaux iJ
dynamic cffect of shorr-circui
currcnts (see page 297).
t2l

{
=H ti 5 6

4 Cu-.ooductoa 5 lnner and out3r o Conducling ? Tape DIN VDE O27I

coaduclrng la,ar (apes rEc 502

]\..,\ \' S[ '\ NYSEY Indoors, cable crunking, our- When selecting screen cross-
I A:- 2 PROTODUR- 3 Cu-screen { PROTODUR- NAYSEY doors and in ground; for sections the earth fault respe.-
cooductor iDsulation abovccach shcath

#
(PVC) power stations, industr) and tively double earth fauh conL
individual (pVC)
switchgear tions ofthe nctwork must be
113.r considcred
ttJl

ttl
DIN VDE O27I
j Inn::andout:r 6 Conducrins lape 7 Exlruded llljcr IEC 502
con6uauog tater

\\ r' \ N\'FY With flat steel-\r'ire armour F

I PROTODUR- I Ft.{ steet I PROTODUR_ NA\'FY or armour ofround steel-* ire
rij,rllrion tPvC) qire itrmour shealh (pVC)
R in difficult installation or
,.-1'R\' operaling conditions
NAYRY

: j i 6
,l Cu-cooductor 5lnnerandourcr 6 Exrrlrded DIN VDE 0271
conducringltyer conductiog{iller lEc 502

111
 Cables and Associated Accessories 13.3

UnlU:3.616 kV (U-:7.2kY); UnlU-6110 kV (U-:12 kV)

Indoor sealing end Outdoor selling end Cable joint
(examplcs) (ex!mples) (examples)

av

Strxighr loint
(spcciri \\irh lcld inncr clstng)

:caling end IK\l Encxscd serling end FF I0

uith porcehin insulators
 I3 T5pes ofConstruction ofLow- and High-Voltage Cables

Table 13.3 Cables and associated accessories (continued)

Construction Designation. Preferrcd application Limired application

standards

iA K B NKBA ln thc ground. ifno particular lndoors.tnd in cablc trunI\i

I .41- 2 Lcad shcath 3 Srceltapc 4 Jute serving NAKBA Stresses arc present onty wtth ltamc retardanl
o
conductor adnour sncatn, tt need be outcr scn
musl be removed: $here

#|ffi
dil
ences rn levcl occur (e.,.
sler
12)4 slopes).cables $ ith pol!,mcr
rnsutatlon musl t€ uscd

lllt
r 6/ 6

i
i In'u::rLron 7 BclL inruh(ion
llnilragnxtcd pJncr, lrmprcgnrlco pcpcr)

6 Fiil.r 8 \1Jrs imprcgnrted paper DIN VDE 0255

\.\ B\ NKBY ln ground ifincreased corro- \\'hcrc diffcrcnces r,, tc\cl (.

I A!- : Lcad shcrth 3 Stccl ranc 4 PROTODUR- NAK BY sion prorection is rquired: cur (e.g. srcep slopes) cirblc
ionductor shcalh ulso suit:rblc indoors with pol;"mcr insulation nrL

#
I PvCJ
bc uscd

l:14

i 6r s

7 llclt insulrtion
,,- ^,^nn.,r,l ^,n,.r

6 F,i.r: S i\hss rmpr.snrtcd pspcr DIN vDE O:55

R,\ r.\ K FA \\'ith flat

steel-* irc- F and Indoors and in cab\Iunki
I i.-rd shr'.|th I :\rmour of -i Jurs \cr\'ing NAKFA round stecl-l ire armour l{. if onl] uirh flamc rc. ,anl o
purticul r mechitnicul strcsscs shcrth $ ilh sleel spiral bin(l
$irc
NKRA rrc to b. c\pect.d e-q. pullins. tilpc

+-
NAKRA \\'ith doublc ou(cr.iutL scrvins
I: as ri!cr or seiL cnblc
I

.i j6r- li

I Cu-.ooductor 6 Fillc. 8 l{rss-

iF^n..n,,,,,1
{ ln,.i:r,on 7 HJ,r In.ulruon
-"-
;l;:;-
Lrii::ign:rtcdprfcr) lrnrprcgxrtcdpi'pcfl DIN vDE O]5J

llt)
 Cables and Associated Accessories 13.3

Uol U
-3.6 | 6 kV (U- - 7.2 1iY;
Indoor sealing ends Outdoor sealing ends Cable joina
(cxalnplcs) (examplcs) (examplcs)

H PROTOLIN-srlaighr joinr

T
PROTOLIN-sealing end Encased sealing end FF l0
l-PEB with porcelain insulators

Straight joint \\'P

Push-on seaiing end

IAES 1O

Sealing end FEP

with porcclain insulator

109
 13 Types of Construction ofLow- and High-Voltage Cables

Table 13.3 Cables and associated accessories (continued)

Construction Dcsignation, Prcfcrrcd application Limitcd appticadon

standards

NI' F ]' TYFY Indoor, cablc trunking, out-

t PROTODUR. 2 Fla! slcel 3 PROTODUR. NAYFY doors and in ground for
iosulatioD wirc armour shcalh
power stations, industry and
(Pvc) (Pvc)
switchgcar

4 Culosulalion j Lappcd inncr colcring DIN VDE O:7I

\\ S NYSY Because of small bending .adii When selecting screen cros
I PROTODUR- 2 Ctr-screen 3 PROTODUR. NAYSY indoors in confined spaccs, sections the carth fault rcsn
insulation sheath
{PVC) (PVC) for power stations and switch- tively double earth fauk $1r
gearas wcllas in stations, as the network must be consid
undcrground cablc, because ered. When installing singlc
ofits lightweighr favoured in core cables in airadequetc:
situations whcre installation is ing must be provided becau
dimculr e.g. srcep slopes of dynamic cffect of short-c
cuit currents (see page :91)

?ffi
t7l
ttl

4i 5 6 1

4 Cu- i Inner and outcr 6 Conducling 7 Tape

conducrins li'ller lape Dh.{ VDE 0l7l

108
 Cables and Associated Accessories 13.3

Uol U :0.611 kV (U- : 1.2 kV)

lndoor sealing end Cable joints
lciamples) (examples)

T-join I
Thc connection of lhc neulrtl conductors in clblcs $ith
aluminium shc th is mirde by slitting helicirlly and opcning
up rhc shcxth

Cylindrical seaiing end Polc mountcd scilling cnd

StrJi.rltt Jornt rrithour lcud inncr clsirrn

l0l
 Table I3.3 Cables and associared accessories (continued)

Construction
Limired applicarion

r\- A IiL EY NKLEY

I Al- : Aluminium- I Mqsr.. 4 PROTODUR. Cablc prcviously used for
cooductor shealh crhDedded shcath
prasrrc (pVC)
NAKLEY urban nct*,orks. aluminium
sheath used as neuaral con-
il::trllitr,ffi[T:
tapc ducror (N) respecrively as
PEN conducror

-r Insuhtron 6 Filtcr Sclr insul!lion

(rmnrc':n3rcd ptp3r)
lrmprcgnatcd Papcr) Dt^- \'DE 0255
NK t]
I Lcld shcrlh NKBA Cable prer.iouslr uscd for
: Srccl-trpc I .lutc scr\ing NAKBA Indoor and in cablc trunlin:l
urban nctrrorks g hcre addi- only u ith llume rctardanr ou-r
Ironal-carthing rhrour:h rhe
corcr or aftcr rcmoval oflhl
lcud sheilh \us req uired. Jutc seruns. Where there ij
danqer oIcorrosion addition.
corrosron protcction is re-
qurrcd e.g. PVC outcr shcirih
(dcsi!nurion NKBy.
NA K tl\'). l hcrr rdditionlt
earthing ria lcad shclrh ir n,, t
ncccsslr\.

(iinducror 6 Fincr

urnnrtSorlcd pirncr) 7 Belr insuhLion

l|nrprcgn!trd prnerl
DIN \ DE 0:,i5

106
 Cables and Associated Accissotes 13'3

uol u :0.611 kv (u-: 1.2 kv)

indoor sealing cnds Outdoor sealing cnd Cable joints
. eramplcs) (cxamplcs) (cxamplcs)

Shrink-on straight joint

l-core cablc
, irh ncd tails

PROTOLIN-straight joint

P ROTO LIN-brxnch Y-joint

icr .able
'!1th-dnccntric conduclor
rnd parallcl rails

V PROTOLIN-transition joint for cable with pol!mer

insuiation to mass impregnated cable

*".*r,n
wirc armour and
;'ll.l":":i:.'

105
 Table 13.3 Cables and associated accessories (continued)

Construction
Dcsignarion, lPrefercdaoolication
standards | " Limircd application

NA 2\ \' Power cables for urban nct.

I AI. 2 PROTOTHEN.X. 3 PROTODUR. NA2XY
It may be neccssary to
ob5er_r=
cotrductoa idsulation wo.ks, for installation in the rcrevant tocal rcgulations
shcath
CXLPE) (Pvc) ground, cable trunking. in- n,h.
lnsra rng rn countrics othcr
and outdoors. (nan Lrermany.
Cable with copper conducror
also forpower stations. in-
dustry and swilchgcar.

DIN VDE 0272

4 Exrruded filler
IEC 502

I PROTOTHE.\--X-
:xl'', Conrrolcable:
rosuttuon
: PROTODUR_
(hc.ih
{xLpE) iifpir
as for power cable

l2
ll
ffi .r ,i

3 Cu{onducror 4 Tapc or filler

----_-_.._- IEC 50:
\{ :\ c\\ --
\ :XC\\'\'I '
IAI-, : J Conccnrrrc. J pROTo.
For urban networks wi(h con- Where high-mcchanical
cotrdu.-ror !l-9IO_
THE\-X. prorcculc or NA]XC\\'Y centaic conductor ofwave for- stresses may occur
DUR_
Insutation tpE\r conJucror ;;ri; durins in-
mdtion which is not cul al
r\LpE' ,Cu srrcs rnd ii;VC; branch points. For inslalla-
stallalion and operation.-The
raansr.erJc conccntnc cond!ctor should
h.lical t:locl iion in the ground, indoors. not be considcrcC as armoua
r:tr

fl
cable rrunking and outdoors
tl \\ here subsequent mechanical
damage is likely. For srreer
lighting and household feed-
rrs in urban networks.

5 Erlrud.C fiiier
I
j DI\ \'DE 0172
ICL ]U]
i\ :XF\'"
IPROTOiHE\.X. I Flal stctl For installarion in rhe ground.
qrrc I PROTODUR_ rnooors. cable trunking and
(XLPE, sheath
arrnour (pVC) ourdoors where higher-me-
chanical protection is required
j:l or * here high pulling srresses

@
mal occur during insrallalion
or oPeration.

q
{ Cu<ooduclor

LaDlc for L-
i F, -.

0.6
IEL )U]

I k\ \arth NLPE Insuhlion rnd coppcr

conciucLors as qji: 3s irrmoureC .ijblcs rrc nor !ct rnclud.d rn DI\ \,DE 0:?:
104
 Cablei and Associated Accessories 13.3

usl'u -0.611 kv (u- : 1.2 kv)

tdoor scaling ends Ourdoor sealing ends Cablejoints
r:(umptes) (examples) (eramples)

Shrink-on strairht joinr

)rc cirble
h fr d tails PROTOLIN-cablc cnd PROTOLIN-straighr joinr
PEA

PROTOLIN-brunch \'-joinL

.il concuntnc conductor

.l plrxll.l rriis

V Shrink-on cable end

T-joinr HNI

:ore cable
n
lh lli!( ste(l-\\
ir(- lrmour end
PROTOLIN-tr.rnsirion joint for cablc with polymet
insulltion lo mass-imoregnlted cublc
rncd tlrrL

l0l
 Guiderfor Plannine of Cable Installations l6

Planning of Cable Installations

16 Guide for Planning of Table 16.1 Guide for planning ofcable installations

Cable Installations Actron Section

Selection of type of construction lor cables IJ

In planning an installation Table 16.1 may act as a and accessories
guide.
- Consideration of conditions lor transporra- 29. l0
' ;re tlpe ofconstruction o[the cable is to be selected tion. installation and mounring
to meet ambient conditions and to withstand thc me'
- chanical and thermal stresses. The installation re' Selection of cable rated voltage
ar{irements of both VDE and those of local regulato-
I authorities must be observed. Selcction ofconductor cross section to the
follorving criteria when by the largest ol lhe
- Th. short-circuit withstand of accessories must be resultinq values are to be used
checked accordingly. For the installation of sealing
ends in either indoor or outdoor, the atmospheric Current loading during normal operl'
- conditions such as humidity, saline and dirt content tion
as well as altitude above see level (if exceeding Fi.rult current in case of short-circurt
1000 m) are relevant. Special mechanical' chemical (mainly in netrvorks with rated voltages
- and moisture content of the soil are criteriar to be
greltcr than I kV)
considered rvhen selecting cable joints.
Voltilge drop (mtinll in nctworks rvith
- Recommendations for trilnsportation. instnllation
rated voltages up to 1 kV)
and mounting methods can be found in Scctions 29
and i0. Sections 17 to 25, of the part dealing rvith Economics (Calculrttions appropnatc
planning. contain instructions tbr thc selcction of for instlllations rvhere large irmor.rnts of
rrted roltagc. conductor lnd screen cross-scctionirl power xrc lo be transmitted)
-eas and for the determination of key electrical data
,r-i1her considerations $hich may have an influence Electrical key data l0 to 23
- , olannine are dealt rr ith in Seccion 26 and distribu-
tion nett,, oiks are dealt rvith in Section 27. Characteristics during operarion
-rr heip in the solution of special problems Siemens Interference communication
"vith
AC mckes available their experience to assist in se- cables
lecting the most suitable type ofconstruction on tech-
ndustrial and urban networks
nical and economic grounds together rvith the cross- I

sectional area of conductor. With the aid of special

computer softtvare. a solution can invariably be ar-
rived at very quickly.
In the selection of a cable for a particular application
the data listed in Table 16.2 (planning aid) are neces-
sar.v. The more accurate and detailed this informa-
tion the more accurate rvill be the result. The project
engineer should have to reiy as little as possible on
DUri .rssumptlons or estlmlrtlons

l4l
 16 Guide for Planning of Cable Installations

Table 15.2 Planning aid for cable installations.

For the selection of cable and determination of conductor and screen cross-sectional area the following data are
necessary. To ease the handling of inquiries a check list is available on request.

1 T)'pe ofcable construction 1.1 Type designation

1.2 Material for insularion (PVC, XLPE, mass-impregnated paper)
1.3 Number of cores (single- or multi-core)
1.4 Cross-seclional area ofconductor qn
1.5 Conductor marerial (copper; aluminium)
I Vohage 2.1 Nominal voltase of network U.
2.2 Maximum operating vohage Ub_..
2.3 System frequency/

2.4 Type ofcurrent (3 ph, I ph, d.c.)

2.5 Rated lighrning impulse withstand vohage L',"

Earthing conditions, treat-
ment of star point
(see Sections 17 and 19.1)
3.1 Insulated or u.irh arc-suppression-coil earrhed star Doint.
Ifindividual earth faults exceed 8 h lnd rhe rotal ofall earrh faults is sreat
than 125 h per Year, the duration of the indir'idual earth fauh and duiationv
of all earth faults per vear must be stated.
3.2 Direct earthin-s
3.3 Earthing via additional impcdance

Load capacin r) in normal 4.1 Typc of operation

operation, operating condi-
4.1.1 Lotd factorlr.daill, load fluctual.ion (in po*.crsupply sysremsapprox.
ltons
0.7 ro 0.8 : in ind ustrial ncr$ orks 0.7 to 1 .0 t. For intcrmiircnt operarion
a lord diagram agtinsr time is required.
4. | .l Transmitrcd porrcr (max. Ioad to Fig. Ig.1 t
4.1.1 Is a securc Lransmission cssential ( u,hich mclns a minim um of tu.o cablcs
per conncction)l

I nstallation condirions
Lcnsth of run
in cround
in pipe in eround
in air ( free air)
in duct or tunnel
4.2.1 I nstallarion in ground
depth of la1 /r
co",er ofconcrere riles. plastic tiles. earth:n$.are cover or Iavin_s in troushs
rvith or rr ithout sand
dimensions of trouehs \a,ith drawines
arransement ofsinele-core cables bundled or side by side
dimensional drau.ings for massed group ofcables

I D:;'inirion scs par:: l5{l

 Planning Aid 16

Table 16.2 Continued

4 continued 4.2.3 Installation in pipe in ground
depth of lay fr
pipe material PVC, PE, steel, concrete or earl.hen ware
pipe diameter and thickness (of wall)

Arrangement
\"n/
kOIa, @@6
Dirgram of groups of cables
4.2.4 Installation in air
(e. g. indoors in large spaces such that the air tempertture does not increase
due to heat loss from the cables).
Installation on the floor, wall, open duct or racking, dimensional drawins
ofgroups (compare Tables 18.23 and 18.24).
4.2.5 Installation in covered channels, tunnels
The uir temperarure in the channel is increased by heat loss from the
cirble
D:rta ofchannel in line wirh Section 18.5:
inside rvidth b1
inside height /rt
covering ri
dimensional drarving of overall arrangement and answer
to q uestions in 4.3.1
rvherc forced ventilation is used the temperature of the outlet alr or -
for the calculation of the cooiin-e required air quantity - the temperature
of thc ineoine air must be given (normirlly max. value of ambient tempera-
turc).

4.3 Anrbient conditions

+.-). t I nstl llltion in ground
ground le mpcrature 3.
thermal resistivity of soil
for moist area gu
for dried-out area g,
4.J.2 I nstallation in air
air temperalure 3"
4.4 Externitl heat input
4.4.1 Heating b;- direct sunlight must be considered ifsun protection is not pro-
vided (see Section 18.4.2)
4.4.2 Hclting by district heating pipes rvhere laid in sround
dimensional drarving to Fig. 16.'l and answers to questions in -1.J.1
4.4.3 Heating by other cables which run parallel or across
typc designation with data on cross-sectional area and rated voltage
load current 1b
distances and depths of lay with dimensional drawing

t+J
 l6 Cuide for Planning of Cable Installations

Table 16.2 Continued

5 Load-capacity in case of
short-circuits (thermal and
mechanical stress)
5.t Calculation with rhe use ofvalues from network calculation
treatment ofstar point and indication ofcritical short-circuit currents
(one, two or three pole)
initial symmetrical short-circuit current.Il'
peak short-circuit current 1.
continuous short-circuit current Ii
shon-circuit duration rr
5.2 Calculation with values from protective device
(ifvalues in 5.1 are not known)
treatment ofstar point and indication ofcritical short-circuit current (one,
two or three pole)
breaking capacity S.
short-circuit duration t"

6 Voltage drop System frequenc.v/

- Transmitted power S or loading current /o
Power factor cos p
Length of run /
Typeofcurrent:3 ph, 1 ph a.c. ord-c.
Allosable voltage drop AU or Au

7 Calculation of economy Transmitted power S

Length ofrun /
Depreciation durarion r
Annual rate of interest p
Amortization rate I
Addition to amortization to covcr maintainance and repair Is
Electricity price t"
Utilization lime of power losses l',
Opcration pcriod f6

I lt
 Planning Aid 16

' ! ipe of construction

Depth of lay' h

rytricr heatiry ducr

r :pth of lay hF m
Distance AF m
Widrh ur m
Heisht hr m

Feed Return
prpe prpe

Inner diameter of
insulation ... m ... m
Outef diameter of
insulation ,/. ... m ... m
Heat conductivity of
u latio n
ins l. ... W/Km ... W/Km
Tempe rature of herting
'edium 'rt ... \- L
'rR...
24; far as Possible dePen-
It on amblent temper-
ature)

g. 16.1
lemperature rise of cable caused by district heating:
data for calculation

145
I / LaDle Kaleo v oltages
17 Cable Rated Voltages
17.1 Allocation of Cable Rated Voltages
The voltages for which a cable has been designed
forms the basis of certain operating characteristics
and rest conditions and are termed the rated voltages.
As opposed to other electrical machinery or equip-
ment cables have rated voltages stated as UolU where
according to VDE : ing voltage of up to Ur.,,=1.8 kV conductor/con-
L/o the cable rated r.m.s. poser-frequency voltage
bet$'een each conductor and metallic cover or
earth
U rhe cable rated r.m.s. pos'er-frequency voltage
between pharse conductors in a three-phase net-
work (U --y' 3 Us).
ln IEC standards for cable an additional valuc lor
highest permissible voltage L/. is stated in brackets.
The voltage designation is uritten as UoiU(U^).
U. is also the " highcst r.m.s. powcr-frequcncl'
voltage for equipment" to DIN VDE 0101 and
DIN VDE 0111a.
Cables *ith
rated voltagcs Lq U arc uccording to
DIN VDE 0198 and IEC I S3 suitablc for use on
three-phase installation u ith l nonrinal vollagc
1."<1.=1 iL,o
in uhich the highest voltase ofa s)'stem U6.n,. does
not !'\ceed the Values given in DIN VDE 011I and
IEC 71-1 (see Tablc 17.1).
Since the insulation of cables rvith polynrcr insulation
hrrr inq a rated voltage Usl {-; :0.6i1 kV and all radial
ficld cables are designed lor the voltage Uo, these
are also suitable for installations
D in sinsle-phase a.c. systems uhere both conduc-
tors are insulated from earth. rvith a sl,stem nomi-
nal voltage U^<)Uo,
tr in single-phase a.c. systems where one conductor
is earthed, with a system nominal voltage
t.<Uo
The hi-qhesr voltage of u s1'stenr L6... for cables for
sinrle-phase alternating current rrc shorvn in Ta-
l.l6
ble 17.1 . These are derived from the values for lhree-
phase installations by using the following formulae:
Uv-^':23t:, where neither conductor is earthed,
vt
U0...:+, where one conductor is earthed.
v3
To avoid confusion in installations having one con-
ductor earthed e.g. in traction feed cables it must
be observed that the highest voltage ofsystem Uo.oo,
for these cables must not be greater than the permissi-
ble voltaee YS to the metal cover.
l/ {
f-
In direct current systems having a maximum operat-
ductor and conductor/earth VDE permits the use of
cable with Uo = 0.6 kV.
In Gcrmany the voltage rating of 3 kV has been made
obsolete and is no longer included in VDE speciF '-
tions. If in individual cascs, e.g. in circuits for:re
srarring of large slipring motors, operating voltages
Ub are encountered which are higher than that al-
lorvcd lor cables with a rated voltage Ue1 U= 0.6/1 kV
it is acceptable according to DIN VDE 0271, to use
PVC cables with concentric conductor or armour
(e. g. NYCWY, NYFGY) having a cable rated volt-
lge Uo. U:0.6i1 kV. However rvith cable cross-sec-
tional areas of 240 mm2 and above. the insulation
rvall thickness is thc samc as is required to IEC 501
for cablc \\'ith Uo,'U= 1.E/'3 kV. The pcrmissible
quantit) of L/.:3.6 kV must. ho',r'eler. not bc cx-
cccd.
A comparison of cablc rated voltaues to VDE and
IEC togcthcr sith thc permissible continuous "high-
est voltages for elcctrical equipmcnt and machines"
rvith relevant data to BS 77 shos's that for these s
dards. apart from differing ratcd voltages the srir e
highest permissible voltages app)y (Table 17.2).
 Rated Impulse (Lightning) Withstand Voltage ' Voltage Stresses in the Event of Eanh Fault 17.3

Table 17.1
Allocation of cable rated voltages U_olU(U^) and highest voltages for equipment y. to the nominal voltages Un
and the highest voltages of a system

Cable rated voltages Systems for

uolu (u^)
Three-phase current Single-phase current

Nominal Highest Non-earthed system One conductor earthed

voltage voltage
of a system Nominal Highest Nominal Highest
Ur^ * voltase voltage voltage voltage
u,<2Lto of a system U;3 Uo of a system
Uu.o" L'u-",
KV KV kv KV kv KV

a .6 l (1.1) 1 t.2 1.1 1.4 0.6 0.7

.3,'3
l (3.6) r' 3 3.6
3.6i6 (i .2) o 7.2 't.2 8.3 3.6
6/10 (12) l0 t2 12 l4 6 7
(.7i l5 (17,5) r) 15 7.5
1

ll /20 (11) 20 ?4 28 t2 l.l

l8i 30 (36) 30 36 36 18 21

2614s (52) 45 )2 Not applicable in these Not applicable in these

36160 (72.s) 60 72.5 voltage ranges voltaee ranges
64/110 (123) 110 123
76132 (r45) I J! '145

871150 (170) 150 170

t27,t220 (245) 220
220;380 (420) 380 410

DIN VDE 0298 part I DIN VDE OIOI DIN VDE 0198 part I
IEC I8J DIN VDE OIII
IEC 7I-1

Thr\ \ oitrgc rrnsc to IEC t l-l rnd IEC I3,i ir no l)nger conltlincd in rhc vDe rp\:!irjc]rions for cublc

17.2 Rated Lightning Impulse 17.3 Voltage Stresses in the Event

_i. Withstand Voltage
The rered lighrning impulse riirhsrand voltages U,u
trhich must be considered for electrical equipment
and machines in three-phase nenvorks are listed in
Table 17.2 as exrracred from DIN VDE 01 1 1 and
IEC 71-1. Cables and accessories which comply with
VDE or IEC standards are designed and tlsied to
withstand these stresses. In the calculation of the in-
sulation design for high-vokage cables the impulse
withstand and switching overvoltages are very impor-
tant and are simulated by a test impulse voltage wave
. g I .2/50 ps respecriveiv 250/:500 ps (1.? and
lo_!1.
-:)U berng the wave front rime ivirh 50 and 2500 bcing
the decav time to half varue;.
of Earth Fault
In the event of an earth lault. the cable insulation
is subjected to voltage stresses of shorrer or longer
duration dependant upon both the trearment of the
star point and the design of the network protection
(see also page 380). When applying cables different
considerations must be given to the rhree types of
stress A, B and C :
A Systems which in case ofan earth fauit are discon-
nected instantaneously i.e. within 1 s: these are
mainly networks with a low-resistance earthed star
point. For this stress type all cables are suitable.
17 Cable Rated Voltages

Table 17.2 Allocation of voltages to VDE, IEC and British Standard (BS)

DIN VDE 0298, part 1 Three-ohase networks to BS 77 DIN vDE 0111, list 2
DIN VDE 01I1, DIN VDE 0298, part 1
IEC 183 lEc 71-1

Cable rated Highest Nominal Highest Rated lightning impulse

voltage voltage voltage voltage withstand voltage U,B
UolU for U of a system
equipment U. Ut^.'
KV kv kv kv kv

Radial field cables

0.6i 1 1.2
I.8t3 " J.O J.J 3.6 40
'1.2 6.6 1.2 60
3.616
6, 10 t2 1t t2 75
r) 1'7.5 95
8.7. 15
rl1n 22 ll5
18i 30 36 JJ JO 170

26 45 )f, At rated voltages from UqlU= 26/45 k'._

36160 I !.) 66 | !.) the wall thickn€ss of the insulation is
88 100 selected and tested to mee! the specified
64i110
.^:
tlt 110 123 requlrements
tot | ): 132 14i
8?/150 110
121 1220
1i< 220

220i 380 420 380 410

Cables with non-radial field

0.6 I 1.1

r a ': Ll i.6 1.6 .10

t.6

3.6 6 7.? 0.0 1.2 60

6161' 1.2

6 l0 11 ll 1l 7i
8.7r 1 0
:) ll
In Ccrmanl no longcr uscd irnd thercforc not includ.d In VDE sLrndJrdi
:'" Onil fo( paper-insuhlrd cablcs (e.g. !o IEC i5). Not commonl].' us€d in Csrmlrn! and b-'ncc nol includcd in Dlr" \'DE 0:i-i

B oper- C Systems which in the event of a fault remain in

Systems, which. under fault conditions, are
earthed: operation for a longer period than described under
ated for a short time only with one phase
these are networks with an insulated star point B. with one phase earthed.
or alternatively having earth fault compensation.
According !o iEC 183 this duration should not
exceed one hour unless longer durations are speci-
fiedin the relevant cable standards dependent
upon the t\ pc of cable construction.

l rlE
 Voftages Stresses in the Event of Earth Fault 17.3

Table 17.3 Selection of medium-voltage cables according to stress types B and C under earth'fault conditions

Cable type Cable Operation with single earth fault to

rated
voltage Stress type B Stress type C
UJU
Single earth fault 8 h Cable must be selected
Sum of earth fault have rating voltage Uo/U
KV durations per year 125 h kv

Non-radial field cables

with PVC or EPR insulation permissible
Belted cables with paper insulation 3.616 permissible 616tt or 6i10
6/10 permissible 8,7/10 ')
8.7lls" permissible

.{adial field clbles with insulation 3.6t6 permissible 6,110

of paper, PVC. PE, XLPE or EPR 6/ 10 permissible 8.7i 15 " or 12.'20
8,7/1 5 ' ) permissible 12 r20
12120 permissible 18i 30
18/30 permissible Cables with correspondingly
reinforced insulation are required
(not covered by IEC- and VDE
standards)

!' -_o Ionger uscd in Ce.many and thcrcforc no longcr includcd in

VDE slxndards

Selection of Cable iVI e clitn t- V o tt ag e Ca b Ie s,

Stress type A: All cables rre suitablc
Stress type B and C: See Table 17.3
H iglrl'oItage Cab|a.s v'irh Papt'r Insulutinrt
(Uo'U>liJ,30kr'),
rvhich have been tested to VDE or IEC stlndards
a.are suituble lbr stress tl pe B providing any individual
:arth fault does not exceed a duration of approxi-
mately 8 h and the total sum of all earth-fault dura-
tions per year does not erceed 125 h approximately'.
fhese cables. however, are not designed for operation
under stress type C. When it is required to install
cabies in a network oF plant where longer earth't'ault
durations are to be expected. the cable insulation lvill
require to be appropriately dimensioned and tested.
which comply rvith VDE or IEC standards are suit-
able for stress type B providing any individual earth-
fauh duration does not exceed approximatel.v- 8 h and
the total sum of all earth-tault times in one -"-ear docs
not ekceed approximatel)- 125 h. If earth-fauh dura-
tions are to exceed these values substantially, cables
of the next highest voitage grirde must be used (e. g.
instead of L;olLr=6i10 kV use L'o'1.':12120 kV) or.
in the case of belted cirbles, a cable rvith higher belt
insulation must be used (e. g. instead ol
tis|L':6t10 kV use cable UolL-:8.7710 kV) (see
Table 17.3). This type of belted cable is not used in
Germany and there for no provision is made for it
in VDE standards. For cables having rated volrages
greater lhan lLolU:13'30 kV the insulation rvall
thickness must be dimensioned appropriately.

High-Voltage Cables *ith PE, XLPE
or EPR Insulation ( UolU> 18130 kV)
are normally dimensioned and tested for use in net-
rvorks or planc with stress type A. If it is required
that these cables will be opercted lor a limited time
or longer rvith an errth fault on one phase. this must
be taken into account rvhen dimensioning and testing
the cable.
For medium- and high-voltage cables it must be not-
ed that their service life is affected if for frequenr
short periods and/or for longer periods the cables
are operated with an earth fault on one phase.
Low.l/oltage Cables,
rvhich comply rvith the VDE and IEC standards are
suitable for stress type C rvithout limitation.

