DC Machine

Construction of DC Machine

A Direct Current (DC) machine is an energy conversion device. It converts electrical

energy to mechanical while working as a motor and mechanical energy to electrical
energy while working as generator. Hence, it is known as electromechanical energy
conversion device. It consists of stator and rotor. Stator is the assembly of main parts
like yoke, main poles, pole shoe, inter pole windings etc., and the rotor is the assembly
of armature, armature winding, commutator fan etc.

Pole Core and Pole Shoe:

Pole core is generally a solid material and pole shoe is a laminated one in small
machines, but the pole shoe and pole core both are laminated made of annealed steel
in modern days. The purpose of the pole core is to provide flux and to support the field
windings, whereas the pole shoe is stretched so as to provide uniform air gap along the
armature core and also to provide uniform flux distribution in the air gap.

Brush and Brush Holders:

Brushes are the structures placed on the rotating commutator through which the
unidirectional current is to be collected. Generally it is made of carbon, which can give
smooth surface at the contacts so as to reduce the spark and wear and tear of the
commutator bars. These are fixed to the stator core (yoke) by means of brush holders.

Field Windings:

The field windings are wound initially on a wooden former and then installed into the
pole core. These are generally made of low resistivity materials like copper or
aluminum. There are two ways of connecting the field winding to the armature in case of
self-excited machine. They can be connected in series or shunt. If it is connected in
series less numbered turns with larger cross-sectional conductors are used. If it is
connected in shunt, the winding would be of large turns, whose cross-section is less, so
as to withstand for whole supply voltage.
Rotor:

The rotor is generally rotating part which carries the armature, armature windings and
the commutator on the same shaft. The armature core is made of laminated silicon
steel. The main purpose is to hold the armature windings and to provide the low
reluctance path for the flux.

Armature Windings in DC Machine:

The windings placed in the armature is called the armature windings and is generally
connected in two ways,
A) Lap windings
B) Wave windings
Lap windings are preferred for higher currents and low voltage and wave windings are
preferred for higher voltages and lower currents.
Classification of DC Motors
Classification of the d.c. motor depends on the way of connecting the armature and field
winding of a d.c. motor: 1. DC Shunt Motor (or separate excited)
DC Series Motor
DC Compound Motor

• Separately Excited and Shunt Motors

- Field and armature windings are either connected separate or in parallel.
• Series Motors
- Field and armature windings are connected in series.
• Compound Motors
- Has both shunt and series field so it combines features of series and shunt motors.

Shunt DC Motors

Series DC Motors
Working principle of Dc motor:

The stator of the Dc motor is a permanent magnet and it provides us with a constant

magnetic field, and the rotating part is the armature and it’s a simple coil.

We use a pair of commutator rings to connect the armature to a Dc power source, and when
a current flow through the armature coil an electromagnetic force induced in the coil so the
coil starts to rotate.

When the coil rotates the commutator rings will connect with the opposite polarity of the
power source.

So the electricity on the left side of the coil will always flow away and on the right side, it
will flow towards.
But if the coil becomes perpendicular to the magnetic flux the torque action will near zero
and if we run this motor there may be an irregular motion of the rotor.

To overcome this problem we add one more loop with a separate commutator to the rotor
and by that, if there is a loop in the vertical position the other will be connected to the power
source and thus ensure continuity produce of motive force in the system.

In the same way the more loops we added the smoother rotation of the motor we get, and
here we care to fit the armature loops inside highly permeable steel layers slots to enhance
the interaction of the magnetic flux.

good; I think we have interesting knowledge about Dc motor which leads us to search in
types of Dc motor and the importance of each type and where we found them.