REYIEW.

BA¢TERIAS A¢IDO LA¢TI¢AS: PAPEL FUN¢IONAL EN LOS ALIMENTOS

REYIEW LA¢TI¢ A¢ID BA¢TERIA: FUN¢TIONAL ROLE IN THE FOODS BA¢TÉRIAS

Á¢IDO LÁ¢TI¢AS: PAPEL FUN¢IONAL NOS ALIMENTOS:

1
RI¢ARDO ADOLFO PARRA HUERTAS

PALABRAS ¢LAYE: RESUMEN

Bb¢t@fIbS á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢bS, ¢5ItIVOS
@Stáft@f, f@ffl@fltb¢Iófl, þfOd5¢tOS
fl@tbbóII¢OS, f5tbS fl@tbbóII¢bS.
IEY WORDS:
Lb¢tI¢ b¢Id bb¢t@fIb, f@ffl@fltbtIOfl,
fl@tbbOII¢ þfOd5¢tS, þbthWb\S,
Stbft@f.
PALAYRAS ¢HAYES:
LbS bb‡tPFibS á‡idO Iá‡ti‡bS hbfl SidO iflþOFtbfltPS Pfl IOS bIiflPfltOS þOF
Si@IOS þOF Sr ‡OflSidPFbbIP ‡OfltFibr‡iófl bI vbIOF dP IOS þFOdr‡tOS. DPbidO
b vbFibS dP SrS þFOþiPdbdPS flPtbbóIi‡bS, IbS bb‡tPFibS á‡idO Iá‡ti‡bS
dPSPfl- þPÑbfl rfl þbþPI iflþOFtbfltP Pfl Ib ifldrStFib bIiflPfltbFib, þOF Sr
‡OfltFibr‡iófl Si@fliti‡bfltP bI SbbOF, OIOF, tPxtrFb, ‡bFb‡tPFíSti‡bS
SPflSOFibIPS, þFOþiPdbdPS tPFbþárti‡bS y vbIOF flrtFi‡iOflbI dP IOS þFOdr‡tOS
bIiflPfltbFiOS IStP @FrþO PStá ‡OflþrPStO dP rfl flúflPFO dP @áflPFOS
ifl‡IryPfldO Lb‡tO‡O‡‡rS, Lb‡- tObb‡iIIrS, IfltPFO‡O‡‡rS, StFPþtO‡O‡‡rS,
LPr‡OflOStO‡ y PPdiO‡O‡‡rS. ÆI@rflOS dP IOS flPtbbOIitOS þFOdr‡idOS þOF
IbS PStP tiþO dP bb‡tPFibS SOfl á‡idOS OF@áfli‡OS, SrStbfl‡ibS þFPSPFvbfltPS,
þOIiSb‡áFidOS, vitbfliflbS, Pfl- drIzbfltPS, OIOFPS y SbbOFPS PfltFP OtFOS. IStb
FPviSiófl SP PfltO‡b Pfl PStrdibF Ib iflþOFtbfl‡ib dP IbS bb‡tPFibS b‡idO Iá‡ti‡bS
Pfl IOS bIiflPfltOS.

Bb¢t@fIbS á¢IdbS Ib¢tI¢bS, þfO-

d5¢OtOS fl@tbbOII¢OS, flOtb fl@tb- ABSTRA¢T
bóII¢b.
Lb‡ti‡ b‡id bb‡tPFib hbvP bPPfl iflþOFtbflt ifl tOOd tOF ‡PfltrFiPS tOF thPiF
Si@fliti‡bflt ‡OfltFibrtiOfl tO þFOdr‡t vbIrP. BP‡brSP SPvPFbI Ot itS flPtbbOIi‡
þFOþPFtiPS, Ib‡ti‡ b‡id bb‡tPFib þIby bfl iflþOFtbflt FOIP ifl thP tOOd ifldrStFy
tOF hiS Si@fliti‡bflt ‡OfltFibrtiOfl tO thP tIbvOF, bFOflb, tPxtrFP, SPflSOFy ‡hb-
Fb‡tPFiSti‡S, thPFbþPrti‡ þFOþPFtiPS bfld flrtFitiOflbI vbIrP Ot tOOd þFOdr‡tS.
ThiS @FOrþ iS ‡OflþOSPd Ot b flrflbPF Ot @PflPFb, ifl‡Irdifl@ Lb‡tO‡O‡‡rS,
Lb‡tObb‡iIIrS, IfltPFO‡O‡‡rS, StFPþtO‡O‡‡rS, LPr‡OflOStO‡
bfld PPdiO‡O‡‡rS, bflOfl@ OthPFS. SOflP Ot thP flPtbbOIitPS þFOdr‡Pd by
thPSP bb‡tPFib bFP OF@bfli‡ b‡idS, þFPSPFvbtivPS SrbStbfl‡PS, þOIySb‡‡hbFi-

R@¢IbIdO þafa @Yal5a¢Iófl: 22 d@ Efl@fO d@ 2010, AþfObadO þafa þ5blI¢a¢Iófl: J5flIO 16 d@ 2010

1 Mb@ISt@f @fl ¢I@fl¢Ib d@ IOS AIIfl@fltOS. PfOf@SOf Fb¢5Itbd d@ ¢I@fl¢IbS BáSI¢bS. 9f5þO d@ IflV@StI@b¢Iófl @fl Q5ÍflI¢b \ T@¢flOIO@Íb d@ IOS
AIIfl@fltOS. UflIV@fSIdbd P@db@ó@I¢b \ T@¢flOIó@I¢b d@ ¢OIOflbIb.

¢Off@SþOfld@fl¢Ia: fþbffbh5@ftbS@hOtflbII.¢OflStbft@f
 Fb¢5Itbd d@ ¢I@fl¢IbS A@fOþ@¢5bfIbS
¤4 VOI 8 NO. 1 Efl@fO - J5flIO 2010

dPS, vitbfliflS, SwPPtPflPFS, bFOflbS bfld tIbvOFS, bflOfl@ OthPFS. ThiS FPviPw tO‡rSPS Ofl Strdyifl@ thP iflþOFtbfl‡P Ot
Ib‡ti‡ b‡id bb‡tPFib ifl tOOd.

RESUMO

AS bb¢t@fIbS á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢bS t@fl SIdO IflþOftbflt@S flOS bIIfl@fltOS þOf S@¢5IOS þ@Ib S5b ¢OflSId@fáV@I ¢OfltfIb5I{ãO bO
VbIOf dOS þfOd5tOS. D@VIdO b VáfIbS dbS S5bS þfOþfI@dbd@S fl@tbbóII¢bS, bS bb¢t@fIbS á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢bS d@S@flþ@flhbfl
5fl þbþ@I IflþOftbflt@ flb IfldÚStfIb bIIfl@fltbf, þ@Ib S5b ¢OfltfIb5I{ãO SI@flIfI¢bflt@ bO SbbOf, ¢h@IfO, t@Xt5fb, ¢bfb¢t@fÍS-
tI¢bS S@flSOfIbIS, þfOþfI@dbd@S t@fbþ@5tI¢bS @ VbIOf fl5tfI¢IOflbI dOS þfOd5tOS bIIfl@fltbf. ESt@ @f5þO @Stá ¢OflStIt5ÍdO
d@ 5fl flÚfl@fO d@ @@fl@fOS Ifl¢I5IfldO Lb¢tO¢O¢¢5S, Lb¢tObb¢III5S, Eflt@fO¢O¢¢5S, Etf@þtO¢O¢¢5S, L@5¢OflOStO¢ @
P@dIO¢O¢¢5S. AI@5flS dOS fl@tbbOIItOS þfOd5ZIdOS þOf @St@ tIþO d@ bb¢t@fIbS SãO á¢IdOS Of@âflI¢OS, S5Stâfl¢IbS
þf@S@fVbdOfbS, þOII-Sb¢áfIdOS, VItbflIflbS, bdO{bflt@S, ¢h@IfOS @ SbbOf@S @fltf@ O5tfOS. EStb f@VISãO S@ @flfO¢b @fl
@St5dbf b IflþOftâfl¢Ib dbS bb¢t@fIbS á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢bS flOS bIIfl@fltOS.