149
l8 Current-Carrying Capacity in Normal Operation
18 Current-Carrying Capacity in Normal Operation
18.1 Terms, Delinitions and Regulations
Basically the terms definitions and regulations laid
down in DIN VDE 0298 Part 2 and DIN VDE 0289
Part 8 apply.
Load Capacity
is the short term to express current-carryins capacity.
With load capacity the permissible current f. is being
defined under certain operaring conditions.
In addition to compliance with the above reeularions
the following is also relevant:
The lalues of current-carrying capacity for the refer-
ence operating conditions which are given in Tables
18.2 and 18.4 are rated values. These reference oper-
aring conditions (in DIN VDE 0298 Part 2 named
as "normal" operating conditions) are in the same
sense rated data to DIN IEC 50 (1 51).
The followine equarion applies
1,= I,nf,
*,here fI/ is the producr of all factors
',r'hich must
be considered. For electricity utility operarion or
other cyclic rypes of operarion the maximum load
corresponds to load capacity which is defined as /,
or 1..
Loadirg
ls the short term for current loadinc. Loading relates
to lhe currents uhich a cable be required to mav
carrl under specific operational conditions.
In normal operation loading is lhe operating currutt
/0. in electricity utility operations or other cyclic
types of operation the max. value of the loading is
the operating current.
P ernt iss ib le O p era t ing
Te mp er atur e
is the maximum permissible temperature at the con-
ductor under normal operation. This value is used
in the calculation ol load capacity for normal opera-
tion. This is included in DIN VDE 0298 pari 2 in
respect of load duration (load factor). For mass-im-
li0
pregnated cables, in addition, the remperature lise
is limited to avoid the formation of voids in the insu-
lation (Table 18.1).
Conduc tor C ross- Se c tional Areu
must be selected such that in normal operation the
-eiven
loading 16 does nor exceed the load capacity 1.
Ihs 1,. t'lR 1e\
-
Decisive for this are the most unfavourable operaring
conditions at any point along the whole cable ' ''
_
durine operation. This ensures that the conducosr
is not heated at any time and at any point above
the permissible operating temperature.
Tentperature Rise
of a cable is dependant upon construction, character-
istics of materials used and operaring conditions. An
additional temperature rise must be considered where
(18.1) grouping u ith other cables or heat input from heat-
ing pipes. solar radiation etc. occurs.
.\'onntl O pcratiott
Normal operation includes all t1.pes of operation.
such as. continuous operarion, short-time operation.
intermittent operation. clclic operation. utility s,
plv operation, providing the permissible operatiig
temperature is not exceeded.
OL'eruIran!s
include both overload currents and short-circuit cur-
rents (DIN VDE 0100 Part 430 and Parr 200). These
can cause, for a limited period, conductor tempera-
tures u hich are higher than the permissible operating
temperature. The cable in these cases must be pro-
tected against detremental temperature rise by over-
current protection devices. If necessary the conductor
cross-sectional area may have to be dimensioned to
satisf)' the conditions of short-circuit stresses as dis-
cussed in Secrion 19.3.
 Terms Deflnitions and-Regulations l8.l

Table l8.l Permissible operating temperatutss and thermal resistivities

Type of Standard Permissible Permissible temperature rise Thermal

construction operating installed in resistivities of
temperature insulation
Ground Air
'c l\ l\ KmiW

XLPE cable DIN VDE 0272, 90 J.)

DIN VDE 0273

PE cable DIN VDE 0273 70 3.5,'

PVC cable DIN VDE 0265, 70 6.0:'

DIN VDE 0271

Iass-impregnated DIN VDE O]55

cablc
Belred cable
I kv 80 65 )) 6.0
rl^0.6
'3.6 6 kV
, 6l0kv
80
65
65
45
55
35
6.0
6.0

Single-core cable,
S. L.
and H cablc
0.6 1 kv 80 6i )) 6.0
3.6.6 kv 80 65 55 6.0
61 10 kV 10 j-i 45 6.0
l kv
2,20 6i 35 6.0
18, i0 kv 60 .10 JI,, 6.0

" Aiio roDlics

:r .\lso
for rll ou(cr rh\:rths ot PE
applics fo. !ll outcr shc:rrhs of PVC irnd proLcerirc co\crs ol jurc rcr!inS \irh bitunrinous compound

lterloa turrelrtr ciln occur bv operational overload-
ing in hat is otherrvise a fault-free circuit. For these
rr
conditions permissible temperatures have not yet
reen defincd. These rvill be dependent on borh dura-
tion and frequencv of the overload occurances: these
again at-fect the heat deformation characteristics and
accclerate a-seing.
Short-cirait currents flow when a fault of neglegible
tmpedance occurs betrveen active conductors which
in normal circumstances have different potentials.
The permitted short-circuit temperatures are accept-
able only for a duration of up to 5 seconds. In sys-
tems *ith an insulated neutral and in compensated
networks, a line-to-earth short-circuit current is
tcrmed earth-fault current. Such earth-fault current
c:ruse voltage stressesin the fault-lree conductors (see
Secrion l7). to an ertent thirt temperatures erceedins
the permissible operating lemperltures cannot be
permitted.
Entergent'v Operation
is a type of operation quire common in USA and
some other countries. Here currents are permitted
which are higher than the load capacity in normal
operation. The conductor "emergencv operating
temperature" which may on some occasions signih-
cantly exceed the permissible operaring remperarure
are limited in duration for the individual faults both
during any one year and during the service life of
the cable. A definition and the question of what
values of emergency operating temperature are ac-
ceptable for the differenr tvpes of cable and also rvhat
reCuction in service lit'e is to be agreed is currently
under discussion in the relevant IEC rvorking sroups.

l5l
 IE Current-Carrying Capacity in Normal Operation

Type of Operation 18.2 Operating Conditions

describes the temporal characteristics of the load ca- and Design Tables
pacity and the loading.
To assist in preparing a clear basis for design, regula-
Continuous Operation tory and operating conditions are discussed under

is an operation with constant current for a duration tr type of operation,

sufficient for the cable to reach a thermally stable tr conditions of installation,
condition but is otherwise not limited in time.
tr ambient conditions.
Utility Supply Operation
is described in Section 18.2.1.
18.2.1 Operating Conditions
Short Time and Intermittent Loadinp for Installations in Ground

is described in Section 18.6. Type of Operation

The values included in rhe tables for installation in
ground are based on the type of operation commonly
experienced in electricity supply networks (supply
utility loads). This load is defined by a 24 hour lc^4
diagram which illustrates maximum load and lu.-a
factor (see Fig. 18. t ).

Load,har load
100

en
--1

0.6

I 12 16 20 hours 24
Time-......*

Relation of load to maximum load in %

---- Relation of average load to maximum load
-
Fig. l8.l
Daily load plot and determination of load factor rr
(Example)

I -sl

Ivlaximum load and load lactor of the given load
are determined from the daily load plot or reflerence
load plot. The daily load plot (24 hour load plot)
is the shape of the load over 24 hours under normal
operation. The reference load plot is the average load
shape of selected, similar daily load plots.
The highest value of the maximum load read from
the daily load plot is taken as operating current .Ib.
If the load fluctuates within time bands which are
less than 15 minutes, then the mean value ofthe load
peak over a 15 minutes period is taken as maximum
load, i.e. a mean value must be determined over the
range of time which contains the peak, this being
then termed maximum load.
' tors were derived for cables of equal size arranged
he load factor nr is determined by plotring the load
^ side by side in one plane and loaded identically with
erpressed as percent of maximum load on squared
paper (see Fig. 18.1). The load facror nr results in
total area belorv the curve which is equal to the
'-\e;er of the rectansular shape. By counting squares
belorv the load curve the area can be determined rea-
sonably accurltely. This arca should be entered on
the diagram. thus enabling direcr reading of rhe rela-
tionship between average load and ma.rimum load
and hence load factor rn provided thar, as in
Fi_q. 18.1, the scale is selected such thar 100% load
is equal to unity on the load lactor sclle (see example
18.1, page 180).
The average load is the mean valuc ol'rhc daily load
plot; the load factor being the quotienr from the avcr-
age load divided b-"" the maximum load.
For this calculated load factor the given maximum
load /o must not excced thc Ioad capLrcity 1..
Installation Conditions
The depth oJ luv ol a cable in ground is generally
taken as 0.7 m rvhich is the distance below the eround
surface to the axis of the cable or the centie o[ a
bunch oI cables. If one calculares the load caoacitv
of a cable laid in the ground it is found this reduces
as depth increases. assuming the same temperature
and soil-rhermal-resistivity. With increasing depth of
lav horvever, the ambient temDerature is reduced and
so. normally. is the soil-rhermal-resistivity since the
deeper regions of the ground are more moist and
remrtin morc- consistant thirn the surtirce llvers. For
Operating Condirions installed in Ground 18.2
the commonly used depth of lay for low-voltage and
medium-voltage cables (0.7 to 1.2 m) it is therefore
assumed that the necessary slight reduction in load
capacity is compensated for by the slightly more fa-
vourable conditions.
For these reasons when the depth of lay varies within
that range any variation in load capacity is ignored.
The quantities for cable load capacity are for the
arrangements shown in Table 18.2 for one multi-core
or one single-core cable in a d.c. system or for three
single-core cables in a 3-phase system. With larger
numbers of cables a reduction factor from Tables
18.15 to 18.21 must be applied. These reduction fac-
the same maximum load and load factor. For cables
of different construcrions and,/or operaring with dif-
ferent load factor it is necessary to form appropriate
reduction factors for erch form of construction and/
or load lactor for the toral number of cables in the
trench and thus establish the lactors most unfavour-
able for all cables.
Crossing of cable runs can cause difficulties especially
rvhen these are denselv packed. At such points the
cables must be laid rvith a sufficiently rvide vertical
and horizontal spacing. In addition !o this the heat
dissipation musr be assisted by using the mosr fa-
r ourable bedding material. A calcularion ol conduc-
tor heat output and temperaLure rise is adlisable
ll 8.11.
In situations of great grouping and rvhere there is
limited space, a sufficientll large bricked pit can ele-
viate heat build-up. This pit can enable the cables
to cross in air and the resultant temperature rise of
the air in the pit and also the temperature rise of
conductors can be calculated as indicated in Sec-
tion 18.5.
The load caytcitt, oJ' tnuki-core PVC cfules is calcu-
lated by multiplying rhe load capacity for 3-core
cables in Table 18.5 by the rating factors for laying
in the ground given in Table 18.25.
In the -eround, cables are normally embedded in a
layer of sand or a layer ol sieved soil and are covered
with either bricks or tiles of concrete or plastic. Tbese
bedding and covering arrangemenrs (see Table 18.2)
do not affect the load capacity. When inverted
'U'-shaped cover plates are installed, air may be
trapped and therefore it is advisable to use a reduc-
tion trctor of 0.9 in the c:rse.
I )J
18 Current-Carrying Capacity in Normal Operation

Table 18.2 Operating conditions, installation in ground

Refe r e nc e op er ating c on dit ions r)

S ite operating conditions
to evaluate the rated currents .f. and calculation of current-carrying capacity
L-r,nr
Type of operation

Load factor of0.7 and maximum Ioad from tables for insrallation Rating factors
in sround /, to Table 18.1 5 or 18.1 6
, to Table 18.17 to 18.21
I ns t a I lat ion conditions

Depth of lay 0.7 m For depth of lay up to 1.2 m no conversion

necessary

Arrangement: Rating lactors

I multi-core cable
/n
\v for multi-core cables to Table 18.25
1 single-core cable in d.c. system for grouping or bunched

3 single-core cables in 3-phase system t.l /, to Table 18.15 or 18.16

side by side rvith clearance /, to Table 18.17 to 18.21
ol/cm
Calculation refer Section 18.4.4
3 single-core cables in 3-phase system
bunched 2)

Embedded in sand or soil backfill and if necessary Rating factors for

with a cover of bricks, concrete plates ' U '-shaped cover rvith trapped air/= 0.9
or flat to slightly curved thin plastic plates I nstalled in pipes/= 0.85
Calculation refcr Scction 18.4.6

.4nbient conclitiorrs

Ground temperature at installation depth ?0 "C Rating factors

Soil-thermal resistivitl of moist area ./, to Table 18.1-5 or I 8.1 6

1Km'W ./r to Table 18.1 7 to 18.21
Cclculation refer to Section 18.J.3

Soil-thermal resistivitv of dry area

1.5 Km W

Protection from external heating e. g. from heating ducts See Section 16. Table 16.1

Jointhg and earthnrg of metal sheaths or screens at both ends (see Section 21)
t' Sire operarin8 coDdirions for installarion in ground musl alwlys be calculrred using the two rating fcclors /, aod I since both faclors dcpeod on
thc specific grouDd thermrl resislivity nnd on thc .aring factor: n/=r.4
'?' Cabl.s touchiog io lrianSular formation are classed as "bunched"

1<1
 Operating Conditions insulled in Ground 18.2

When laying cables in pipes the heat insulation effect

of the air layer be[ween cable and pipe must be
especially considered [18.2]. For installations in pipe
systems a reduction of load capacity by a lactor of
0.85 is recommended where an accurate calculation
is not justifiable (see Section 18.4.5).

Ambient Conditions
The ground temperature SE is taken as the tempera-
ture at installation depth with the cable under no [iIMXI V UXUXXqI
load condidons.
Figs. 18.2 and I 8.3 a indicate mean values of mea- c) Below grass roots
I red ground temperatuces belo',v a surface contain-
ing vegetation. The temperature at a depth of one
meter belorv a concrete or asphalt surface which is
s_ubjected to solar radiation (Fig. 18.3 b) may, during
. ) summer months, achieve a level 5 'C higher than
-rese measured values. Calculations rvith lower tem-
peratures than 20'C as given in the tables should
not be made unless such a quantity is proved by
mcirsurements during thc summer months. In dcscrt
[ &[ xs xv xwuu
areas the temperatures can be somervhat higher than
b) Belorv asphalt surface
those as shown in Fig. 18.4.

The soil-thermal-resistit,itv is largely dependant on f ig. 18.3

density and water content of the rclcvant typc of Ground tcmperature in Erlungen 1966 (months I to XII)

6fcufd lemoerarure iJE

Grcurl :-;:';i:;: l)a

,n
--
'c

Extreme value
Mean value over 10 years

Fig. 18.2 fu1ar. April llla,r June July Aug Sept. 0cr. Nov
Ground temperalurc at a depth of I m, extrente values
irnd mern value measured in Stuttgart-Hohenheim. Fig. 18.4
.lS0 m lbor e sea lcvel, rncdium soil
Ground temperatures ar virrious depths in Kurvlit

155
l8 Current-Carrying Capacity in Normal Operation
soil. With differing types of soil and the effect of
climatic conditions on water content (precipitation,
ground temperature) the level of the water table as
well as variations in cover of the surface and vegeta-
tion, both local and seasonal must be considered (see
Fie. 18.s) [18.3].
Due ro heat loss from the cable neighbouring cables
and other heat dissipating items the soil may dry
our. For the calculation of quantities in the tables
and to simplify tabulation the region surrounding
the cable has been distinguished between a moist area
and a dry area.
The reference value of 1.0 Km/W was selected for
the soil-thermal resistiuity qs of the moist region. This
quantily applies for normally sandy soil in a warm
moderate climate (see DIN 50019) with a maximum
ground temperature of 25 oC. Lower values are expe-
rienced in the colder seasons with sufficiently high
precipitation and more favourable types of soil.
Higher values must be selected for zones u'ith higher
ground temperatures, extensive dry periods or with
almost zero precipitation. If detailed data are not
available IEC 287 recommends quantitics which
should be used and these are reproduced in Ta-
ble 18.3. Lower values of ambient can. where desircd,
Sci i iir:rnal.resisiivit,i
l1
10
09:
0.8
Fig. 18.5
Soil-thermal resistivity of virgin soil showing
seasonal varittion
(mcasured at various locations) [18.5]
1_56
be used for the calculation of load carrying capacity
for the winter period or during seasons of high rain- _
Iall.
Tables 18.15 to 18.21 provide rating factors for the
individual soil-thermal resistivity of the moist region. -
In ground which has a content of rubble, slag, ash,
organic material or waste etc. one must expect very
much higher values of soil-thermal resistivity. In such -
instances it may be necessary to take measurements
or to replace the soil in the vicinity ol the cable.
For areas of built-up ground of normal types of soil -
which are not compacted and where increase of den-
sity is not to be expected for a considerable time
the next higher value of soil-thermal resistivity from -
Tables 18.15 to 18.21 should be selected. The same
applies where a cable run is situated in the rooting
area of hedges or trees.
A soil-thermal resistit'it'of 2.5 KmllI' \,as selected
.[or the dr;'region taking into consideration that. d -
is frequently used as a bedding material. For ceFain
types of soil or thermally stable bedding material
with compacted dense soil lower quantities can be -
achieved. For individual cases quantities of resistivity
and the resulting current-carrying capacity must be
calculated separately (see Section 18.4.6).
Prointitl' to or the crossing of district heating Iines
often results in a dangerously high temperature rise _
in the cable. especially if the heating pipes are insuffi-
ciently insulated [18.4 to 18.5]. The continuous heat
loss from the heating pipcrvork can causc drying out _
of the soil. Because of this. sufficiently larqe clcar-
ances must be maintained betrveen cables and pipes
and also between cables.
District heating lines situated near to cables should
be insulated on all sides. Minimum clearances u-., h
are given in [18.6] are estimated on the basis that *
rhe cable is loaded to approximately 60 to 70% of
the load capacity and there is little grouping as is
common practice in utility suppll net$ orks. At cross- *
overs or at areas of parallel runs rvith district heating
iines the current-carrying capacity will be reduced.
lnstalling the cables in sufficiently large pits at these
areas will increase their load capacity.
-
If insulation is arranged between the district heating
lines and the cable, this is not fully elfective and -
tends to reduce the heat dissipation of the cable.
To arrive at the measures required it is necessarl -
ro refer to the questions in Table 16.1, Section 4.4.2
as *eil as to Fig. 16.1.
 Operating Conditions, Installation in Air 18.2

Table 18.3 18,2.2 Operating Conditions, Installation in Air

Recommended calculation quantities to IEC 287 [18.2]
a) Ambient temperatures at sea level Type of Operation
Climate Ambient temperature The quantities given in the table for installation in
air apply for continuous operation. Because of the
oI air of ground at 1 m significantly shorter heating and cooling times com-
depth pared with installations in ground in a public utility
type o[ operation the highest load must not exceed
Mini- Max! Mini- Maxi-
mum mum mum
the load capacity at continuous operation.
mum
.C
"C 'c The load capacity in intermittent operation with
shorter duty cycle times can be calculated by refer-
troplcal 25 55 25 40
ence to Section 18.6.
subtropical 10 40 15 30
temperale 0 25 10 20
Installation Conditions
b) Soil-thermal resistivities
The quantities one obtains for the rated load capacitl-
Soil-
1. apply for the arrangements shown in Table 18.4
thermal for multicore cables and lor systems o[ three single-
resistivities core cables installed in free air. The quantities are
Km/W based on installation in free air with unhindered hear
dissipation by radiation and convection and with the
continuously moist 0.7 exclusion of external heat sources in an ambient air
regular rainfall 1.0 temperature rvhich does not rise significantly. The
seldom rains 2.0
requisite practical conditions lor this are illustrared
Lirtle or no rains
in Table 18.4. Rating facrors for other installation
conditions and for grouping of cables are given in
Tables 18.2i and 18.24.
Thc load capaciries of multicore PVC cables can be
calculated by taking the quantities lor three core
cables from Table 18.6 and applying the rating fac-
tors iiom Table 18.25.
Where a cable is installed directly on a wall or on
the floor. the load capacity.. must be reduced using
a factor of 0.95. Factors for grouping are given in
T.rbles 18.11 and 18.11. Where applicable in these
tables the reduction factor ol 0.95 for installation
directl,'- on a rvall has rlready been taken into ac-
count.
The thermal resistance of the air in respect of a cable
installed in free air can be calculated by ret'erence
to Section 18.4.2. 81' using the design data to Sec-
tion 18.2 it is not necessarl,to know the air-themal-
resistance.

Ambient Conditions
The quantities given in the tables for installation in
air are based on an air (emperature of 30 "C. For
other air temperatures the raiing factors in Table

t57
l8 Currcnt-Carrying Capacitf in Normal Opcration

Table 18.{ Opcrating conditions. installed in air

Rcfcrcnce opcrating condit iotts Sit c opcroting cottrJitiorts

lo elaluate the rated currcnt /, and calculation of current-carrying capacit)'
I.: I,nf
Type of operation

Continuous operation from tables for installalion in air Load capacity in intermittent operal.lon
to Section 18.6

I us ta I lo t iott condit ions

Arrangement: Rating factors for

1 multi-core cable /n
\9 multi-core cable to Table 18.25

I singie-core d.c. cable

o grouping to Tables 18.2i and 18.2-1

3 single-core cables in 3-phase system side

by side u'ith clearance equal to cable dia. e YM
tdldl

3 single-core cables in 3-phase sl"stcm

bunched "
Installation in frec air i.e. unhindcrcd heal
dissipation by:
cable spaced arvay from u all. floor or ceiling
cables side by side with
spacing minimum twice diamcter,
cable runs above one another
\'ertical spacing twice cable diamcter.
minimum between layers of cablcs 30 cm

Arnhient conditions

Air temperature 30 'C Rating factors for

Sufficiently large and ventilated rooms in which differing ambient tcmperatures
the ambient temperature is not noticeably increased to Table 18.21
by losses from the cables grouping to Tables 18.13 and 18.24
Load capacity whcn installed
in channcls or tunnels to Seclion 18.5

Protected from direct solar radiatron etc. Load caoacitv to Section 18.4.2

Jointing and earthirrg of metal sheath or screens at both ends (see Section 21)
rr Cablcs touching in triangular formalion arc classcd as "bunched"

158
 '
Pr6ject Design Tablcs 18.2

Where it is neccssary to assumc an ltnbicnt dir tem- 18.2.3 Project Design Tables
perirture for installing cables in air. provided that The Tables 18.2 and 13.4 with the reference operill.ing
no higher valucs are known tiom expcricnce or fiom condirions and other diflcring conditions can be uscd
mcasurcment. the tbllorvins are uscd: as a guide lor project design.
Unheated cellar rooms 20 "c Tables 18.5 to 18.14 give quantities o[ load capacity
Normal climate rooms 25'C ofcables, i.e. rated currents f, based on specific oper-
(unheated in summer) ating conditions.
Factorv bavs- work rooms ctc. 30'c For conditions other than these specific operaring
conditions the rating factors for these are included
The above ambient temperatures are typical tor mid 5 to 18.25.
- Europeln locations.
in Tables 1 8.1

Temperaturcs exceeding the relerence calculation

- o'antity of l0 "C may well be experienced in rooms
:,.
-.h inadequate protection tiom solar radiation, in-
sut'ficient ventil3tion or rooms contlining machincs
- or plant having a high heat dissipation erc.
1er certain conditions the heat loss from clbles
_ i..oy itself lead to an increase in ambient air tempera-
ture. This applies mainly to cable trenches. ducts.
channcls or tunnels (see Section 13.5).

- If the air temperature in encloscd rooms is incrcuscd

by the heat loss from the cables (e.g. in cable
trenches, cable trays etc.) the rating llctors in Table
^ 18.22 for different air temperatures, together with
the factors for grouping must be applied.
Other heat inouts. e. s. solar radiation. must be con-
- sidered or prevented by the use of covers (sce Scc-
tion 18.4.2). Ifcovers are used, however. the air circu-
lation must not be hindered. A calculation of load
- capacity under conditions of solar radiation can be
made by reference to Section 18.4.2.

159
l8 Currcn t-Carrying Capacity in Nornral Opcration

Table 18.5 Load capacity, installcd in grorrrrl uolu:0.6lt k\'

Insulation material l\{ass-imprc!natcd papcr Pvc XI-PE

Metal sheath Lead Aluminium Lead

Designation N(A) N(.4.)K.A. N(A)KLEY N(A)YY N(A)YY NYKY N(A)2XY

KBA N(A)YCWY

Standard DIN VDE O:Js DIN VDE O]7I DIN VDE DIN VDE 0272
0265

Pcrmissible con- 30 'c 70 'c 90 "c

ductor temperature
I' :) :l
Arrangement
t_7\, \1r., ir\:,r9
.o- J\:,)('
(:,(. o o f_7\e & o an z':\
t-/t, o q7\:r' & c)(

Copper conduc!or
nominal cross-
sectional area
nml Load capacitl in A

1.5 il t6 l1 11 l8 30 lq
l.l 1.1 35 6l .10 5',
I 70 5l .++ l6 s2 )l 55 6
6 - 90 68 56 68 53 6l
t0 rtl 90 7i 9? ls ]]7 86 ed 109
t6 . 160 ll6 98 1)'l 1]l 11'l ll1 rl
l5 ;.- :,, t i2 i:s i*o 169 t06 1ts
107
l _'17 r6l 151
101
l3l :te r.1l
I 1,i
1.19 11
l5 161 175 :0i 162 :00 :J9 r 57 165 t95 137 t6l 175 t7s l1 r-
50 191 201 192 r06 til :96 l3i 195 :i0 222 19: -'i:7 :05 ll I :il
70 :94 237 t5r t8l :i65 t:8 l-:9 ?32 )72 l-i6 .r02 :51 2i9 l0
95 t0l 150 t8J 199 i_r1 l7i ts7 136 il3 :31 J8l t0i i10 -16
110 ll0 3.15 i9i .t t9 -167 J99 lt6 t82 175 ili i50 -i.16 l-il
150 387 364 379 .10: 561 l5l 166 428 4t9 -161 618 i90 i96 .16 i
r85 43'l 194 .1:6 6i7 199 483 175 ,109 701 141 419
:40 507 567 115 r168 468 143 {64 18l 561 sl9 5 521 61,-
300 533 571 533 529 514 542 6i2 Ito -i-13 931 i80 587 689
400 602 6-s4 111 603 6r 0 571 986 600 621 730 60i 1073 663 669 78r
500 ?81 665 603 1125 698 823 t123 748 38'

Alu inium conductor

nominal cross-
sectional arca
mm2 Load capacity in A

25 103 104 99 17'l lll

35 124 135 158 r25 r35 155 1gz 118 \27 r5r :12 r32 l6
50 1.18 l6t 188 119 160 r84 ::9 112 151 r79 r53 t51 16J 19
'70 182 197 I9 184 r95 222 :82 176 r86 218 r9t t0l l3r
95 ?18 236 2t'3 22r 213 ioJ 339 :1r ::i t6r 311 1.10 :8r
r20 249 268 i09 252 265 388 :54 297 r66 271 3l
150 281 301 345 283 297 325 435 2't0 :85 332 479 299 308 36
185 320 141 389 322 335 361 494 308 316 543 340 350 .108

240 398 119 313 388 406 5?8 363 178 637 40t 408 41€
300 449 503 421 435 446 654 412 421 494 72r 455 162 53
400
500
48r 520 573 4E3 496 49r 165 4't 5 196 512 832 526 531 61 r-
58? 552 529 873 562 @9 949 601 699

Table for r, 18.15 18.15 18.r5

rating
factors 18.17 't8.t7 18.17 18.17
t8.t8 l8.l
18.10 r8.19 18.20 18.19 18.20 18.21 18.20 1E.19 r8.21 18.20 | 8.20
18.18 18.18 18.18

"
tt
Cablc ia 3-phas. oDcratron
Load capaciry in d.c. sysrerns

Reference operaring conditions and guide for site operating conditions see Table 18.2.

r60
 Load Capacity Installcd in GroundiAir 18.2

18.6 Load capucity. installed in air' L'ol U =0.61t kv

.ttion material \llss-i prcgnirtcd pirpcr PvC I' XLPE

rl shefth Lcad Aluminium Leud

Inallon N(A) N(A)K,\ N(A)KLEY N(A)YY N(A)YY NYKY N(A)2XY

KBA N(.{)YCwY

Jiard DIN VDE O:5J DIN VDE (]:7I DIN VDE DIN VDE O]72
0265

rissible con- s0 "c r-0 "C 90 "c

_ortempcfirturt:
ngemqnr .,I :r ,:I

t\e & ^,,-\| @ \9\:,/\: o o t-v\e \: \, (, A/.n /n/iL

\-7\-r' \, \_7\e \: :./ \119\'

.nat )ss-
.onal areir
Loxd cirFrci!y in A

t6 t0 13.5 :0 t5 t0 I S.5 l2 :.1 t5

i5 t; :i 27 3.1 2'1 t5 ll ll ll
I _i; i1 .17 3'7 ll 57 +l .l-+ i6
53 {3 ll .ls 51 -ll 72 jj 51 7l
i9 00 60 66 7S oo 60 1) 1i 96
l0i s0 s9 l0i s9 50 til 96 l0l
i't
tl0
t;s ;., ;,,
li9
io: l.l0
S9
ltJ r06 r13 D7 I t3 r06 111 l-r0 li9 l;l
r68 166 r99 169 l.l5 lr3 160 r70 :ll
169 203 r68 :00 ti9 lrl l;6 159 1t-6 :06 159 166 r9i 108 t53
:ll t55 ll0 tl i 251 199 :69 :01 t:.1 :61 2ll 202 i38 211 265 ::3
t59 3r2 173 306 36r ji l :;l )il 211 .11 6 305 ;0{
:99 JT .li9 i0+ i 5.1 .ll2 i36 tsl 132 .137 i5i 381
,:.13 415 500 150 .103 .163 {61
l
il.1 i6l t:3 361 3:l 559 J07 438 ill
397 1t'9 57i +02 522 il l Jt 19.l .ll2 6.13 +69 _\07
570 6i8 .r7.1 5.r5 594 61: .ri 6 -t3-l 590 +i6 779 551 606 7.19
533 654 712 6r9 o)/ i0'l Irr 181 5.19 673 492 902 6.i8 697 364
611 /JJ 912 628 126 134 359 560 657 3r7 563 1070 116 816 10r8
893 10:3 309 786 1000 7J9 940 - t2.16 933

inium conductor
inal cross-
ioru - rea
t' Load capacity in A

39 33 l]3 9l 33 131 t00

103 130 157 107 113 | 5.r 1.15 I tJ 102 3 163 l]] 13r r63
lJl 157 191 130 155 136 I r-6 ri8 I -.18 160 106 l.r7 t6l :00
165 193 t.l0 t66 r95 231 221 l7-l 153 l7l :0: 139 :05 li.l
201 294 238 lE4 2'7 | ll0 190 210 119 323 231 t5l ilJ
233 283 343 23'7 2'1'1 328 221 291 3'7'7 210 196 366
267 323 390 272 116 370 361 23r 252 131 333 308 34r :1:0
310 450 Jl+ 363 112 3:0 239 320 384 502 395 -136

366 5i5 3i2 489 .184 3i9 460 {35 i35

I
120 5r5 613 428 194 548 548 ltt 377 433 530
605
699 501 548 6i5
488 623 733 503 589 627 666 523 642 830 592 647 798
718 669 06/ 't'16 603 966 749 916

)les for 18.22 t8.22 18.22

nq
tl 18.24 18.23 18.24 1E.23 18.24 r8.23 18.24 18.24 18.23

iablc id 3-phas4 opemaion 'r f^'.i. r.--.--,.-

capacily in d.c. syslcms tr for grouping
-)ad
tlucs up to 2l() mrnr harmonizcd io CENELEC

lerence operating conditions and guide for site operating conditions see Table 18.4"

161
 l8 Currcn t-Carrying Capacitl,in Normal Opcration

Table 18.7 Load capacity. installcd in ground uol u =3.616 kv

I nsulation matcrial Mass-impregnated paper PVC

\,1etal sheath

Designation N(A)KA N(A)K L EY N(A)YFcY,J

N(A)YSY,)

Standard DIN VDE 0255 DIN VDE 0271

Permissible 70 "c
conductor temPerature

Artansement

Copper cortductor
nominal cross-
iectional area (mm:) Load cupacity in A

l5 140 170 1J+ 1.16 to/ t26 1i9

l5 to/ 175 l0l 162 158 190
,\0 198 ?01 239 191 106 187 ::l
'70 :.13 t< I 191 )37 ]79 130
95 )91 )u+ 184 ;;; -'r lo 275 r89
120 t45 123 ll9 16,1 JIJ t28 i6.+
150 371 13'7 t6i 3 t'9 ,r00 J)! 166 396
185 438 192 "12 5 137 391
11A rl78
1.10 .+90 i08 561 .188 ,18 7 460 505
300 550 5 7'l 6t9 ji2 541 i2: 518 536 560
400 oJl 655 i09 600 60'l 56-1 587 605 610
500 705 732 780 666 603

lwttinium cottduct or
,1

nominal cross-
sectional area (mm2) Load capacity in A

25 103 108
35 129 156 125 135 1 5.1 11't 147
50 t 85 149 160 18: 174
70 182 189 226 184 196 220 178 213

95 118 226 -JO 270 221 260 225

110 250 256 :68 307 )51 165 292 243 256 287
150 281 291 301 343 283 297 286 116
185 320 329 J+l 385 321 335 337 310 324 355

240 312 384 398 447 388 409

300 4t9 449 501 434 425 457
400 481 503 520 )t! 495 488 509
500 570 588 638 552

Tables for 18.1 5

raung
factors
18.19

" three corc tr single corc

Reference operating conditions and guide for site operating conditions see Table 18.2.

to/
 Load Capacity Installcd in Ground/Air 18.2

Table 18.8 Load clpacity, installcd in arr LtnlU=3.616 kY

- Insulation material ivlass-impregnated paper

Metal she'.lth

Designation N(A)K.\ N (A)K LEY N(A)YFGY "

N(A)YSY:'

- Standard DIN VDE 0255 DIN VDE O27I

Permissible 70 "c
conductor temperature

Arrxngement

l' .per conductor

nomlnal cross-
secrio nal arel 1mm:) Loud caprLcity in A

2\ 5 I l5 1i9 164 r33 r6l 105 1ll I +_)

t52 170 t00 t67 196 tJl I 7.1

)0 169 132 20.1 l0l tJo 157 173 ll0
70 212 22'l 257 305 153 297 t97 222 toJ
95 259 !to lt-i 173 _o+ _t 03 -i55 271 Ji I
l:0 301 lr0 i 6.r +31 t0i _.t,i6 +06 217 3rl 170
150 J++ 3 6.1 1t1 491 _r49 10.1 +56 Jlo i 5.r +lJ
185 l9.r :+15 |i9 565 100 163 -5ll i6l .r06

240 465 .191 570 669 +/J 5+5 588 127 480 ))J
300 >rl 554 654 i63 5i9 611 6.15 ,13 7 )+/ bi)
-122
400 608 653 731 900 622 7)3 565 643 1tl
500 740 892 1016 308 783

Alutninium conductor
nominal cross-
sectional area (mm:) Load capacity in A

5 89 97
,{ 109 t17 1ll 109 t29 152 101 135
131 158 133 157 t 8.l t22 1i8 lo+
70 Ib) 176 t99 t67 t97 23'l 153 205
q5
201 290 205 240 280 187 210 25r
.) 234 249 183 737 278 323 215 290
150 268 283 385 27? 3t7 365 246 217 327
185 308 324 373 413 JIJ 364 414 283 318 315
240 365 384 447 529 372 432 483 335 319 444
300 436 514 tU) !') \ 494 539 384 434 505
400 485 520 619 723 498 587 618 450 )l / 587
500 597 7t7 828 668 684

Tables for 18.22

rating
factors
18.23

" lltcc coae lr singlc core !r

tcapcraturc 'l for grouping
for air
Reference operating conditions and guide for site operating conditions see Table 18.4.

