Pop Genetics & Natural Selection

Chapter 04 - Population Genetics and Natural Selection
Chapter 04
Population Genetics and Natural Selection

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Darwin is often considered the father of evolutionary thought. Which of the following
terms is/are not part of Darwin's analysis?
A. gene frequencies
B. natural selection
C. adaptation
D. fitness
E. None of the choices are correct.
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Learning Outcome: 04.00.01 Summarize Darwin's theory of natual selection.
Section: 04.00 Introduction
Topic: Evolution-Population Genetics

2. Evolution results from

A. mutations.
B. natural selection.
C. genetic drift.
D. gene flow.
E. All of the choices are correct.

Learning Outcome: 04.02.01 Define the Hardy-Weinberg principle and genetic drift.
Section: 04.02

4-1
3. The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that

A. genotypic changes will result in phenotypic changes.
B. phenotypic changes will result in genotypic changes.
C. allelic frequencies within a population will not change unless certain conditions are met.
D. allelic frequencies within a population will change unless certain conditions are met.
Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Learning Outcome: 04.02.02 Distinguish between allele and genotype frequencies.
Section: 04.02

4. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation:

A. q2 - qp + p2 = 1.0
B. 2pq - q2 - 2p = 1.0
C. q2 - qp2 + p = 1.0
D. p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1.0
E. p2 + pq + q2 = 1.0
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Learning Outcome: 04.02.01 Define the Hardy-Weinberg principle and genetic drift.
Section: 04.02

5. All of the following conditions are included in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium principle
except:
A. no mutation.
B. large population size.
C. non-random mating.
D. no immigration.
E. genotypes of equal fitness.

Learning Outcome: 04.02.03 Discuss the conditions required to achieve Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in a population.
Section: 04.02

4-2
6. In a population of birds, the average beak size is selected against and the large and small
sized beaks are selected for. This is an example of
A. directional selection.
B. disruptive selection.
C. stabilizing selection.
D. natural selection.
E. balanced polymorphism.

Learning Outcome: 04.03.02 Outline the processes of stabilizing, directional, and disruptive selection.
Section: 04.03

7. Within a population, if the average is selected for and the two opposing extremes are
selected against, this is an example of

Section: 04.03

8. In a population of lizards, the average and long length tails are selected against and the
short tails are selected for. This is an example of

Section: 04.03

4-3
9. Research on soapberry bugs (Jadera haematoloma) supports all of the following results
except:
A. the soapberry bugs underwent developmental changes without genetic changes.
B. beak length positively correlated with fruit diameter.
C. genetic differences were observed between the populations in study.
D. natural selection occurred.
E. soapberry bugs underwent developmental changes without genetic changes and beak
length positively correlated with fruit diameter.

Learning Outcome: 04.04.02 Discuss examples of stabilizing, directional, and disruptive selection that have been documented in natural
populations.
Section: 04.04

10. The populations of Chihuahua spruce (Picea chihuahuana) have been fragmented due to
changing climatic conditions. This has resulted in
A. stabilizing selection.
B. large population sizes.
C. an increase in genetic diversity within populations.
D. genetic drift.

Learning Outcome: 04.05.02 Summarize the evidence that small population size is associated with loss of genetic diversity.
Section: 04.05

11. Research conducted on the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia) can be

summarized in all of the following statements except:
A. inbreeding can contribute to local extinctions.
B. smaller meadows can contribute to local extinction.
C. a decrease in heterozygosity can contribute to local extinctions.
D. increase in predation can contribute to local extinctions.

Learning Outcome: 04.05.03 Explain the relationship between inbreeding and probability of extinction in populations.
Section: 04.05

4-4
4-5
12. For thousands of years, humans have bred domesticated plants and animals to produce and
maintain desirable traits, such as large fruits. Darwin used which term to describe this:
A. mutation.
B. artificial selection.
C. phenotypic plasticity.
D. genetic engineering.
E. natural selection.

Learning Outcome: 04.Applications.01 Distinguish between natural and artificial selection.
Section: Applications

13. Adaptation to the environment by a population does not include

A. variation in characteristics among individuals in a population.
B. evolution.
C. improved ability to live in the environment.
D. anatomy, physiology, and behavior.


14. Evolution can be defined as

A. a process which favors the average phenotype within a population.
B. a process that increases the average size of individuals within a population.
C. a process of eliminating "bad" traits within a population.
D. a change in gene frequencies in a population.
E. the extent to which phenotypic variation is due to genetic variation.

Learning Outcome: 04.04.03 Explain why a trait that is not heritable cannot evolve.
Section: 04.04

4-6
15. Which of the following is not part of Darwin's theory of natural selection?

A. Offspring are like their parents.
B. There is variation between individuals within a species.
C. Fewer offspring are produced each generation than can be supported by the environment.
D. Some individuals have a higher chance of surviving and reproducing than others in the
same population.
E. Heritable characteristics can be passed from parent to offspring.