INTRODU¢¢IÓN þbfb S5 Obt@fl¢Iófl f@¢5I@f@fl S@f f@ffl@fltbdbS [7]. S@

HIStOfIb. SOfl bflþIIbfl@flt@ dIStfIb5IdbS @fl dIf@f@flt@S
@¢OSISt@flbS, bd@fláS d@ @@fl@fbfS@ b @fbfl @S¢bIb
þfO¢@SOS þbfb Ib þfOd5¢¢Iófl ¢Ofl@f¢IbI d@ bIIfl@fltOS
f@ffl@fltbdOS, b@bIdbS bI¢OhóII¢bS, @flSIIbdOS, I@Vbd5-
fbS þbfb Ib þfOd5¢¢Iófl d@ ¢@fV@Zb, VIflOS \ bb¢t@fIbS
á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢bS (BAL) þbfb Ib 5tIIIZb¢Iófl @fl V@@@tbI@S,
f@ffl@fltb¢IOfl@S ¢áfflI¢bS [1], ¢5@SO, flbflt@¢5IIIb,
\O@5ft, SbI¢hI¢hbS, @flSIIbJ@S, OIIVOS, 5VbS \ ¢@f@bI@S
¢OflO þbfl \ ¢@fV@Zb þf@S@fVbfldO \ þfOþOf¢IOflbfldO
þfOþI@dbd@S S@flSOfIbI@S \ fl5tfI¢IOflbI@S b IOS
þfOd5¢tOS bIIfl@fltI¢IOS [2, 3, 4].
LbS BAL d@S@flþ@ñbfl 5fl þbþ@I IflþOftbflt@ @fl IOS þfO-
¢@SOS d@ f@ffl@fltb¢Iófl; @IIbS SOfl fl5\ 5tIIIZbdbS @fl Ib
Ifld5StfIb bIIfl@fltbfIb, flO SOIbfl@flt@ þOf S5 hbbIIIdbd
þOf b¢IdIfI¢bf \ þOf IO tbfltO þf@S@fVbf bIIfl@fltOS d@
IbS
@SþOfbS, SIflO tbflbI@fl S5 IflþII¢b¢Iófl @fl Ib t@Xt5fb,
SbbOf, OIOf \ d@SbffOIIO d@ bfOflb d@ bIIfl@fltOS
f@ffl@fltbdOS [5].
EI ¢OflO¢IflI@fltO d@ ¢5ItIVOS Iá¢tI¢OS S@ OfI@Ifló @fl
@I SI@IO XVIII, ¢5bfldO b@fI¢5ItOf@S d@ ÁffI¢b, ASIb \
E5fOþb ObS@fVbfOfl @I ¢OflþOf tbflI@fltO d@ Ib I@¢h@
¢f5db @fl IOS fl@S@S ¢áIIdOS. Lb I@¢h@ ¢Ob@5Ibbb \
bbJO
@StbS ¢OfldI¢IOfl@S þf@S@fltbbb 5fl SbbOf dIf@f@flt@, @fl
O¢bSIOfl@S b@fbdbbI@, @fltOfl¢@S IOS ¢bflþ@SIflOS f5@fOfl
S@I@¢¢IOflbfldO IbS d@ fl@JOf SbbOf þbfb IflO¢5Ibf Ib
I@¢h@ bI dÍb SI@5I@flt@ [6]. LbS BAL VIVbS þ5@d@fl @Stbf
¢Oflt@flIdbS @fl 5fl @f5þO d@ flI¢fOOf@bflISflOS
IIbflbdOS
¢5ItIVOS Iá¢tI¢OS O IflI¢IbdOf@S [7, 8], S@ @flþI@bfl @fl Ib
Ifld5StfIb Iá¢t@b þbfb Ib @IbbOfb¢Iófl d@ I@¢h@S f@ffl@fl-
tbdbS, ¢5@SOS, flbflt@¢5IIIb [6] \ OtfOS þfOd5¢tOS ¢5@
dIStIfl@5@fl tf@S ¢IbS@S d@ ¢5ItIVOS: @I ¢5ItIVO IflI¢IbI, @I
¢5ItIVO flbdf@, \ @I ¢5ItIVO 5S5bI. LOS ¢5ItIVOS @Stáft@f
SOfl þ5fOS, b þbf tIf d@ @StOS, S@ þf@þbfb @I ¢5ItIVO
flbdf@, I5@@O d@I ¢5ItIVO flbdf@ S@ d@SbffOIIb @I ¢5ItIVO
5S5bI þbfb S@f @flþI@bdO dIf@¢tbfl@flt@ @fl þfO¢@SOS
f@ffl@fltbtIVOS [10].
SOfl 5fl @f5þO d@ bb¢t@fIbS f@Ib¢IOflbdbS ¢5@
þfOd5¢@fl á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢O ¢OflO @I þfIfl¢IþbI fl@tbbOIItO
[11] O ÚflI¢O þfOd5¢tO d@ f@ffl@fltb¢Iófl [12]; SOfl flI
¢fOOf@bflISflOS fl5tfI¢IOflbIfl@flt@ @XI@@flt@S IOS ¢5bI@S
SOfl ¢bþb¢@S d@ hIdfOIIZbf þ@þtIdOS d@ Ib I@¢h@ [13,
14]. Lb ¢Ofl¢@fltfb-
¢Iófl d@ bflIflOá¢IdOS IIbf@S @fl I@¢h@ SOfl fl5\
IIflItbdOS, bSÍ @I ¢f@¢IflI@fltO SOSt@flIdO d@ BAL
d@þ@fld@ d@ Ib þfOd5¢¢Iófl d@ þfOt@IflbSbS þ@þtIdbSbS
\ SISt@flb d@ tfbflSþOft@ d@ bflIflOá¢IdOS \ þ@þtIdOS
@Sþ@¢ÍfI¢OS [14]. Ad@fláS d@ þfOd5¢If @I á¢IdO Iá¢tI
¢O, IbS bb¢t@fIbS b¢IdIfI¢bflt@S, IIbflbdbS tbflbI@fl bb
¢t@fIbS IflI¢IbdO- fbS, ¢OfltfIb5\@fl bI SbbOf, bfOflb,
t@Xt5fb \ @I VbIOf fl5tfI¢IOflbI d@ bIIfl@fltOS
f@ffl@fltbdOS b tfbV@S d@ Ib þfOd5¢¢Iófl d@ @XOþOIISb
¢áfIdOS (EPS) \ flOdIfI¢b¢Iófl þfOt@ÍflbS [2], IO bflt@fIOf
d@bIdO b S5 b¢tIVIdbd fl@tbbó- II¢b SObf@ þfOt@ÍflbS,
bZÚ¢bf@S \ IÍþIdOS, ¢OfltfIb5\@fldO b Ib dI@@StIbIIIdbd
d@ bIIfl@fltOS \ þf@S@fVb¢Iófl d@I þfOd5¢tO fIflbI [14].
EI ObJ@tIVO @S f@bIIZbf 5flb f@VISIófl d@ IbS bb¢t@fIbS á
¢IdO Iá¢tI¢bS \ S5 IflþOftbfl¢Ib @fl Ib Ifld5StfIb bIIfl@fltI
¢Ib.
TAXONOMÍA Y ¢ARA¢TERÍSTI¢AS
Lb ¢IbSIfI¢b¢Iófl d@ BAL f5@ IflI¢Ibdb @fl 1616 þOf OfIb-
J@flS@fl, ¢Oflþf@fld@ 5fl dIV@fSO @f5þO d@ Of@bflISflOS FI@5fa 1. R5tb fl@tbbóII¢b d@ Ib @bIb¢tOSb [17].
9fbfl-þOSItIVOS, fOfflbdOf@S d@ flO @SþOfbS, flO flOtIII-
dbd \ fOfflb d@ ¢O¢OS \ ¢bf@fl¢Ib d@ ¢btbIbSb [4].
SOfl
¢O¢OS \ bb¢IIOS d@ IOfl@It5d VbfIbbI@ \ d@ 5fl @fOSOf
d@ 0.5 -0.8 µfl. S@ tfbtb d@ 5fl @f5þO d@ bb¢t@fIbS
fISIOIó@I¢bfl@flt@ 5flIfOffl@, d@ þbf@d 9fbfl-þOSItIVb
[15], SOfl bflb@fObIbS fb¢5ItbtIVbS, ¢btbIbSb fl@@btIVb,
\ flO fOfflbdOfbS d@ @SþOfbS [12, 16]. ¢bf@¢@fl d@
b¢tIVIdbd f@SþIfbtOfIb þOf¢5@ I@S fbItb 5flb @flZIflb (¢I-
tO¢fOflO ¢btbIbSb), ¢OfltI@fl@ 5fl @f5þO h@flIflb, ¢5@ I@S
þ@fflItb þOfl@f @fl flbf¢hb Ib ¢bd@flb f@SþIfbtOfIb ¢Ofl @I
OXÍ@@flO ¢OflO b¢@þtOf d@ @I@¢tfOfl@S. A þ@Sbf d@ S5
fl@tbbOIISflO bflb@fObIO, SOfl bflb@fObIOS tOI@fbflt@S \
@fl IOS fl@dIOS d@ ¢5ItIVOS SóIIdOS fOfflbfl ¢OIOflIbS @fl
þf@S@fl¢Ib d@ bIf@ [15]. DIf@f@flt@S fb¢tOf@S bf@¢tbfl @I
¢f@¢IflI@fltO d@ BAL @fl 5fl fl@dIO d@ f@ffl@fltb¢Iófl.
Ad@- fláS d@ IOS f@¢5@fIflI@fltOS fl5tfI¢IOflbI@S, Ib
t@flþ@fbt5fb
@S 5flO d@ IOS fb¢tOf@S fláS IflþOftbflt@S ¢5@ IflfI5\@fl
@fl @I ¢f@¢IflI@fltO d@ IbS BAL. EXISt@ 5flb t@flþ@fbt5fb
óþtIflb b Ib ¢5bI Ib V@IO¢Idbd ¢f@¢IflI@fltO @S fláS bItb
\ d@þ@fld@ d@ IbS ¢bfb¢t@fÍStI¢bS d@I flI¢fOOf@bflISflO
5tIIIZbdO, ¢OflO tbflbI@fl d@ IbS ¢OfldI¢IOfl@S
bflbI@fltbI@S [17]; Ib flb\OfÍb d@ IbS @Sþ@¢I@S fl@¢@SItbfl
bflIflOá¢IdOS ¢bfbOflO, ¢5@ Vbfl b fOfflbf IOS OJOS d@ bI@5flOS ¢5@SOS
\ VItbflIflbS d@I @f5þO B (Ib¢tOfIbVIflb, tIbflIflb, bIOtIflb, \
á¢IdO flI¢OtÍflI¢O, b¢IdO þbfltOt@flI¢O, á¢IdO fóII¢O) \ @I ¢bfá¢t@f @Sþ5flOSO d@ bI@5flbS I@¢h@S f@ffl@fltbdbS
VbfIOS bflIflOá¢IdOS [11,15]. SOfl ¢5IflOOf@bflOtfófI¢OS [6].
\ SOIbfl@flt@ ¢f@¢@fl @fl fl@dIOS ¢OflþI@JOS. ¢bfbOhI-
dfbtOS f@ffl@fltbbI@S \ bI¢OhOI@S þ5@d@fl S@f Lb b¢tIVIdbd IIþOIÍtI¢b \ þfOt@OIÍtI¢b tI@fl@ IflfI5@fl¢Ib @fl
@flþI@bdOS Ib fOfflb¢Iófl d@ ¢Oflþ5@StOS d@ SbbOf \ bfOflb tÍþI
¢OflO f5@flt@S d@ @fl@f@Íb þbfb fOfflbf þfIfl¢IþbIfl@flt@ á ¢OS d@ VbfI@dbd@S d@ ¢5@SOS flbd5fbdOS, ¢OflO SOfl
¢IdO Iá¢tI¢O, b tfbV@S d@ Ib d@@fbdb¢Iófl d@ h@XOSbS b IOS á¢IdOS @fbSOS IIbf@S \ tfbflSfOfflb¢IOfl@S @flZIflátI
Ib¢tbtO (hOflOf@ffl@fltbtIVbS) \ þfOd5¢tOS bdI¢IOflbI@S ¢bS d@ bI@5flOS bflIflOá¢IdOS þfOd5¢I@fldO bflOflIb¢O,
¢OflO b¢@tbtO, @tbflOI, ¢O2 , fOfflbtO O S5¢¢IflbtO (h@- á¢I- dOS Of@áflI¢OS (á¢IdO b¢@tI¢O, á¢IdO þfOþIóflI¢O, á
t@fOf@ffl@fltbtIVbS) [4]. ¢IdO ISOb5tÍfI¢O) \ dIóXIdO d@ ¢bfbOflO [21, 6].