163
 lo \-ulrcrlL-\_ilIIy lg \-<11-,dLrL-\ t i\uIllldr \./l,utdLloIl

Table 18.9 Load capacity. installcd in grorrrrrl uolu = 6lt0 kv

lnsulation matcriul

Metal sheath

Designation N(A)YSEY '' N(A)2XSY

N(A)YHSY,' N(A)2XSrY

Standard DIN VDE 0255 DIN VDE O27I DIN VDE 0273 DIN VDE 0273

Permissible con-
cluctoa temperature

Arraneement

Coppcr conductor
nominal cross-
sectional area
mm: Load c!prcir) in A

:i 15r I7._
. li 166 1 ]l
50 195 tt0 :.1()
70 lt3 169 -t0.

95 ls6 -1ln
161 .10J
110 -il5
150 164 JO5
r8i .19-.-

140 155 528 56i

300 512 :,, 593 62(
,100 581 665 61(
500 7i9

,lluninium conductor
nominal cross-
secttonal arca
mml Load capacity in A

25 91
l5 110 130 150 177 151 t6l
50 r32 155 178 174 r50 r69 181 111 19.1
70 165 r90 1r7 211 183 :07 2:0
v) 100 727 259 107 )49 19 146 16l :19 l3F
r20 229 259 291 ?37 2't9 :-18 173 296 l8l 313
150 259 190 166 308 217 i06 125 316 35(
185 295 329 370 302 3.r3 i6i 358 394
_
240 343 384 428 350 387 395 420 116 .15 i
300 389 433 179 395 408 468 469 50?
400 449 50r 546 451 464 465 490 514 532 55!
500 566 610 501 572 599 62:-

Tables for 18.15

ratrng
factors '18.1 !'

rr thrcc core
2' singlc core

Reference operating conditions and guide for site operating conditions see Table 18.2.

164
 Load Capacity Installed in Cround/Air 18.2

',c t8.10 Load clpacity, installed in oir' uolu=6lt0kv

aoon malen:rl \lass-imprcgnated papcr

.rl sheath

3natron N(A)KLEY N(A)2YSY N(A)2XSY

N(A)YHSY:' N(A)2XS2Y

DIN VDE O]55 DIN VDE O]7I DIN VDE O:7J DIN VDE O:73

nissible con-
lr temperature

lngemenl

ninal cross-
.!onal area
Lord capacity in A

t9l

r70 :7'l
tl l _r.15

l-ss lt3
29"1 J31
j ilt 37
-i

ls6 6ll
.130 l5i '116
+90 811
) 571 901
) 1006

ninium conaluctor
Illinal cros5-
.tional area
Load capacity in A

ll3 l17 2 ll3 173

168 141 l i5 irt 178 lr 5
211 t71 168 165 222 :69
190 2-s 8 :16 205 :00 :69 31'l
219 i00 l-19 231 :31 ll0 3 t-7
249 28.1 268 162 3.18
286 394 326 307 l0r 398 .135

334 .169 386 336 365 469 513

382 536 385 418 1ru 53.1 652
639 522 156 196 603 '141
0 729 592 680 838

lcs for 18.22

ung

Lhtcc corc
singlc corc
-t rr ai! tmperaturc
grouping

efe:ence operacing coodirions and guide for site opcratrng condtnons rc! aadte id.r.
165
l8 Curren t-Carrying Capacity in Normal Operation

Table l8.l I Load capacity. inst:rllcd in groattrl url u: t2120 kv

Insulation material Mass-impregnated paper X LPE

Metal shearh

Designation N(A)KA N(A)KLEY N(A)2YSY N(A)2XSY

N(A)2XS2Y

Standard DIN VDE 0255 DIN VDE O:73 DIN VDE 0273

Permissible 90'c
conductor temperature

Arrangement

Copper conductor
rominal cross-
sectional area lmmr) Load capacity in A

,t) 123 126 r39 151 118

35 148 151 166 r84 165 I /O 198 189
50 175 180 196 119 191 108 22.3 liO
70 ?:0 221 169 ia_1 273 104 -
95 264 168 287 r8l 102 3t5 t?5 -10I
110 :98 10.1 i6i 119 i73 368 .107
150 JJO 143 i66 155 _1S I 410
185 380 388 1<r 399 .1t0 .160 463 ,r9 8

240 140 t <: 179 519 156 196 534 569

300 496 511 5i9 i78 505 478 556 601 633
400 559 591 618 650 563 520 674 686
500 661 689 615 556 692 750 156

A lutniniuttt cotlduct or
nominal cross-
sectional area (mmz) Load capacity in ,{

25 97
35 tr7 r28 127 139
50 140 152 151 loo I Ol 181
.."
I t.t irt
70 186 185 203 197 ??1 211 231

95 205 208 223 250 221 240 tJ) trtJ 252 182
120 233 237 28.1 250 270 _o/ 287 3?0
150 :o1 267 185 280 291 198 327 320 l5l
185 298 304 323 358 Jl) ):> 369 JOZ 196

240 346 355 377 365 373 391 123 421

300 391 403 425 463 407 406 440 473 474 511
400 448 471 491 529 462 450 499 521 538 566
500 534 555 588 513 489 567 579 606 630

Tables for 18.15

rating
factors
18.19

Reference operating conditions and guide for site operating conditions see Table 18.2.

166
 Load Capacity lnstalled in Ground/Air 18.2

T.rble 18.12 Load c:rplcity. installcd in trir uolu=t7l20kv

lnsulation material Nlass-impregnated paper X LPE

Metal sheath .\luminium

Designation N(A)KLEY N(A)2YSY N(A)2XSY

N(A)2XS2Y

Standard DIN VDE 0255 DIN VDE 027] DIN VDE O]73

Permissible 90 "c
- conductortemperature

Arransement

\ pper condltL'tor
nominal cross-
sectional area (rnm:) Load capacity in A
-
106 109 119 ll6 I l9 lJ+
J ll8 t): l+5 165 161 16.1 193 199
JU l5l 1i8 I /) 199 172 19.1 t91 ti0 li8 ,,:;
70 t9? 196 218 l-19 I5 2-+0 137 t96 -i.17
95 232 li8 :66 10.1 16l ls9 295 -] 58 .+:0
120 _or+ 272 i08 l5r i00 tl9 3.10 198 J3i
150 299 i09 i50 198 3i9 _t 66 l8l .166 5.r0
185 3.+0 152 .101 +i6 i87 +11 438 504 )Jl 6ll
240 397 5i6 4,\ 3 .+70 5r5 589 627 718
300 149 171 5.13 608 510 515 586 665 715 dlJ
400 513 552 645 592 517 671 319 904
500 623 733 199 661 627 757 817 921 101 1

Ahuniniutn conductor
nominal cross-
sectional area (mm:) Load capacitv in A

,J J)
l0l 2 118 l]6
:0
70
123
153
136
170
155
194
152 tt, 179 it,
189 189 223 210
5 185 207 237 230 271 128
ll0 2t2 239 274 2b: tb) 3l? 378
150 273 .) l:. 295 299 351
185 275 lll 358 JJ+ .5+2. 400 485
248 sz) 425 360 388 406 471 )/J
300 371 484 410 .+oJ 535 652
400 440 5t2 ) /) 483 495 536 604 740
500 503 589 654 546 547 olL 683 838

Tables for 18.22

ratlng
factors
18.23

It for afu EmFcralurc .r for groupiog

Reference operating conditions and guide for site operating conditions see Table 18.4.

167
 l8 Currcnt-Cqrrying Capacitl in Normal Opcration

Table 18.13 Load capacity. installed in ground uolu: r 8/.30 kv

Insulation material M rss-rmprcgnatcd paper XLPE

Metal sheath

Desisnation N(A)KLEY N(A)]YSY N(A)2XSY

N(A)2xSrY

Standard DIN VDE 0255 DIN VDE 0273 DIN VDE 0273

Permissible 90 "c
conductor temperature

Arrangement

.--opper contluctor
nominal cross-
sectional area
mm' Load capacity in A

i 35 138 112 156 168 155 1 6.1

50 16-1 169 187 t0l 18i 196 ll0 -: -1+ l:6 151
i0 207 109 li2 150 tl9 140 257 18.1 116 -i06
9i 11'l 152 180 l0l 2i1 18.1 106 _r37 tl9 _t 6,.j

120 28r 187 il9 : ,.1 : 1tl 319 341 -j81 .11 0
1i0 Jlo 3?4 i58 -18 i i53 t86 +lo 415 -1.19

185 Jfo -10 / -104 ,1t5 t88 366 135 165 468 -i03
210 .128
'168 501 4i0 503 532 54'l 576

300 162 483 516 557 .r90 463 56-1 608 641
400 521 ,i 58 603 627 546 50i o-1j 684 697
500 otrJ 612 686 594 541 703 toz 768

A luntittiurtt con ducl or

nominal cross-
sectional area
mm: Load capacity in A

35 107 110 121 110 110 128

50 127 131 145 157 154 163 182 t75 196 1.,
70 lol 163 r80 195 178 19t 199 )22 ll8
95 193 196 211 lJ) 215 226 238 264 t56
120 219 219 r68 256 270 299 290 322
150 252 279 302 274 285 130 1)t 355
185 287 Jlo J9J 308 319 341 371 366 400
240 J..t ) 336 368 399 355 JOI 396 426 161

300 366 380 415 448 396 394 4'19 516

400 419 445 480 510 449 438 527 545 )l-!
500 504 541 )b/ 498 476 587 614 638

Tables for 18.1 5

factors 18.19

Reference operaring conciitions and guicie for site operating conditions see Table 18.2

168
 Load Capacity lnstallcd in Cround'.\ir 18.2

Table l8.l{ Load Capacity. installcd in atl' LInlL'= l8/30 kv

lnsulation material N{ass-imprcgnatcd plpcr XLPE

ivletal sheath

Designation N(A)K LEY N(A)2YSY N(A)]XSY

N(A):XS2Y

Standard DIN VDE 0255 DIN VDE 027] DIN VDE O]73

Permissible 90 "c
conductor lemperature

Arrangemcnt

Copper contluctor
- nominal cross-
*\tional area
_ .l_ Lord crpucity in A

35 119 li5 150 I -\+ 1+tt

_i0 161 132 16t t17 199 ll2 2 t'9
70 t79 183 l0l 213 100 ll0 t"l3 lttS 199 il3
95 216 721 2'77 to-) 100 j.18 362 t't r
-:+o

120 246 t< i ll8 1la 199 J++ +00 416 .18i
150 ?78 188 i6l .)t+ I i.+ i88 +o 469 5-10
185 115 313 370 +lJ 507 516 615
240 366 i85 437 48.1 +:) 510 590 630 713

300 199 543 .169 161 590 666 71'7 812

400 470 512 591 640 ,<.ll 526 b/) 823 904
500 576 610 7 t6 603 572 763 821 929 1011

Aluminiunt conductor
nominal cross-
ctional area
Ain' Load capacity in A

35 9?. 95 I lo 115
50 110 ll5 r39 180 137 iu
'0 140 177 1i6 Lt) 232 2 t'0
v) 168 1't2 llo 139 209 111 281 rt8
120 192 198 221 249 218 239 268 JIJ )!) 378
150 217 224 252 283 747 269 302 351 365
185 -t) I 289 t32 303 346 .101 418 485
240 289 302 343 384 351 408 494 577
300 393 377 392 535 564 649
400 469 517 450 605 654
500 538 588 501 499 ooJ 835

Tables for 18.22

rating
factors 18.23

'r for air tcmpcalurc r, for grouping

Reference operating conditions and guide for site operating conditions see Table 18.4

t69
l8 C urrcnt-Carrl,ing Capaciti in Nornlal Opcration

Table 18.15 Rating factor.^ for installation in ground (nor applicable to PVC cablcs with {.;n'U:6/10 kV)
Pcr- Cround Soil-thcrmal rcsistivity
missible tcmpcr-
con- alulc 0.7 Km,W 1.0 Kn W 1.5 Kmi \V ?.5 KmTW
ductor
tsmper- Load factor Load factor Load factor Load factor
aturc
'c 'c 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.85 1.00 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.85 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.35 1.00 0.5 ro 1.00
'.00
90 ) 1.24 1.11 l.l8 1.13 1.07 1.l l 1.09 r.07 | .03 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.94 0.89
r0 1.23 I .19 Lt6 1.1 I 1.05 1.09 1.07 1.05 L0l 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.93 0.91 0.86
l5 1.21 1.17 1.08 1.03 1.07 1.05 1.01 0.99 0.9 5 0.95 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.89 0.84
:0 | .19 1.15 l.1 l 1.06 r.00 r.05 r.0l 1.00 0.96 0.9i 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.88 0. s6 0.8 r

25 1.01 1.00 0.9s 0.9.1 0.90 0.90 0.ss 0.s7 0.8i 0.3.1 0.78
i0 0.95 0.91 0. s8 0. s7 0. s6 0. s.1 0.81 0.8l 0.75
i5 0.3: 0.30 0.7s 0.12
t0 0.68

i0 1.!'7 l.:3 1.:0 1.14 1.0s t.1l t.t0 1.07 1.0-l 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.95 0.91 0.83
10 1.li 1.11 l.l 7 1 .11 1.06 I .10 L07 1.0i 1 .01 0.9'l 0.97 0.95 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.85
li 1.13 t.t9 1.1 5 1 .09 1.0i 1.07 r.05 1.01 0.99 0.9 5 0.94 0.91 0.92 0.90 0.33 0.s2
t0 1.10 t.l7 l.l 3 L07 1.01 1.05 1.0_'i 1.00 0.96 0.9: 0.91 0.90 0.s9 0.37 0.85 0.7s
:5 t.0l L00 0.97 0.93 0.39 0. ti8 0.8 7 0. s6 0.8.1 0.32 0.75
l0 0.95 0.91 0.s6 0.s5 0. sJ 0. s-l 0.31 0.7s 0.71 \-
ti 0. s0 0.'17 0.75 0.68
JO 0.6-l

70 5 I .t9 Ll: 1.t5 r.09 1.rl l l I 1.03 t.0J t.00 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.95 0.9 i 0. ti6
10 1 .2'1 I.19 1.06 t. 1.08 t.06 t.0l 0.97 0.96 0.9i 0.9l 0.9l 0.E9 0.83
15 r.25 1.17 1.10 I .0_'l 1.08 1.06 1 .0-l0.99 0.9.1 0.93 0.9: 0.9l 0.38 0.s6 0.79
:0 1.18 I .1.1 1.08 1.0r r.06 l.0l 1 .00 0.96 0.91 0.90 0.s9 0.s7 0.s5 0.s3 0.76

:5 t.0l 1.00 0.91 0.9i 0.38 0.it7 0.85 0.61 0.82 0.79 0.1).
i0 0.9-1 0.89 0.35 0.84 0.81 0.80 0.78 0.76 0.68
35 0.77 0.7 4 0.72 0.63
40 0.59

65 5 1.21 1.:3 1.r6 1.09 l.1l 1.09 t.04 r.00 0.99 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.85
10 1.:9 114 t.:0 l 06 l. l.09 1.06 1.02 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.91 0.91 0.89 0,82
r5 1.26 1.22 1.18 1.1 I 1.04 1.09 1.06 1.03 0.98 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.38 0.8 5 0,78
l0 l.:0 r.1 5 1.08 1.01 r .06 r.03 1.00 0.9 5 0.90 0.90 0.88 0.86 0.84 0.82 0.74
25 r.03 1.00 0.97 0.92 0.37 0.86 0.8.4 0.83 0.30 0.73 0.70
l0 0.9J 0.s9 0..s l 0.It2 0.1{ I 0.79 0.71 0.65
35 0.75 0.12. 0.70 0.60
40 0.55

60 5 l.:8 t.:4 1.1'l r .l0 l.t5 1.r2 1.09 1.05 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.92 0.8.1
10 1.30 1.26 l.l1 L07 1.12 | .09 1.06 1.02 0.9'1 0.96 0.94 0.91 0.90 0.88 0.80
15 1.28 l.:J 1.19 t.l 2 1.0,1 1.09 1.06 1.03 0.98 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.39 0.87 0.8.1 0.7 6
20 1.25 1.2r t_to r.09 1.01 1.06 l 0l 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.89 0.87 0.86 0.83 0.80 0.72

25 1.03 1.00 0.9'l 0.92 0.s6 0.85 0.83 0.82 0.19 0.76 0.67
l0 0.93 0.88 0.82 0.81 0.19 0.78 0.75 0.72 0.62
l5 0.71 0.70 0.67 0.57
40 0.51

For mass-impregnated cables in line with Section 18.1 for temperatures below 20oC, an increase of load capacity
is only permitted under certain conditions in line with the quantities for the permissible temperature rise in Table 18.1 .

The radng factor, must only be used together with factor f, in Tables 18.17 to 18.21.

170
 Rating Factor ll for Installation in Cround 18.2

Table 13.16 Raring llctor/, for installation in sround (rrrrt applicablc to PVC cablcs with L'oi Li= 6; l0 kV)
Arrxn,.lemcnt C round Soil-thermill rcsistivity
!cmpcr-
a lb lc ature 0.7 Km W 1.0 Km. w 1.5 KmTW 1.5 Km w

Numbcr of Load fac(or Lord facror Load factor Load factor

^t^.,
)ys(ems L 3ores I 'c 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.3 5 1.00 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.3 5 1.00 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.35 1.00 0.5 to l.0

I I l ) l.lt 1.17 1.23 1. t6 1.09 1 . 1.+ l.l l r.09 r.0i 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.96 0.94 0.9: 0.35
l0 l.:9 l.t5 t.2l 1.07 1.12 L09 1.06 r.0l 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.9 3 0.91
0.39 0.31
li 1.17 l.2l l.l8 l.l I 1.0.1 r.09 r .06 1.0i 0.93 0.9,1 0.93 0.91 0.90
0.37 0.8 5 0.7'1
t0 | .:.r l.:0 1.15 1.03 l.0l 1.06 1.01 1.00 0.95 0.90 0.39 0.38 0.3 6 0.3+ 0.31 0.73

t.0-: 1.00 0.97 0.9l 0.s7 0.36 0.3'l 0.33 0.30 0.71 0.69
J; 0.9.1 0.s9 0.3i 0.82 0.30 0.79 0.76 0.7i 0.6-l
i5 0.i5 0.11 0.t0 0.i9
l0 0.51
I
-l ) l.:9 l.tl I .20 1.11 r.06 Lll 1.03 r.05 l.01 0.96 0.9i
0.9-l 0.9 i 0.90 0. s3 0.31
t0 l.:6 l.:l 1.17 l.l I 1.0i l.03 1.0i r.0l 0.93 0.91 0.92 0.91 0.39 0.3 7 0.3J 0.1 t-

ti l.l9 1.15 1.08 1.00 1.0i L 0-j 0.99 0.9 5 0.90 0.s9 0.s? 0.36 0.3l 0.31 0.71
t0 t.:l Ll7 l .1l r.05 0.97 r.03 0.99 0.96 0.91 0.36 0.8 5 0.8{ 0.3l 0.79 0.71 0.63

:5 0.99 0.96 0.91 0. s3 0.3 i

0.32 0.30 0.73 0.76 0.7l 0.61
t0 0.90 0.3l 0.79 0.78 0. ?6 0.7.1 0.71 0.68 0. i9
.15 0.70 0.67 0.61 0.-ij
.10 0.r7

l0 ) 6 ) 1.16 L:1 l.l7 Ll0 t.0i r.0s 1.05 l.0l 0.9 7 0.9.10.91 0.90 0.39 0.36 0.3+ 0.76
l0 l.l.l r .19 l.t{ 1.07 1.00 r.05 l.0l 0.99 0.9.1 0.39 0.33 0.87 0. s5 0.3 3 0.30 0. /-l
t5 l.ll l l6 1.11 1.0.1 0.96 L02 0.99 0.96 0.9 r 0.36 0.3 5 0.33 0.31 0.'79 0.7 6 0.68
t0 l.l3 1.1J 1.09 1.01 0.91 0.99 0.96 0.9,t 0.lt7 0.3 2 0.31 0.79 0.17 0.75 0.71 0.6.1

t5 0.96 0.9i 0.s9 0.31 0.78 o.'t'1 0.75 0.71 0.70 0.68 0_53
i0 0.36 0.30 0.11 o.13 0.71 0.69 0.66 0.61 0.52
35 0.64 0.61 0.53 0.J6
.1{) 0.38

8 r0 5 r.l9 | .07 0.99 1.05 t.0: 0.99 0.9+ 0.89 0.33 0.36 0.35 0.32 0.80 0.72
t0 1.21 t.lo l.1 lL04 0.96 r.02 0.99 0.96 0.91 0.85 0.34 0.83 0.31 0.78 0.'t6 0.67
t5 1. t3 r. r3 1.09 r.0l 0.9i 0.99 0.96 0.9: 0.37 0.32 0.31 0.79 0.71 0.74 0.12 0.63
20 l.l5 l lt 1.06 0.98 0.90 0.96 0.9: 0.89 0.3.1 0.78 0.1'l 0.7 5 0.73 0.70 0.67 0.57

:5 0.92 0.39 0.35 0.30 0.71 0.73 0.71 0.69 0.66 0.61 0.52
30 0.32 0.76 0.70 0.68 0.66 0.64 0.61 0.5 7 0..15
35 0.60 0.56 0.51 0.i3
.10 0.:9

r0 5 t.22 1.17 l.l_t r.05 0.98 L03 t.00 0.91 0.92 0.37 0.86 0.8,1 0.3 i 0.80 0.73 0.69
10 1.19 r.l5 1.10 1.02 0.94 1.00 0.97 0.9.1 0.89 0.33 0.32 0.81 0.79 0.'16 o.'t3 0.65
15 1.17 l.l2 l.07 0.99 0.9r 0.91 0.9.1 0.90 0.35 0.79 0.78 0.71 0.75 0.72 0.69 0.60
:0 r.09 1.04 0.96 0.E8 0.94 0.90 0.87 0.81 0.7 6 0.74 0.73 0.11 0.68 0.65 0.54
25 0.90 0.37 0.33 0.73 0.71 0.70 0.68 0.66 0.63 0.60 0_.18
30 0.79 0.?3 0.66 0.63 0.61 0.58 0.5.1
35 0.56 0.52 0.48
40 0.22

Arrangemcnt a Arrungcment Arrangcment c

- :e'"ooo or e*te @@ /:\ /n/'a\

\, N' \-/
I lTcm

All clearances 7 cm

The rating factor/, must only be used together wirh rating factor, in Tables 18.17 to 18.21.

t7l
l8 C urrent-Carryrng Capacitl in Normal Opcration

Tabte 18.17 Rating factor.t for installatiorr in ground.

Single-core cables in three-phasc systcm. bunched -- /cm

T-vpc of N unrbc r Soil-thcrmal resisli\ it]-

construction of
systcms 0.7 Kmi w 1.0 Km/W 1.5 Km, w 2.5 Km/w

Load factor Load factor Load factor Load factor

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.'l 0.5 0,6 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.7

XLPE cables I 1.09 1.04 0.99 1.1 1 r .05 r.00 1.13 1.07 1.01 1.1'l 1.09 L03
0.6i 1 ro l8 30 kV 2 0.97 0.90 0.84 0.98 0.91 0.8 5 1.00 0.91 0.86 r.02 0.94 0.87
3 0.88 0.80 0.'l I 0.89 0.82 0.7 5 0.90 0.82 0.t6 0.92 0.81 0.76
0.83 0.7 5 0.69 0.3J 0.'t 6 0.70 0.8i 0.1'l 0.70 0.32 0.78 0.71

5 0.19 0.71 0.65 0.80 o.'72 0.66 0.80 0.7 3 0.66 0.81 0.73 0.67
6 0.7 6 0.68 0.6: 0.11 0.69 0.61 0.11 0.70 0.61 0.78 0.70 0.6J
8 0.12 0.64 0.i8 0.7 2 0.65 0.i9 0.73 0.65 0.59 0.11 0.66 0.59
10 0.69 0.61 0.i6 0.69 0.61 0.56 0.70 0.62 0.56 0.70 0.63 0.57

PE cables I 1.01 r.02 0.99 r.06 1.05 1.00 Lt0 t.07 1.01 1.11 1.09 r.0l
6/10 ro 18 i0 kv ) 0.9 5 0.90 0.S.1 0.98 0.91 0.8 5 l.00 0.91 0.s6 L02 0.94 0.87
0.88 0.80 0.'t1 0.89 0.82 0.75 0.90 0.82 0.76 0.92 0.33 0.76
0.81 0.75 0.69 0.8.1 o.i 6 0.70 0.si 0.17 0.70 0.s6 0.78 0.71

5 0.79 0.7l 0.6i 0.s0 0.1) 0.66 0.30 0.71 0.66 0.s2 0.71 0.67
6 0.7 6 0.63 0.61 0.11 0.69 0.63 0.71 0.70 0.6l 0.78 0.70 0.6J
8 0.12 0.6.1 0.53 0.71 0.65 0.59 0.7i 0.65 0. i9 0.7.1 0.66 0. i9
10 0.69 0.6 r 0.,i6 0.69 0.61 0.56 0.70 0.62 0.56 0.70 0.61 0.57

PVC cables I 1.01 r.02 0.99 1.0.1 r.05 1.00 1.07 r.06 1.01 1.1 I 1.08 l.0l
0.6/1 to 6 10 kV 2 0.9-l 0.89 0.s4 0.97 0.91 0.s5 0.99 0.91 0.s6 1.01 0.93 0.87
3 0.86 0.79 0.7.1 0.89 0.81 0.7 5 0.90 0.83 0.76 0.91 0.83 0.7'l
0.82 0.75 0.69 0.84 0.76 0.70 0.&5 0.1'l 0.71 0.86 0.78 0.7'l

5 0.73 0.71 0.65 0.80 0.11 0.66 0.s0 0.71 0.66 0.81
6 0.7 5 0.68 0.61 0.77 0.69 0.63 0.17 0.70 0.64 0.78 0.70 0.64
8 0.71 0.64 0.58 0.^12 0.65 0.59 0.73 0.65 0.59 0.73 0.66 0.60
t0 0.68 0.61 0.5-i 0.69 0.62 0.56 0.69 0.62 0.56 0.70 0.63 0.57

Mass-impreg4ated 1 0.94 0.95 0.97 0.99 0.99 r.00 1.06 1.04 r.01 r.l5 r.08 1.02
cables 2 0.88 0.88 0.8.1 0.93 0.91 0.85 0.97 0.92 0.86 r.01 0.93 0.67
0.6/l lo 18r30 kV 3 0.8.1 0.79 0.7.1 0.87 0.8r 0.7 5 0.90 0.82 0.76 0.91 0.83 0.76
0.82 0.69 0.84 0.76 0.70 0.85 0.7'l 0.71 0.86 0.78 0.11

5 0.78 0.70 0.65 0.79 o.'12 0.6i 0.80 0.73 0.66 0.31 0.73 0.61
6 0.7i 0.68 0.62 0.76 0.69 0.63 0.'11 0.70 0.63 0.78 0.70 0.64
0.71 0.64 0.58 0.72 0.64 0.58 0.72 0.65 0. -i9 0.73 0.66 0.59
10 0.68 0.6 r 0.5 5 0.69 0.61 0.56 0.69 0.62 0.56 0.70 0.62 0.56

Load factor Load fac(or Load factor Load factor

0.85 1.0 0.8 5 1.0 0.85 1.0 0.85 1.0

All types of I 0.93 0.87 0.93 0.87 0.94 0.87 0.94 0.87
construclron 2 0.'71 0.71 0.7'l 0.? l 0;t'l 0.11 0.78 0.?r
3 0.67 0.61 0.67 0.6r 0.68 0.61 0.68 0.61
0.62 0.56 0.62 0.55 0.62 0.56 0.63 0.56

5 0.58 0.52 0.58 0.52 0.58 0.52 0.59 0.52

0.55 0.50 0.55 0.50 0.56 0.50 0.56 0.50
8 0.51 0.46 0.52 0.46 0.52 0.46 0.52 0.46
10 0.49 0.44 0.49 0.44 0.49 0.44 0.49 0.44

172
 Ratine Factor /. tbr lnstallation in Ground lli.2

Table 18.18 Rating llctor/. for installation in ground.

