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Myco-Marker® Service – Report 26/Nov./2020

SAMPLE DESCRIPTION
Name of the customer: - Feed sample:
Location: - (Vietnam) Blood type:
Date received: 13/11/2020 Questionnaire:
Contact person: - Animals: Layers

RISK ANALYSIS

Animal Group Total Risk (Feed + Blood)

Layers Low Moderate High

RECOMMENDATIONS
Innovad recommend using Escent® S at +/- 1.5 kg/t of feed.
The negative effect of these mycotoxins on the layers studied should be reduced at the feed rate of 1.5 kg/t. Amongst
other functional ingredients, the unique blend of antioxidants in Escent® S offer great protection against cumulative
oxidative stress.

Innovad Escent® S is a product technology with 5 modes of actions:

• Supports liver and kidneys (with special plant extracts mixture)

• Prevents oxidative stress (with polyphenols and bioflavonoids)
• Restores natural immunity (with yeast and yeast cell wall extracts)
• Boosts detoxifying processes (with strong support of the target organs involved in detoxification)
• Binds polar (water soluble) toxins (with a cocktail of clay with proven excellent binding capacity in different
pH environments)
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Myco-Marker® Service – Report 26/Nov./2020

FEED RISK ANALYSIS

Matrix: Feed Sample type: Final Feed
Num. analysis 1 Mycotoxins analysed 16

Feed Risk Analysis by monitoring 16 key mycotoxins, including important conjugate forms of
mycotoxins, with LC-MS/MS technology.

Feed sample Feed

Risk 1- Low
Sample reference LA_19W/8H R2
Mycotoxins (ppb) Results (dry basis) R3
Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2 R4-Medium
R5
Deoxynivalenol 36.2
R6
3-acetyldeoxynivalenol
Risk 7- High
15-acetyldeoxynivalenol
TOTAL DON 36.1
Fumonisins B1, B2 359
Ochratoxin A
T-2 toxin
HT-2 toxin
Diacetoxyscirpenol
Sterigmatocystin
Zearalenone
Mycophenolic Acid
Numerical value: Total number of mycotoxins
detected 2
Colour code: Overall Risk level assessment

Feed risk analysis summary table:

Mycotoxins detected and

Sample description / ID reference Total Risk level
concentration*

Low
Deoxynivalenol 36.2
Feed / LA_19W/8H Moderate
Fumonisins 359
High
* The units of all values are in ppb.

Direct symptoms and consequences caused by detected mycotoxins:

• Deoxynivalenol (DON): DON is a highly common mycotoxin in cereals. Although poultry is considered rather tolerant to
DON, low DON concentrations can have an impact in the animal performance.

1. Immune system: immune system is particularly sensitive to DON. According to research data feeding broilers with
DON-contaminated diet could reduce vaccine response of Newcastle disease virus (Yunus et al., 2012).

2. Intestinal tissue: DON induces pathological lesions in the intestinal tissues, including necrosis of the intestinal
epithelium. It affects the integrity of the intestinal epithelium through alterations in cell morphology and differentiation
and in the barrier function. Even low concentrations of DON can predispose to necrotic enteritis (Antonissen et al., 2014).

3. Animal performance: correlations between low concentrations of DON and reduction in feed efficiency has been
detected (Kolawole et al., 2020).

4. Oxidative stress: several studies showed that DON is associated with oxidative stress. Oxidative stress caused by
DON can cause apoptosis to the cells (Mishra et al., 2014).

• Fumonisins B1 and B2 (FBs): FBs are toxins produced by Fusarium and show high occurrence in cereal based feed. FBs
have been associated with a wide range of adverse health effects, particularly on the liver and kidney.
1. Performance: a strong positive relationship has been observed between broiler feed efficiency and presence of low
FBs concentration (average FBs concentration = 637 ppb) in broilers (Kolawole et al., 2020).
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Myco-Marker® Service – Report 26/Nov./2020

2. Intestinal changes: FBs affect the intestinal microbial homeostasis in broiler chickens, predisposing to necrotic
enteritis (Antonissen et al., 2015).

3. Liver damages: A study showed that 5 ppm of FBs in feed cause alterations in the liver and an increase in serum
AST (Cheng et al., 2006). Histopathological examination substantiated FBs induced lesions in the liver cells (Deepthi et al.,
2017).

4. Lungs alterations: FBs impairs the lung tissues. An in vivo study with showed that even exposure to FBs in the
feed can cause important pathological alterations of the lungs (Zomborszky-Kovács et.al. 2002).

5. Sphinganine and sphingosine: structural similarity of FBs to sphingoid bases disrupt sphingolipid metabolism and
block the synthesis of complex sphingolipids. Sphingolipids participate in many processes in the body, and thus FBs
can negatively influence the function of various organs (liver, kidney, brain, ..) (Riley et al., 2001).