Lb þfIfl@fb \ þfIfl¢IþbI f5fl¢Iófl d@ IbS BAL @S Ib fOfflb

FUN¢IONES
LbS f5fl¢IOfl@S @fl Ib t@¢flOIO@Íb d@ þfOd5¢tOS bIIfl@fl-
tI¢IOS d@ IbS BAL SOfl: fOfflb¢Iófl d@ SbbOf á¢IdO,
IflhIbI¢Iófl d@ Of@bflISflOS þbtó@@flOS, @@IIfI¢b¢Iófl d@ Ib
I@¢h@, f@d5¢¢Iófl d@I ¢Oflt@flIdO d@ Ib¢tOSb, fOfflb¢Iófl
d@ bfOflb, þfOd5¢¢Iófl d@ @bS f@¢5@fIdb þbfb Ib fOfflb-
¢Iófl d@” OJOS” @fl IOS ¢5@SOS, þfOt@óIISIS f@¢5@fIdb @fl
Ib flbd5fb¢Iófl d@ IOS ¢5@SOS [18], tbflbI@fl hbfl SIdO
fl5\ 5tIIIZbdbS ¢OflO þfObIótI¢OS [16,20]. (FI@5fb 1)
BAL þfOd5¢@fl þ@¢5@ñbS ¢bfltIdbd@S d@ b¢@tbId@hÍdO
\ dIb¢@tIIO þOf Ib f@ffl@fltb¢Iófl d@ ¢ItfbtOS, OtOf@bfldO
SbbOf \ bfOflb b@fbdbbI@. Ad@fláS þfOd5¢@fl dIóXIdO
d@
¢Iófl d@ á¢IdOS Of@áflI¢OS, þfIfl¢IþbIfl@flt@ á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢O
[8] b 5flb V@IO¢Idbd ¢OflV@flI@flt@ þbfb bS@@5fbf 5flb
f@ffl@fltb-
¢Iófl ¢OflSISt@flt@ \ @XItOSb [22]. EI á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢O
þ5@d@ S@f Obt@flIdO b tfbV@S d@ Ib f@ffl@fltb¢Iófl d@ Ib
Ib¢tOSb,
¢5@ db 5fl SbbOf á¢IdO ff@S¢O @fl I@¢h@S f@ffl@fltbdbS,
fl@JOfb ¢5@fþO \ t@Xt5fb @fl IOS ¢5@SOS @ IflhIb@, @fl
þbft@,
@I d@SbffOIIO d@ fIOfb ¢OfltbflIflbflt@ \ þbtó@@flb [23, 7].
Ad@fláS, bS@@5fbfl Ib ¢bIIdbd \ 5flIfOfflIdbd d@I
þfOd5¢tO fIflbI [7] \ @fl VbfIOS ¢bSOS bI VbIOf fl5tfI¢IOflbI
d@ þfOd5¢- tOS bIIfl@fltI¢IOS [23]. POS@@fl b¢tIVIdbd@S
þfOt@OIÍtI¢bS \ IIþOIÍtI¢bS, @Sþ@¢IbIfl@flt@ d5fbflt@ Ib
flbd5fb¢Iófl d@ IOS
¢5@SOS, þfOd5¢¢Iófl d@ OtfOS ¢OflþOfl@flt@S (bI¢OhOI)
@fl Ib @IbbOfb¢Iófl d@ k5flIS [1].
¢LASIFI¢A¢IÓN
LbS BAL þ@ft@fl@¢@fl bI þh\I5fl FIfflI¢5t@S ¢5@
¢Oflþf@fl- d@ bIf@d@dOf d@ 20 @@fl@fOS: Lb‡tO‡O‡‡rS,
Lb‡tObb‡i- IIrS, StFPþtO‡O‡‡rS, LPr‡OflOStO‡,
PPdiO‡O‡‡rS, ÆPFO-
‡O‡‡rS, FbFflObb‡tPFirfl, PfltPFO‡O‡‡rS,OPflO‡O‡‡rS,
tPtFb@PflOO‡‡rS, Vb@O‡O‡‡rS y WPiSPIIb SOfl IOS þfIfl¢I-
þbI@S flI@flbfOS d@ IbS BAL, SI@fldO Lb‡tObb‡iIIrS @S @I
fláS @fbfld@ d@ @StOS @@fl@fOS [8, 11, 16, 22].
EI tIþO \ ¢bfb¢t@fÍStI¢b d@ IOS Of@bflISflOS IflI¢IbdOf@S
¢5@ SOfl 5tIIIZbdOS @fl Ib þfOd5¢¢Iófl d@ I@¢h@S
f@ffl@fltbdbS, SOfl IOS dOS fláS IflþOftbflt@S fb¢tOf@S
¢5@ d@t@fflIflbfl Ib ¢bIIdbd d@I þfOd5¢tO fIflbI. EI
¢fIt@fIO @S@fl¢IbI þbfb Ib S@I@¢¢Iófl d@ IflI¢IbdOf@S Ifl
¢I5\@ b¢IdIfI¢b¢Iófl, bfO- flb, SbbOf, @StbbIIIdbd \
t@Xt5fb [24]. EStOS S@ þ5@d@fl
¢IbSIfI¢bf d@ VbfIbS flbfl@fbS, d@þ@fldI@fldO d@ S5
fOfflb, t@flþ@fbt5fb d@ ¢f@¢IflI@fltO, f5fl¢IOfl@S @t¢
[25].
S@@Úfl Ib f@ffl@fltb¢Iófl d@ Ib Ib¢tOSb IbS BAL S@ ¢IbSIfI
¢bfl
@fl hOflOf@ffl@fltbtIVbS (þfOd5¢@ SóIO á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢O) \
h@t@fOf@ffl@fltbtIVbS (þfOd5¢@fl á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢O \ OtfbS
S5Stbfl¢IbS) \ S@@Úfl Ib t@flþ@fbt5fb d@ ¢f@¢IflI@fltO @fl
fl@SófIIOS \ t@fflófIIOS [7].
FI@5fa f. F@ffl@fltb¢Iófl hOflOIá¢tI¢b [5].
HOflOf@ffl@fltatIYaS.
EI @f5þO hOflOf@ffl@fltbtIVO ¢Oflþ5@StO d@
Lb‡tO‡O‡‡rS, PPdiO‡O‡‡rS, IfltPFO‡O‡‡rS y
StFPþtO‡O‡‡rS, 5tIIIZbfl Ib f5tb Eflbd@fl-M@\@fhOff-
PbfflbS bI ¢OflV@ftIf 1 flOI d@
@I5¢OSb @fl dOS flOI@S d@ á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢O [1], bd@fláS ¢5@
S@ þfOd5¢@ fláS d@I 85% d@ á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢O b þbftIf d@
@I5¢OSb. Efl ¢OfltfbSt@, IbS bb¢t@fIbS
h@t@fOf@ffl@fltbtIVbS þfOd5¢@fl ¢bfltIdbd@S @¢5IflOIbf@S
2
d@ Ib¢tbtO, ¢O \ @tb- flOI b þbftIf d@ @I5¢OSb 5SbfldO Ib
h@XOSb flOflOfOSfbtO O Ib VÍb d@ IbS þ@fltOSbS, \ bSÍ
SOIbfl@flt@ @@fl@fbfl Ib flItbd d@ Ib @fl@f@Íb d@I @f5þO
hOflOf@ffl@fltbtIVb [1].
Efl Ib fI@5fb 2 S@ ObS@fVb ¢5@ @I á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢O @S @I þfIfl-
¢IþbI þfOd5¢tO d@ @Stb f@ffl@fltb¢Iófl. LbS bb¢t@fIbS þ@f-
t@fl@¢I@flt@S b @St@ @f5þO þOS@@fl IbS @flZIflbS bIdOIbSb
\ h@XOSb ISOfl@fbSb, þ@fO ¢bf@¢@fl d@ Ib fOSfO
¢@tOIbSb. D@fltfO d@ @St@ @f5þO S@ tI@fl@: Lb¢tObb¢IIIOS
d@ bbStOfl@S Ibf@OS, bISIbdOS O @fl ¢bd@flbS ¢OftbS,
t@fflófIIOS, b¢IdI- fI¢bflt@S fl5\ @fl@f@@tI¢OS \ d@ b
¢tIVIdbd ¢bS@OIÍtI¢b flO- tbbI@. Stf@þtO¢O¢¢5S, d@
fOfflbS @Sf@fI¢bS @fl ¢bd@flbS, b¢IdIfI¢b¢Iófl fáþIdb \ þO
¢b b¢tIVIdbd ¢bS@OIÍtI¢b [18].
H@t@fOf@ffl@fltatIYaS.
PfOd5¢@fl SOIbfl@flt@ 50% d@ á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢O. EStbS f@f-
fl@fltbfl 1 flOI d@ @I5¢OSb þbfb fOfflbf 1 flOI d@ á¢IdO
Iá¢tI¢O, 1 flOI d@ @tbflOI \ 1 flOI d@ 2¢O . 1 flOI d@
ATP
@S @@fl@fbdb þOf flOI d@ @I5¢OSb [11, 26]. ESt@ @f5þO
@Stá ¢Oflþ5@StO d@ 5fl flÚfl@fO d@ @@fl@fOS Ifl¢I5\@fldO:
Lb‡tO‡O‡‡rS, Lb‡tObb‡iIIOS, IfltPFO‡O‡‡rS, StFPþtO-
‡O‡‡rS, LPr‡OflOStO‡ y PPdiO‡O‡‡rS. ESt@ @f5þO d@
bb¢t@fIbS ¢OfltI@fl@ Ib @flZIflb fOSfO¢@tOIbSb, þ@fO ¢bf@
¢@ d@ Ib bIdOIbSb \ h@XOSb ISOfl@fbSb; bSÍ ¢5@, @fl