Sinsle-core cables in three-phase s1-stem. bunched 25cm I

T;"pe of Numbcr Soil-thcrmal rcsisnritv

construction oI
systems 0.7 KmlW 1.0 Km W I.5 KmTW 2.5 KrnTW

Load factor Load factor Load fJctor Loird factor

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.7

XLPE cables l L09 1.0.+ 0.99 l.tI 1.05 1.00 l.l 3 t.0'1 l.0l | .17 1.09 r.0l
0.611 !o i3ij0 kV 2 1 .01 0.9.1 0.39 r.02 0.9i 0.39 t.0.1 0.97 0.90 l.06 0.98 0.91
l 0.9,1 0.37 0.31 0.9 5 0.3s 0.31 0.97 0.39 0.3: 0.99 0.90 0.31
.l 0.91 0.31 0.73 0.91 0. s.l 0.73 0.91 0.s5 0.79 0.95 0.36 0.;9

5 0.33 0.30 0.7J 0.39 0.s 1 0.75 0.90 0.32 0.7 5 0.91 0.3i 0.:6
6 0.36 0.79 0.1? 0.3 7 0.19 0.7 3 0. s8 0.30 0.71 0.39 0.s I 0.tl
3 0.s.1 0.76 0.;0 0.s-l 0.76 0.70 0.s5 0.11 0.70 0.8fi 0.18 0.:l
t0 0.31 0.7-l 0.63 0.31 0. i.l 0.63 0.31 0.7 i 0.68 0.31 0.76 0.69

PE cables 1 1.01 1.0? 0.99 1.06 1.0i 1.00 l. t0 |.01 r.01 l.li t.09 r.0l
ro 13,30 kV l 0.97 0.91 0.89 r.00 0.9 i 0.39 L0l 0.97 0.90 t.06 0.93 0.91
i- 3 0.91 0.37 0.s l 0.9 5 0.3s 0.3l 0.97 0. s9 0.sl 0.99 0.90 0.3.1
-l 0.9t 0.3.1 0.73 0.91 0.s.1 0.r3 0.9i 0.3 5 0.79 0.9 5 0.s6 0.:9
5 0.33 0.30 0.7J 0.39 0.sr 0.;5 0.90 0.32 0.75 0.91 0.3 i 0.;6
6 0.36 0.79 0.7: 0.37 0.;9 0.7l 0.33 0.s0 0.7i 0.89 0.3 | 0.:.1
3 0. si 0.76 0.;0 0.3.1 0.;6 0.;0 0.3 5 0.7'l 0.70 0.36 0.73 0.tI
r0 0.31 0.7.1 0.63 0.32 0.71 0.68 0.31 0.75 0.63 0.sl 0.7 6 0.69

PVC cables I l.0l 1.02 0.99 1.0.1 r.05 I.00 1.07 t.06 1.01 l.t1 r.03 l.0l
0.6i I to 6i 10 kv 2 0.97 0.95 0.39 1.00 0.96 0.90 r.0.1 0.91 0.91 1.06 0.98 0.91
3 0.94 0.33 0.3l 0.9? 0.33 0.3: 0.97 0.39 0.El 0.98 0.90 0.sJ
4 0.9r 0.31 0. r3 0.92 0.s5 0.79 0.93 0. s6 0-79 0.95 0.37 0.30

5 0.38 0.81 0.7 5 0.39 0.82 0.16 0.90 0.32 0.76 0.91 0.83 0.17
6 0.36 0.79 0.73 0.37 0.30 0.7.1 0.38 0.81 0.74 0.89 0.31 0.i5
8 0.83 0.76 0.70 0.3.1 0_17 0.71 0.35 0.73 0.7 | 0.36 0.78 0.12
r0 0.32 0.15 0.69 0.8: 0.75 0.69 0.83 0.76 0.69 0.8+ 0.76 0.70

Mass-impreenated I 0.9,1 0.95 0.91 0.99 0.99 r.00 l.06 1.0.1 t.0l 1 .15 t.03 r.02
'les 2 0.90 0.91 0.33 0.9i 0.9.1 0.39 r.00 0.96 0.39 r.05 0.91 0.90
tre 1 ro 18i30 kV 3 0.37 0.36 0.30 0.91 0.37 0.3l 0.95 0.33 0.3r 0.97 0.39 0.32
:l 0.36 0.32 0.76 0.39 0.83 0.77 0.91 0.33 0.77 0.92 0.3.1 0.73

5 0.84 0.79 0.73 0.86 0.79 0.73 0.37 0.30 0.73 0.39 0.31 0.7.1
6 0.8 3 0.71 0.71 0.34 0.i7 0.7 r 0.35 0.78 0.7 r 0.86 0.73 0.72
8 0.30 0.71 0.67 0.81 0.11 0.68 0.82 0.7 4 0.68 0.33 0.75 0.68
10 0.78 0.71 0.65 0.79 0.71 0.65 0.80 0.'12 0.66 0.31 0.73 0.66

Load factor Load lactor Load factor Load lactor

0.85 1.0 0.85 l_0 0.85 1.0 0.85 1.0

Alle typcs of I 0.93 0.87 0.93 0.37 0.94 0.87 0.94 0.87
constructiou 2 0.32 0.15 0.82 0.75 0.82 0.75 0.83 u.t)
3 0.74 0.67 o.74 0.67 0."14 0.67 0.14 o.67
0.70 o.64 0.70 0.64 0.70 0.64 0.71 0.&
5 0.67 0.60 o.67 0.60 0.67 0.60 0.67 0.60
o 0.65 0.59 0.65 0.59 0.65 0.59 0.65 0.59
8 0.62 0.56 0.62 0.56 0.62 0.56 0.62 0.56
10 0.60 0.54 0.60 0.54 0.61 0.54 0.61 0.54

tt)
 18 Currcnt-Carrying Capacrty in Normal Opcration

oooooo
Table 18.19 Rating factor/r for installation in eround.
Single-core cables in three-phase systems side by side
--?g'
All Clcaranccs 7 cm

Type of Number of Soil-(hermal rcsisti\it!

con5truction s,vstcms
0.7 Km/w 1.0 Km/w 1.5 Kmi w 1.5 KmlW

Load factor Load factor Load factor Load lactor

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.'l

XLPE cables 1 1.08 r.05 0.99 1.01 1.00 I .18 1.09 1.01 Ll9 l.1l 1.03
0.6/ 1 to 18130 kv 2 1.01 0.9 3 0.86 r.03 0.94 0.87 1.05 0.9 5 0.88 r.06 0.96 0.38
0.92 0.34 0.i1 0.93 0.85 0.'17 0.9i 0.86 0.78 0.96 0.36 0.79
0.8 8 0.80 0.73 0.89 0.80 0.73 0.90 0.81 0.7-l 0.91 0.8: 0.?1

5 0.84 0.76 0.69 0.3 i 0.71 0.70 0.87 0.78 0.,'-0 0.87 0.78 0.t1
6 0.82 0.71 0.67 0.81 0.75 0.68 0.34 0.75 0.68 0.3i 0.16 0.69
8 0.79 0.7l 0.64 0.80 0.7 | 0.6i 0.81 0.71 0.65 0.3 r 0.7 2 0.65
I t0 0.7'l 0.69 0.61 0.73 0.69 0.6i 0.78 0.70 0.6.1 0.i9 0.70 0.6i

PE cables I 0.98 0.93 0.99 1.04 1.01 r.00 l.l I 1.0'l 1.01 1.19 t.r1 1.01
6110 to 13,30 kV 2 0.9 3 0_92 0.s6 0.98 0.9.1 0.37 r.02 0.95 0.s7 1.06 0.96 0.s8
3 0.89 0.34 0.77 0.93 0.85 0.71 0.9 5 0.86 0.73 0.96 0.86 0.70
.1 0. s7 0.30 0.t3 0.89 0.s0 0.7l 0.90 0.8 r 0.7.1 0.91 0.8l 0 7._
5 0.84 0.76 0.69 0.3i 0.1'l 0.70 0.s6 o.'t'l 0.r0 0. s7 0.78 0.7 r

6 0.81 0.71 0.67 0.33 0.7 5 0.68 0.s.1 0.7 5 0.6s 0.3 i 0.76 0.69
6 0.79 0.71 0.61 0.30 0.71 0.65 0.8 r 0.7l 0.65 0.31 0.7: 0.6i
t0 0.77 0.69 0.61 0.73 0.69 0.63 0.78 0.70 0.63 0.79 0.70 0.61

PVC cablcs I 0.96 0.9'l 0.98 1.01 1.01 1.00 t.07 r .05 1.01 1.16 Lt0 1.01
0.6/1 ro 6, 10 kV l 0.91 0.89 0. s6 0.96 0.94 0.3 7 1.00 0.9 5 0.88 1.05 0.97 0.39
3 0.88 0.84 0. t'7 0.91 0.85 0.78 0.95 0.86 0.19 0.96 0.8 7 0.79
0.86 0.80 0.7i 0.89 0.8 r 0.11 0.90 0.82 0.74 0.91 0.8 2 0.75

5 0.84 0.16 0.;0 0.85 0.11 0.?0 0.87 0.78 0.71 0.87 0.19 0.'71
6 0.82 o.74 0.68 0.83 0.7 5 0.68 0.84 0.76 0.69 0.8 i 0.76 0.69
8 0.19 0.7 t 0.65 0.80 0.7 2 0.65 0.81 0.72 0.65 0.81 0. i3 0.66
t0 0.'l'l 0.69 0.63 0, ?8 0.70 0.63 0.19 0.70 0.63 0.79 0.7 | 0.61

Mass.impregnated I 0.93 0.94 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.09 1.06 r.01 1. t9 r .10 r.03
cables 2 0.89 0.89 0.E6 0.95 0.93 0.8? 1.01 0.95 0.88 1.05 0.91 0.89
0.6/1 to 18/30 kV 3 0.86 0.84 0.1'l 0.90 0.85 0.78 0.95 0.86 0.19 0.96 0.87 0.79
0.84 0.80 0.73 0.88 0.81 0.7,1 0.9r 0.82 0.7.1 0.91 0.81 0.75

5 0.8 2 o.71 0.70 0.86 0.71 0.70 0.87 0.78 0.7 r 0.87 0.19 0.71
6 0.81 0.'l4 0.68 0.83 0.75 0.68 0.85 0.16 0.69 0.85 0.76 0.6.
8 0.78 0.71 0.65 0.80 0.'12 0.65 0.3 r 0.?3 0.66 0.82 0.73
10 0.77 0.69 0.63 0.78 0.70 0.63 0.79 0.70 0.64 0.79 0.71 0.6.+

Load fac(or Load factor Load factor Load factor

0.85 1.0 0.85 1.0 0.85 1.0 0.85 1.0

AII typcs of 1 0.91 0.85 0.92 0.85 0.92 0.85 0.93 0.85
constnrction 2 0.77 0.71 0.78 0.11 0.78 0.71 0.'19 0.71
3 0.69 0.62 0.69 0.62 0.69 o.62 0.69 0.62
0.65 0.58 0.65 0.58 0.65 0.58 0.65 0.58
5 0.61 0.55 0.6 r 0.55 0.62 0.55 0.62 0.55
6 0.59 0.53 0.60 0.53 0.50 0.53 0.60 0.53
8 0.57 0.51 0.57 0.51 0.57 0.51 0.57 0.51
l0 0.55 0.49 0.55 0.49 0.55 0.49 0.55 0.49

174
 -Ratinrr Factor L for lnstallation in Ground 18.2

Table 18,20 Rating factor/r lbr installation in -sround. v \-/

Three-corc rr cablcs in three-phase s!stems I 7cn

Type Numbe r Soil-thermal resisti\ it)'

of construction oI
cables 0.7 Km,W 1.0 Krn.W 1.5 Km,W 2.5 Km,W

Load lactor Load factor Load factor Load facror

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.7

XLPE cables:) 1 1.02 1.03 0.99 1.06 1.0i r.00 1 .09 r.06 l.0t t.tI 1.07 1.02
0.6i I and 6110 kV 2 0.9 5 0.39 0.3J 0.98 0.9r 0.35 0.99 0.92 0.86 1.01 0.94 0.s7
l 0. s6 0.80 0.71 0.39 0.s1 0.7 5 0.90 0.31 0.71 0.92 0.8.r 0.i1
+ 0.3l 0.75 0.69 0.3.1 0.;6 0.70 0.85 0.73 0.7 r 0.36 0.73 0.;:
5 0.73 0.71 0.6 5 0.30 0.7: 0.66 0.31 0.7 3 0.61 0.31 0.7l 0.67
6 0.7i 0.68 0.6i 0.77 0.69 0.63 0.73 0.70 0.6.r 0.79 0.71 0.6i
8 0.71 0.6.1 0.i9 0.71 0.65 0. i9 0.7 i 0.66 0.60 0.11 0.66 0.60
l0 0.63 0.61 0.56 0.69 0.61 0.56 0.70 0.61 0.57 0.71 0.61 u._ /

PE cirbles I 0.99 r.00 0.99 l.0l r.0l r.00 1.08 :.06 1.01 1.03 l.0l
2 0.91 0.39 0.3+ 0.96 0.91 0.3 5 0.99 0.92 0.36 l.0l 0.9.1 0.3 7
I 3 0.3 5 0.30 0.7.1 0.39 0.3 r 0.7 5 0.90 0.33 0.1'l 0.9: 0.31 0.i'7
4 0.8: 0.75 0.69 0.3J 0.;6 0.t0 0.35 0. /-3 0.71 0.36 0.73 0. i:
j 0.78 0.7 r 0.65 0.80 0.l: 0.66 0.31 0.71 0_61 0.3: 0. ?.1 0.67
6 0.7 5 0.63 0.63 0.7'l 0.69 0.6-l 0.73 0.70 0.61 0.79 0.71 0.6,i
3 0.71 0.6.r 0.i9 0.71 0.65 0.i9 0.7 i 0.66 0.60 0.71 0.66 0.60
10 0.63 0.61 0.-<6 0.69 0.61 0.56 0.70 0.63 0.57 0.71 0.6i 0.-i7

PVC cubles r' I 0.91 0.92 0.9.1 0.97 0.97 1.00 l 0+ r.0l 1.01 t.tJ 1.07 1.0:
0.6i I and 3.616 kv 2 0.36 0.87 0.3 5 0.91 0.90 0.36 0.97 0.93 0.87 1.01 0.94 0.38
l 0.32 0.30 0.7i 0.E6 0.31 0.76 0.91 0.El 0.77 0.92 0.34 0.73
4 0.30 0.76 0.70 0.3.1 0.11 0.71 0.36 0.7s 0.72 0.37 0.19 0.71
5 0.78 0.'t2 0.66 0.31 0.73 0.67 0.31 0.71 0.68 0.32 0.75 0.68
6 0.'t 6 0.69 0.6{ 0.77 0.70 0.6.1 0.73 0.7 | 0.65 0.79 0.72 0.65
8 0.12 0.65 0.59 0.73 0.66 0.60 0.74 0.67 0.61 0.75 0.67 0.61
10 0.69 0.62 0.57 0.70 0.63 0.5 7 0.71 0.6.+ 0.53 0.7 r 0.64 0.i3

Mass-impregnated 1 0.94 0.95 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.06 1.05 l.0l I.07 1.02
cables: 2 0.89 0.89 0.35 0.94 0.92 0.86 0.99 0.93 0.87 1.01 0.94 0.38
ted cables 3 0.84 0.31 0.76 0.39 0.31 0.7'7 0.9r 0.31 0.73 0.92 0.35 0.79
U{l;3.6i6kv I 0.82 0.'t'l 0.71 0.35 0.73 0.12 0.36 0.19 0.73 0.37 0.E0 0.71
. caoles
5 0.30 0.73 0.67 0.E1 0.7.r 0.63 0.82 0.75 0.69 0.83 0.76 0.69
3.6i6; 6i 10 kv
6 0.1'7 0.70 0.65 0.79 0.7 | 0.65 0.19 0.12 0.66 0.30 0.73 0.66
8 0.73 0.66 0.61 0.74 0.6'l 0.61 0.75 0.68 0.62 0.75 0.68 0.62
t0 0.70 0.63 0.53 0.71 0.64 0.58 0.72 0.65 0.59 0.72 u.o) 0.59

Load factor Load factor Load factor Load facror

0-85 1.0 0.85 1.0 0.85 1.0 0.85 1.0

All types of I 0.94 0.89 0.94 0.89 0.94 0.89 0.95 0.89
construction:) 2 0.71 o.72 0.78 0.72 0.78 0.'72 o.79 0.72
3 0.68 o.62 0.68 0.62 0.69 0.62 0.69 0.62
0.63 0.57 0.63 0.57 0.63 0.57 0.64 0.57
5 0.59 0.53 0.59 0.53 0.59 0.53 0.60 0.53
o 0.56 0.51 0.56 0.51 0.57 0.51 0.57 0.51
8 0.52 o.47 0.52 0.47 0.52 0.47 0.53 0.47
10 0.49 0.44 0.50 0.44 0.50 0.44 0.50 0.44
tr [u 3 phasc srstsn: .he:e :,,anrilie5 .]'' 1;.j i_.r.3bl:s ,).6/1 k./ ri! : J or 5 ccDductcil
'' Io d.c. systehs Lnc qu:rouues aiso rppry for singleiorc cabla fo! 0.6/ t kV

175
 l8 Cu rrcnt-Cerrying Capacity in Normal Opcration

Table 18.21 Rating factort for installation in ground.

A /\
!. t, t. .,
,,-n
(. .,

Three-core cables in three-phase systems 7cm

Tl pe of Number Soil-thermal resislivit!

con5trucl,on of
cables 0.7 KmlW 1.0 Km W 1.5 Km,W 2.5 Km;W

Load factor Load factor Load factor Load factor

0.5 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.7

D I 0.90 0.99
PVC cables 0.6/1 kV 0.91 0.93 0.98 1.00 1.05 1.04 1.01 1.09 1.04
PVC cablcs 6/10 kV 2 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.93 0.92 0.89 0.98 0.95 0.90 1.01 0.96 0.90
Mass-imprcgnated- 0.80 0.79 0.78 0.87 0.36 0.80 0.93 0.86 0.80 0.95 0.87 0.81
belted cables 6/10 kV 0.77 0.71 0.14 0.35 0.81 0.75 0.89 0.82 0.75 0.90 0.32 0.76

H-cables 6/10 to 5 0.75 0.75 0.70 0.84 0.71 0.71 0.8 5 0.i7 0.71 0.36 0.78 0.7:
18730 kV and 6 0.71 0.'t3 0.67 0.81 0.71 0.68 0.8 2 0.63 0.81 0.75 0.69
Mass-impreganated 3 0_73 0.69 0.63 0.11 0.70 0.6.1 0.77 0.70 0.6.1 0.73 0.11 0.6.1
S.L. cables l0 0.71 0.66 0.60 0.14 0.67 0.61 0.74 0.67 0.61 0.75 0.67 0.61
I 12r20 and
13j30 kv

Load factor Load facror Load faclor Load lactor

0.8 5 1.0 0.8 i 1.0 0.s5 1.0 0.s i 1.0

All t)pes of I 0.96 0.91 0.96 0.91 0.97 0.91 0.97 0.91
constfuction 2 0.31 0.76 0.3: 0.76 0.8: 0.76 0.32 0.76
l 0.12 0.66 0.71 0.66 0.73 0.66 0.73 0.66
4 0.61 0.61 0.67 0.61 0.68 0.61 0.68 0.61

5 0.63 0.57 0.61 0.i7 0.63 0. i7 0.64 0.5?

6 0.60 0.55 0.60 0.55 0.61 0.55 0.61 0.55
8 0.56 0.51 0.56 0.51 0.i 7 0.51 0.57 0.51
10 0.51 0.,18 0.54 0.r3 0.54 0.48 0.,s4 0.48

'r Tuo- and lhrec{ore PVC cabics for L'o,U=0.6t1kV in singlc-phasc a.c. and in d.c. slstcms

.l /o
 Rating Factors for Differing Air Temperrturcs 18.2

Tabelle 18.22
Rxting facrors /; for differing lir temperatures

T1-pe of Pcrmissible Pcrmissible Arr temperatuae

construction conductor temperature ro"c I 15.c l:0"c l?s"c ljo.c ll5.c l10"c I rs.c
tempcrature rise l_.0"c
'c K Ratins factor

XLPE cables 90 l.t5 1.1: 1.03 1.04 1.0 0.96 0.91 0.3 7 0.32

PE- and
PvC cables 70 r.tl Ll; l.l2 1.06 t.0 0.9.1 0.37 0.19 0.71

I{ass-rmpregnated
cable5
Belted cablcs
'r.6,1 to 1.6,6 kV 80 )) r.05 r.0i r.05 1.0_i 1.0 0.95 0.39 0.31 0.;7
, r0 kv 65 .15 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.93 0.3 5 0.76 D.65
Singlc-core.
S.L. and H-cables
\0.6i I ro 3.6,6 kV
.,10 kv
80
'70
l) 1.05 1.0-i r.05 1.0i 1.0 0.95 0.89 0.31 0. t''l
1.06 r.06 r.06 r.06 t.0 0.91 0.37 o.i9 0.;l
-.:,:0 kv 65 l5 1.0 t.0 1.0 r.0 t.0 0.93 0.35 0.76 0.5i
13,30 kv 60 l0 |.0 t.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.91 0.3l 0.71 0.-r s

171
l8 C urrcn t-Carryi4g Capacrtf in Nornral Opcration

Table t 8.23 Rating factors.[1 for groups in air '

).

Singie-core cabies in three-phase syslems

Arrange- Numbcr Inst allcd in one planc Inst allation irt huncltcs
ment of cablc Clcarance : cable diamctcr r/ Clcarancc = 2rl
of fays or distance from wall > 2 cm distance from wall > 2 cm
cables cable
racks Number Number
of systems of systems

I ) l I ) 3

On the .zcrn d d 22ctn 2d Zd

fioor t^ Ir.r 6\ r:\
0.91 0.39 0.88 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
L!Z--9--2-t:--Sl-Sl- 0.9 5 0.90 0. s8 loa 3n 6ri

On 22.!t1 2d 20
cable 1 0.9l 0.89 0.88 0.95 0.90 0.88
lcr /i rn
tra\s r---T
1 0 87 0.84 0.83 0.90 0.8 5 0.83
I *it\ -+r /:vl ;r
0.8.1 0 81 0.81 0.88 0.8 3 0.E1
l6ir ni 6a)

o 0.8l 0.80 0.79 0.s6 0.s1 0.19

On zd
-:91 _2d
cable r .00 0.97 0.96 1.00 0.98 0.96
1
lra 6\
lnii rlai
,a
rfi!
racks
) 0.91 0.94 0.93 I .00 0.95 0.93
,l sl

l 0.96 0.93 0.92 1 .00 0.94 0.92 "|&__e__e-Ei

IAA-o.
1

_,r*?_ _r1,9J
F:rl_
6 0.94 0.91 0.90 1 .00 0.91 0.90

On supporls 'lo
or on the
:2-, .ltrJ
.11
1Lr
wall
0.94 0.91 0.89 (9_!L
^l
0.89 0.86 0.84 sr
:1
I r:\
,EO

Arrangement for
which a reduction
is not required r)
ln installations in one plane $'ith increased
clearance the increased sheath or screen
losses counteract the otherwise reduced
-ll;
=2cm
.4d
^r-l;l-
2d

temperature rise. ,€o____@____ap,:

1,rt r.r
r.r €l
Therefore indications as to reduction-free
arranqements cannot be made here. 1@____@____mdr
4 ):L !l- -!-
}\: :/_ _ _-\:1r:, __ __sagJ

t' Io cotrfined spaccs cr \{hcrc much grouoing occurs the iosscJ of thc cabies increasc the aia tcmp€raLure snd thtrcforc addiaional raling fictors for
diffcriog air lcmprrarures tiom Tablc lE-:: mus! bc applicd

178
 Rating Factors for Croups in Air 18.2

Table 18.2{ Rating factors/11 for groups in air "'

\lulti-core cables and single-core cubles in d.c. sy"stcms

Arrrnge- Clcilrlnce: cable diamcter r/ Side by side rvithout clcarancc

-vumbcr
menl ol distance from rvcll > 2 cm lnd touching wall
of cables cable
cables I rll-s
or Number of Number of
cable cables caoles
mck5
I l 6 l 6 9

On the
IIoor
lr.v\,n
0.9 5 0.90 0.s3 0.3 5 0.31 0.90 0.3:1 0.30 0.75 0.71 N-^.U-Z-
{'

On
0.9i 0.sl
:ry
I
0.90 0. s3 0.35 0.3-l 0.9-i 0.30 0.75 0_73
!1-w.v\-rv:v--v: Ri
0.90 0.s5 0.31 0.31 0.80 0.9 5 0.30 0.16 0.7l 0.69 F
I
-?\.:rs-?\.:s-:N.:s.:r-1rl

J 0.3s 0.3l 0.s r 0.79 0.78 0.f-i 0.7s 0.71 0.70 0.63
{

6 0.36 0.31 0.;9 0.7'1 0.76 0.9 5 0.76 0.72 0.68 0.66

On
:Jy dd l-,'v.vrv-..vrr.rvrvryi
*g
f**
-

r;
cable r.00 0.98 0.96 0.91 0.92 ,ti I 0.95 0.8.1 0.s0 0.75 0_71
,liA cr i3l
i
racks
) 1.00 0.95 0.93 0.90 0.39 -i 0.9 5 0.30 0.76 0.71 0.69
4
k Yry.rv.'v.vn,?vi',7n i<L

3 L00 0.9.1 0.91 0.39 0.88

i:-^--
He_rsr_\.2._J
0.95 0.7s 0.74 0.70 0.68
:)
F-&S:-\JSA2. -- - J
6 1.00 0.93 0.90 0.87 0.86 0.95 0.76 0.7l 0.68 0.66

supports
-.l:sr ,l^
or on the ]'(1 i :|)K
.,all :tx
1.00 0.91 0.90 0.87 0.86 26; 0,95 0.78 0.7.1 0.68 0.66
|--l
:)
6-\
'l2i
.l\-t .r"

Arrangemcnt for Number ofcables Number of cables >2cm

which a reduction
is not requircd r)
arrang€d abo$e each
other is nol .estricted
arranged side by side
is not restricted T. -r-E-
.22d

+Yr---v'---Fr--.=l.
d

fe---e---e--51
+a__-@---@--.

::-.rna:idspaccs.:?hcr.nuchgroupingoccuGlhe:osscsofthEc.tblca:ncrcas.lhcairrcmpemturclodlhereforcddirional r3dDg fac(o6 for

olllenog air tcmpcrarurcs faor! Iublc 18.22 musr bc applied

179
l8 Current-Carrying Capacity in Norn:al Operation

Table 18.25 18.2.4 Use of Tables

Rating factorsr), multi-core cables with conductor
cross-sectional area of 1.5 to l0 mm2. Installation in If the transmitted power is knorvn the operalinq cur-
eround or in air rent 1b (loading) can be calculated using the equations
from Table 18.26 where Uo is the operating voltage
Number of Ioaded lnstalled in of the network and cos co the oower factor.
cores
Air

5 0.70 0.75
7 0.60 0.65 Table 18.25
10 0.50 0.55 Equations for the calculation of operating current /o
0.45 0.50 from the transmitted power
t9 0.40 0..15
1A 0.35 0..10 Type of Apparen t Active Reactive
0.30 0.35
Network Power S Power P Power Q
var
0.25 0.i0
5'Thcse facrors arc to bc applied to ratings in Tablc 18.5. multi-corc cables P
in rhc ground and to ratings in Tablc 18.6. multicore cabl€s in air. Direct current II
bolh in 3-phasc operation

Single-phase s P a
a.c. tl U" cos,/ Uo sin g

s r
Three phase =o-
V3un I J L hsln q4

From the 24 hour day load diagram and as referred

to in Sections 18.1 and 18.2.3 the maximum load is
also the operating current /0. Where the installation
is to be in ground the 24 hour load diagram is to
be used to determine the load factor nr. Where the
installation is to be in air this is not required.

\/
Example l8.l
. In a three-phase network with Ub= l0 kV an ap-
parent power of l0 MVA is to be transmitted. The
operating current /b is determined from

f-
s 10 x 106 vA
= 577 A.
V)vt fxl0x103V
From the 24 hour load diagram (Fig. 18.6) with the
maximum load equal to operating current I6-- 577 A,
the average load is first calculated. This is done by
taking the area below the load curve plotted from
current and time values and calculating an average
value over the 24 hour period:

180
 Calculation of Load CapacitY 18.3

-100 -\ + 160 A 260A+577A 577 A+400 A .100 A +450 A 450 A+300 A

+h +-l h l
+-+ h
= +01 .{.

o The load capacity of two cables

From this the load lactor becomes ,' = 9=
J/l
O.t.
NA2XSzY 3 x 185 SE/25 6i l0 kV
Load

577 is required to be determined when installed in ducts

500 under the following operating conditions:

400 Load factor m= 1.0

Soil-thermal resistivity Qs = 1.5 Km/W.
300
Ground temperature 9E : 30 oC.
-10
The rating factors for these conditions:
r00
from Table 18.15 li =0.81.
and for trvo cables from Table 18.20 l:.=0.72.
4 8 12 16 20 Hours 24
for laying in pipe from Table I 8.2 /R = 0.35.
Time-=_
Fig. 18.6 Schematic daily load diagram The load capacity per cable becomes

o The calculated operlring current /o:577 A rvith I ,= I ,nJ'= 1.17 x 0.8 I x 0.72 x 0.3 5: 172 A.

the load factor nr:0.7 is to be transmitted using

XLPE cables type

NA2XS2Y 3 x .../... 6110 kv

under the specified operating conditions in Ta-
ble 18.2. From Part 2, Table 5.6:5 it is found that the
largest cross-sectional area is not sufficient to carry 18.3 Calculation of Load Capacity
577 A: therefore 2 cables in parallel are required:
A cable is heated by losses generated by current in
For gr= KmAV and nr:0.7, the rating factor
1.0 the conductors and, when on a,c., by losses generated
r.om Table 18.15:/, = 1.6, in the metal coverings as well as by dielectric losses
_.'lr 2 cables, the group
- rating factor from Ta- in the insulation. The dielectric losses can be ignored,
t 1g.20, f.:0.85. however, in PVC cables up to Uo/[.r = 3.5i6 kv, in
In order ,o rnut. a direct comparison with the tabu- mass-impregnated cables up to Uolu = 18i30 kV and
r"ted currents I. the calculation is made with a Iicti- in cables with PE or XLPE insulation up to U olU
.-.rus value of operating current /br. With N:2 paral- = 6ai 1 10 kV. Under steady-state conditions the dissi-
lel connected cables pated heat is equal to the sum of all losses in the
cable. Heat losses are conducted to the surface of
Jt/ a cable and thence, when a cable is in air, transmitted
'br - .,\i n/ 2x1.0x0.85 = 339 A per cable to the ambient by convection and radiation (Sec-
tion 18.4.2). Where a cable is installed in the ground,
(where fI/ is the product of all relevant rating fac- the heat loss is conducted from the cable surface
tors). through the surrounding soil to the atmosphere (Sec-
tion 18.4.3). The difference between conductor tem-
From Part 2, Table 5.6.5 two cables with A.luminium perature and ambient temperature is approximately
conductors and a cross-sectional area of 185 mm2 proportional to the total losses. The law of heat flow
will be adequate. is analogous to Ohm's law, where the heat flow @
The load capacity for one cable is: corresponds to electric current I, the temperature dif-
' ':ce 4 ^ --rresr.."'1" to ''-llrge dit::ene lr ^
I.: I,ttf:347 x 1.0 x 0.85- 295 A. the lotal thermal resistance 2. ./ corresponds ao elestn-

181
 l8 Current-Carry ing Capacitl in Normal Operarion

cal resistance R thus: in the analogy by currents ied in at appropriate

points. Due to these losses the conductor temperature
fro m U: IR 3'- is increased by A3. and the surface temperature
the analog)' A3.=rP1;r ( 18.r)
of the cable So is increased by A3o relative to the
The heat florv @ (losses) is the sum of the heat losses ambient temperature 9u.
Pi attributed to load current and the losses Pi related
For a cable with current flowins in n conductors the
to the supply voltage. For heat to be transferred from
losses due to current are
its place of origin to the ambient it must overcome
the thermal resistance ( of the cable and the thermal P'i: n I2 R*, (18.3)
resistance d to the ambienr. In considering heat
transfer from a cable surface to the ambient 7l may and the dielectric losses (see Section 22) are
be the thermal resistance of the air 7i' or the thermal
resistance of the ground 7i. / II \:
P;=nuc'b\f3) tan a. (l 8.1)
Using the analogy between the florv of heat and the
. flo*' of electric current (Equation 18.2) an aquivalent
The effective resistance (a.c. resistance) R! (see Sec-
, :ircuit dia.gram can be dra*n (Fig. 18.7) for heat tion 20) is practically constant at the permissible op-
losses flou inq from a cable and the resulting temoera-
erating temperature and can be expressed by the
ture rises produced. Heat transfer by radiation and
equatron
convecrion from a cable installed in free air is repre-
sented by two resistors connected in parallel u'ith
,.'each R*. = Ri, + A R' = I +r',-:i +i. +i,:) ( 3V
R.:,( o)( I r I
other but in series rvith the thermal resistances
of the cable. When installed in the ground the tl'o rvhilst the d.c. resistance at permissible operating tenr-
resistors are replaced by a single resistor being the peratu re 3.. is
soil-thermal resistance.
R'"= R':o Il + r.o (J1. _ l0)]. ( r8.6)
The heat losses Pj which are related to load current
arise in the conductor, in the metal parts and in the and the additional resistance is
armour, rvhereas the dielectric heat losses P! are gen-
erated in the insulation. These losses are reoresented AR',:R;.-R; (18.7)