BLOOD RISK ANALYSIS

Matrix: FTA card Sample type: Blood
Analysis ID: MM-20-066 Mycotoxins analysed 29
Num. samples 5 Animals Layers

Blood Risk Analysis by monitoring 29 key mycotoxins, including important conjugate forms of
mycotoxins, with LC-MS/MS technology.

Sample Mycotoxins
Sample ID Feed sample Concentration Risk level
description detected
Pullet MM-20-066-1 LA_30W-GF 1242 - -
Pullet MM-20-066-2 LA_30W-GF 1242 - -
Layers MM-20-066-3 LA_30W-GF 1242 - -
Layers MM-20-066-4 LA_30W-GF 1242 - - Low
Beauvericin Traces
Enniatin A1 Traces
Layers MM-20-066-5 LA_30W-GF 1242
Enniatin B Traces
Enniatin B1 Traces

Remarks:
• Beauvericin (Bea): Bea as DON is produced by Fusarium fungi. It is not regulated but recent publications shown its large
occurrence in the feed (~90%) (Khoshal et al., 2019).

1. Intestinal cells: Bea is toxic for the intestinal cells and it damages the intestinal tissues predisposing animals to
infections (Fraeyman et al., 2018).

2. Reproductive problems: BEA inhibited estradiol and progesterone synthesis (Albonico et al., 2017).

3. Low productivity: chronic exposure to Bea at low level reduces the feed efficiency rate can produce (Kolawole et al.,
2020).

• Enniatins (ENNs): Enniatin B, B1 and A1 are the main ENNs and they are product of secondary metabolism of Fusarium
fungi as for example deoxynivalenol and zearalenone. ENNs are not regulated although recent studies have shown that ENNs is
widespread in feed. In fact, the recent feed surveys have shown >80% of feed samples have ENNs (Khoshal et al., 2019).

1. Body weight: studies suggest that chronic exposure to ENNs results in a decreased body weight gain (EFSA, 2014). 

2. Oxidative stress: ENNs stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in induction of lipid
peroxidation (LPO) (Prosperini et al., 2013).

3. Immune system: In vivo study with mice showed that ENNs have a suppressive activity in the immune system
(Maranghi et al., 2018).

4. Low productivity: strong correlation has been detected between exposure to ENNs and reduction in the feed
efficiency rate (Kolawole et al., 2020).
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Myco-Marker® Service – Report 26/Nov./2020

CLINICAL SYMPTOMS IN ANIMALS

Clinical symptoms observed:
• Layers presented the following symptoms:
o Poor growth
o Decreased feed intake
o Wet litter
o Bacterial enteritis
o Necrotic enteritis
o Decreased egg productivity
o Respiratory problem

CONCLUSIONS – INNOVAD EXPERT’S OPINION

The feed analysis reveals exposure to deoxynivalenol and fumonisins. The blood analysis reveals exposure
to enniatins and beauvericin.

Deoxynivalenol: Low but long-term exposure to deoxynivalenol has the potential to negatively impact
animal performance and to compromise the normal function of intestinal tissues and the immune system.
This can predispose animals to infections and disease such as necrotic enteritis. Scientific evidence
suggests that poultry exposed to low levels of deoxynivalenol may reduce productivity.

Fumonisins: Long-term exposure to fumonisins also impairs the immune system, damages lungs, and
predisposes animals to other infections and disease as necrotic enteritis.

Beauvericin: Exposure to beauvericin damages the intestinal tissues cause important oxidative stress.
Chronic exposure to beauvericin may reduce productivity.

Enniatins: Exposure to enniatins may reduce the feed intake and impair the immune system predisposing
to infections and disease.

The lack of detection of deoxynivalenol in blood is to be expected due to the low concentration of these
mycotoxins in feed.

Fumonisins are poorly adsorbed (less than 3%) in animals and detection of fumonisins in blood would
indicate severe systemic exposure with detrimental impacts to animals.

In conclusion, the Myco-marker® analysis has revealed exposure to multiple mycotoxins: deoxynivalenol,
fumonisins, beauvericin and enniatins. Recent scientific evidence suggests that long-term and multiple
exposure to several mycotoxins can have a synergistic or additive negative effect in terms of animal’s
performance & health.

Exposure to deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, beauvericin and enniatins as detected in this case has been linked
with several negative effects in swine which mainly involve:

• Reduction in performance
• Liver and kidney problems
• Weak immune system
• Intestinal problems

The exact side-effect(s) of exposure to multiple mycotoxins is difficult to predict as the overall impact is
influenced by other important stress factors present in the environment such as nutrition, climatic conditions,
overall health and production status. Recent evidence suggests that the combination of other stress factors
and co-exposure to multiple mycotoxins, even for short periods of time, can impact greatly animal health
and performance.
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Myco-Marker® Service – Report 26/Nov./2020

CONDUCTED BY

Innovad® Mycotoxin Expert

Antwerp (Belgium)