I5@bf d@ S@@5If Ib VÍb (EMP), 5tIIIZbfl IbS VÍbS d@ Ib
h@XOSb flOflOfOSfbtO O Ib d@ Ib þ@fltOSb [1].
LbS @Sþ@¢I@S h@t@fOIá¢tI¢bS ObII@bdbS 5tIIIZbfl
SOIbfl@fl- t@ Ib f5tb d@þ@fldI@flt@ fOSfO¢@tOIbSb þbfb
fl@tbbOIIZbf bZÚ¢bf@S, \ bd@fláS d@ á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢O,
@IIbS þfOd5¢@fl
¢bfltIdbd@S SI@flIfI¢bflt@S d@ á¢IdO b¢@tI¢O \/O @tbflOI
¢Ofl Ib @@fl@fb¢Iófl d@ dIóXIdO d@ ¢bfbOflO; Ib D-@bIb
¢tOSb þ5@d@ S@f fl@tbbOIIZbdb b tfbV@S d@ Ib f5tb
tb@btOSb 6-fOSfbtO O f5tb L@IOIf, (V@bS@ fI@5fb 1) [1].
EStbS @S- þ@¢I@S f@ffl@fltbtIVbS fl@tbbOIIZbfl h@XOSbS b
tfbV@S d@ Ib f5tb @II¢OIÍtI¢b Eflbd@fl-M@\@fhOff, þ@fO
þ@fltOSbS \ bI@5flbS OtfbS S5Stbfl¢IbS SOfl
fl@tbbOIIZbdbS VÍb fOSfO-
¢@tOIbSb þbfb þfOd5¢If á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢O \ OtfOS þfOd5¢tOS
(tÍþI¢bfl@flt@ á¢IdO b¢@tI¢O \ @tbflOI) (V@bS@ fI@5fb
3). MI@flbfOS d@ IbS BAL þ5@d@fl S@f S5bdIVIdIdbS @fl
dOS dIStIfltOS @f5þOS bbSbdOS @fl S5 fl@tbbOIISflO d@
¢bfbOhIdfbtOS [1].
Efl Ib f@ffl@fltb¢Iófl h@t@fOIá¢tI¢b IOS Lb¢tObb¢III5S
@Stáfl fOfflbdOS þOf: þIbfltbFrfl, FbflflOSrS,
‡OFyflPtOFfliS,
‡rFvbtrS, ‡bSPi, þbFb‡bSPi, bFPviS, br‡hflPFi,
tPFflPfltrfl, kátiF, FPrtPFi, IPr‡OflOSt‡. HOflOIá¢tI¢b
Lb‡tObb‡iIIrS b‡idOþhiIrS, hPIvPti‡rS, dPIbFrP‡kii
SrbSþ dPIbFrP‡kii, dPbFrP‡kii SrbSþ Ib‡tiS, dPIbFrP‡kii
SrbSþ brI@bFi‡rS, Ib‡tiS, thPFflOþhiIrS [6].
LbS bb¢t@fIbS Iá¢tI¢bS hOflOf@ffl@fltbtIVbS ¢OflO flO þO-
S@@fl þIf5VbtO-d@S¢bfbOXIIbSb, tfbflSfI@f@fl @I hIdfó@@flO
fOfflbdO þOf b¢¢Iófl d@ Ib fOSfOtfIOSb-d@ShIdfO@@flbSb
bI á¢IdO þIfÚVI¢O ¢Ofl b\5db d@ Ib flI¢OtIflbflIdb-
bd@flIflb- dIfl5¢I@OtIdO (NAD), \ IO tfbflSfOfflb @fl á
¢IdO Iá¢tI¢O. LbS @Sþ@¢I@S h@t@fOf@ffl@fltbtIVbS
fl@tbbOIIZbfl h@XOSbS b tfbV@S d@ Ib f5tb @II¢OIÍtI¢b d@
Eflbd@fl–M@\@fhOff. EStbS @Sþ@¢I@S 5Sbfl SOIbfl@flt@
Ib fOSfO¢@tOIbSb d@- þ@fldI@fldO d@ Ib VÍb þbfb @I
fl@tbbOIISflO d@I bZÚ¢bf,
\ bd@fláS d@ á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢O, @IIbS þfOd5¢@fl ¢bfltIdbd@S
SI@flIfI¢bflt@S d@ á¢IdO b¢@tI¢O O @tbflOI ¢Ofl Ib @@fl@fb
¢Iófl d@ dIóXIdO d@ ¢bfbOflO [16].
FI@5fa 3. F@ffl@fltb¢Iófl h@t@fOIá¢tI¢b [5].
LbS BAL IflI¢IbdOfbS þfOd5¢@fl @flZIflbS Ifltfb¢@I5Ibf@S
(þ@þtIdbSbS, IIþbSbS \ @flZIflbS d@ ¢btbbOIISflO d@ bflI-
flOá¢IdOS), IbS ¢5bI@S d@S@flþ@ñbfl 5fl þbþ@I
IflþOftbflt@
@fl @I d@SbffOIIO d@I SbbOf d@ ¢5@SOS d5fbflt@ Ib
flbd5fb-
¢Iófl. D@Sþ5@S d@I fOflþIflI@fltO IflI¢IbI d@ ¢bS@ÍflbS þOf
Ib f@flIflb, þfOt@bSbS @fldó@@flbS d@ Ib I@¢h@ \ þfOt@bSbS
bb¢t@fIbI@S d@ Ib þbf@d ¢@I5Ibf, IbS þ@þtIdbSbS SOfl
¢bþb¢@S d@ d@@fbdbf IOS þ@þtIdOS f@S5Itbflt@S @fl bflI-
flOá¢IdOS IIbf@S. EStOS þ5@d@fl S@f S5bS@¢5@flt@fl@flt@
¢btbbOIIZbdOS b ¢OflþOfl@flt@S d@ bfOflb VOIátII@S þOf
VbfIbS f5tbS @flZIflátI¢bS. TbflbI@fl, @St@fbSbS \ IIþbSbS
¢btbIIZbfl hIdfóIISIS d@ tfI@II¢@fIdOS d@ Ib @fbSb d@ I@¢h@
@fl á¢IdOS @fbSOS IIbf@S ¢5@ SOfl flbS bd@Ibflt@S ¢OflV@f-
tIdOS b ¢OflþOfl@flt@S bfOflátI¢OS. EIIbS tbflbI@fl þ5@d@fl
SIflt@tIZbf @St@f@S b þbftIf d@ bI¢OhOI@S \ @II¢@fIdOS
[27].
LbS BAL tbflbI@fl S@ ¢IbSIfI¢bfl S@@Úfl Ib t@flþ@fbt5fb
Id@bI d@ ¢f@¢IflI@fltO @fl fl@SófIIbS \ t@fflófIIbS.
M@SófIlaS: T@flþ@fbt5fb Id@bI d@ Ifl¢5bb¢Iófl: 20- 25°¢,
VOI5fl@fl d@ ¢5ItIVO IÍ¢5IdO 1-2%, tI@flþO d@ Ifl¢5bb
¢Iófl: 18-20 hOfbS, b¢Id@Z fIflbI 0.8% d@ á¢IdO Iá¢tI
¢O. ES- þ@¢I@S: Lb¢tO¢O¢¢5S Ib¢tIS S5bS Ib¢tIS, Lb¢tO
¢O¢¢5S Ib¢tIS S5bS ¢f@flOfIS, Lb¢tO¢O¢¢5S Ib¢tIS,
bIOVbfI@dbd dIb¢@t\Ib¢tIS, L@5¢OflOStO¢ fl@S@flt@fOId@S
S5bS ¢f@flO- fIS. UtIIIZb¢Iófl: k5flIS, ¢5@SOS S@flI-
flbd5fbdOS [6].
T@fflófIlaS: T@flþ@fbt5fb Id@bI d@ Ifl¢5bb¢Iófl: 40-45°¢,
VOI5fl@fl d@ ¢5ItIVO IÍ¢5IdO 2-3 %, tI@flþO d@ Ifl¢5bb
¢Iófl: 2-4 hOfbS, b¢Id@Z fIflbI 0.6% d@ á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢O.
ESþ@¢I@S: Lb‡tObb‡iIIrS dPIbFrPkii SrbSþ brI@bFi‡rS,
Lb‡tObb‡iIIrS Ib‡tiS, Lb‡tObb‡iIIrS hPIvPti‡rS,
Lb‡tObb‡iIIrS b‡idO- þhiIrS, Lb‡tObb‡iIIrS ‡bSPi,
Lb‡tObb‡iIIrS þIbfltbFrfl, StFPþtO‡O‡‡rS SbIivbFirS
SrbSþ thPFflOþhiIrS [6].
UtIIIZb¢IOfl@S: YO@5ft, \ ¢5@SOS flbd5fbdOS [6].
AI@5flbS d@ IbS þf5@bbS þbfb Ib S@I@¢¢Iófl d@ IbS bb¢t@-
fIbS Iá¢tI¢bS þbfb ¢5ItIVOS IflI¢IbdOf@S SOfl f@ffl@fltb¢Iófl
d@ Ib I@¢h@ \ þfOd5¢¢Iófl d@ ¢5ItIVOS (V@bS@ tbbIb 1.)
M@tabOlItOS
LbS BAL þfOd5¢@fl 5flb S@fI@ d@ S5Stbfl¢IbS IIbflbdbS
fl@tbbOIItOS ¢5@ þ5@d@fl ¢5flþIIf f5fl¢IOfl@S @fl IOS
bIIfl@fltOS @fltf@ IbS ¢5@ S@ d@Stb¢bfl:
PfOd5¢¢Iófl d@ á¢IdO þfOþIóflI¢O: @Stb f@ffl@fltb¢Iófl
Ib @f@¢tÚbfl bb¢t@fIbS h@t@fOf@ffl@fltbtIVbS 5tIIIZbdbS
@fl ¢5@S@fÍb (Eflfl@fltbI, S5IZO, 9f5\@f@, @t¢.) dOfld@ @I
Tabla 1. Pf5@bbS þbfb Ib S@I@¢¢Iófl d@ BAL þbfb ¢5ItIVOS d@ DfO@bS \ AIIfl@fltOS) [26, 4]. ESt@ á¢IdO @S 5flO d@
IflI¢IbdOf@S [28]. IOS fláS IflþOftbflt@S þfOd5¢IdOS þOf IbS BAL [22].