Conductor ienperature Conductor lempetature

Conductor losses Condunor losses

0ielecrric Thermal resistance Thernral resislance

ol insularion lr'l, of insulation Iiin
Sheath losses Sheath losses

Ihermal resislancc oi Thermal resistance ol

inner Iayers Il inner layers fj
Ar,'rour iosses Amour iosses

Thermal resistance Thermal resistance

oi ourer shearhs Ij oi outer shearhs fj

Thermal resistances
corresponding ro Thelmal resistance,
convecfl0n ano of the ground Ij
radiation I;

du Toral losses P,'+ PJ Toral losses P,'+ Pj Fig. 18.7

Ambient lemperature Ambienl temperalure Equivalent circuit
for heat flow
a) Cable in free air b) Cable in ground in a cable

182

giving ameasurable rise in conductor resistance
caused by current dependant a.c. losses. These losses
lrise in each conductor due to skin effect and proxim-
ity eifect (-v. and.r,,) and by induction and eddy cur-
rents in the metal sheath (,i,) as well as by eddy cur-
rents and mxgnetic reversal in the armour (1..). If
these factors are incorporated in equation 18.2 for
rhe temperature rise of each conductor the following
.^"" rinn r nnlicc'
LlL=lrz Rr+ejlf ri+
+urR;(l +)-,)+Pol rrlj+
+ U'r R;( I + ). | + ).2) + P',r)n( Tj
:lne
actual thermal resistance of the cable (see also
Section 18.4.1)is given by:
TK=(Tiltr)+I!+1r:.
^ temperature of j0'C. as can be seen in the tebles
The partial resistances of the insulation are repre-
sented by I/ and for the inner and outer protective
covers as ?j and Tj respectivelv. (The tliermal resis-
tances of the metallic elements are small enoush to
be ignored).
To make the equations clearer and to simplify their
application in design work, fictitious thermal resis-
tances are introduced. The fictitious thermal resis-
tance lii for heat losses due to the current. resuits
from equation 18.2 and equation 18.8 with
lL+r + ).,) Ti
tl
rKi- +T:
l+i.r+).-
.-,d the lictitious thermal resistance fKd relating to
the dielectric losses from equation 18.4, assumes that
these originate at a mid point in the insulation. with
r,i":ft+r;+r!.
From these relationships the load capacity 1" can be
found for a permissible operating temperature 3Lr
and an ambient temperature 3u
I-
n R'*,(7-r, + Ij.)
with the temperature rise due to dielectric
Aid:4(7id+I4).
Calculation of Load Capacity 18.3
Where the individual thermal resistances. Ioss lactors.
or effective resistances are not given. tlrey can be de-
rived using the methods provided in the literarure
referred to later It8.2, 13.7 and 13.3].
In the following the effective resistances are calculat-
ed or derived for the permissible operating tempera-
ture 91,.
If the operating voltage Uo is liable to deviate signifi-
cantly from the rated voltage U of the cable then
the dielectric losses must be calculated usinu Li. rath-
{13.3) er than [.I in equation 13.-1.
+ 7l). The thermal resistance of the surroundings Ti is gov-
erned by operating conditions described in Secrion
13.2. For ittstallution in J)'ee air the thermal resistlnce
of the air T,- is calculated as shown in Section i3.J.2
lnd has been used to determine the load capacity
(t8.9) in air under specilied conditions rvirh an ambient
and text in Section 13.2:
31,-i0-A3,r
I- (13.11)
r R",(7ir+ TL")
The load capacity for installation arrangements other
than in free air or lor groups, is calculated using the
rating lactors (Table 18.23 and 18.24). Rating factors
/for ambient temperatures I, other than 30"C are
calculated by using equations 18.2 and 18.14, assum-
ing constant effective resistance and. thermal resis-
tance (see also Table 18.22) with
(18.r0)
(1s.r5)
3. -ln-43.
Normally the dieletric temperature rise A3o in cables
up to U: 30 kV is neglegible apart from PVC cables
rvith rated voltages of U>10 kV. For these cables
however it is common practice when calculating rat-
(r8.ll)
ing factors in air to neglect the dielectric heat rise
which with the exception of a few cases is little more
than 2 K.
For installations in the grountl Ij represents the ther-
mal resistance of the soil. As indicated in Section
18.4.3 the equation 18.12 has to be extended because
(18. r 2) of drying out of the soil and cyclic loading Values
for load capacity can be taken from the tables in
Section 18.2. The load capacity for non-specified op-
losses erating conditions must be calculated according to
Sections 13.4.3 to 18.4.5 or alternarively by the use
(18.13) of conversion facrors in Tables 18.15 ro 18.2t.
183
 l8 Curren t-Carry ing Capacirl in Normll Opcnrtion

18..{ Thermal Resistances 0uter shearh fj

lvletal shealh or screen
18.4.1 Thermal Resistance of the Cable
The thermal resistance of the cable ft takes into con-
sideration the thermal insulating effect of electrical
insulation and cable sheaths (Fig. 18.8) and must be
calculated by using construction data and thermal
resistivities [18.2, 18.7, 18.8].
For single-core cables with a metal sheath for exam-
ple:

ri= T;+ l':j

= jrr"**9r"*
:n aL :it dtr
(18.r6)

Fig. 18.8
Qt thermal resistivity of insulation Thermal resistances
O: thermal resistivity of outer sheath material Iianddofa
dL cond uctor diameter single-core cable

_ lr diameter over insulation or under metal sheath

or screen
d, diameter over metal sheath or screen
d overall diameter

The thermal insulating effect of metal covers is very

small and can be ignored. Values for the thermal re-
sistivity of materials used in cables can be found in
Table 18.1. These values are assumed to be constant
over the temperature range up to the permissible con-
ductor operating temperature and so is the resulting
thermal resistance.
The fictitious thermal resisiances 7ii to equation
18.10 and Qo to equation l8.l I for commonly used
- cable types of constructions are shown in Fig. 18.9.

184
 Thermal Resistance of the Cable 18.'l

Example 18.2
The cable data mentioned in the examples are taken
from Part 2 (English version is in preparation). These
0.6 values were calculated on the basis of the latest con-
0.5
structional design of the relevant cables and there[ore
0.4 they may slightly deviate from the data indicated in
0.3 the Tables 18.5 to 18.14 in resDect of the current-
carrying capacities.
0.7 PVC Ibble - :
The conductor resistances for the cable selected for
05 lhe example
04 NAIXS2Y I x 150 Rlvl/25 12/20 kV
0.1 rre taken from Part 2. Table 5.6.6 a and b:

Direct current resistance ol conductor

ar 20 'c Rlo=0.106Qkm
Eflective resistance at 90'C
A - bunched installed
in ground or air Rl".=0.169 a km
- side by side installed
02 in sround R",=0.185Okm
The specific details of construction are:
Diameter of aluminium conductor -,1
qL -- r.t
r-.J< rrrlr
--
Thickness of inner conducting layer 0.7 mm
Thickness oI insulation of XLPE 5.5 mm
Thickness of outer conducting layer
including the protective cover under
the screen 0.8 mm
Diameter under the screen r/r = 28.5 mm
Diameter of single screen wire 0.-i mm
Increase in length due to helically wound construc-
tion of screen wire :=OOS tiY" t
Thickness of transverse helical tape :0.2 mm
rJ

Width of transrerse helical tape b:5.0 mm

?5 70 95 120 150 185 240 500 400 500 mmz
Increase in length due to helically wound construc-
Conductot cross'sectional araa q--
tion of transverse tape ::0.30 (i0%)
Cables with or without common screen Geometric cross-sectional area of screen4r:25 mm2
Cables with individual core screens
Electrical conductivity of screen,
Single-core cables
mean value z:56. 106 I Qm
Fig. 18.9
Diameter over screen dv= 299 mm
Fictitious thermal resistances of commonly used cable Thickness of protective layers and
- constructions. 7ii, from equation 18.10 and ?xo for separating layer above the screen 0.-1 mm
PVC-cable tor U6lU:6110 kV from equation 18.11.
Cables with XLPE insulation have been calculated Thickness ofouter PEsheath 2.5 mm
with PVC sheaths Outer overall diameter d: 35.7 mm

185
l8 Curren t-Carrying Capacttl in Normal Opcration

Using the thermal resistivities given in Table I 8.1 rve 18.4.2 Thermal Resistance of Arr
Horizontal Installation in Free Air

I,, = sr ln _ " - In -" "._=0.176'i':', {lg.16) Heat from cables installed in air is dissipated by con-
2n
"' "r
dt 2n "- 14.5 W vection and radiation. In the equivalent circuit,
/, 15 157 Km Fig. 18.7, the thermal resistance Tt" ofair is indicated
ri=irlni=iln]=0099
- ./7t dM Jlt /9.9 *-,
W
(18.t6) by trvo thermal resistances in parallel representing
convection and radiation. The thermal resistance of
air can be expressed by [18.7; 18.9]:
T K= ri + lrj = 0.376 + 0.099 = 0.475 Km/w.
(18.16)
(18.17) -
For the calculation of the fictitious thermal resistance tt dlftz*+ f,t,)
l'*, of rhe cable, the sheath loss factor /., must be
used in the calculation according to [18.7]. zl., and Consider a cable which is not influenced by other
T', are zero since armour and protective cover be- sources of heat (solar radiation) and rvhich does not
irveen screen and armour are missing. For a trefoil increase the temperature of its surroundings. If such
installation in the ground this gives: a cable is arranged horizontally in free air, so that
it dissipates its losses into its surroundings by natural
A+(l +r.,)?l conlection and unhindered radiation, the coefficient
,l of heat transfer z*, in dry air at an atmospheric p -
(1+i.r + /-:)
+ rj (18.10) sure of l01J hPa. is:

0 176 0.0185 ,,,

= r-::;0.01 60 Km.w. 1l: /i,, 108(*)r
- - -0.099--0.{69 kij
+ ri

u ith
These values. together with values for other types 3
of insrallation, are shown for comparison in Ta- k':0.919 +J.
JOv
k"=1.033-#, /tR rq\
ble 18.27. Values for the fictitious thermal resistance
of the cables l'i, differ from one another due to their
30+3u
dependance on the magnitude of the sheath loss fac- . A3o= 3o-3, (18.20)
tor i-r.
and the rhermal transfer coefficient:. for radiation

co a[(273 + 3o)a -(273 + 3u)*] , (t8.ll) -

Table 18.27 A9o
Comparison of fictitious thermal resistances ?ii between
calculated lalues from equation 18.10 and graphical re- where o:5.67 x l0-E W/m2 Ka (Stephan-BolzmaYn
sults from Fig. 18.9
constant) and eo the emissivity of the cable surface.
-
)-\ to 7ii to Tiii to
With the factors k' and k" for the mean temperature
Arrangement
equation Fig. 18.9 account is taken to tbe variable quantities of the air.
I8.71
l)
18.10 Fig. 18.10 [18.10; l8.ll] facilitates the selection of
auxiliary values forf,/* and k for the arrangements
In ground, 0.0160 0.469
selected as specified operating conditions (Table 18.4)
bunched -
[18.7; 18.10].
In free air, 0.0163 0.601 ,) :0.545 The cable shown in Fig. 18.10a radiates freely in all
bunched directions. The heat is transferred by radiation from -
the cable surface to the walls of the room in which -
In ground, 0.0116 0.448 the cable is situated. A decisive factor in the tempera-
side by side
ture rise of the cable surface at a constant rate of -
valucs for cabks with PVC shlath loss is the temperature of these walls which normally
"
1r
Calcularcd to Scciion 18.4.2 one would expect to be at ambient temperature.

186

/,=1 for one outel cable:
-
/.=t arc sin {d/2a}/180",
ior the cenlle cable:
[=1-2 arc sin ldl| ali180'
Heat dissipation by radiation
OJ
itr v{fir
6 6665 uf f -1t'l ,-'l
Heat dissipation by convection
Fig. 18.10 Heat dissipation, installed in free air
'- -e emissivitv of a cable surface can be taken
as
€^0.95.
The same considerations also apply for the arrange-
.-ents 18.10b and 18.i0c. However any obstruction
.- the thermal transfer must be considered. In
Fig. 18.10b three single-core cables of a three-phase
system are shown where only the thermal radiation
from the centre cable is indicated. It is seen that the
neighbouring cables obstruct heat transfer to the sur-
roundings in the areas shown shaded. The reduction
in heat dissipation is approximately directly propor-
tional to the part of the cable surface embraced by
the shaded angles.
In Fig. 18.10c three single-core cables are shown
bunched in trefoil. The obstruction in this arrange-
ment is greater than that ofFig. 18.10b since approxi-
mately one third of the cable surface considered does
not radiate heat to the surroundines.
{hermal Resistance of Air l8'{
Fig. 13.l0d illustrates free heat dissipation by conlec-
tion. The heatcd air initially florvs around the cable
(laminar limiting layer) then rises uprvards in laminar
form mixing with cooler air from the surroundings
in an area of turbulence. A decisive factor in the tem-
perature rise of the cable surface is, in this instance.
apart from the cable diameter and amount of losses,
the temperature of the surrounding air. The selected
clearances shown in Fig. 18.10e which are equal to
the cable diameter do not obstruct the heat flow since
the thickness of the {lowing lir stream is comparative-
ly small.
In the bunched arrangement the cooling area of the
cable is reduced to approximately t$o thirds. Bi/ re-
ducing the cooling surface area the thermal flow rvith-
in the cable is also hindered and because of this the
thermal resistance of the cable is effectively increased
[13.10]. This restriction in heat florv was taken lnto
account rvhen calculating the \tlues shorvn in
Fi-s. 18.9.
The temperature rise of the cable surface is:
a ,to
tLrLr-rU-rrt,d,
-----;;---;i-
rl(if ,Lu
rLu ,
-1- D' 'r' (l 3.12)
and the temperature rise A3o of the conductor caused
by dielectric losses is:
A 3d = P;{7id + Ti,). (18.23)
The thermal resistance of the cable Tiu can be calcu-
lated e.g.:
tr Calculation of temperature rise A36 to equation
18.22 and 18.23 with Tr_"=0.5 KmrW;
tr Calculation of thermal resistance l"r, to equation
13.17 to 18.21
D the calculations must be repeated n times until
the difference between (?f,)" and (7t.)"-t is suf-
fiently small.
For a multi-core cable without dielectric losses and
with a 30'C ambient temperature, the external ther-
mal resistance can be reasonably accurately obtained
from the curves shown in Fig. 18.11a. Where the di-
electric loss can be ignored one obtains from equation
18.22
AgL,_ ?ii+?i. (18.22a)
A3o ri"
By a graphical method, assuming a cable having a
fictitious thermal resi":: '! " . . i KmAM with
187
 18 Currcnt-Carrying Capacity in Normal Operation

0uter diamerer d )ter dr-

i\m

-24
26.
28
l0

45
50

80-

Temperature iise of cable a9"

.c-
20 30 40 5U 60
-i- +
20 J0 40
Temperature rise of
50 t 60

0ri
- \___________ 700
r50
__

i Temperaturd rrse ol cable surlace A3o-

'l
0 -
50
510 20 Jo
30 ior 50 "c 60
02-l Temperature tise of conduclot d8gl-_
odJ \ |

061 \^
081
|(m , Km I

lwl
1.0 |12'
r;-rili0us Thermal resislance 0f cable /ii lFicririous Thermal resistance oi cable I'i,

Fig. 18.1I a Fig. 18.11b \v'

Thermal resistance of air for a cable instailed horizon- Thermal resistance of air for three cables bunched in
tally in free air free air installed horizontally
(3u= 30'C; €o = 0.95) (9u=30'C; so = 0.95)

188
 Thermal Resistance of Air 18..1

--.1:-.--_
a permissible temperature rise of A3.. = $Q K. enter-
';i a ir ii, $_" " 0uter drametet 0l ing these values as coordinates in Fig. 13.lla gives
the point P. Through point P a straight line must
I
be drawn such that point P', rvith the thermal resis-
mm tance oI air Tt" and the temperature difference value
to A3o as coordinates, lies on the curve corresponding
l8
to the cable diameter d=32 mm.
20 The following values are obtained from the graph:
22.
24
26
t":0.7 KmrW,
28 A30:40 K
For bunchetl single-core cables [18.10] the thermal
resistance of the insulation and the outer sherth is
increased due to obstructed heat dissipation. For
cables to Fig. 18.8 without a thermally conducting
metal sheath one derives:

t),tl , ,).
:-Ltn ,l
L' = f i-L ln l-L T: = f ( 13.2.1)
Temperature rise ol cable surface ' '- :n dt ' "' :ft
.

5r0 20 i0 40 50
,/rr

20
510 J0
Temperature
40
rise oi conducror A $L f,,
':f *S,.''"(f) us15)
02
For cables rvith metallic covering and hence im-
proved heat dissiparion the follorving applies rvith
- 0.4
additional reference to Table 13.29:

_:_+_ (18.26)
- 0.6
T'r-f*tf-t-,.
'l Jtt'l JlltM

0.8 rl:+ln+,
^.1
:JT AL
( 13.27)
rm I

r\t 914 o 11.otr, gtt dt 'i

1.0
- f,n 0 3.28)
-fiorlr{s lhermal fesislance of cable Il, 'vv L +X
"ry1
The thermal resistance of the outer protective cover-
Fig. 18.1I c
Tr"ermal resistance of air for three single-core cables ing Ij is calculated using equation 18.24 with equa-
'.. tion 18.25.
.-.-talled side by side in free air
The thermal resistivity gM of the metallic covering
has to be taken into account and mav be selected
from Table 18.28.

Table 18.28 Thermal resistivity g'

Material Thermal resistivity 9,,,
KmAv

Copper 2.7. l0- 3

Aluminium 4.8 . l0- 3

28.7. 10- l
19.1 '1-3

t89
l8 Current-Carrying Capacityjn Normal Operation

Table 18.29 Valucs required for the calculation of the effcctive thermal thickness of a sheath or screen

Sheath-. screen factor Thermal effective thick- Mean diame ter of

ness of sheath or screen metal shcath or
screen

Metal sheath ,)r, du-du

7r dn. d"-J
n Tapes with spacing
nb(1 +:)

Wire screen with a 570 increase tn tdu. dn-

length due to the helix and with n nb(l +:)
l- t1-7 {= ,i)t' 6

transverse helical taPes

Tape overlapped I -.t dM-l(t

(as roof tiles)
applied rvith:=0.05

Two tapes aPPlied without I 0ll f.| ------:

-- t ----
ubtr + =t d" - l,)
3pacing.
I I +:' rT,,/r'
-
rr Ar approximatc consideralion hcal dissipation lhrough thc \\'ires

Expression:
r.lq Diameter over the metal sheath or screcn (lransversc hclical tapc) ,){ : <)
b Width of tape (transverse helical tape)
rr Number of tapes (transverse helical tape)
z Increase in length, due to the helical wound construction of tape {transverse helical tape)
d Thickness of each tape (transverse helical tape)
6" Thickness of metal sheath

Example 18.3
For three single-core cables NA2XS2Y I x 150 RM/25 12i?0 kV bunched in free air, the lollowing app'fiEi
(Dimensions see example 18.2, page 185): -
it tt /d,\ ft 1r / 14.5 \ (18.15)
'
*==-=)=arcsin{--l=--p-2rcsinl-l=0.7:8.
' 6 l8f 6 l8CP -'--"'\2x35.7J
\2d) -

y.= ft = !^rr =1.392, (18.25) -

ft-E 7t-V.t.:6

Tr=gr l" dr 3.5 28J K.

' 2n"'dy- 2,r
t,.
"' -., "".
14;=0376;'
(18'16) -
di:6=0.2(Table 18.29)

. ndu- z(dv - dl *r'oo-o1\

rM: ---:-:_------: =
nb\L +:)
---:----+ = i'''J;i i:^=,:14.35 (Table
n0\t +:) I x )(l 1-u.JU,
18.19),

190
 Thermal Resistance of Air 1E.J

( 13.13)

2.7x10-rx28.5x10-r 2.7 x 10- r x 23.5 x l0- 3

tl
4x0.2x 10- l 4x0.2x 10- l rr u.J /ol

: ,l.o+oT_,
',.Km -l

lll +
I
(13.:6)
1'' ; T* t- T' x
-=
'Ir J,)tl J.\l ' sI i.302 x 0.376 14.35 1.646 0.480'
-+-:
^ ,.,^
lr=u.+duT-.
K.
( i57=n,.,oK'
-tt=J"r_ln
-,Q,,^'l I l.JUj
-,',..,-.,-t-]',.
= \.r agg=v.r-7T:-.

Ti,:, r', 0:+10

IT.
l^ ''' l+).t -rr=,
- l-i0.Ul6i-o.r:s=o.oor
"""'W' (rs.ro)

For the three single-core cables bunched in free air one arrives after several iterations

A rto
(31. - 9u) T',L, _ (?0 - i0) 1..06 = 38.1 K. ( 13.r2)
Tii+ f'1, 0.601+ 1.06
3o= A$o4 $,= 38.3 + i0= 63.3 K, ( 18.22 a)

^ 3o+Ju A3o-l3u i3.3+2 x 30 "--' (13.20)

2 2 2
r Jq rs
/<':0.919 +fr= O.etl1
JOv
(r 8.1e)

r Jg r5
k":1.033-ffi: r.033- -#:oss' ( 18.19)

rrding to Fig. l8.l0c and1f.b=)

f f =')/
213, fk: zl3

,.= p' 99185 .''.;." r.o8

, o r!
li9\'=
^ _ 0.0r8s 3i8.3 rlw
kd /e
f
r nsi-III9XY
-
zx )).t x tu -
1.08 | ^
). =-
x J:=': lx 5'366
Kn='
(18.13)
\ rri4 / \l
'b-J-=
e^ 273+3u)'l
oll273 + 3^lt -(27 0.95 x 5.67 [(273
_0 + 68.3)a -(273 + 30))n'l
'":--=----3o- =-------- 3sJ
:7.229
A.m-
( 18.21)
"106 -,
Ir__=-=-
I I :,no Km
(18.17)
nd(|, ar+f, z") ?fJ)./
n:. x ,
tu -{.i
G5.366+17.229) w'
, -, f
l.-||-.--=-.=:-.=:----
9t,-9u - (18.14)

-.' ::iic icsses :ri ienored.. see Section 18.3.

191
 l8 Current-Carrying Capacirf in Normal Operarion

Vertical Installation Atmospheric Pressure

All knoln melhods of calculation and descriptions The heat dissipation by convection decreases rvith
of values for load capacity relate to cables installed decrease in atmospheric pressure [18.9]. For high al-
in the horizontal plane. For lertically installed cables titudes the thermal heat transfer constant for convec-
neither theoretical nor experimental investigation is tion must be modified as follows:
known.
Whether the mounting is verrical or horizontal has, o'?f 5
in principle, no influence on the heat dissipated by = r' + t"'," (S, (-#-J*,
radiation.
'. Jt
(l8.l8a)
The heat dissipated by convection from a vertical
cylinder oi length / and diameter d is, with all other *ith k'and k" to equation 18.19 and k to Fig 18.10.
conditions equal, more favourable than that of the
cylinder in horizontal position. provided that
.
.{rritude ml 011000120001i00011000 _
->
d
2.'17
Armosphericlllll
refer [18.12; 18.13]. Since this relationship is always
pressure p hPal l0l3 | 899 | 795 | 701 | 614
;atisfied in respecl of cables installed in a vertical
plane it follows that they can normally \\'ithstand
heavier loads than when they are installed horizontal- Altitudes up to 1000 m create a negligible reduction
ly. Thus the same load capacity can be applied to in Ioad capacity. -
both conditions.

10t
 Thermal Resistance ol' Air 18.{

Example I $.J
Ar alritudes of j000 m above sea level an atmospheric pressure of 701 hPl is used for the calculation.
For the cable

NA2XSIY I x 150 RlvV25 l2l20kv

this gives. after several iterations and, using dimensions from example 18.2 (page t85) and 7*, from example
18.3 (page 190)

{31,-3u) Ti, (90-30) 1.131

1s.22)
IKt + Tr,
(
0.601+ l.li.t
30 = A 30 + 3.: 39.22 + i0 = 69.22 K. ( l3.ll a)

*,irh P; = 0

^ Ato+23u
)1
i9.21+lxl0 ( 13.:0)

a:11
* =o.r'r*$=o.srs+
JOv JOv
= r osl+. (ls.l9)

a' = r.033-#= r.o:: -# :o.s;s+. (ls.r9)

_+k,',.,.^^/a36\i/
,(k:(,0.0135 *|, o \i r o5il
0.01 35
0.973-l x r08(---i9!'? \i
701
*, / \d"J-= -+
iX-)l./^ltl )'( l0li/
irR w -l
=J '--- Km: '
(l8.l8a)

eo o [(273 + 3o)r - (273 + 9r)1] _ 0.95 x 5.67[(273 +69.22)]-{273 +10)*l W

_",.,
i :o I (13.21)
A J, l9.ll lo! x K;:
T:
I . ... Km
(I 3.17)
r d(f, zn+f"2.) 7t 35.7 x l0-r (3 4.,s?8 +3 7.26 l)

:159 A. (r3. r2)

n R;, (Ti$ + Ii") I x0.269x l0-r (0.601+ 1.134)

The load capacity at this altitude is therefore reduced by a factor

/
I= j:'J:o.gsr.
1SO

t. Joo

ltt
l8 Currcn t-Carrying Cxpacit! in Normal Operation

Ambient Temperature Table 18.30

Absorotivitv of cable surfaces to solar radiation
The thermal resistance of air around a cable varies
only to 3 smallextent 3t conslant conductor tempera- Material of the outer Absorptivity
ture and rising ambient temperature. Normally it is protective cover
suflicient therefore to use equation 18.15 for the cal'
culation of load capacity for other ambient tempera- Asphalted jute 0.8
tures. This formula was used to obtain the values PVC 0.6
ln I able l6.li. PE 0.4
Polychloroprene 0.8
Example 18.5 Lead 0.6

For an ambient temperature deviating from 30'C

e.c. 3, =.1i'C the conversion factor ts
The intensity of solar radiation E on a horizontal
'- -
r-T- 90-i0 =oR7
(13.r5) plane is 1.35 kW7'm: maximum (solar constant). Nor-
mally the actual values are less and depend on the
degree of lattitude, season, weather conditions, time
and the load capacity of day etc. [8.1a; 18.15]. Should local values not
be available tbe value of E: I kW,'m: can be used
I,=f I,=0.87 x 366= 318 A.
in calculations ! 8.21. \v.

Solar Radiation
Cables subjected to solar radiation are subject to an
addirional temperature rise

A3r= 1o,igt' (18.19)

and the cable surface temperature rise in relation to

ambient temperature is

(3., - 3u -A + ro d E]'ii)
3a Tl.. ot
ll ! d 'r'
rs.
'-tOS Ti(i + Ia
(r8.30)

The load capacity 1, is found from

/i^--------;;-j-
AJd-Alts
r,, _-t /0t,'oU-
- |y/ -------;----.-=-' (18.31)
,l^wr{r1;tr5l

and the thermal resistance { of air, taking into ac-

count rhe solar radiation, by iteration using the equa-
tions 18.17 to 18.21. For this the term 7i" in equation
18.17 must be replaced by I and in equations 18.18
to 18.20 the calculation is made using A9or from
equation 18.30 instead of A9e and 9es instead of 3q.
The absorption coefficient zo of solar radiation for
the cable surface can be found in Table 18.30 fl8.2l.

194
 Thermal Rcsistrnce of i\ir 18.{

Example 18.6
Three single-core cables bunched in free air

NA2XSIY I x 150 Rlvt/25 l2120 kV

are exposed to solar radiation with intensity E: I kWim:.