16. What results could Clausen, Keck, and Hiesey have expected to see if alpine, mid-
elevation, and lowland populations of sticky cinquefoil (Potentilla glandulosa) were not
genetically different?
A. mid-elevation plants grew best at mid-elevations
B. alpine plants produced more flowers at alpine elevations
C. lowland plants did not produce the most flowers at any elevation
D. lowland plants grew better than alpine plants at lowland elevations
E. all plants would grew equally well at all elevations

Learning Outcome: 04.01.02 Explain the design of the common garden experiment used to test for genetic differences among populations of
Potentilla glandulosa.
Section: 04.01

17. Locally adapted and genetically distinctive populations within a species are referred to as
A. heterotypes.
B. metatypes.
C. genotypes.
D. ecotypes.
E. allotypes.

Learning Outcome: 04.01.01 Define phenotypic plasticity.
Section: 04.01

4-7
18. Which of the following are conditions necessary to maintain Hardy-Weinberg

equilibrium?
A. no mutations
B. large population
C. equal fitness
D. random mating

Learning Outcome: 04.02.03 Discuss the conditions required to achieve Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in a population.
Section: 04.02

19. For a population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, in a situation where there are only two
alleles at a particular locus, the proportions of genotypes are: SS = 0.64, Ss = 0.32, and ss =
0.04. Calculate the allele frequency for the recessive allele.
A. 0.04
B. 0.2
C. 0.32
D. 0.64
E. 0.8
Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze

Learning Outcome: 04.02.02 Distinguish between allele and genotype frequencies.
Section: 04.02

20. Over time, average phenotypes become less common and the population becomes
phenotypically more diverse as a result of _____________ selection.
A. bimodal
B. directional
C. disruptive
D. stabilizing
E. disjointed

Section: 04.03

4-8
True / False Questions

21. Phenotypic changes are always reflections of genotypic changes.

FALSE

Section: 04.01

22. Vila-Aiub and colleagues found that populations of the weed Sorghum halepense that have
been persistently exposed to the herbicide, glyphosate, were not resistant to its effects.
FALSE

Learning Outcome: 04.Applications.03 Discuss the evolution of herbicide resistance in Johnson grass.
Section: Applications

23. Ecotypes are local populations within a species that are genetically and phenotypically
distinct due in part to local environmental adaptation.
TRUE

Section: 04.01

24. The transplant experiment conducted on Potentilla glandulosa determined that

morphological changes occurred, but no genetic changes occurred within the various
experimental populations.
FALSE

Learning Outcome: 04.01.02 Explain the design of the common garden experiment used to test for genetic differences among populations of
Potentilla glandulosa.
Section: 04.01

4-9
4-10
25. Using microsatellite DNA, Douglas and Brunner concluded that populations of

Coregonus found in the Alps were highly differentiated and should be managed as separate
units.
TRUE

Learning Outcome: 04.01.03 Contrast the methods used to study genetic variation in populations of P. glandulosa populations versus
Coregonus in the Alps.
Section: 04.01

26. The combination of genetics and environmental pressures can cause variations in

phenotypes.
TRUE

Section: 04.01

Fill in the Blank Questions

27. The alternate form of a gene is called a(n) _________________________________.

allele

Learning Outcome: 04.00.02 Explain why Mendel discovered the basic laws of genetic inheritance, whereas Darwin did not.

28. The number of offspring contributed by an individual to future generations is called

_________________.
fitness

Learning Outcome: 04.03.01 Define fitness.
Section: 04.03

4-11
4-12
29. ______________________ can change population gene frequencies through random

processes.
Genetic drift

Learning Outcome: 04.05.02 Summarize the evidence that small population size is associated with loss of genetic diversity.
Section: 04.05

True / False Questions

30. Egg size in Ural owls is highly heritable and is currently undergoing stabilizing selection.
TRUE

populations.
Section: 04.04

31. A recent study of the finch G. fortis on Santa Cruz Island showed that directional
selection has resulted in larger beak size.
FALSE

populations.
Section: 04.04

4-13

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Chapter 04 - Population Genetics and Natural Selection

Multiple Choice Questions

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

2. Evolution results from

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

3. The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

4. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation:

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

11. Research conducted on the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia) can be

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

13. Adaptation to the environment by a population does not include

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

14. Evolution can be defined as

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

15. Which of the following is not part of Darwin's theory of natural selection?

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

18. Which of the following are conditions necessary to maintain Hardy-Weinberg

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

True / False Questions

21. Phenotypic changes are always reflections of genotypic changes.

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

24. The transplant experiment conducted on Potentilla glandulosa determined that

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

25. Using microsatellite DNA, Douglas and Brunner concluded that populations of

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

26. The combination of genetics and environmental pressures can cause variations in

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Fill in the Blank Questions

27. The alternate form of a gene is called a(n) _________________________________.

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

28. The number of offspring contributed by an individual to future generations is called

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

29. ______________________ can change population gene frequencies through random

Bloom's Level: 1. Remember

True / False Questions

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

Bloom's Level: 2. Understand

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