D@fltfO d@ IOS flI¢fOOf@bflISflOS þfOd5¢tOf@S þ5@d@fl
ObJ@tO Pf5@baS Q5@ S@ f@alIXafl ¢ItbfS@ Lb‡tObb‡iIIOS, StFPþtO‡O‡‡rS, tPtFb@PflO‡O‡‡rS
Ef@¢tO SObf@ @I bfOflb/t@Xt5fb
y BitibObb‡tPFirfl, SI@fldO @I Lb‡tObb‡iIIrS dPIbFrP‡kii
V@IO¢Idbd d@ b¢IdIfI¢b¢Iófl (b dIf@f@flt@S @I flI¢fOOf@bflISflO fláS 5tIIIZbdO [30].
F@ffl@fltb¢Iófl d@ t@flþ@fbt5fbS)
Ib I@¢h@ ¢OflþbtIbIIIdbd ¢Ofl OtfbS ¢@þbS ESt@ @S @I þfIfl@f á¢IdO Of@áflI¢O f5fl¢IOflbIfl@flt@
R@SISt@fl¢Ib b t@flþ@fbt5fbS d@ ¢O¢¢Iófl V@fSátII þfOd5¢IdO bIOt@¢flOIó@I¢bfl@flt@ t@flI@fldO 5fl
A¢tIVIdbd þfOt@OIÍtI¢b bflþIIO fbfl@O d@ bþII¢b¢IOfl@S. ESt@ @S 5fl þfOd5¢tO
HbIO -tOI@fbfl¢Ib d@ þfO¢@SOS d@ f@ffl@fltb¢Iófl flbt5fbI ¢5@ O¢5ff@ @fl Ib
EStbbIIIdbd d@ S5S ¢bfb¢t@fÍStI¢bS
R@SISt@fl¢Ib b Ib b@I5tIflb¢Iófl
flbflt@¢5IIIb, ¢5@SO, ¢@fV@Zb, I@¢h@S ¢OftbdbS \
PfOd5¢¢Iófl d@ R@fldIflI@fltO @fl Ib f@ffl@fltb¢Iófl bI@5flOS OtfOS bIIfl@fltOS f@ffl@fltbdOS. ESt@ @S
¢5ItIVOS Mbflt@flIflI@fltO d@ Ib VIbbIIIdbd/b¢tIVI- 5tIIIZbdO ¢OflO b¢Id5Ibflt@/b@@flt@ b5ff@f d@ þH O
dbd d5fbflt@ @I þfO¢@SO d@ fbbfI¢b¢Iófl IflhIbIdOf d@ @SþOfbS d@ bb¢t@fIbS @fl 5flb bflþIIb
EStbbIIIdbd @fl fOfflb IIOfIIIZbdb/¢Ofl- VbfI@dbd d@ bIIfl@fltOS þfO-
@@Ibdb
¢@SbdOS, ¢OflO d5I¢@S, þbfl \ þfOd5¢tOS d@ þbflbd@fÍb,
A¢tIVIdbd @fl fOfflb d@ ¢5ItIVOS þbfb
IflO¢5Ib¢Iófl dIf@¢tb
b@bIdbS flO bI¢OhóII¢bS, SOþbS, SOfb@t@S, þfOd5¢tOS
Iá¢t@OS, fl@ffl@IbdbS, @@IbtIflbS \ flb\Ofl@SbS [11]. Efl
¢I@ftOS bIIfl@fltOS flO @S þOSIbI@ b@f@@bf á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢O
@fl @fbfld@S ¢bfltIdbd@S þOf S5 OIOf \ SbbOf f5@ft@. ES
bSÍ ¢5@ þ5@d@ S@f f@@flþIbZbdO þOf ¢I@ftb ¢bfltIdbd d@
á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢O @S tfbflSfOfflbdO @fl á¢IdO þfOþIóflI¢O \
á¢IdO b¢@tI¢O þOf á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢O, @I ¢5bI tbflbI@fl tI@fl@
b¢@tI¢O ¢Ofl d@Sþf@fldIflI@fltO d@ ¢O2 @I ¢5bI fOfflb IOS
5flb b¢tIVIdbd bfltIflI¢fObIbflb [31].
OJOS @fl IOS ¢5@SOS [22].
S5Stafl¢IaS afltIflI¢fObIaflaS: LbS BAL þfOd5¢@fl VbfIOS
F@ffl@flta¢Iófl d@ á¢IdO ¢ÍtfI¢O: @Stb f@ffl@fltb¢Iófl Ib
¢OflþOfl@flt@S bfltIflI¢fObIbflOS IOS ¢5bI@S IflhIb@fl @I
@f@¢tÚbfl bb¢t@fIbS h@t@fOf@ffl@fltbtIVbS, 5tIIIZbdbS @fl
¢f@¢IflI@fltO d@ Of@bflISflOS @SþOfádI¢OS f@I@Vbflt@S.
flbflt@¢5IIIbS \ ¢5@SOS, \b ¢5@ tfbflSfOfflbfl @I á¢IdO
R@¢I@flt@fl@flt@, @Stá d@flOStfbdO ¢5@ Ib bdI¢Iófl d@
¢ÍtfI¢O @fl þfOd5¢tOS bfOflbtIZbflt@S ¢OflO Ib b¢@tOÍflb
I@Vbd5fbS f@ffl@fltbdbS þOf Lb¢tObb¢III5S þIbfltbf5fl,
\ @I dIb¢@tIIO (LPr‡OflOStO‡ ‡itFOvOFrfl, StFPþtO‡O‡rS
IflhIb@ @I ¢f@¢IflI@fltO d@ F5SbfI5fl [32]. Lb IflhIbI¢Iófl
dib‡PtiIb‡tiS) [18]. EStOS ¢Oflþ5@StOS, bSÍ ¢OflO Ifl-
d@
þbft@fl bfOflb \ SbbOf b IOS þfOd5¢tOS Iá¢t@OS tbflbI@fl
B. ¢@f@5S þOf BAL hb SIdO Iflt@flSIVbfl@flt@ @St5dIbdb @fl
tI@fl@fl 5fl @f@¢tO bfltIflI¢fObIbflO. EI b¢@tbId@hÍdO þ5@d@
VbfIOS bIIfl@fltOS f@ffl@fltbdOS ¢OflO þfOd5¢tOS Iá
IflhIbIf Ib dIVISIófl ¢@I5Ibf @fl IS‡hPFi‡hib ‡OIi, \ dIb
¢t@OS, þfOd5¢tOS bbSbdOS @fl ¢@f@bI@S \ þfOd5¢tOS d@
¢@tIIO IflhIb@ I@Vbd5fbS, bb¢t@fIbS 9fbfl-fl@@btIVbS \
S@flIIIb d@ SO\b. TbbIb 2.
9fbfl- þOSItIVbS [22].
P@fóXIdO d@ hIdfó@@flO: ES fl@tbbóII¢bfl@flt@
Á¢IdO lá¢tI¢O
þfOd5¢IdO þOf @I @f5þO Ib¢tO¢O¢¢5S b tfbV@S d@ Ib b¢
¢Iófl d@ NADH OXIdbSb Ib ¢5bI ¢btbIIZb Ib OXIdb¢Iófl d@
ESt@ á¢IdO hb t@flIdO b IO Ibf@O d@ Ib hIStOfIb 5tIIIZb
NADH þOf OXÍ-
¢IOfl@S þbfb f@ffl@fltb¢Iófl \ þf@S@fVb¢Iófl d@
@@flO flOI@¢5Ibf [28]. EI SISt@flb Ib¢tOþ@fOXIdbSb @S 5fl
¢Ofl@StIbI@S. F5@ þfIfl@fO d@S¢5bI@ftO @fl I@¢h@ ¢Oftbdb
SISt@flb bfltIflI¢fObIbflO flbt5fbI ¢5@ S@ @fl¢5@fltfb @fl Ib
þOf S¢h@@I@ @fl 1780, ¢5I@fl IflI¢IbIfl@flt@ IO ¢OflSId@fó b
I@¢h@, hb SIdO @XItOSbfl@flt@ 5tIIIZbdO þbfb @Xt@fld@f Ib
@St@ ¢OflO 5fl
VIdb ÚtII d@ Ib I@¢h@ \ ¢5@SO ¢Ottb@@@ IflhIbI@fldO þbtó-
¢OflþOfl@flt@ d@ Ib I@¢h@. Efl 1786, LbVOISI@f IIbfló b
@@flOS @fl I@¢h@ \ þfOd5¢tOS Iá¢t@OS þfO¢@SbdOS, IflhIb@
@St@
flI¢fOOf@bflISflOS ¢OflO PSPrdOflOflb y
¢OflþOfl@flt@ d@ Ib I@¢h@ “á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢O”. Efl 1857, PbS-
StbþhyIO‡O‡‡rS brFPrS y SSþ [22].
t@5f d@S¢5bfIó ¢5@ flO @fb 5fl ¢OflþOfl@flt@ d@ Ib I@¢h@,
þ@fO SI 5fl fl@tbbOIItO d@ Ib f@ffl@fltb¢Iófl @@fl@fbdO þOf
Ba¢t@fIO¢IflaS Lb 5tIIIZb¢Iófl d@ IbS BAL \/O S5S
¢I@ftOS flI¢fOOf@bflISflOS. ES ¢IbSIfI¢bdO ¢OflO 9RAS
fl@tbbO- IItOS þbfb Ib þf@S@fVb¢Iófl d@ bIIfl@fltOS @S
(@@fl@fbIfl@flt@ f@¢OflO¢IdO ¢OflO S@@5fO) þbfb S5 @fl-
@@fl@fbIfl@flt@ b¢@þtbdO þOf ¢OflS5flIdOf@S ¢OflO bI@O
þI@O ¢OflO bdItIVO bIIfl@fltI¢IO þOf Ib FDA (AdflIflIStfb
“flbt5fbI” \ “þfO- flOtOf@S d@ SbI5d” [33]. LbS BAL
¢Iófl
þfOd5¢@ 5fl ¢OflJ5fltO
Fb¢5Itbd d@ ¢I@fl¢IbS A@fOþ@¢5bfIbS
VOI 8 NO. 1 Efl@fO - J5flIO 2010 ¤¤