The calculation of thermal resistance I( is made by iteration:

{31,-9u+aodETki)T! (90-30+0.4x i5.7 x l0-3 x l.0 x 10-r x 0.601) 1.035 :13.39

K. (13.22)
-rtt'r'
! Ki-T'' S 0.601+ 1.035
3o: .\ llor;3, : -13.39 + 30:73.39 K,
,. J3e5.-2ilu 13.39+2xi0
,rd = ------- (18.20)

A',=oele-5:se1e*i!]
Jdv Jov
= 1 65e1. (r8.l9)

3 Sr7
{
ft" = 1.03r -ffi : r.033 -ffi =0.e761. (18.19)

z. =
0.01s5 ,,, , ^^ /A30r\'
(',, II-11 a 1" I 0s (-j!I)': | 05el
, .++:^=..o e76r x' or (;j#m-):: r r* S ( l 3.13)

,*'_ co a [1273 + 9o)+ -(273 + 3r)'] _ 0.95 x 5.67 [(273 + 73.39)' - (27] + i0)"1 : 7.408 ;--. (l3.ll)
A9o, x '11.39 lOs K.m-

T::
t t:
| I - ::to'r-K'
-
i,tf, o, +f. t):@ 1 u:)
V' (18.17)

LSr: 7o 4 p I(:0.4 x 35.7 x l0-3 x 1.0 x iOr x 1.035 : 14.3 K, (18.2e)

(18.r2)

e load capacity with solar radiation intensity E:1.0 kW/m: is reduced by the factor
/ lrn
f:]:3=o.st.
rr Joo

195
 l8 Current-Carrying Capacit) in Nornal Operation

Arrangement of Cables In Fig. 18.13 various arrangements ofcables and rhe

relel ant rating factors to DIN VDE 0298 are shorvn.
Heat dissipation of cables is affected rvhen they are
On the left hand side it can be seen that by arranging
in contact with surfaces (rvalls, floors, ceilings). At
cables close together or by mounting on a solid sur-
the point of contact the flow of air is hindered and
face the convection reduction is made worse. Similar
therefore the heat dissipation by convection is re-
comments apply to the vertical arrangement of
duced. Heat dissipation by radiation is influenced by
cables. The reduction is however relatively greater
the emissivity and the temperature of the adjacent
than that for the horizontal arrangement since the
area in contact, should this differ from ambient. In
upper cable lies in the path of warm air flow from
direct contact heat may also be transmitted by con-
lower cables. The chimney effect (improvement of
ducrion, so that the thermal conductivity of the adja-
heat dissipation by convection through moving air
cent area is important (Fig. 18.12).
flons) is somewhat reduced. The greatest reduction
Quanrities of load capacity for cables in contact u'ith occurs in densely lilled trouqhs or racks as can be
surfaces established by experiment are normally less lrequently found in cable trenches of large power in-
than for installations in free air. in the VDE specifica- stallations (Table 18.23 and Section 18.5).
tions this t) pe of installation is taken into considera-
i-
.
rion by use of a reduction factor of 0.95.
Grouping cables can also hinder heat dissipation as
has been shown in the calculations of thermal resis-
,. tance of air for three single-core cables (Fig. I 8.10).
I

2d d,
')':i .]-f o_
:1-o---r--ti l^,

.l 10 a- lto

1.0
z 2cm

i leat dissipation by radiarion 0.96

c) ,M z2cm

082
)l

Heat dissipalion by conveuion 0.73

Fig. 18.13
Fig. 18.12 Reduction factors for various arransements of
Obstruction of heat dissipation by adjacent surfaces multi-core cables in air

196
 Thermal ResGtance of the Soil 18.4

18.4.3 Thermal Resistance of the Soil

Temperature Field of a Cable in the Ground

The heat loss P' generated in a cable flows through
the surrounding soil to the surface of the ground
where it is then dissipated into the atmosphere. To
depict the temperature field of the cable in ground
one normally assumes a constant ground tempera-
ture 36 and a soil-thermal resistivity gr rvith a negligi-
cie rhermal transfer resistance at the ground surface.
.\lso ir is assumed that the total heat loss generated
in the cable (source) is directed to zero in an imagin-
ary cable situated as a mirror image in relation to
the ground surface- The temperature rise at the point
i- :lative to the temperature of the ground 96, specifl-
ically the surface of the ground (Fig. 18.14), is ob-
tained from [18.16]

(18.32)

The isothermal lines are determined by the condition

A3p:ssn51.., and therefore the relation ci,'c" must
also be constant.
Fig. l8.l{
Temperature field of a cable of diameter 11= I r lnd
,cp (18.33) dcpth of lay /r.
Cp
Furthcr cxplanations in the text

For a given heat loss P'and temperature rise A9o

one obtains from (18.32) and (18.33) the geometric
constant for the isotherms

( l 8.34) cable) run parallel to the cable axis. The depth of

this line source is ho and the isothermal lines are
eccentric to this by a distance e".
expressions for determining the isothermal line
^e
tnrough point P for a cable with a diameter d:2r For the deoth of the line source
and a depth of lay h (Fig. 18.14) are as follows:
lo - ( 13.38)
lius of the isotherm
and the eccentricity of the cable
2hokP
, P - ;-;---,
r(F_t
( 18.35)
t = 6- 1to= 6-y' 1rz -rz. (13.39)

depth of the isorherm If the depth lro and the radius r, of the isotherms
are known, their geometric constant can be found
hP= ho(k? +\l&i_\:ho+ ( 18.36) from
",,
eccentricity of the isotherm ,. _hs* hp-rp (18.40)
"P- h"- hp+ rp
eP= zhol(ki
- \= h?-ho. (18.37)
with
One can visualise a temDerature field comprising a
series of lines which at distance e (eccentricity of the ho= (18.41)

197
l8 Current-Caryi4g Capacitl in Normal Operation

For a point P on the surface of the ground becomes

ci,,''c, = I the temperature rise by definition is
"n6
If a point A at a distance a from the cable axis and
ir from the surface of the ground is imagined the tem-
perature rise at this point can be determined from
equation 18.32 and equation 18.38:
a) Cable, b) Isothermal line through
A{t!: r t ln /ia
l"i to equation point P,
18.41 i'i. to equation 18.46
with the geometric constant for mutual heating Fig. 18.15
Soil-thermal resistance (the range considered in
formula is shaded in each case)

\h+Vh2-r2)2+a2. (18.11)
th -l/ h2 - r2)2 + a2 t"l
lnl
Definition of Soil-Thermal Resistancc
ll
The temperature rise of the cable surface is obtarned
i;-l-
by putting a:r in equation 18.42 and, after some r /i\
----l a a.l
.."l
manipularion as well as putting d = 2 r, to

ase=r'ftnt (18.13)

rvith the geometric constant for rhe cable (18.47)

(18.44)
^=#* \7/
/2 i,\' (r8.r4) or ,=# (18.49)

This also defines the soil-thermal resistance of a cable,

that is the thermal resistance between the cable sur-
face and earth (Fig. 18.15a):

a) Multi-core b) Single-core c) Single-core '-'

1E=:-ln,i cable cables, cables,
!ft
bunched side by side
%, lzh t2h\2
:ft \ 4 \a -') (1 8.45.1 Fig. 18.16
Soil-thermal resistance for continuous operation
rn = 1.0 without drying out, qE:constant
Correspondingly the soil-thermal resistance between
the ground surface and the isotherm through a point
P is established (Fig. 18.15b): For three single-core cables in a three-phase system
- producing equal losses in all three cables -:
r gp = ;- III d9, (18.46)
,/.7t rr=fi$"*+zt"t "),
(18.47)

where the geometric constant of this isothermal line

is determined using equation 18.32 and equation with the geometric constant k of one cable as in
18.40. Fig. 18.16. In bunched installations - arranged in tre-

198
 Thermal Resistance of the Soil 18..1 '

foil -
the geometric const:rnt kr for grouping can be
found approximatelv from
k"
=
ll ri. ( r3.18)
Normally the depth of lay is very large in relation
to the radius of the cable. The eccentricity of the
cable then becomes neglegible and one obtains sim-
plifications of the equation in Fig. 18.16 for continu-
ous operation rvithout drying out of the ground. This
means the load is constant in time and also the soil-
thermal resistivitv is constan t.
For a relationship rvhere hltl>5 the value found by
calculation using equation 18.-19 deviates by less than
-
; ',0 from the value given by equation 13.44.
{aily Load Curre and Characteristic Diameter r./,
, . ith cyclic opcrurion rhe lord capaciry is grelrer
than for continuous operation.
ln continuous operation (Fig. 18.17) one obtains.
after a warm-up period iollorving rhe switch on, a
constant temperature distribution in the ground
which falls in a near logarirhmic manner from rhe
cable surfacc to the ambient temperxture. For a cy-
clicly changing load over a long period. after the
switch on period one sees - between fixed tempera-
ture limits - r temperature curve va.rying aeainst
time. Near to the cable the temperature change is
most extreme but this decreases with increase of dis-
tance from the cable.
If one considers the thermal field of a cable in rhe
ground (Fig. 18.18) the areas within rhe isothermal
Iines can be depicted, for calculation purposes. by
partial heat resislances and capacitors so that a chain
of RC components is developed. A calcularion of
temperature rise and also of the load capacity is pos-
sible utilising this equivalent diagram. Accurare re-
sults. however, can only be achieved bv very involved
calculation.
For dcily load curves including the partern for urban
utilily supply nerworks, a merhod is used which pro-
vides a sufficiently accurate result wirh a reduced
amount of calculation and is suitable for the load
factors ransinq nl :0.5 to 1.0. This t.v-pe of operation
is described in more detail in Section 13.2.3.
To simplify calculations rhe so called characreristic
diameter ri, is inrroduced (Fig. 18.19). The tempera-

Continuous operation Cyclic operation

l"*
100%
\

Time._ Tite-.-..........-
lealrnq

J00%

Time- Titt

Fig. 18.17
Heating of the ground
by continuous
operation and cyclic
operation

199
 l8 Currcnt-Carrying Capacitl in Normal Operation

the daily load cbaracteristic curve. Ourside the char-

acteristic diameter a conslanl temperature exists (i.e.
the thermal capacitors are cbarged up during rhe
warm-up phase and do not enter into the calculation
for the steady state condition).
The loss factor p for the determination of the mean
current heat loss is

p=0.3 m+0.7 m2. (18.s1)

The characteristic diameter d. is dependant upon the

Fig. 18.18
-Theoretical development of isothermal lines in the
-round and substitution of lalers between the
individual lines by a chain of R, C components
thermal characteristics of the ground, the frequency
of rv equal fluctuations over 24 hour period and on
the loss factor p.
For the characteristic diameter d" in irr rvith a load
factor to satisfy 0.5 <,r < 1.0 and for a sinusoidal load
variation:

0.205
n
gE \0..1'
,/ -t I I
" \Kmfvi
[or rectalinear load variation

0..19i 1/
ni
,: V\!
-:-------------=_:. (18.53)
'
'r " I O" \"'
\Kmlw/
for an average shape of load variation which is nei-
ther sin usoidal nor rectalinear

O.lO3+0.246VG
( 18.s4)

i U Distance itom cable-_

Lc(#)"'
idv
-ig. 18.19
Table 18.31
rleating of the ground in cyclic operation Loss lactors and characteristic diameters for a
soil-thermal resistivity of 1.0 KmiW and daily Ioad
curve wi!h maximum load
Load factor Loss factor Characteristic diameter d, in m
m p from
equation Sinusoidal Rectalinear Mixed
18.51 load from load from load from
ture dse outside the characteristic diameter is deter- equation equation cquation
mined by the average loss with dependance on the 18.52 18.53 18.54

load factor however, the highest degree of tempera-

0.5 0.325 0.205 0.281 0.243
ture rise within the area embraced by the characteris- 0.6 0.432 0.105 0.324 0.265
tic diameter is dependant on the maximum value of o.1 0.553 0.205 o.367 0.286
load. Within the characteristic diameter the tempera- 0.8 0.688 0.:05 0.409 0.307
0.9 0.837 0.205 0.451 0.318
ture varies with rime to a curve which closely follows

200
 Thermal Resistance of the Soil 18.'1

The geometric c()nstant k" of the circle rvith the char- Temperatute

acteristic diametcr ,i, is obtained from the an:rlogY .T1 Cable suriace remperature
oI equation I 3.-l-l: 80:ll
, lh
*r:7]*
.+ Ir
(18.55)
i

Dr-ving-Out of the Soil and Boundary Isotherm d. 40

By reference to Fig. 13.10 it rvill be seen that at a JO

certain load. rvhich is limited only by the maximum
permissible operating temperature, the surface of 20

cables of different types of construction rvill assume

r0
d'o:renr surface temperatures. While the surface tem-
pj,ature of a mass-impregnated cable may be ap-
proximately .+5 "C, the surface of an XLPE cable can 0.J 0.4 0.5 0.6 0i 0.8 0.9 m 1.0

reach 7i "C (at 20'C ground temperature, degree of

axis-*
Disrance ifom cable

l^{ing 1.0 and assuming the soil does dry-out). The

c _jrence is significant. It is knorvn that sandy soiis a Three XLPE cables
tend to dry-out rvhen the cable surface temperature \A2XS2Y I x 150125 Rll I 2,':0 kV
is approximarely 30"C installed in a 20oC ground b One mass-impre gnated clble'
temperature. The danger oI drying-out is higher NAEKEBY 3 x 150 R!{ 12/20 kV
rvhere XLPE cables are used than where mass-im-
pregnated cables are installed. This danger also in- Fig. 18.20
creases rvith increasing load lactor. !laximum heating of the ground by different cables

This drying-out area (Fig. 13.2t) is indicated by an

isothermal line excentric to the cable - the boundary
isotherm - having a diameter d,.
Based on the stipulations given in DIN vDE 0298
Part 2 the limiting temperature rise A3, can be de-
rived from the equation

ar - 15-(l-nr) 100
-'' (r s.56)
l
^
and this results in

' A3,= l5 K forcontinuous operanon

with rn: 1.0,

A 3. : 25 K for utility load operation

. with rn = 0.7,
A 9, = 32 K for daily load curve with m = 0.5.

Within the boundary isothermal line the soil-thermal

resistivity can be taken as 0!= 2.5 KmfV represent-
lng the almost completely dried-out sandy soil or the
sand used as bedding material. Outside of the bound-
ary isotherm rhe value ae= 1.0 Km/W is used which
Fig 18.21
rePresents almost all natural types of soil in European Heating. of. the grour .

20r
 l8 Current-Carrying Capacitf in Normal Operation

'2., li,r'/ / /, /.// /./////./. Fictitious Soil-Thermal Resistanccs T', and Ti"
The fictitious soil-thermal resistances T'. and Ii,
" a>.
take into account the cyclic performance of a daily
load curve and drling-out of the soil. These can be
calculated using the equations in Fig. 18.22 but can
also be taken, for some arrangements, from
Fig. 18.23. For the calculation of load capacity these
resistances are to be incorporated into equation
6.fr trnr+{p-r) tni,l 0av) 6=fr trnr+{p-r) rn*r+p2lnk l 0&59) .
18.63.
r=9tni
" tJt 0s.5s) r,!#(lnr+2tnt") (18.60)

a) Muiti-core cable b) Single-core cables side

bl side rvith d.<2a Load Capacity
Previously the values for load capacity in the ground
,'. ., y,/./,/././,/,,.,,/,/./,//./// ///,/,// rvere calculated using the rules for continuous opera-
rion but did not take account o[ drying-out of the
soil, which rvas permitted only for defined public utili-
ry load type of operation. For continuous operation
the recommendation was to use either the factor 0'5
or a factor which corresponded to a sufficiently \a
selected soil-thcrmrl resistivity.

Load capacity is norv - as explained in the previous

section - (DIN VDE 0298 Part 2) calculated using
* iln i+3 (p-1) l,-2In tal 08.61)
I,y- ln
a method which takes into account drying-out of the

i,'*(tnt*ztni") (1s62)
soil together rvith maximum Ioad and load factor,
$ hich is derived from a daily load curve.
c) Single-core cables d) Single-core cablcs sidc Load capacity can be found from
bunched by side rvith d, >24

, Fu-gr- PitT'** T'.\ *[(qJoE)- l]43.

t and k" to Fig. 18.16, k, to equation 18.55
'":/@ ,

l l6.oJl
Fig. 18.22
Formulae for calculation of the fictitious soil-thermal q,ith the individual terms or values determined as
resistances 7,, and T', with daily load cycle nr< 1.0 follows :
and drying-out of the soil
Load factor nr to Fig. 18.1,
loss factor I to equation 18.51, \r,
characteristic diameter d, to equation 18.54 or
Table 18.2 for the thermal resistivity (,e: I Kmllv,
limiting temperature rise A3, to equation 18.56,
geometric factors A', k" and k, to Fig. 18.16 and equa-
tion 18.55,
thermal resistances Ti and I',, to Fig. 18.22 providing
it is established, where necessary, that d">24 or
dr<2a.
The diameter of the dry area d, is not essential for
the calculation but it must be verified whether the
assumption that the soil is drying-out does apply,
that means d, > d respectively 96 > 9. :

9o= 9r'-Pi Tit- PiTi.d, (18.64)

9.=3e+A9'. (18.65)

)n)
 Thermal Resistance of the Soil 18.'l

Fig. 18.23
Fictitious soil-thermal resistance f. at
nr= 1.0, l'ly at nr=0.7 relative to outer
diameter d of cable and depth of iay /r
for a soil-thermal resistivity of
s. = 2.5 Km/w and pE = 1.0 Kmiw

1.0

. 6.0 ---70mm.
I 5,J (9 q/ i9
4.0

3.0

1.5

1.0

2.5

2.0

ta

1.0

08

0.6
0.5
40 50 50 80 100 150 200mm
Outet diameter oi cable d

The ohmic losses in equation 18.64 must be deter-
mined using the load capacity calculated for drying-
out the soil. If the surface temDerature is found to
be less than the temperarure of the boundary iso-
therm, the calculation for load capacity must be re-
Peated but under the assumption that the soil does
not dry-out. The calculation routine described above
To simplify this calculation the characteristic diame-
ter is to be determined using the thermal resistivity
of the moist area. A comparison of diameters is there-
fore avoided and the result is on the safe side since
the lower thermal resistivity results in a maximum
value for the characteristic diameter.

ior capaclly Jo < J! must be satlslied.

203
l8 C urrent-Carry ing Capacitl'in Normal Operation

Example 18.7
Three single-core cables

\A2XS2Y I x 150 RM/25 12/20 kV

are installed in ground under different oPerating conditions.

Dimensions and thermal resistane of the cable can be taken from example 18.2 on page 185
or from Part 2, Table 5.6.6a.
Bntched installatiotr for the speciJied operatittg conditions to Table 18.2.
Type of operation: Supply utility operation with nr=0.7 or any equivalent load variation
(Fig. 18.6) rvith a frequency of load cycles x: 1.

u = 0.3 rrr +0.7 rnr: 0.J x 0.7+0.7 x 0.7tr = 0.553, (18.51)

:0.186 m , (18.51)
r/i n o\o '

Krn
,' 2x0.7
-l (13..14)
35.7x 10-3

( 13.55)

, )h 2x0.7 JT "^".Kt
ir ft-' (1 8.18)
^" = 7= lstlo.l:

T:,= 3(p- 1) lnk"+2 lnk,] (18.61)

*[lnk+
ts
=f ttn 78.42+3 (0.553-1/...
l tn q 6q+) ln ta ttt= -.. .- Kt
I aas
w ,

15 Km
^
r',: h]nk*z tn,t"J = [n 78.+2+2ln 39.:3]:4.656;. (18.62)
fr
t3_:tr, (l-rn)3 100=15
'- r
{l-07) 100-25K.
.
(18.56)

Since the calculation is made with t ,: specilied operating conditions to Table 18.2, this
gives in equation 18.63 the rated value ,f the load capacity /. with
P: = 0. f'Kt = 0 469 KmTw as in Sectio 18.4.1
and R*.:0.269 Q/km as in Part 2, Ta : 5.6.6a.

,,:t,/ry4+''r
'' V
o3-.
nR*,(T'11;+r',,) t@=
A,
/ txo.z6ex l0-3(0.469+3.445) '--"'
320 (18.63)

30=91.-Prfli: St,-n Il R-,- =90-1 x3202 x0.269 x10-3 x0.469=77'1 "C'

(18 64)

with P:: 0 and Pi to equation 18.3

3,: Se + A9, = 20 +25 = 45'C. (18.65)

The assumption that 90> 9, is there: verified.

204
 Thermal Resistance of the Soil 18.'l

Btutchetl tnstulltrtiort rlitlt lr = I The same vrlue is obtained using the rating factors
of Table 18.15 (/i =0.93) andTable 18.19(/::0.3,i)
For rn: I then 4: I and T'." = 1'
rl-lllon l'=i xf 2= 0.93 x 0.35 = 0.79.
A3.:t5-" ;""":15K. (18.s6)
For nr: 0.7

,,= ____;r*tr,.,*nrl _
. - F*-Wfr.,tsll- ao,
(18.63) 3o= 90- I x 353r x 0.285 x l0-3 x 0.448
V :74.1"C. (13.64)
i = lOr- ?5 = 45 oa
_r/ 90-10+[(].5,1]-11 l5 _1(q l
= !1'
[/ lro%9.10=l{0..t69+4556)--ra and for rrr: 1.0

The current-carrying capacity 1.:120A is identical 3o= 90- I x 277: x 0.285 x l0-r x0.'l-18
to rhe ouantitv siven in DIN VDE 0298 Part 2 as = 80.2 'C, ( 13.64)
ti )e seen in Table 18.11- .'l =1n-! I\= ltoa
From the quantities for /, and I. the rating factor
is In both cases therelore 3o > 3, .
.1 . l, 159
,t1,3:o
Calttltttiotr of diunterer d, untl tlepth of lay h, of the
The same value is obtained by using factors from
tlrr areu Jbr u bunclrcd installatiott und lor m= 1.0
Table 18.l5 Ur : 0.93) and Table 18.171/,=6.371 t";,1t
Assuming: r/, > d,
f: f, f.: x 0.93 x 0.87 = 0.8 1.

ho=tn ltl-r::VO;,-(:S.l x l0-i l)i =0.7 m,

(18.41)
Insrallatiott in Ground Side by Side
The individual thermal resistance can also, in this
, | 2rA3, l
k,:expl;_r*l (Fig. l s.la)
case, be calculated using the equations in Fig. 18.16 ls Qr. I r;)
and Fig. 18.22. It is however easier to take these from
the graphs in Fig. 18.23 and 18.9 or Part 2, Table -"r lx
l3 x 1.0x1592 x0.269x l0-r_l
5.6.6 b giving
/. 570
T',:3.794Kmlw, r/, =.I/rn ;;''
a;-l , = 4x0.7 ;i=l-
)./u--l = 0.51 m, (13.66)

. '. T'.r: 2.583 Km7-W,

'l'kr t,2-Ll < -nz Ll
= 0.448 KmAV. h. = ho ;:i ;
K;-t = ^4J,M:--:-_-:-
0.7
).iu--l =
0.74 m. ( 13.67)
For R;.:9.235Q/km (according to Part 2, Table
",'.6 b) and nr = 0.7 is with dy = 0.286 m the assumption d, > d, is proven.
go-20+[(2.trt-lJx _.r,.r
,__r/
' t* 0.285 x l0-r10.4-+3+2.583)
v ^
(18'63)
and for rz: t.o
,-_,1 eo-2GtdtD-lJts ^--.
/ r x0.285x t0-r(0.lt48+3.794)
(18.63)

The two quantities give a resulting rating factor of

I 277
)i!

205
 l8 Curren t-Carry ing Capacity in Normal Operation

Diameter of the Dry Area

tI-:/+ll^- (r 8.66)
The diameter of the dry area rvith respect to the char-
acteristic diameter can be determined once the load the depth of the boundary isotherm is given by
capacity is knou'n. For this calculation the necessary'
geometric factors k, for a multi-core cable as well /',:ro# (18.67)

as for three single-core cables are shown in Fig. 18.24.

and the depth of the line source /to is derived from
The diameter for the dry area is obtained from
equation 18.38.

d.,dv G^, d,<dy /6\--4

',,="'pl::*l k,=exp [(? -(t-r,) 1'tn t,)rf 4+g)]

t' - d,.dy

r,="'olffii) ,- 1"9
d,'dy

i,=exp t({p
@r +(r-p ) P,tn kt) / lP'+ lil

d..22'd,
d|.dr.2a
€Fi
k,=exp lzrat /5aE {pPJP;)l

0t>0,>G \//o r o\ Pov d,t

\ lJ._',
v/ 2a-d^t

t(ff
' d,t

t,=e,o {tff -tr-r, ) (tn k,) / lFJfl)) r,,=",p - (p4 = P) 2 tn k

"l
/ tpl! ftll

dr.\a-d,1 ?a-d,r-da t@{::,

d,1

n J$, ;+3 Gpl 4ln /p rv- (P,+{) 2ln t., .,2r!t|,/pp+(1-p)frlnit-(pPJff)2lnt.'

rrl=expL-----:--+E-r
, 2
k1=ex9t_________FE-|

Fig. 18.24
Geometric constants of the dry area for one three-core cable and three
single-core cabies

206
 Croupirlg in Ground 18.{

18.{..1 Grouping in the Ground The cable ly-ing in the centre is heated most and is
the reference cable designated l. In most instances
Fictitious .{dditional Thermal
the eccentricity of the cable is neglegible. For trvo
Resistances -\ Ij and A Ii, due to Grouping
cables (Fig. 18.25a) the grouping factor is
Cables grouped in a common cable trench or in-
''rt. , L ,2
stalled with insufficient spacing from one another re-
-. l/ \tt|'r ttl) 'ru
-: (13.73)
sult in mutual heating. Thus the load capacity is sub-
sequently reduced. Reduction lactors for the normal-
t/ trt. - h,t' + a'
ly used spacings are shown in Tables 18.17 to 18.21. independant of rvhich cable is heating the other. If
The load capacity for large spacings, lor groups of trvo cables are arranged at the same depth
cable etc. must be calculated for the individual situa- (Fig. 18.25b) then according to equation 18.50:
rio ns.

For the calculation of load capacity the superposirion y;=1,ftlf*,=1n*. ( 13.7+)

of-temperature fields is considered here also. Interfer- V \a I
d : with ground heat conductivity, due to variations
in homogeneiry caused by the cables, is neglected. For six cables as in Fig l8.2ic then
Because of the commonly used ciearance of 7 cm be-
fi'',
l/(r) *'*
t'ryeqn cables this can be done rvirhout introducing
f ; =r,n1,{t'f,*,*2'n ':
$ .ficant error. MuI
For the fictitious additional thermal resistances ATj
and dTi" of multi-core cables (calculated rvith g,) -ln (18.75)

due to grouping, the follorving are applicable rvhen

considering daily load variations :
In groups of bunched single-core cables the distance
betrveen centres of bunches b can be used to simplily
6 T_, :flfir,*u l r'*,.u. - r)rr - rr rn r"]. calculation. Since in equation 13.77 the number of
-" L: Y".l loaded cores per cable is considered with n= l. to
(l 8.68) take account ol all losses the ligure 3 must be intro-
duced into the group factor. If in Fig. 18.25c for ex-
Considering dielectric losses and continuous opera- ample the six cables are replaced by six three-phase
tion with rn = 1 in equation 18.68 4 must be made systems each comprising three bunched single-core
equal to I and this gives cables this {:ives.

lE fi) A,
ar;:fri;, r

^
-'" 2.
( 18.69) ) d,=Jli I
rn
/(-6)*'*t'" tffi;*
Similarly for three single-core cables in a three-phase ( 18.76)
system:

AT:": Values for grouping factors for a cable laying at the

A.::*Tr,
N, is the number ofcables within the circle ofcharac-
teristic diameter dy.
The grouping factor Ed, is for a number of cables
1,2, 3 ..., i, ...N (Figs. 18.14 and 18.25):
end of the group may be taken also from Fig. 18.26.
For a cable on the inside the group factors for the
number of cables laying to the right and to the left
( i 8.71) must be summated.
With the aid of equation 18.64 and equation i8.65
it must be verified whether the soil actually dries out.

I6t:Th:: (18.72)

207
l8 Currcnt-Carrying Capacity in Normal Operarion

Load Capacity
For N cables of the same t.vpe. having the same ioad-
ing and the same losses installed in the same trench
the load capacity is

, _-, I or,- Ju-e;1r;o + ri +a r;+ (p2r1- r1 aq

"-/ -
(18.77)

Extension of the Dry Area

.{s described in Section 18.41 the dry area mal be

represented in special cases by a circular or nearly
circular area with a diameter. equal to the diameter
d,. More accurately the boundary of the dry area
can be determed by calculating the temperature rise
in all points P (.x, y) which accurately correspond \\'i'\
rhe temperature rise of the boundary isotherm l\n
This is effected by inserting to the relationships gilen
in Fig. 18.27 in the formula
}
43,= I(riPii+P:i) x

x ]: ln 11'+ /r, - e,): + - x)2

1.r, (18.78)
zn (.v
- h' + eJz + (-r' -.r):
a fixed coordinate e. g. y and .r is altered continuously
until, with the given values for losses Pi; and P;i the
calculated value of temperature rise at the point
P(-r, _r') exactly corresponds with the given value of
A9,. In most instances the eccenlricity e can be ne-
glected (see Section 18.4.3).

In Fig. 18.27 the cables 1,2.,... i... N are shown u

their mirror images to the ground surface. The .r aX
is located at the ground surface. It is assumed that
the circles with the characteristic diameter lay u ithin
the dry area. Since the characteristic diameter based
on the lower value of thermal resistivity of the moist
region will be somewhat too large, the results will
be on the safe side, The same applies if the extent
of the dry area becomes smaller than the circle with
the characteristic diameter.

With the aid of equation 18.78 the isotherms in the

moist area can also be determined (Fig. 18.28).
For this A9, must be replaced by the temperature
rise of the selected isothermal line. The isotherms in
Fig. 18.25 the dry area can not be established using this relative-
Groups of cables referred to in the text ly simple method.

208
 Crouping in Cround 18...1

Massing faclor E,i Number of cables

og=1.0 KmM
r0
20
I
8
7
15 b
5
---s,=2.5 KmM

Qe = 1,0 Km; W
3u=10'C rrr = 0.7
Ail.=li K

Fig. 18.28
Temperature ficld of trvo cablcs Nyy I x l j0 0.611 kV
-2 J 4 56 8 t0 t5 20 25J0
Rario j-_

Fig. 18.26
Crouping factor Id relative ro depth of lay fi and to
spacing distlnce .r. and rhc numbJr o[ cabies in rhe
trench in relation to a cable on the end of the rorv

Example 18.8
Four circuits of bunched single-core cables of the
t)pe
NA2XS2Y 1 x 150 RMi25 t2l20kv
are arranged in the same trench. The clearance is
7 cm. The cables are to operate to the specified condi-
trons in Table 18.3.
The centre spacing of two bunches is (Fig. 1g.29)
b:2 d+70 mm:2 x 35.7 mm+70 mm= I41.4 mm.
The electrical and thermal data for a single bunch
was calculated in example 18.7 (see page 204, Section
18.4.3). The calculation for a group of such cables
is made in respect of a bunch laying in the centre
(cables 1, 2 and 3):

a, +1iv,- tl1s- t; tnt,].

Fig, I8.27
Heating of a point p(.r, y)
#
-" fir'.r"t,
12 rv+ t
by cabte i: l, 2,3, ..., N (lE.6g)
l8 Current-Carrying Capacity in Normal Operation

/7/////777.. t, r.,.//,, //////////./,
///L ////////z z//,' /. 12. the outermost bunch. The factors for the cables,{
to 6 as u,ell as the factors for cables 7 to 12, in each
case relative to cables I to 3. must be determined
and then summated. For bunches of three single-core
cables the value established in this way must be mul-
tiplied by 3.

-'-'bh 0.7m
Fa\r-:-:1
0.14 m

9
) di :JXjxiJ:lJ.J,

l: l: 9

:-"t :-'
.-Ti.:.
| 1--t -'
l r1qi - 1il=Jqi
lo +

rr R'*, (T'*, + I;, +A ]"l')

(18.i7) -
Fig. 18.29
Arrangement of installation for cxample 18.8
_-r/L @
/ I x 0.169 x I0 - ' t0.169 - 3.+45 + -1.1r'>.

= 223 A.

\earl) the sarne result can be obtained by reference

The characteristic dianreter r{:0.286 nr is greater to Section 18.2 and Part 2 using the following:
rhan 26 = 0.130 m. Therefore u ith ,V" :9 and with from Part 2 Table 5.6.6a: /,:320 A.
equation 18.72 as well as equation 18.76 one obtains from Table 18.1 5 : /, = t.O,
19 from Table 18.17 : fr=Q.l ,
^
-:-t) I a,+(9-3)(ir-l)lnt,lJ and I,: J,xf' x.[ :320 x 1.0 x 0.7 = 224 A.
1rl" ' +u' sTr
D

1.5 f. x.J ln
;-lJ
:tt L
(18.68)
Example 18.9

+p3xr nffi.t. Two three-core cables type

NYSEY 3 x 185 RM/25 6i 10 kV
4hl
+te-3Xr-r)ln4l are arranged in the same trench \t ith a clearance b''.
tween them of 7 cm and are to be operated to the
specified conditions in Table 18.1.
The other cables in Fig. 18.30 are not loaded. The
following electrical and thermal values are available
+0.553 x 3ln
from Part 2, Table 5.1.18: Ri",=0.121 O,&m,
+ 6(0.553 - l) ln:*-ql I, = 394 A,
u.l86l Pi = 3'7 win'
d
= 68.8 mm,
:fr?( [tr.as+0.s53 x 4.89-6.12] (reference diameter)

Ih = 0'364 KmAM'
= 4. 15 Km,AM. Iica=0'253 KmAil'
The grouping factor E 61 can also be determined from 4r = l'071 KmAv'
Fig. 18.26. The factors in this figure are given for Ti =La74Km[w.

210
 Crouoins in Ground 18.{

|{.2
with .\,:2 and IJt:tJr:2.31
)2

,' )i J
ll"j=i:fd,:i )fr
x2.31 {t8.6e)

:O.S19 rmAV;

| _ | / 10 - 20 - 3.7 (0.253 + 1..r74 +0.91 9)+ [(2.5 1.0]- rl :s

- y J x 0.121 x l0-r 10.36.tt 1.071 +0.j15)
:331 A.