Tabla f. Bb¢t@fIO¢IflbS b þbftIf d@ bb¢t@fIbS b¢IdO Iá¢tI¢bS [22, 16]. flOI@¢5IbS þfOd5¢IdbS þOf @StOS flI¢fOOf@bflISflOS IOS
¢5bI@S þf@S@fltbfl b¢tIVIdbd bfltIflI¢fObIbflb @Stáfl á¢IdO
Ba¢t@fIO¢IflaS Ba¢t@fIa á¢IdO lá¢tI¢a Iá¢tI¢O \ á¢IdO b¢@tI¢O, @tbflOI, dIb¢@tIIO, 2-3-
Lb¢tO¢O¢¢Iflb Lb¢tO¢O¢¢5S Ib¢tIS b5tbflOdIOI
Lb¢tb¢Iflb Lb¢tObb¢III5S JOhflSOflII \ bb¢t@fIO¢IflbS ¢5@ S@ ObS@fVbfl @fl Ib tbbIb 2 [36, 40].
M@S@flt@fO¢Iflb L@5¢OflOStO¢ fl@S@flt@fOId@S
¢5fVbtI¢Iflb Lb¢tObb¢III5S ¢5fVbt5S
EXOþOlISa¢áfIdOS (EPS) SOfl þOIISb¢áfIdOS d@ ¢bd@flb
Sbkb¢Iflb Lb¢tObb¢III5S Sbk@
P@dIO¢Iflb P@dIO¢O¢¢5S b¢IdIIb¢tI¢I Ibf@b ¢OflSISt@flt@S d@ fbflIfI¢b¢IOfl@S d@ 5flIdbd@S
PIS¢I¢OIIflb ¢bfflObb¢t@fI5fl þIS¢I¢OIb f@þIt@flt@S d@ bZÚ¢bf@S. EStbS 5flIdbd@S d@ bZÚ¢bf
NISIflb Lb¢tO¢O¢¢5S Ib¢tIS SOfl þfIfl¢IþbIfl@flt@, @I5¢OSb, @bIb¢tOSb \ fbflflOSb
Lb¢tI¢Iflb Lb¢tO¢O¢¢5S Ib¢tIS @fl dIf@f@flt@S þfOþOf¢IOfl@S [24]. ¢OflO IbS BAL SOfl
Lb¢tO¢Iflb Lb¢tObb¢III5S Sbk@ 9RAS, SOfl ¢bfldIdbtbS þbfb Ib þfOd5¢¢Iófl S@@5fb d@
¢bfflO¢Iflb ¢bfflObb¢t@fI5fl þIS¢Í¢OIb EPS f5fl¢IOflbI@S [41]. LbS BAL SOfl ¢bfb¢t@fIZbdbS þOf
VbfIb¢Iflb MI¢fO¢O¢¢5S VbfIbflS S5 ¢OflV@fSIófl d@ 5flb @fbfl þfOþOf¢Iófl d@ S5 f5@flt@ d@
L@5¢O¢Iflb L@5¢OflOStO¢ @@IId5fl ¢bfbOflO, bZÚ¢bf@S f@ffl@fltbbI@S, b á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢O; IbS
BAL SOfl ¢bþb¢@S d@ d@SVIbf 5flb þ@¢5@ñb þfOþOf
d@ S5Stbfl¢IbS bfltIflI¢fObIbflbS (¢OflO á¢IdOS Of@áflI
¢Iófl d@ bZÚ¢bf@S f@ffl@fltbbI@S hb¢Ib Ib bIOSÍflt@SIS d@
¢OS, dIb¢@tIIO, b¢@tOÍflb, þ@fóXIdO d@ hIdfó@@flO,
EPS [42], d@þ@fldI@fldO tbflbI@fl d@ IbS ¢OfldI¢IOfl@S
f@5t@fIflb, f@5t@fO¢I¢IIflb, þ@þtIdOS bfltIfÚfl@I¢OS \ bb
d@ ¢5ItIVO \ fl@dIO d@ ¢OflþOSI¢Iófl [43].
¢t@fIO¢IflbS) [34, 4] ¢5@ hbfl SIdO 5tIIIZbdbS ¢OflO
bIOþf@S@fVbdOfbS
LOS þOIISb¢áfIdOS þ5@d@fl S@f dIVIdIdOS @fl dOS @f5þOS:
@fl þfOd5¢tOS bIIfl@fltI¢IOS, Ifl¢I5\@fldO þfOd5¢tOS Iá¢-
hOflOþOIISb¢áfIdOS ¢Oflþ5@StOS þOf flOflOSb¢áfIdOS
t@OS ¢OflO ¢5@SOS ff@S¢OS \ flbd5fbdOS ¢Ofl @I ObJ@tO
¢OflO @I d@XtfbflO \ h@t@fOþOIISb¢áfIdOS ¢Oflþ5@StOS
d@ @VItbf Ib þfOIIf@fb¢Iófl d@ þbtó@@flOS ¢OflO LISt@fIb
d@ dIf@f@flt@S bZÚ¢bf@S ¢OflO @I5¢OSb, @bIb¢tOSb,
flOflO¢\tO@@fl@S \ ¢IOStfIdI5fl \ Sthbþh\IO¢O¢¢5S
fbflflOSb, flbflOSb, N-b¢@tII@I5¢OSbflIflb, N-b¢@tII@bIb
b5f@5S [35]. LbS bb¢t@fIO¢IflbS SOfl ¢OflþOfl@flt@S þfO-
¢- tOSbflIflb \ á¢IdO @I5¢óflI¢O [44]. EI fb¢tOf ¢5@ bf@
t@ÍflI¢OS bfltIbb¢t@fIbflOS ¢5@ SOfl þfOd5¢IdOS þOf BAL
¢tb
¢OflÚflfl@flt@ þf@S@flt@S @fl bIIfl@fltOS [36]. SOfl
@I ¢OflþOftbflI@fltO f@OIó@I¢O d@I ¢Oá@5IO d@ ¢bS@Íflb
þ@þtIdOS bIOb¢tIVOS ¢Ofl @f@¢tO bb¢t@fI¢Idb O bb
@S Ib þfOd5¢¢Iófl d@ EPS þOf IOS ¢5ItIVOS IflI¢IbdOf@S.
¢t@fIOStátI¢O [22]. Hbfl SIdO ObJ@tO d@ fl5¢hbS
AI@5flOS ¢5ItIVOS d@ S. th@fflOþhII5S \ Lb¢tObb¢III5S
IflV@StI@b¢IOfl@S @fl f@¢I@flt@S bñOS þOf S5 flOV@dOSO 5SO
d@Ibf5@kII S5bSþ. b5I@bfI¢5S SOfl ¢bþb¢@S d@ þfOd5¢If
þOt@fl¢IbI ¢OflO þf@S@fVbflt@ flbt5fbI @fl bIIfl@fltOS \
þOIISb¢áfIdOS d@ bItO þ@SO flOI@¢5Ibf ¢Ofl dIf@f@flt@S
þfOþóSItOS fl@dI¢OS [37]. LbS bb¢t@fIO¢IflbS tÍþI
@Stf5¢t5fbS [45].
¢bfl@flt@ tI@fl@fl 5fl @Stf@¢hO @Sþ@¢tfO bfltIbb¢t@fIbI. ASÍ,
bI@5flbS bb¢t@fIO¢IflbS d@ BAL þ5@d@fl IflhIbIf @I ¢f@
LOS @XOþOIISb¢áfIdOS (EPS) d@S@flþ@ñbfl 5fl þbþ@I
¢IflI@fltO d@ 9fbfl-þOSItIVbS þbtO@@flI¢bS \ bb¢t@fIbS
Ifld5StfIbI @fl Ib þfOd5¢¢Iófl d@ d@fIVbdOS Iá¢t@OS
dbñIflbS ¢OflO tbflbI@fl I@Vbd5fbS \ @Sþ@¢I@S 9fbfl-
f@ffl@fl- tbdOS, @fl þbftI¢5Ibf @fl Ib þfOd5¢¢Iófl d@ \O@5ft,
fl@@btIVbS [23]. AbþII¢b¢IOfl@S bIIfl@fltI¢IbS d@ bb
¢5@SO,
¢t@fIO¢IflbS SOfl 5flb bIt@fflbtIVb þbfb SbtISfb¢@f @I ¢f@-
¢f@flb f@ffl@fltbdb @fltf@ OtfbS. S5 bþOft@ ¢OfltfIb5\@
¢IflI@fltO d@ ¢OflS5flIdOf@S þOf Ib d@flbfldb d@
b Ib t@Xt5fb, f@OIO@Íb, SbbOf, þ@f¢@þ¢Iófl S@flSOfIbI \
bIIfl@fltOS
@StbbIIIdbd fIflbI d@I þfOd5¢tO [46,47]. Ad@fláS, IOS
¢5@ SOfl hI@I@flI¢bfl@flt@ S@@5fOS [38].
EPS hbfl SIdO 5tIIIZbdOS @Xt@flSIVbfl@flt@ ¢OflO @@I@S,
@fl5ISIfI¢bflt@S \ S5Sþ@flSIOfl@S d@ @StbbIIIZbflt@S [48];
LbS þfOd5¢¢IOfl@S d@ bb¢t@fIO¢IflbS SOfl fl5\ @XI@@flt@S
OtfO b@fl@fI¢IO fISIOIó@I¢O Ifl¢I5\@ Ib ¢OIOflIZb¢Iófl @bS-
d@bIdO b Ib fl@¢@SIdbd þbfb @flfI¢5@¢@f @I fl@dIO d@
tfOIflt@StIflbI d@ bb¢t@fIbS þfObIótI¢bS Ifl¢f@fl@fltbfldO Ib
¢f@¢IflI@fltO ¢Oflt@flI@fldO fl5tfI@flt@S ¢OflO ¢bfbOhI-
f@SId@fl¢Ib d@ IOS EPS @fl @I tfb¢tO @bStfOIflt@StIflbI [46].
dfbtOS, á¢IdOS fl5¢I@I¢OS, flIfl@fbI@S \ þfIfl¢IþbIfl@flt@,
Ad@fláS, IOS EPS þfOd5¢IdOS þOf BAL hbfl SIdO þf@t@fl-
bflIflOá¢IdOS, þfOt@ÍflbS O hIdfOIIZbdOS d@ þfOt@ÍflbS.
dIdOS bI t@fl@f @f@¢tOS bfltI-t5flOf, bfltI- ÚI¢@fb, @f@¢tOS
POf @J@flþIO, IOS fl@dIOS d@ IbbOfbtOfIO @Stáfldbf
Iflfl5flO-@StIfl5IbtOfIOS \ dISflIfl5¢Iófl d@ flIV@I@S d@
(MRS, T9E, APT) f@S5@IV@fl @I þfObI@flb d@ f5@flt@S d@
¢OI@St@fOI @fl Ib Sbfl@f@ [48].
þfOt@Íflb, Ifl¢OfþOfbfldO þfOd5¢tOS ¢OflO bb¢tOþ@þtOflb,
tfIþtOflb,
OtfOS: Lb Ifl@@StIófl d@ I@¢h@S f@ffl@fltbdbS á¢IdbS
@Xtfb¢tO d@ ¢bffl@ O @Xtfb¢tO d@ I@Vbd5fb @fl IbS fOffl5-
þOf Lb¢tObb¢IIIOS h@IV@tI¢5S ¢5@ ¢OfltI@fl@fl A¢E (bfl-
Ib¢IOfl@S IbS ¢5bI@S bI¢bflZbfl ¢OStOS bItOS. Efltf@ IbS
@IOt@flSIflb I-¢OflV@ftIdOfb d@ @flZIflb), þbf@¢@ S@f ¢5@
dISflIfl5\@ Ib þf@SIófl bft@fIbI II@@fbfl@flt@ @fl þ@fSOflbS.
EStO S@ IO@fb 5tIIIZbfldO BAL b tfbV@S d@ Ib þfOt@óIISIS
d@ Ib I@¢h@ þfOd5¢I@fldOS@ þ@þtIdOS bIOb¢tIVOS [50].
Lb f@t@fl¢Iófl d@ ¢OflþOfl@flt@S d@ bfOflbS f@t@flI@fldO
@St@f@S þOf bb¢t@fIbS á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢bS 5tIIIZbfldO Lb¢tO¢O
¢-
¢5S Ib¢tIS S5bSþ. Ib¢tI¢S dIb¢@t\Ib¢tIS hb SIdO tbflbI@fl
IflV@StI@bdb [27].
LbS BAL d@S@flþ@ñbfl 5fl SI@flIfI¢bflt@ þbþ@I @fl
Ib þfOd5¢¢Iófl d@ VIflOS, SOfl IbS f@SþOflSbbI@S d@
II@Vbf b ¢bbO Ib f@ffl@fltb¢Iófl flbIOIá¢tI¢b, Ib ¢5bI @S
5flb f@b¢¢Iófl S@¢5fldbfIb IflþOftbflt@ ¢5@ O¢5ff@ @fl
bI@5flOS VIflOS d@Sþ5@S d@ IbS f@ffl@fltb¢IOfl@S bI¢OhóII
¢bS þOf I@Vbd5fbS [51]. AI@5flbS @Sþ@¢I@S d@ BAL
þf@S@fltbfl b¢tIVIdbd @flZIflátI¢b bflIflOá¢Idb-d@S
¢bfbOXIIbSb \ þ5@d@ ¢OfltfIb5If b Ib fOfflb¢Iófl d@
bflIflbS bIO@@flI¢bS @fl bIIfl@fltOS f@ffl@fltbdOS, Ifl
¢I5\@fldO VIflO. EStbS bflIflbS bIO@@flI¢bS, @fl þbftI¢5Ibf
hIStbflIflb \ tIfbflIflb, b bItbS
¢Ofl¢@fltfb¢IOfl@S hbfl SIdO f@þOftbdbS ¢5@ bf@¢tbfl Ib
SbI5d d@ ¢OflS5flIdOf@S S5S¢@þtIbI@S [52].
FOffla¢Iófl d@ SabOf@S J OlOf@S þOf BAL.
Lb flb\OfÍb d@ IbS BAL tI@fl@ SOIbfl@flt@ 5flb hbbIIIdbd
IIflItbdb þbfb SIflt@tIZbf bflIflOá¢IdOS d@ fl5@VO. Pbfb
@St@ ¢f@¢IflI@fltO @fl I@¢h@, IbS BAL SOfl ¢OflþI@tbfl@fl-
t@ d@þ@fldI@flt@S d@I SISt@flb þfOt@OIÍtI¢O bI d@@fbdbf
þbf¢IbIfl@flt@ ¢bS@ÍflbS \ @@fl@fbf bflIflOá¢IdOS IIbf@S
\, @Sþ@¢IbIfl@flt@, þ@þtIdOS IIbf@S. EStOS þ@þtIdOS SOfl
bd@fláS hIdfOIIZbdOS b bflIflOá¢IdOS þOf Ib b¢
¢Iófl
¢OflbIflbdb d@ þ@þtIdbSbS. D5fbflt@ @St@ þfO¢@SO @fl @I
¢5@SO, 5fl flÚfl@fO d@ þ@þtIdOS bflbf@OS SOfl fOfflbdOS
¢OflO Iflt@ffl@dIOS \ d@@fbdbdOS d@ fl5@VO, ¢Ofl 5fl
dIf@¢- tO Iflþb¢tO @fl @I SbbOf \ OIOf d@I ¢5@SO. Ufl
bflþIIO fbfl@O d@ ¢OflþOfl@flt@S d@ SbbOf \ OIOf þ5@d@fl
S@f þfOd5¢IdOS
¢OflO f@S5ItbdO d@ Ib ¢OflV@fSIófl d@ bflIflOá¢IdOS
¢OflO fl@tIOflIflb, I@5¢Iflb \ f@flIIbIbflIflb [2].
PfOd5¢¢Iófl d@ @fld5lXaflt@S baJOS @fl ¢alOfÍaS Uflb
bþII¢b¢Iófl d@ d@ IbS BAL @S Ib ¢OflV@fSIófl d@ Ib¢tOSb
bZÚ¢bf d@ Ib I@¢h@ @fl bI¢OhOI@S bZÚ¢bf@S (þOIIOI@S)
¢OflO flbflItOI \ SOfbItOI. EI flbflItOI @S b fl@fl5dO
fOfflbdO þOf BAL ¢5@ hbfl t@flIdO O flO Ib¢tbtO d@ShI-
dfO@@flbSb (LDH), @Sþ@¢IbIfl@flt@ bbJO ¢OfldI¢IOfl@S
bflb@fóbI¢bS. Efl I5@bf d@ þIf5VbtO, OtfOS Iflt@ffl@dIOS
¢OflO IbS h@XOSbS @fl Ib @I5¢OIISIS, SIfV@fl ¢OflO b¢@þ-
tOf@S d@ @I@¢tfOfl@S. Efl @Stb f5tb, flbflItOI \ SOfbItOI
þ5@d@fl S@f Obt@flIdOS b tfbV@S d@ Ib f@d5¢¢Iófl d@
ff5¢tOSb 1-fOSfbtO [2].
PfOd5¢¢Iófl d@ YItaflIflaS
LbS VItbflIflbS B, fOIbtO, fIbOfIbVIflb \ VItbflIflb B12
þ5@d@fl S@f þfOd5¢IdbS þOf dIf@f@flt@S bb¢t@fIbS d@
@fbdO bIIfl@fltbfIO. AI@5flbS BAL \ tbflbI@fl bb¢t@fIbS
á¢IdO þfOþIóflI¢bS) [2].
B@bIdaS lá¢t@aS
EI fl@f¢bdO d@ b@bIdbS f@þf@S@fltb 5flb Ifld5StfIb
@fbfld@ \ @fl ¢f@¢IflI@fltO. R@¢I@flt@fl@flt@, hb
SIdO fl5\ dIf5fldIdO @I Iflt@f@S @fl @I ¢OflS5flO d@
b@bIdbS Iá¢t@bS bbSbdbS @fl Ib¢tOS5@fO
¢OflStIt5\@fldO 5fl S@@fl@fltO @fl@f@@flt@ d@ þfOd5¢tOS
Iá¢t@OS flO ¢Ofl- V@fl¢IOflbI@S[14]; flI¢fOOf@bflISflOS
¢OflO Lb‡tObb-
‡iIIrS dPIbFrP‡kii SrbSþ. brI@bFi‡rS \ StFPþtO‡O‡‡rS
thPFflOþhiIrS hbfl SIdO @St5dIbdbS f@¢I@flt@fl@flt@ þOf
S5 hbbIIIdbd d@ d@@fbdbf þfOt@ÍflbS d@ Ib¢tOS5@fO @fl
þfOd5¢tOS Iá¢t@OS [14, 53].
Lb 5tIIIZb¢Iófl d@ Ib¢tOS5@fO @fl þOIVO O IÍ¢5IdO @fl
b@bIdbS Iá¢t@bS @S fl5\ ¢OflÚfl [54]. Lb f@ffl@fltb¢Iófl
d@ Ib¢tOS5@fO þOf BAL þOdfÍb dISflIfl5If @I ¢Oflt@flIdO
bItO d@ Ib¢tOSb ¢Oflt@flIdO @fl @I Ib¢tOS5@fO, þfOd5¢I@fl-
dO þfIfl¢IþbIfl@flt@ á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢O \ OtfOS fl@tbbOIItOS
¢OflO bfOflbS ¢OfltfIb5\@fldO bI SbbOf, OIOf \ t@Xt5fb
@ Ifl¢f@fl@fltbfldO SOI5bIIIdbd d@ ¢bfbOhIdfbtOS \
d5IZOf d@I þfOd5¢tO fIflbI [14].
L@¢h@S f@ffl@fltbdbS \ S5 f@Ib¢Iófl ¢Ofl BAL
hbfl d@flOStfbdO b@fl@fI¢IOS SbI5dbbI@S ¢OflO
þfOd5¢tOS f5fl¢IOflbI@S; @StOS þfOd5¢tOS @Stáfl ¢bfb
¢t@fIZbdOS þOf S@f f@ff@S¢bflt@S t@flI@fldO 5flb
t@Xt5fb S5bV@ \ bbJb VIS¢OSIdbd. EI ¢OflS5flO d@
b@bIdbS Iá¢t@bS S@ hb Ifl¢f@fl@fltbdO @fl VbfIOS þbÍS@S
[55].
EI \O@5f t @S 5fl þfOd5¢tO f@ffl@fltbdO @IbbOfbdO
b þbf tIf d@ I@¢h@ @fl @I ¢5bI tOflbfl b¢¢IOfl@S IbS
BAL tfbflSfOfflbfldO IOS bZÚ¢bf@S @fl á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢O \
OtfOS
¢Oflþ5@StOS dbfldO I5@bf b 5fl þfOd5¢tO ¢Ofl SbbOf,
bfOflb \ t@Xt5fb ¢bfb¢t@fÍStI¢OS [46]. Efl Ib f@f-
fl@fltb¢Iófl Iá¢tI¢b d@ Ib I@¢h@ þbfb þfOd5¢If \O@5f t,
þ5@d@fl Iflt@fV@flIf @I StFPþtO‡O‡‡rS thPFflOþhiIrS \ @I
Lb‡tObb‡iIIrS dPIbFrP‡kii \ bI@5flOS flI¢fOOf@bflISflOS
þfObIótI¢OS ¢OflO BitidObb‡tPFirfl Ib‡tiS \ Lb‡tObb-
‡iIIrS b‡idOþhiIrS @fltf@ OtfOS [56, 57]. EStOS flI¢fO-
Of@bflISflOS þ5@d@fl S@f d@flOflIflbdOS þfObIótI¢OS
IOS ¢5bI@S S@ @fl¢5@fltfbfl dISþOflIbI@S @fl bIIfl@fltOS
f@ffl@fltbdOS ¢OflO @I \O@5f t [58]. BAL bI fl@Z¢IbfS@
¢Ofl OtfbS @Sþ@¢I@S ¢OflO IbS þfOþIOflIbb¢t@fIbS: PFO-
Fb¢5Itbd d@ ¢I@fl¢IbS A@fOþ@¢5bfIbS
VOI 8 NO. 1 Efl@fO - J5flIO 2010 101