Fig. 18.30
Arranseme nt of insrallarion for erample 18.9

Current-Carrying Capacity of Dissimilar Cables

The load capacity of one cable is
, _., /l+,-}r-P:(T;d+T.)-[(q./qJ- l] AJ,
V nRi,(fi.,- f',")
/ stance. the trefoil-arranged single-core cables indicat-
_1/ ta-jo-J.7(0.251+ 1.474)+ [(].5/ 1.0)_ ll
V 3 x0.12[ x l0-](0.364+ 1.071)
Apart from the ,V cables being similar to each other
(indicated by the index i), as shown in Fig. 18.29,
there are orher M cables being similar to each other
(indicated by the index j) accomrnodared in the same
trench (Fig. 18.30). If the loading of these M cables
,lR 61r
is the same this results in mutual heating, for in-
25
ed by 1,2.3 are heuted by:

=394 A
AS,,= f;, (r 3.79)
z1= 70 mm + d:70 mm+69 mm= 139 mm frfa,,+
a; 0.7 m
__j.=_=504
a 0.139 m
+qj{*ft'r,,+pjtyij+
i ti,+.\ryiitti-rrrnr,l}
\-"1I I J)
2
From Fi-e. 18.26 The grouping factor for M multicore cables is
Irt:2.31.
I
*
For m: 0.7 from Table 8.31
d" = 0.286 m.
I = 0.553 and ia,, = in 1 f \\.,
(h,- !')',+'i:
h,)z + al,'
(18.80)

From example 18.7 kr:9.69 and hence for N bunched single-core cables operating under
three-phase conditions the ratins factor becomes
^ r.Y, J
4,: *l *r i a,+1ru,- l)tu;-l) rnk,l
^ -"L2
ia,
Mv'l I
(i8'58)
1u,-tir"fffi. (18.81)

: ) \ [2.31 +0+(2- If all N

; l)(0.ss3 - 1) ln e.6e] cables are loaded at the same level the
current-carrying capacity of the trefoil-arrangement
=0.515 KrnrV. (or cable) in question is:

271
l8 Current-Carrying Capacity in Nonnal Operation

'' (r 8.82)
l/ n R*,i(T;ji+ rl,,-ATl,r)

If the load capaciry of the M cables is to be investigat- The loading of the 10 kV cables is now to be 200 A
ed in respect of the heating from the group of N each at a Ioad factor of nt:0.7 and d":0.286 m (Ta-
cables the indices in the equation above need to be ble 18.27). drl2 is therefore less thin the smallest
interchanged. spacing /rt-ft,:0.3 m at aii:0 in Fig. 18.30 and
hence ,l1r;1 :0. Using equation 18.80 in relation to
Mr;; is the number of cables in group j, whose circle the axis of the bunched cables 1, 2 and 3 with a', : 0
with characteristic diameter drl embraces the cable compared with a;1:0.14 m (example 18.9) we get
considered of the group i. Since it must be assumed
that all cables N and ,'11 are situated in the same v ,4r n-,-n 7r.:-0:
dry area the boundary isotherm must be determined f ;.=1n17t'"-" 't--'..
by using the larger of the trvo load factors al; or ; ' / (1.0-0.7)'+0'
rrl (eQuation 18.56).
(1.0+0.7):+0.1.11
Using equations 18.64 and 18.65 the assumption that
*ln
(1.0-0.7):+0.1.1:
(r8.80) -
the soil is drying out must be verifled. Should this _ 1 1-7
not be the case then in all equations g! must be re-
;laced by gu. With the quantities from erample 18.9 rle get \-/
Pij:,r/i R;,, (18.1)
Example 18.10 : 3 x l00r x 0.121 x l0- r: 14.52 Wi m.
The cables from example 18.8 (Fig. 18.29) are in-
stalled at a depth of i': I nt 1Ot=. 18.30) but other- The temperature rise caused by the trvo 10 kV cables
wise are operated under the sanre conditions. is therefore

From Fig. 18.23 it is found for li:1.0 m. nr:0.7 )i -

:
?i
-r 14.52= 10+0.553 x 3.37+01
and d:35.1 mm 43,,-' = 3.7 )fi
3.37
ln

f":3.7 Km/w'
:15.7 K (18.79)

and the load capacity

For the ratio

lr' 1.0 m ,.@txo.:69 x lo-r(0.469+3.7+4.8)

b 0.140 m V
= 195 A. (18,,_,
from Fig. 18.26 the values 2.65 for two cables and
4.62 for three cables are found. For the load capacity Additionally, it must be ascertained that the 10 kV
rf N= l2 single-core cables with a depth of lay in- cables are not heated excessirely by the 20 kV cables
creased to I m, but still ignoring the influence of the thus
two three-core l0 kV cables M situated above, we P::rI? P' (18.3)
have simplified (see example 18.8) in
=1x1952x0.269x10-3
6 L2
:10.23 Wm.
16,: f 6, + ld,:3 (2.65 +4.62):21.81,
Also in this example drl2 is less than the smallest
,,.\
1Il,'!ft= 0.553 x 11.81 = 4.80 KmfV and distance hi- ht:9.3 and therefore lr'r;; = 0'
=
,-@
V 1x0.269 x 10-r(0.469+3.7+4.80)
(18.77)

)11
 Installation in Ducts and Pioes 18.4

(18.3r)

?<
A9;;= 0+ t0.23 x 19.34+0] = 43.53 K. (r 8.79)
;[0+0.553
, - 170-20-3.7(0.253+ 1.474+0.919)+[(2.5/l)- l] :5-43.53 (18.82)
v 3 x0.l2lx t0-r(0.364+1.071+0.515)

Since the loading with 200 A is smaller than the load
caoacity of 120 A, the 10 kV cables are not heated
i .:ssively. The interdependance of load capacity of
a group of cables on loading of the other group can
be seen by reference to Fig. 18.31. At the point of
\ersection of the curves the temperature of the con-
, tors are at their maximum values of 90 'C and
7u"C respectivelv.
18.-1.5 Installation in Ducts and Pipes
As rvell as the thermal resistances descnbed earlier
additional thermal resisrances are involved
(Fig. 18.i2)
P the thermal resistance ?l of the space between
the cable surface and the inner rvall of the pipe
and
D the thermal resistance f{ of the pipe (with metal
pipe ( is insignificant).

.-;:-- 1.,=331 A at {=0

Thermal Resistance I( of the pipe
The thermal resistance 1.x of the pipe is derived from
the specific thermal resistance ofp" ofthe pipe materi-
al. the outer diameter d* and the thickness 6* of the
pipe wall with

Qn,
/ R = :-
I
In -------. (r 8.83)
zIt , l)p,
'-4
Thermal Resistance Ii of the Internal Space
The thermal resistance 7i of the space whether filled
rvith air or gas is determined by iteration [18.42,
18.431:

(18.84)

1,,=211 Aar I,=0

(10 tV cable ' A9": T' ,* 1r' * (18.85)
"r.
The equivalent diameter ds in m for cables with dia-
100 150 200 A 250 meter d is
Currenl Ir
for one cable in a pipe aE- ut
Fig. lSJl for two cables in a pipe de:1.65d,
Load capacity interdependance
o[ two groups of cables - for three cables in a pipe de= 2-15 d
trom example lg.9 '
for four sables in ri pipe de= 2.3Qd.

zt)
l8 Current-Carrying Capacity in Normal Operation

The mean temperature 9. of the air space for n* Conducto. lemperalure

cables is celculated by approximation t1- Conduclor losses

Thermal resistance
r- =1s.. -,r, - r s. +($ - r)a s,l
\tE/) ' lossesPJ ol insulalion l'l,
Shearh losses

"-(?*n*t:,) Thermal resislance

ol inner layers Ij
]"ki + nR (1.; + i';r + T; J*
Armour losses

r;l',"($+ rl+ r:,)

l. Thermal resistance
of ourer shearh fj
t'-(*-')"" (18.86)

Thermal resislance
of air space I;
"l is obtained from equation 18.3. Pi is obtained
from equation 18.4 and the dielectric temperature rise Thermal resislance
lrom oi pipe I,{

A3o=P' [Ti.o+n*(Ti'+Ii + T:)]. ( 18.87) Thermal resislance

oi qround Ij
The constants a. b, and c rvhich depend on the type
& Ioral losses P.'- PJ
of pipe and arrangement can be taken from Ta-
ble 18.i2. The pressure p for cables in pipes is I bar. Ambienr lemperalure

For a temperature dillerence of A3"= 20 K between Fig. 18.32

pipe inner wall and rhe cable surface for cables in Equivalcnt circuit for the thermal florv from cables
an air filled pipe and Agp:10 K for gas pressurised installed in a pipe in the ground
cables taking account of a limited range of diameters

de= 15 mm to 100 mm for cables in pipe

Table 18.32
d:= 75 mm to 125 mm for gas pressure cables Constants a, b, c, A,8, C for the calculation of thermal
resislance di for installation in ducts or pipes "
the simplified equation [18.a2; 18.2]
Typc of pipe and
arrangemcnt a h c .4 c
(18.88)
I + 100 (B+Cg-) dE
Cablc in mctal pipe 11.41 15.63 0.2r96 5.2 0.01 l0
Cable in hard iibre pipe
is used with constants A, B and C to Table 18.i2. (fibre r) duco
In addition iteration using equations 18.86 and 18.87 in air I l.4l 4.65 0.1163 5.1 0.83 0.0061
is required (d, is to be applied in m). A rough calcula- in concrete 11..11 5.5 5 0.r808 5.: 0.91 0.0095
,ion is possible rvith Fig. 18.33 Cable in asbestos

ln atr I l.4l 11.11 0.1033 t.2 0.0055

in concrete 11.41 10.20 0.2067 5.2 1.1 0.0110
Cable in eanhenwarc
Prpe 1.87 0.46 0.0036

Gas-pressurc cable
in stcel pipe (14 bar) I l.4l 15.63 0.2r96 0.95 0.00 0.0021
High-prcssurc oil-lillcd
cable in stcel pipc 0.26 0.28 0.0026

r) For plastic pipcs valuc! not yal incorporalcd in IEC 28?. It is rccom_
mcndcd to usc lhe valucs fot hard fibrc pipc as an aPProximalc calcula-
tior|. For inslallation of thc pipcs in ground $c constanls for piPcs
Hdcd in concrctc :nay bc uscd
rr Bitumcn imprcgnatcd wood fibrc

214
 Installation in Ducts and Pioes 18.{

1.2

1.0

08 08

(, 0.6

oz

1.5 2 3 4 5 7 cmt0 t.t 2 3 4 5 7 cm10 l_t 2 3 4 5 7cmi0

Equivalent diametet d E- [quivalent diameter d e- Equivalenr diamerer d.-....-........-

a) Hard fibre pipe in concrete b) Asbestos-cement pipe Earthenware duct

(as an approximation also for a in conclete or in the ground
plastic pipe in concrete in the ground
or in the ground)

Fig. 18.33 Thermal resistance of rhe air space between a cable and a pipe

?t 5
- 18 Current-Carrying Capacir; in Nonnal Operation
Load Capacitl for an Installation
of Pipes in Ground or in Air
The load capacity for cables laying in the ground
can be calculated from
91.-9E- P; [Tid + rR(T;+ T;i+ 4)+A 4] +[(q'iqJ- l] AS'
rr R*,ITi, + rr*(?"i + ?i + I:y)+ A 71"]
The number of cables in the pipe is n* and n is the
number of loaded conductors in each cable. Tlre ther-
mal resistances of the soil Ti and Ti, are calculated
as in Section 18.4.3 using the diameter of the pipe
'*. The additional thermal resistances A7l and Al"
taking account of grouping are calculated as in Sec-
tion 13.4.4.
If the load capacity in air is required the quantity
I thermal resistance '1"., for an installation in air
as in Section 18..1.2 must be inserted rvhile the ther'
mal resistances I , 4,., Aq and Ad, are omitted.
Load Capacitl' for an Installation in Ducts Banks
In some industrial installations the cables are in-
stalled in duct banks at 0.6 m depth or greater
(Fig. 18.3a). The ducts are firstly installed in layers
with the aid of distance pieces and then bedding or
filler material is compacted after each layer is posi-
tioned. The clearance between ducts must be selected
wide enough to ensure proper filling. If normal sand
is used for this the load capacity to equation 18.89
r appropriate. Horvever a thermally stable bedding
material (see Section 18.4.6), e.g. a suitable concrete
mix mav be selected provided that the thermal resis-
Fig. 18.34 Arrangemenr ofducr banks
)1A
( 18.8e)
tivity does not exceed a specified value qu in the dried-
out stale. Normally qo<g.. For concrete. in cases
rvhere a specific quantity is not knorv it is normally
satisfactory to use gB: L2 Km. W. The drl ing out
of the soil outside of the block is the onll lactor
* hich may reduce load capacitl'.
In duct banks the power cables are to be arranged
-
only in the outer ducts as indicated in Fig. 18..''
[18.aa]. The heat dissipation from the inner piper'
of a duct bank into the ground is signilicantly less
favourable by comparison to the outer pipes because
ol the obstruction caused by air in the outer pipes.
If porier and control cables are to be run together
the power cables. because of the better heat dissipa-
tion. are preferably arranged in the upper layers.
It must be assumed that the soil dries out around
the pipe block rvith dimensions,r and y and the equiv-
alent diameter do to equation 18.90. In the zone em'
braced by the equivalent diameter du and the diame-
ter of the boundary isotherm d,, therefore, one must
calculate the corrective thermal resistances fi- and
7f,r'. using the thermal resistivity 9..
Outside the diameter d, calculations are made using
the thermal resistivity 3s for moist soil, rvhich is intrc
duced through the correction term in the top line. ''-
77V 7v-/2 VZV ZVZ 7772-T
l>o.sm
I
lool loool lool loool looool
lool loool lool
lool lo@ol lool lo@ol lo@@ol
lo@ol looool
leel lgSl
lool
loool
@ unsuitable for power cables
-
Fig. 18.35
Examples of arrangement of pipes in duct banks
 Installation in Ducts and Pipes 18..1

The equivalent diameter r/o of the duct bank with [quivalent radius r" rl
dimensions x and _u is (Fig. 13.16) [ I8.2]
cm I

I I.r /+ .\\ . /. t:\ .rl 60

.ls=lexpl;;(;-;)ln(l+,)+ln;1, (13.e0) 70
L- -, \,"
60

whereby one has to select ,r < y and I < 3.

.I )u

The geometric lactor is

40

r"=]*1f$-,
ds V \us/
(r8.9 r) 30

20
i , assumed that ./,> /B therefore drying-out of the
soil occurs and for the corrective thermal resistances r0

for multi-core cables and d*> dy> dB

.V
l0 20 30 40 50 60 80 100, cm 200
a--s':qrl.vornko+ f j, l. (18.92)
ln L .t*, I Fig. 18.36
Equivalent radius r, = r.lrl2 of a duct bank rvith dimen-
., r sions r and _r' in Fig. 13.3.1, where ;s 4 -1' provided rhat
-,''.
T;;:a-'u|.Volnku+4
t., f o, -.V,t4-l) rn r"]; ,r'-rSl
( 13.93)
Lastly it must also be investigated rvherher the as-
multi-core cables and d,> dB> dy sumption r/, > ri u applies:

[' irom equation I 8.92, (I 8.92 a)

J, .l lrs
L.

tBv=IttB; = ;;f-:, (18.66a)

( 18.93 a)

single-core cables and d,> d.!> dB rvit h

?'i,* from equation 13.92 ( 18.92b) 2r /3,

k, = exp (18.e4)
'ir!,', from q, N, (p Pi+ Pi)
equation 18.93; (l 8.93 b)

and Pi to equation 18.3 as well as Pj ro equarion

".ngle-core cables and d,> dR> d"
18.4.
Tf from equation 13.92. (I 8.92 c) If d,<dB the soil does not dry-out and in all equa-
r*: Pri . (18.93c) tions qr must be replaced by qr.

For the load capacity an extension of equation 18.89 is used

3.. - ji [Ti<a + n* + rR + T;)+A rB + rii] +A0, l(eJ e e)

(ft a
n R*. [Ti.1+ n* (I; + Ii + ?"By) + A T;.r + T'l ( 18.95)
The thermal resistances Ti, Ti, and A!i, are calculated in line with Section 1g.4.3
and 18.4.4 with g, replaced
by pg. This corresponds with'the assu#ption that rhe thermal resistivity outside the pipes
has the uniform
quantity qu.

217
 l8 Curren t-Carrying C4pacity in Normal Operation

18.4.6 Soil-Thermal Resistilitv Backllll

Cable in the Ground
An accurate knowledge of the thermal resistivity of
the soil and the bedding materials not only allows
optimum utilisation of the cable up to the permissible
operating temperature but also prevents early aging
or destruction due to excessive heating [18.18 to
18.201. High soil-thermal resistivity - as a conse-
quence of drying-out of the sround - are particularly
dangerous for highly loaded cables in continuous op-
eration in unfavourable ground conditions.
If the slightly rvider surroundings of the cable are
included in the consideration. three areas can be de-
-scribed (Fig. 18.37) which under certain conditions
i, .nay have different thermal resisrivities. The three ar-
eas can be distinguished as follows:
To avoid damage to a cable construction good
ground, free of ingredients such as building rubble.
clinker, etc., should be used for backlill and should
be sufliciently compacted [18.6; 18.21]. Normally the
excavated soil is suitable for this purpose. The physi-
cal and thermal characteristics can be approximately
equal to those of the virgin soil (Area l).
Bedding Material
Bedding materials. in line with the requirements dis-
cussed earlier [18.16; 18.21] should be free of stones
and should comprise sand or other compacrable type
of soil rvith a maximum particle size of l0 mm. This
should be Iaid in layers of l0 cm and compacted by

Virgin Soil
' -,f this is undisturbed and is ri ithout significant inclu-
sions of humus (moorland) the soil-thermal resistivity Table 18.33 Quantities of soil components
is normally, for European latitudes. no more than
I Km lV. Care must be taken u,here the ground is Basic Dry density Thermal
made-up and is only partially consolidated rvith a ele mcnt or resistility
mixture of slag, ashes and the like. included. In such
ma t cri:L I t ml KmrW
cases it is advisable to measure the thermal and ohvsi- Cranite 2.5 to 3.0 0.32 to 0.25
cal orooerties of the soil.
Basalt ).9 0.6

Feldspar 2.5 0.43

Glimmer Mica 1.7

Gneiss 0.19

Limestone 2.5 0.78

Quartz 2.5 to 2.8 0.ll

Sandstone 1) 0.54

Slag 0.3 ro l.l 1 to 3.5

Organic 4
materials,
molst

Organic 1
Area I Virgin soil materials,
Area I Backfrll dry
Area 3 Bedding material
Water I 1.68
Fig. 18.37
Thermal-resistance areas surrounding a cable laid in
ground Au 40

218
 Soil-Thermal Resistivity 18..1

hand compactors up to a cover of 30 cm above the

cable. Below the cables hard parts such as rocks or
boulders should be replaced by filler material. Bog,
peat, ash and building rubble as well as chemically
contaminated earth should be replaced to a distance'
of 20 cm by liller material. Here also the previously
excavated soil can be used providing it has suitable
characteristics.

Physical and Thermal Characteristics of Soil

Soil comprises three basic components. It consists
ot-granular particles of material rvhich differ in their
d ,nical and mineral constituents. size and form of
particles, parlicle size distribution, density and mois-
ture content. Between the more or less compacted
pn(ticles there are cavities, or pores, which may be
, d with either rvarer or air. The air contained in
the pores may itsell contain rvater vapour depending
on the temperature.
Heat is transferred in such amorohous materials bv
conduction.
A comparison of the thermal resistivities in Ta-
ble 18.13 indicates the extent to which the total ther-
mal resistance is related to the constituents of the
soil.
The individual soil particles have molecular like
powers of adhesion and attract a layer of condensed
water. This hygroscopically bound water does not
move and can be removed only by changing it into
vapour, for example by heating to above 105 to
)'C. Fine granular soils bind in this manner more
than coarse grained soils- The amount of
^Ier
r/!,und water also depends on moisture content as
I Soil parricie
2 Skin of water
3 Hygroscopically bound wxter
4 Pore filling water
Fig. 18.38
Fine granular particles and water Iayer
material relative to the content of pores rr is Iarge.
Such mixtures with reduced caviries have a high re-
sulting dry density 70. The thermal resisrivity reaches
a minimum when all pores are filled with water i.e.
at maximum water content Ie.
The above mentioned values can be determined by
reference to DIN 4016 or from an information sheet
prepared by Forschungsgesellschaft ftr das StraBen-
wesen [ 18.34], e.g. using the Ddrr-Wiige-Method.
The following relationships exist :
Water content ,r=i-
ia
I (18.96)

well as pressure and the temperature of the air in

"-: soil. Pore content n:l-! (18.97)

Ifsuflicient water is present in the soil, the hygroscopi-

cally bound water is covered with an additional con-
centric skin of water (Fig. 18.38) which connects where
neighbouring particles as pore filling water. This im- 73 particle density,
proves heat conduction since, in comparison with air, i.e. the relationship of dry weight of solid materi-
water is a good conductor of heat and the pores be- al to the pore-free volume (in non- or weak bind-
come heat bridges. The amount of skin water is sub- ing soils y"=2.65 tlm3),
ject to great variations which are caused by storage
of penetrating water and its evaporation. Especially y6 the dry density,
ln the temperature zone of cables a reduction of water i.e. the weight of the dry soil relative to the unit
content is to be expected even up to completely dried volume.
out. Even in this case it is important that the thermal y the density of moist soil,
resistivity remains sulliciently low. To meet this re- i.e. the weight of the moist soil relative to the
qulrement it is necessary that the conrent of solid unit volune.

219
l8 Curren t-Carrying Capacirl in Normal Operatiqn

To obtain the most densely compacted soil the pores
bets een the larger particles should be filled with par-
ticles of a smaller group such that a less porous mix-
ture is developed. Such an ideal grain distribution
is shown on the distribution diagram as a parabolic
cun,e (Fig. 18.39 curves I and 2) and can be treated
analrricallv with equation
oniy a small variety of particle sizes (cun'e,1 in
Fig. 18.39). Well graded soils, in rvhich the smaller
particles fill the pores between larqer particles have
a more flat or parabolic shape of curve. The relation-
ship is expressed by
U = d6sld 16 ( 18.99)

p = (dld-",)'. (l 8.e8)
ln this p represents the part of the weight of sieved
material rvhich passes through a mesh u'idth of
"equivalent diameter" d, ci.", the diameter of the
largest ,eranule of the mixture, r=0.5 according to
Fuller. .r = 0.25 to 0.4 according to Talbot and
::0.11 to 0.514 according to Jahn 18.221.
The particle size distribution curve can be derived
according to DIN 4016 or can be found in a paper
of the Forschungsgesellschafi fiir das Stra8enrvesen
_l8.ja], in $hich the sieved material is treated using
a series of mesh widths. The point A in Fig. 18.39
on curve number 4 signifies that 739lo of the total
mass of sieled material has a sranular diameter of
< 0.63 mm.
The steeper the particle size distribution cune the
more uniform is the material i.e. it is rnade up of
with du6 the particle diameter with 60% passing
through the sieve and d,o the particle diameter with
l0% passing through.
Soils having U < 5 (steep curve) are classed as uniform
whilst soils having U>51flat curve) are classed as
non-uniform.
From the parlicle size distribution curve the ease of
compaction can also be recognised. Easily compact-
able grades normally comprise well graded. ueak or
non-cohesive sands (also sand gravel mixtures) \vith
U> 7. Soils are classified as non-cohesile rvhere !l;
have a low content of silt and clay (approximately
< l0%), do not tend to form clods and therefore re-
main loose and flowing. They permit cavitl,-free fillinu
of the trench and especially in the vicinitl' of the cable.
In mildly cohesive soils lhe individual particles ad-
herc to one another and form a modular mass. they
are therefore less suitable as a beddine material and

Besidue
in
sieve
0
%weiqht
10-
t--
1* Particle size distribution curve

t* to equation 18.98 with .r = 0.5

*l-F
qn

40.i-
i'i' Particle size distribution curve
to equation 18.98 with x:0.3
Crushed limestone (residue
*t+-
4n
I

170
from splitting opelation)
Probe No 6 from Table 18.35
--l {eo Building sand
Probe No I from Table 18.35
t"
I

10
l- Sand-loam-mixture
^l
UT +100
0001 0002 r10 20 mm 63 100
Fig. 1839
6.3
l\4esh sire Particle size distribution curve

220
 Soil-Thermal Resistivity 18.4

require a more intensive compacting. Furthermore Ory density;o

some kinds oi soil, depending on water content, tend
to srvell and shrink which can lead to the formation
of cracks and cavities in the vicinity oi the cable
where rvater content alters due to the temperature
field of the cable.
The ease of densifying or compacting depends very
much upon the water content during compacling. By
use of rhe Proctor apparatus [18.34] the most favour-
able water content and the highest dry state density
for compacting can be determined by sample investi-
gation. For this test a probe is applied to several
samples of soil, each having a different water content.
F.ch sample is compressed in three layers in a cy-
,.,.dn:al test vessel of say, l0 cm diameter and 12
cm hright. The apparatus eives o. consistant compact-
ing effort, relative ro rhe volume (60 Mpm/m3
kJ/mtr) - known as rhe Proctor effort. This 0510%15
^588.4)rt is derived from a weight of 2.5 kg falling Waler conlent i,,/ +
through 30 cm with 25 blows for each of the three
layers. The resulting dry density is depicted in curves I Sand
shorvn in Fig. 18.40. This investigation shorvs rhe de- I Sand and silt
gree of compaction achievable depending on the type i Gravel, sand and powdered stone
of soil - degree of non-uniformity - and materials. -1 Gravel. sand and silt
With a content of approximarely 5 ro 20% of silt
this not only fills the pores between large granules, Fig. 18..{0
Proctor curves ;o =fru) of various types of soil
thus ensuring a higher dry density but also in con-
junction with water acts as a lubricatine asent when
comPacting.
The particle shape also inlluences the dry density.
Round particles result in higher values in comparison
to flat or crystaline shapes.

A marked influence of chemical-mineral composition

on thermal resistivity is noticeable at high values of
7 density and low water content. Sands and eravels
containing quarrz are, because of their reducei ther-
mal resistivity (Table 18.33) preferred. Where soil
contains, apart from large gravel and sand particles, A large number of tests have been conducted to es-
sulficient silt, the water binding capacity and also the tablish an analytical relationship between the physi-
good adhesion of the larger parricles is noticeable. cal properties ofsoil and its thermal resistivity [18.23
I ests have shown an improved heat to 18.27]. Direct measurement of thermal characteris-
conductivity for
this mixture. Because oi its surface tension thi silt tics is however preferred to all other methods, since
forms a film over the larger granules and draws itself this provides the most accurate values. For the inter-
mto the pores. Heat conducting bridges are formed pretation of beat conductivity processes in soils, it
lrom the solid constituents which remain present will be inevitable even in the future to occasionally
even
when the soil is completety dried out. make these thermal investigations.
This phenom-
ena can, however, only be readily
obsenid when The relationships between thermal resistivity, density
pnor to drying-out a certain
minimum water content and degree of humidity for two types of soil are
ls present.
shcwn in Fig 18.41.

221
l8 Curren t-Carrying Capaciri in Normal Operation

llhermal conduclivrry i-l llnermal conduclivily i.r

l"url-J
#: i I
| fiiil
i 3.0-.--r--------r:--

ll,l 2.5

I
I
I
I

t \
I l
\ I
\ \

Moisture
Volumelric content
in% I

010 20 30 40 50 60 VoF% 80
PorositY....-.-..........-

2.5 tlnr 2.0

__0ensiry
1.5 1.0
.-2.5 r/mJ 2.0
Densrty

a) Sea sand b) Soil

Fig, 18.41
Thermal conductivity l"u and thermal resistivity ofsoil g.= lli.p relati'te to density and materials at 20'C 18.401

-lnfluence of Moisture Content

The moisture content of soil is dependant on
number of natural factors [18.30]:
D Diflerent types of soil have dillerent capacities to
absorb water and to retain it. The smaller the
pores the better the water retention. Loam, i.e.
clay containing soils dry-out much slower than
sandy soils [18.28]. Crushed stones, gravel or
made-up slag have no water holding capacity.
F The water table can re-wet the soil where the soil
has sufficient suction [8.29]. The moisture con-
a tent of the upper layers is dependant upon the
water table level. In large-particle poor soils the
suction can be zero but in coarse sands it can
be 0.03 m to i.0 m and in loam I m to 30 m.
The surface contour can provide either a drainage
(hill) or containment (valley) effect.
Roots of shrubs and trees dry-out the soil during
periods of low precipitation. Sandy soils are af-
fected more so than Ioam.
Road surfaces or other coverings Drevent free

))')
 Soil-Thermal Resistrvity l8.J

evi.rporation of rvater from the surface so that the I Precipiration

moisture content below (hem mav be present
j50--
l''l
higher than in the non-covered surroundings. I mm -r---"1
50
tr Precipitation provides a major proportion of 0
moisture input to the ground.
tr Solar radiation, both duration and intensity to-
gether with wind, surface characteristics and vege-
tation influence evaporation.
tr The moisture content of the soil and hence its
thermal resistivity follows an annual cycle which
is controiled by the influences mentioned above .lnbie renperal!re
?0
and also depends on the tlpe of soil and deprh. "c
moisture content can also result from pre- 15

t -High
eding $ecther conditions. Heavy rainfall or tharv i0
can also influence deeper lavers and can cause
a rapid change of moisture content parricularlv
,;in sandl soil. To predict moisl.ure content is mosl
lifficult and cxn only be considered as a rough
. -approximation.
It requires observation and expe-
rience or er many years. speciiic soii rhermal resistance p,

In the vicinity of a cable (area 3. Fig. 13.37) rhe tem-

perature field influences the water holding capacity
whereas in the more distant surroundings (areas 2
and l) the natural variations of water content de-
scribed above are mainly related to the climate of
the soil. The temperature {ield of the cable causes
the vapour pressure in the vicinity of the cable to
rise and the water vapour held in the air contained
in the pores of the soil to move awav from the cable.
This action causes the capillary suction in the soil
C 'e to the cable to increase so that the water returns
!p.,{he cable in liquid form. If the remperarure of rhe
, ,le surface exceeds a critical value of 30"C for
sandy soils or 50 "C for loam at ambients of approxi-
mately l5"C to 20'C, this circulation cycle is inrer-
r. - ied and the cable surroundings dry-out up to rhe
critical isotherm. As tests have shown [18.18, 18.23
and 18.311 rhis cycle is mainly time dependant and
can be suddenly interrupted by rainfall and may even
be reversed. In some instances the dried-out zone ex- (hnffsglsd ground
tends only a few centimeter but can, in unfavourable d1s3 within a diameter of 30 to 60 cm
conditions cover the total area of the beddinq materi-
-..-
--.- Area within a diameter of l0 to 30 cm
al and beyond. The selection as well as coripaction --- Area within a diameter of l0 cm
of the bedding material is therefore of significant im-
portance for the temperature rise and the load capaci-
ty of the cable.
Fig. 18.42
Fig. 18.42 illustrates how weather conditions com-
Load test in open country (Erlangen 1968).
bined with a typical cable loss of 82 Wm can influ- Influence of climate and cable heat loss on drying-out
ence the drying-our -:ress. of the soil
F

:J)
 l8 Current-Carrying Capacitf in Normal Operation
The cable has a diameter of .10 mm and a depth of
lay of 0.9 m. The made up soil consisted of a sand
loam mixture l'ith a unilormity index U = 144 and
was used as back fill as rvell as bedding material
(curve 5, Fig. 18.39). The drfing-out process com-
menced in July as a (delayed) consequence of increas-
ing duration of sunshine and soil temperature with
reduced precipitation. The re-wetting commences ap-
proximately mid-November.
Measuring
- Measurements [18.3. 18.30] are only truly meaningful
i if next lo the lhermal resistivity the moisture content,
density and erain size distribution curve are also mea-
sured. Measurements in open country at depth of
lay need to extend over seleral years to determine
i the annual differences of moisture content relative
- to l'eather conditions. These can be on a Iarge scale
and are therefore very costly and quantities gained
from experience are normally used instead. A quan-
tity specified in DIN VDE 0198 Part 2 of 1.0 KmTw
is normally used except for areas such as
f suspected slag, waste or peat,
tr continuously loaded high-voltage cabled or if
tr basic investigations for general application are to
be conducted.
The thermal resistivity can be measured e.g. by use
of a needle probe. In Fig. 18.43 apparatus for labora-
tory measurements [18.33] is illustrated. The sample
of moist sorl is compacted, using one third of the
. Proctor force (200 kJ/m3) (Fig. 18.43a), together with
the measuring probe. The reduced Proctor force is
used in order to take account of the hindered com-
pacting which is often the case in a cable trench.
The probe is heated by means of a heating element
wire (Fig. I 8..13 d) while the increase in temperature
is measured by means of a sensing resistance wire.
Thermal resistivity is calculated from the temperature
nse.
Measurements need to be conducted on a moist, par-
tially dry as well as on a totally dried-out sample
whilst the warer content rv as well as density 7 need
to be determined in each case. The graphical repre-
sentation of the measured values (Figs. 18.44 and
18.46) characterises the type of soil investigated.
To dry or completely dry-out the soil sample, the
vessel must be rearranged (Fig. 18.43c) and placed
open in a heating cabinet at 105 "C.
r\n equal distribution of moisture u,ithin a partly
dried-out test sample can be achieved by heating for
a sufliciently long period rvith the vessel closed
(Fig. 18.a3 b).
Apparatus which can be used on site in open country
to measure thermal resistivity is commercially avail-
able with variable expenditure of measurement and
time [ 18.32].
Basic Quantities for Calculation
To facilitate the calculation of soil-thermal resis-
tances (Section 18..1.3) and to establish the load ca-
pacity tables (Section 18.2.3) the relevant quantities
for ambient conditions had to be aqreed as a basis.
-fhe thernal resisriL'it.;,, of rhe soil wvlfected br heat
fi'otn u cable -the moist area - s'as fired at 1.0 KmW.
Measurements made previously in Germany rar
produced quantities in excess of 1.0 KmlW u ith tH
exception of very dry sandy soils, made up arels.
or in areas which contained industrial wastc e.g.
building rubble [ 8.3 ], 18.i5]. A large number of the
quantities measured were below 1.0 KmrW due to
the relatively high loam content within the soils hav-
ing good water retention capacity, or due to a preYail-
ing season of high precipitation at the time of mea-
surement. If quantities of less than 1.0 KmAV are to
be used these should be verified by sufficiently long
periods of measurement and should embrace at least
one dry period. It must be considered aiso that when
the cable is installed the ground is disturbed. This
means that the bedding material surrounding the
cable and the back llll in the trench up to the ground
surface is not so highly compacted as the original
soil and the favourable characteristics of the und;
turbed soil will not be fully achieved. Backfill ar\l
bedding material can, depending on the selection
made, have characteristics inferior to those of the sur-
rounding soil.
'fhe thennal resisliuity oJ the dried-out soil was agreed
as 2.5 KmfM. Laboratory measurements made on
test samples which had been dried-out at 105 "C indi-
cated, depending on the type of soil and degree of
compaction, quantities between 1.5 and 3.0 KmflV.
Contaminated soils have much higher quantities
[18.33]. The permissible operating temperature in
modern cables ranges between 60'C for 30 kV mass-
impregnated cable and 90 "C for cable with insulation
of XLPE. The surface temperature of such cables is
however less than these quantities even after taking
into consideration heat from neighbouring cables or
 - Soil-Thermal Resistivity 18.4

End plare

Hearing and
measuflng pr00e

Ram plare

End plale

Fallinq weight
0l Vessel closed at both ends to equalise
moisture distribution while in heatine cabinet
Cuide iube

Thermal
Extensron cylinder insulalion

fu1easu(inq cylinder
Ram plare
Soil sample
Probe

Suppon plare Thermal

6askel insularion

End plare fnd pla{e

Apparatus for compacting the soii sample c) Sample prepared for measurements

Magnesium or Ease of cast resin

Varnish layer Insularion (pliable resin)

h,-,stance wi lnsulation ring

Shrink lube Suppon ring (metal)

l\reta I rube staioless sreel

Healing wirs

Heat conduclinq shealh

Solder seal

d) Cross section through heating and measuring probe

Fig. 18.43
ApDaratus for Ceter:nining thermal :esistivity, water ccnrent and J:nsity

225
 l8 C urrent-farrying Capacit-"- in Normal Operation

groups. Under practical opcrational conditions the
surface temperature of the cable would alNays be less
rhan 105"C and drying out rvould be reduced such
thar it rvould appear permissible to use 2.5 KmfV
as a standard quantity for the dry area.
The boundarlt isothernt which separates the moist
from rhe dry area is aflected by many influences such
as type of soil, water retention capacity under local
conditions. weather conditions, soil temperature as
well as time related heating of the cable surface rela-
tive to soil temperature.
In Great Britain for lorv- and medium-voltage cables
for both continuous operation and cyclic operation
the quantities given in Table l8.3tl are used. These
are extracted from an E.R.A. report 69-30 Part I
"Current rating standards for distribution cables",
[8.36]. Where drying-out o[ the soil is expected and
where a more accurate assessment of load capacity
is necessary quantities are used as, e.g. in [l8.37]
for the moist region 1.2 KmflV, for the dry region
3.0 KmlW and for the boundary isotherm in loam
50 "C or sandy soil 35 "C where both these tempera-
tures relate to a 15 'C soil temperature.

lf all these effects are considered it appears possible
to approximately double the temperature rise limit
, at nr :0.5 relative to the quantity for continuous op-
- effect on Ioad capacity. For the rvinter months ihe
' erarion and for intermediate quantities select a linear
increase. The temperature rise limit A3, can therefore
be represented by the equation 13.56 in Section 18.4.1
such that rvith a quantity of l5 K for continuous op-
! :ration at rrr:1.0 this rvould relate lo 15 K for a
pubiic utility load at rrr=0.7 und .ll K for a daily
load cvcle rvith rr:0.5.
In [18.38] consideration is given to the different con-
ditions prevailing in summer and rvinter and their
quantities 0.9/3.0 Km;W aI l0 oC anibient tempera-
ture and for lhe summer months 1.2/3.0 Km,1V at
l5 'C ambient temperature are recommended. The
quanlity of the boundary isotherm in both instan.
is 50 'C. These quantities are supported in I I 8.].J
rvirh the e\ception of the soil-thermal resistir.ity of
the unloaded soil s hich is given as an increased quan-
tity for the *inter period oi 1.05 Km7W.

Table18.34 Soil-thermal resistivities from "Elcctric Cablcs Handbook- ll8.36l

(Quantities in brackets where the ground surface is impen'ious to watcr)

Type of soil Soil-thermal resistivity in Km/$ at maximum loading

equally over u'holeyear, I
in summer (Mar.7'April to ln wtnter
the
therefore also during I
mid.-Nov.), however outside (mid.-Nov. to
dry period in the summcr the dry periods; also fceder Var.i ApriJ)
cables which are only used
.l
I

in emergency

All soils wirh the exception 1.5 (1.2) l.l ( 1.0) 1.0 (0.8)
:f the following

Peat - bog 1.2 (r.2) r.r (1.0) 1.0 (0.8)

Clal bearing soil 1.5 (1.2) 1.2 (1.0) 0.9 (0.8)

Chalky soil with crushed 1.2 (t.21 r.l (1.0) t.2 (t.21
sand as bedding material

Very stony soil I.) l.J 1.2

or broken stone

Very dry sand 2.5 2.0 l.)

Made up soil 1.8 l.tt 1.2

.::o

Bedding )laterial
The investigation and selection of bedding material
is ahva;-s recommended where the cables are to be
operated under continuous load (rn= 1.0). A knoll-
edge of the soil together with the physical and ther-
mal characteristics of the bedding material makes it
possible ro establish a more appropriate load capaci-
ty. Generally the excavated soil is more favourable
than the rypes of sand used by the building industry.
Artificially produced mixes are particularly suited for
cable runs which are operated at high thermal srress.
The use of this for longer runs of continuously loaded
high-voltage cable is related to a question ofeconomy
rvhereby ir must be considered that in thermal bottle
r. -ks of short lengths - excessive grouping and cross-
ing of cables or crossing of hearing ducts - the cost
of the marerial could play only a secondary role.
A(here building v,,ork is carried out at a later date
, selected or specially mixed bedding material must
neirher be replaced by material having poorer proper-
Iies nor must the volumetric rveight be changed.
Thern6l fes:gir!rq lri
lo
Kr
w iff''-NT
0.8
' *rtrro.ontrn,
"5-i" -6
a) Relative todry density
with various levels of silt contenr
Sample number 7 (0% SchA) yd:1.975 tlm3
8/1 (5% SchA) ra:2.015 tlm3
9 (10% SchA) yd:2.03 tlm3
10 (15% SchA) yd=z.M tlrn3
Fig. 18.14
Relationship of thermal resistivity oE to water content w of a gravel sand
(JcnA) ol powdered limestone
Soil-Thermal Resiitiviiy 18.{
Of the types of soil which occur naturally the quartz
containing sandy types have the most favourable
granular distribution, e.g. a high uniformity inder Li
and a reduced pore content n. The thermal conductiv-
ity as well as ease of working and compacting are
improved by a content of fine granules d<0.2 mm
and of silt d <0.063 mm. [n Table 18.35 quanriries
are given of a number of measurements.
The highest thermal resistiviry of 5.4 KmAV rvas
found in household waste contained in sample
number 16. Sands wirh a lorv uniformity index
reached quantities of above 3.0 Km;W. The sam-
ples 7 to 10 are gravel sand mixtures containine dif-
lerent quantities of silr (powdered limestone). The
thermal resistivities of these mixtures are shorvn in
Fi_e. 18..14.
The particle size distribution curves of sand samples
I I to I 5 are shown in Fig. 18.45 and rhe thermal
resistivities relative to moisture content are shorvn
lTirernal resisriviry o,
45alol5o/06
Waler conlent
b) Relative to dry density
with constant level of silt content
Sample number 8/l (5% SchA) tr=2i15 tlm3
8/2 (5% SchA) yd= 1.94 tlmt
8/3 (5% SchA) yo = 1.84 t/m3
mixture with a silt granular conrent
227
l8 Current-Carrying Capacity in Norm3rl Operation

Table 18.35
Soil ph1'sical key data and thermal resistivitics of (ested samples

Sample 2o.oor d,o duo U= d oold tc tl r',t

number % mm mm ti m' % Km/w

I Sand 0 0.13 5 0.46 3.4 0.34 1.7 5 0.05 1.80

la Sample No. 1 with 4% clay ,1.0 0.1l5 0.42 0.335 l. /o 0.0 1.35

2 Basalt wheathered ) 0.1 0.75 7.5 0.388 r.685 0.0 2.52

3 = 2.75 t/m3)
(;r.
5 0.1 0.75 7.5 0.32 1.87 0.0 1.68

+ 6 0.085 1.5 17.5 0.247 2.09 0.0 |.22

5 8 0.07 1.6 :) 0.218 2.15 0.0 l.t5

6 Crushed limestone t) 0.0t5 l.l 31.5 0.28 1.98 0.0 l.15

(;'. = 1.75 t/m3)

1 Gravel, sand in I 0.tl 0.93 0.255 1.975 0.0 0.96

proportion l:l 6.0 0.41

Gravel, sand in l 0.:1 .1.0 1Q 0.14 2.015 0.0 0.76

proportion l: I +5% (SchA) 6.0 0.40

9 Gravel, sand in 7 0.1 -:. ) tl 0.234 2.01 0.0 0.69

proportion l: I + l0o,'o (SchA) 6.0 0.40

10 Gravel, sand in lt 0.06 1.0 16.6 0.13 1.04 0.0 0.67

proportion 1:l + 159/" (SchA) 6.0 0.39

li Sand 0 0.21 0.55 2.5 0.40 l.o 0.0 1.88

I2 San d J 0.r 8 0.7 3.9 0.37 l. oo 0.0 l.2 t

Sand l0 0.:l 0.47 2.14 0.42 1.54 0.0

14 Sand l) 0.1 0.16 l.o 0.5 0.0 3.78

Sandy loam not measureo 0.38 l. oJ 0.0 L77

to Waste material 0.0 5.4

pe.e63 Cont€flt in 0/o

ofgranular size d<0.063 mm {SchA) silt content of powdered limestone
"
lro Particle diameter at l07o sieveJet-through
duo Particle diameter at 6070 sievelet-through
U Degree of uniformity
n Pore content
ia Dry density
7 Density of moist sample
?" Density of solid material
w Water content
qE Measured thermal resistivity

1)9,
 Soil-Thermal Resistivity 18.J

Sludge Grain
Fig. 18..15
Particle size distribution
l Sieved Sieve curves for soil samples
resrdue I I to li in Table 13_15
lmarefiar
i 100: 0
% weiqhr I % wsiqht
!0r 10

20

70 30

60 40

50 50

40 60

l"^
20 iou

0-: 100
0.001 0002 20 mm 63 100
6.t
i fulesn srze .--.-
Thernal resisl,;rrv,r,
4

in Fig. 18.46. Sample number l5 contained almost

30% of particles d<0.063 and was found difficult
to compact.
In Great Britain the sand-gravel and sand-cement
mixtures have become known under the heading of
" thermally stable bedding materials ".

Sand-Gravel )Iixtures
The mixture ratio is intended to be 50:50 but devia-
tions of up to 45:55 are acceptable. The grain size
of the sand should not exceed 2.4 mm but a 5% con-
tent of up to 5 mm is acceptable. The dry density
should not be Iess than 1.6 t/m3. No organic or clay
content is permitted. The grain size of gravel should
be between 2.4 and 10 mm. Sharp edged particles
should not be present. The mixture should be deliv-
ered with a water content of between 7 and l\yo
and compacted to a dry density of 1.8 t/m3 to obtain
a thermal resistivity of 1.2 Km/lrV in the dried out
I %10
water content w_ state.
Fig. 18.46 The conditions required can also be fulfilled by a
s" for soil samples numbered 11 to powdered stone-gravel mixture. Crushed gravel may
B:Xtri:'ff.tty only be used up to 50% of the total gravel content.

229
l8 Current-Carrying Capacity in Normal Operation
Sand-Cement Mixtures
In the set state the bedding material must be crumbly
so that it will not damage the cable in the event of
subsidence and also should it become necessary to
subsequently remove it. It is recommended to use
sands with a pore content <0.55 which approximate
the particle size distribution curve (18.47, curve D)
The sand-cement proportions should be l4:l by vol-
ume or 18 to 20: I by weight. To achieve compaction
to 1.6 tt'm3 and a relevant thermal resistility of
'.2 Km7W, a water-cement ratio of approximately
-2:
I by weight is required.
For the development of suitable mixtures the rules
for the manufacture of concrete in DIN 1045 can be
used. since a pore reduced mix and also an ability
for compaction are also required for concrele. To
DIN 1045 the range between particle size distribution
curves A and B result in a particularly good mixture
whereas particles between B and C produce a mixture
EO
10
60
0.001 0.002 0.02 0.1 0.21 | 6.31
0.063 0.25 065 48
Mesh size
230
rvhich is still acceptable. Thc requirement for the mix-
ture described above is approximately fulfilled by the
cun'e A | 8.411.
Calculation of Load Capacity
The calculation of Ioad capacity, where thermally sta-
ble bedding material is used, is made to Section 18.4.6
using equations 18.92 to 18.95. Using the dimensions
of the bedding material, designated ,r, )' and charac-
teristic diameter du, the geometric factor kb as well
as thermal resistances Ti,' and Tirl with gu the ther-
mal resistivity of the bedding material in the dried-
out state can be calculated. The thermal resislances
Ti, and Il are not used rvhere the cable is buried
directly in the bedding material and does not lay
in a DiDe.
18.5 Installation in Channels rnd Tunnels .--
18.5.1 Unrentilated Channels and Tunnels
ln unventilated and covered channels and tunnels, the
heat generated in tbe cables is transmitted in the main
only through the s'alls, base and top of the duct.
Natural ventilation is mostly prevented by the com-
partmentalization rvhich are unavoidable. These form
heat barriers and cause the air surroundinq the cables
Sieve
resrdue
96 weiqht
10'
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90 Fig. 18.47
Particle size distribution curves
100
A. B. C for a concrete mixture
20 mm 65100
to DIN 1045 and curve D
for a sand-cement mixture
 Installation in Channels and Tunnels 18.5

in the channel to incrcase itr temperal.urc such that CJnducior Iemperature

the load capacity is reduced compared with that oI Conducror losses

lree air.
The temperature rise of the air in the channel depends
upon the dimensions of the channel and the magni- Shearh losses
tude of the losses of all the cables in it. The number
ol cables generating losses and the locations within Thermal resislance
of inner layersIj
the channel have no influence on the temperature
rise of the air contained in the channel [ 18.45]. Armour losses

The equivalent circuit for the thermal path of heat Thermal resistancg

florv lrom a c:rble enclosed in a channel is shown oi outer sheaths Ij

in Fig. 13.13. Heut is rransmirted from the cable sur-
face by radiation to the inner surfaces of the channel.
Since rhese areas are large compared to the cable Thermal transier resistance o::re
i-..t'ace area. the heat transmission factor for radia-
ihermal lransier cable for convecrion Ii(
iesistance oi rhe
tion can be calculated rvirh the emission lactor cable for radiation
Ii. Thermal transier resistance':;
eo:0.95. as for a cable installed in free air. As op- conveclaon on the inn€r wall
of rhe channel Il*
2rqed to installation in free air the follorving addi-
, :al thermal resistances must be taken into consid-
eiation: Thermal resistance
of the channel lvalls and lhe surrounding ::.i fiE
D the thermal trrnsfer resistance Ti* for conveclion
on the inner wall of the channel. Thermal transfer resistance
at rhe qround surface Ilo
tr the thermal resistance ?}u o[ the channel rvalls
and the surro unding soil, Toral losses

tr the thermal transfer resistance 7'-io at the ground

Anarent iemperalure

surface. respectively channel surface.

Fig. 18..18
The thermal transler resistance (* for convection Equivalent diagram for heat flow from a cable
at the channel inner wall is in a channel

I
(l 8.100)
z.,2lb, + hr)

rqth the dimensions h1 and b1 to Fig. 18.49. The

-ermal transfer factor r, is selected to DIN .1701 with
7.7 W lKm2 (arithmetic mean from the quantities for
walls, base and top cover) [18.46].

ij* is in series with Q* and both are in parallel

with I,q5. The thermal resistance of air {", of a cable
in the channel is calculated to eouation 18.17 and
the eouations

I
(18.101)

Tir (18.102)
xdf"tr' h1 Height of channel
I br Width of channel
TL"t (18.103) ri Thickness of covering
1t
rKK-r ITK rKS Fig. 18.49 Covered channel in ground

:JI
 l8 Current-Clrrf ing Capacity in Normal Operation

The thermal transfer resistance fi. is very smaJl in aginary layer with a thicknes d and a soil-rhermal
relation to the other thermal resistances and can be resisti'r'ity 08. With a thermal transfer factor r,
ignored in the following cases: = 20 W/Km'z this becomes [18.48]
f for three-core cable with d<90 mm,
"l (18. 105)
tr for single-core cable with d<45 mm, a, Qe

f in channels with a circumference 2 (br+b1)> I m. The thickness of covering i must be increased by _

the value d
.. I
(18. t06)
The thermal resistance (, takes into considerarion
a^ Qz

heat conduction from the inner wall of the channel and inserted in equation 18.104.
rhrough to the ground surface Ii 8.47]. This is affecred
by the channel dimensions tFig. 18.a9) and the soil- This results in
thermal resistivity gE (to reduce complicarion rhe T;E + i"io
, hermal resistivity of the channel material is raken
,|
[ [t,',, lt
, I| u-;-r-l rli,
also as 0E):
+i.
_|t-]-tnt__l- b'
T:. Qr trI L V1
jlJ-n
I l'rr, -1- ,L lN< -
,,'ml].,
,t | - (18.
+{- ll/
-lr+rnl-----=-*
ZI With the aid of Fig. 18.50 a quick resuh can be ob-
LV2 tained for the two thermal resistances assuminq a
( I 8. 104) soil-thermal resisriviry of I Km7W. For orher quanri-
ties of soil-thermal resistiviry rhe result from the
The thermal transfer resistance Qo at the ground graph must be multiplied by
surface, or *'here applicable rhe channel surface, is 9e
approximated using the thermal resistance of an im- I K"tlV

rslance {f;€ + fio}

n:
I
2
J

10

IJ

20

50

Fig. 18.50
Thermal resistance (fig + 4.) of a
channel relative to
J 4 56 8 dimensions h1,b, and +

atO€-1Km^V

1.t z
 - Installation in Channels and Tunnels 18.5

The temperature of the soil is dependant on the depth

oi lay, i.e. the measuring depth (see Sections 18.3 and
13.4). The remperature at a depth of approximately
[0 m is constant and is equal to the mean annual
temperature of the air (in Germany approximately
9'C). In smaller depths the temperature follows the
variations of air temperature with a certain time de-
lay. Various depths are affected by seasonal varia-
tions whereas close to and at the ground surface the
temperature can vary depending on time of day. The 10 20 cm
mean value of these temperatures during the summer Covering u -....* J0
months is higher than the temperature of the deeper
layers. With cables on no load the air in a channel Fig. 18.51
assumes a mean temperature resulting from the tem- Temperature rise A3, of the inner face oi channei iop
E,-'ltures of the inner surfaces and the parts of the rel:rtire to thickness ii oI thc covcrins
irlrrer arers of the channel boundary faces. The base
and rvalls of the channel assume approximately soil
temperature at the depth of channel centre line. The
ftr surface of the channel lid reaches, because of In the design of an installation the iollorving pr.rce-
t'l ,. influence of air temperature and sunshine during
dures can apply: initially a first approrimation is
summer months. a higher temperature by a value of
nade of the cross-sectional area for each individual
A3, (Fig. 13.51). Thus the mean temperature of the
:able at some,r0 to 50"'6 greater lhan the size re-
air in the channel becomes
quired for installation in free air. For high currents
A/)
ati it may be necessarv to use several cables per current
JTE=,rEr---;;-----i- (l 8.107) path. Secondly a sketch plan is made of the tunnel
:{3+ r'l shorving the required height. width. number of tral'.s
\Dr / and arrangement of cables following the rules men-
tioned above.
and with loaded cables and the summation ol losses
of all cables in the channel as I(Pi + P!) From the proposed arrangement of cables shorvn in
the sketch plan the rating factor for groups installed
3r = 3rr + I(4'+ P;)(TiE + rio) ( 18. r08) in air /s to Tables 13.23 or 18.24 can be selected.
The total losses in the tunnel are next calculated and
the resultant increase in temperature of air in the
tunnel is found from equation 18.108. The tempera-
Arrangement of Cables in Tunnels ture of the tunnel air rvith cables under no load must
-5.2 be increased by this amount and a revised rating fac-
The cables are either mounted direct to the walls
tor selected relative to this increased ambient temper-
with the aid of cable clips or laid on racks or trays.
:. : ventilarion clearance between trays depends on ature /" from Table 13.22 or from equation 13.15.
_
When the load capacity /. is multiplied by these fac-
their width; this should wherever possible be not less
tors the product must not be less than the load to
than 300 mm to provide for the installation of heavy
be transmitted.
cables. On trays and racks as well as where cables
are fixed direct to the walls a clearance between high- Ir< I,fnft. (18.10e)
ly loaded cables equal to the diameter of the cable
should be maintained to keep heat transmission from If this condition is not satisfiedeither the number
cable to cable as low as possible. of cables, the cross-sectional area or the tunnel di-
The height of tunnels should oot be less than 2.2 m. mensions must be increased. If these proposals are
The width should be chosen such that a free passage- not possible or not practical then forced ventilation
way clearance of 60 to 80 cm is maintained. With must be employed.
trays installed at a vertical pitch of 30 cm their width The time constant of a tunnel is great compared to
should be limited to 50 cm to allow access for cable the time constant of a cable, The temperature rise
installation. of the air in the tunnel can be determined therefore

tJ)
!3 Current-Carry ing Capacir) in Normal Operation

I Rar iaclor 4,
1.0

5 678910 15 m 25 J0 40 a) Relative io arrangement and number of

Numbet of multi cote cables-..............* cables on a cable tray./1h

Baring i ror /H

3 4 5678910 15 20 25 50 b) Relative to number ofequally loaded trays

Numbet ol muhi.cote cables -.--_ above one another with single layer on each/"

Fig. 1852
Rating factors for grouping of multi-core cables - or bunched single-core cables of one circuit - on cable trays
 Installation in Channcls-lnd Tunnels 18.5

by using Ihe root mean square value /u of the currents through the channel rvalls is not raken into considera-
producing the losses over 24 hours: tion. [n this rvav fans are not sized too small and
thus some reserve capacity is available for future ex-
, _.,'/i,r,+Ii,r.+... *Ij1 r, tenSlons.
'"- [/ t' +h+... '',-tt
(18. l l0)
The air rate required Q is dependent on rhe total
heat loss generated by the cable t(P|+ 4), the chan-
with r,+r,+ ...t;:24 h. Where 10,, 10r... are the nel length I and the temperature rise of the cooling
currents rvhich flow during the times tr. t, ... air A3*u between entry and exit. This is expressed
by
For groups of larger numbers of cables than is al-
,(P'!P'\l
lowed for in the tables rating factors to Fig. 18.52 (l3.ul)
can be used. These values are also valid for single- (p J rKii
core cables if for each circuit instead of a multi-core
co being the specific heat
of air at constant pressure
cable the requisite number of single-core cables are
but is dependent on temperature as rvell as humidity;
l-rched. In these cases the raring factors for load rn approximate calculation can be made t irh
capacity /, apply as for bunched cables.
c-: l.J KJ/ltm--
If more than six trays are installed above one another
The air velocity u is determined by raking rhe cross-
\ rating factor for six trays may be used in the sectional area of rhe channel calculated from heieht
. :ulation.
-- and rvidth (see also Fi_s. 18.53)
An approximation of the rtring factor lor bunching
in air /1r. for cables rouching one another, can be f=;.o (ls.lll)
formed from the raring factor /"n (horizontal compo-
nent) for groups on a cable tray to Fig. 18.52a and
the rating lactor 1," (verrical component) for groups If noise nuisance is to be avoided the air velocity
of approximately equally loaded cable trays above musl. not exceed 5 m/s.
one another.
The temperature rise ol the cooling air rr{st be cho-
It is sen giving consideration to the temperature at the
point of entry and the temperature which is permissi-
J ll- JHh JHv ble at the exit. In most instances the temperature
with oi the input cooling air will be identical with the
design ambient temperature 9u. The hottest cable is
h,= 0.95 for two cable trays above one another
considered in respect of permissible operatin-s rem-
f-":0.93 for three cable trays above one another perature 3r, in deciding the temperature rise of the
, ,:0.9 for six and more cable trays above one cooling air using the formula
another.
Where the number of cables and the loadine are not aSKii<31.-tu-ag (r8.1l3)
kno',vn the cross-sectional areas must be delrmined
rvith
,ng an assumed total reduction. A final review rvill
then enable a decision to be made as to whether
forced venrilation is required and whether or not the (18.1l4)
rating factor applied initially was adequate. ^3:(3,.-30"q(fJ'
Since the moving air significanrly improves heat dissi-
1853 Channels with Forced Ventilation pation from the cable the rating factor required for
If natural ventilation groups/" need not be applied.
proves to be inadequate, i.e.
the air in the channel is overheared and the conductor
temperature exceeds the permissible quantity forced
ventilation is necessary where other means are not
possible e.g. enlarging the size ofchannel.

Mostly the calculation is based on the total heat loss

generated within the channel. Heat dissipated
 l8 Current-Carrying Capacrli in Normal Operation

Example l8.l I
In a tunnel with dimensions 1.2 m x 1.5 m the cables
shown in Table 18.36 are to be installed and be
loaded rvith the currents given in the table. The dura-
tion of operation is first of all planned for 8 hours
full load per day. It is required to operate also at
full load for 16 hours per day when under this condi-
tion forced ventilation may be provided. The ambient
temperature 3u of the air is 35'C and the soil temper-
ature 3E at the depth equivalent to the tunnel cenrre,
with cables unloaded, is 25 "C. The soil-thermal resis-
tivit) is 1.2 KmflV. The planned arraneement of
cables is shown in Fig. 18.53

For the 8 hour operation in respect of 24 hours the

f-. oot mean square value of current in the cable
NYFGY is: '/, /,//. / . .//2. t,./ '.t'
'

/
t rbtl
,,, 8
' y
-_I/ -t a^ Fig. 18.53 Arrangement of cables ior example I 8. I I ,_. -
tr+t2
for the losses Table 18.36
Cable types and loading for Example l8.l I

,i-,i,ttl// \: _,,.r\r/
D'- D' ,'ql
- ''
8 //t\' for 8 hour operation

Cable tl pe NYFGY \YCY \..EKBY NEKBY

205\' 3 x l50SM 4x:40 SN,l 3x70 RM 3xl20RM
=44qLl
'- 14\ llsl = 6.34 w/m- u"iu kv 3.6i6 0.6: I 17t20 12120

Number of
and
cables l3 7 5 7

Loading 1b A 105 185 l:0 l?0

: Pi = l3 x 6.J4 = 82.4 W'm. Load capacity
/,A 315 129 r95 211
-The sum ofall losses ofall cables to Table 18.36 gives Ohmic
losses
82.4 + 55.0 + 27.5 + 37.2 = 202.1 \N lm. P' w;m 11.9 53.4 i6.3 40.5
Permissiblc
operating
From the curve, Fig. 18.50 with
temp€rature
Itl-r 70 70 65 65
- ii- = il - 6:0. |5 +::---
I
= 0.192 m, Jb
ztJ . t.,!
I 0.65 0.66 0.62 0.63
h- ))
: - t t'S and Eight-hour-
u- =ii=
U.I9 Z operation
h_t\ "- :7
P: wrm 6.34 7.86 4.5E 5.31
:-!= R 2P: WN 82.4 55.0 2't.5 37.2
ii' 0.192
f.3 o.79 0.79 0.76 0;t6
the thermal resistance Tie+Tlo results for ps f,gf" 0.69 0.69 0.66 0.66

= 1 KmAV to 0.078 KmflV. A9 16.9 t1.7 IJ.J 13.8

A9*o K I E.1 t6.2

For grouping up to 5 cabl6 on 7 trays a rating factor /6 =0.87

is to bq applied (scc Table 18.24).
 Installation in Channels and Tunnels 18.5

-.1

n1

20 50 100 200 J00 500Wm

Sum oi losses in clannel I lP - P,l
Air. iocly r/
0.5
- m/s

03

0.2

a Air rate required in mr/s

u Air velocity in m/s
E(Pi+ Pl) Heat loss from all cables in W/m
ASrr Temperature rise of cooling air in K
I Length of channel in m
Cross-sectional area of channel in m2
The dotted line applies to quantities used
in examole l8.l I
Fig. l8s4
Calculation diagram: Cablechannel withforced ventilation

111
 l8 Current-Carrying Capaciti. in Normal Operatiqn

With a soil-thermal resisrivity of g, : 1.2 KmflV rhe For the cable NYFGY
corrected thermal resistance of the soil including the
/ )O{\ r
lunnel becomes : r0s x. {l3.lr4)
\J r)i
^3:(i0-30)l=l
t'l
Ii,+ rio-ffi 0.078 = 0.094 Km/w. ASxr(70-35-16.9
< l8.l K. (18.l 13)
The temperature in the tunnel with no load on the
cables is The quantities for all remaining cables can be taken
from Table 18.36. Wirh an appropriare quanrity of
l--:
43.
'l--!----:jL= 1{- "i r A9*u: 16 K, length of tunnel l0 m and profile oi the
-T4oa tunnel of 1.5 x 2.2:1.3 mr the air rate reouired rhen
:F+t)
\/_) /
:{-*r)
\1.) I becomes :

(18. 107)
I(4',+P,l/ -104.1 x 10
^- co A 3*o x l0r x l0 =
U.Oji m -, S

vith l3i:-S.i K irom Fig. 18.51 and lhe temperature 1.3

with the loaded cables is (l8.lll) -
3r:3rE + E(P; + P;)(4E +'&o) and for the air velocity

. = ).6 + )02.1 x 0.094:45 "C. (18103) a 0.611

(l s.l l l)
The rating factor for the deviating ambient rempera-
ture is The same results can be obtained from Fis. 18.5-1.

f tt. -3- nl- r.

r"=V'ffi=ll {rs ri}
^_r=o.ts
and the overall rating factor is

f :f H.fs:0.87 x 0.79 :0.69.

The factors IJI, are in each case smaller than the

required reduction factors /, and /r, i.e. the cross-
sectional areas are dimensioned correctly.
Wben changing to l6 hour operation one gets

| | 1/'-TG
-
'c-'t ll .A-

and
t6
P' (rb\z
''P, - ''14\/./'
The total losses in the tunnel are therefore doubled

z. 4' - 2 x 202.1 = 404.2 W lm

and rhe temperature of the tunnel air is raised to

%:26+404.2x 0.094:64 "C. (18.108)

Therefore the tunnel must be ventilated.

.'--