þiOflibb‡tPFirfl jPflSPflii \ PFOþiOflibb‡tPFirfl thOPflii @fl @I h5@Sþ@d [62]. BAL SOfl 5tIIIZbdbS @fl bIIfl@fltOS
(jPflSPflii) flO hbfl t@flIdO @f@¢tO fl@@btIVO SObf@ StFPþ- þbfb þfOþOf¢IOflbf 5flb bflþIIb VbfI@dbd d@ b@fl@fI¢IOS
tO‡O‡‡rS thPFflOþhiIrS \ Lb‡tObb‡iIIrS dPIbFrP‡kii
SSþ. brI@bFi‡rS @fl \O@5f t [56].

EflSIladOS

EI @flSIIbJ@ @S 5fl fl@tOdO d@ þf@S@fVb¢Iófl þbfb ¢5I-

tIVOS O ¢OS@¢hbS hÚfl@dOS, ¢5@ @Stáfl bbSbdOS @fl
5flb f@ffl@fltb¢Iófl flbt5fbI á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢b ¢OflVIftI@fldO
¢bfbOhIdfbtOS SOI5bI@S @fl b@5b @fl á¢IdOS Of@áflI¢OS,
þfIfl¢IþbIfl@flt@ á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢O. ¢OflO 5fl f@S5ItbdO, @I
þH dISflIfl5\@ \ @I fOffbJ@ @S þf@S@fVbdO. IflO¢5Ibflt@S
¢Oflt@flI@fldO þfIfl¢IþbIfl@flt@ BAL SOfl @flþI@bdbS
¢OflO bdItIVOS d@ @flSIIbJ@ þbfb fl@JOfbf @fI¢I@fl¢Ib
@fl Ib þf@S@fVb¢Iófl. Efltf@ IbS BAL, IbS fláS ff@
¢5@flt@fl@flt@ 5tIIIZbdb SOfl @Sþ@¢I@S
hOflOf@ffl@fltbtIVbS ¢OflO Lb‡- tObb‡iIIrS þIbfltbFrfl,
IfltPFO‡O‡‡rS tbP‡irfl y þPdiO-
‡O‡‡rS. EStbS SOfl 5tIIIZbdbS þOf S5 @fI¢I@flt@ 5tIIIZb¢Iófl
d@ ¢bfbOhIdfbtOS hIdfOSOI5bI@S d@ IbS ¢OS@¢hbS, Ib
þfOd5¢¢Iófl Iflt@flSIVb d@ á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢O \ d@S
¢@flSO fáþIdO @fl þH. OtfbS BAL SOfl tbflbI@fl Ifl¢I5IdbS
¢OflO Lb‡tObb‡iIIrS br‡hflPFi, 5flb BAL
h@t@fOf@ffl@fltbtIVb Ib
¢5bI þfOd5¢@ bItbS ¢Ofl¢@fltfb¢IOfl@S d@ b¢IdO b¢@tI¢O
@fl
@I @flSIIbJ@ ¢5@ IflhIb@fl hOfl@OS \ bSÍ þf@S@fVbfl
@flSIIbJ@S S5S¢@þtIbI@S d@ @SþOfbS \ @XþOSI¢IOfl@S bI
bIf@. Uflb IflO¢5Ib¢Iófl d@ 105 – 106 ¢@I5IbS VIbbI@S þOf
@fbflO d@
¢OS@¢hb @S b fl@fl5dO S5fI¢I@flt@ þbfb Ib IflO¢5Ib¢Iófl
d@ BAL @fl @I @flSIIbJ@ [60].

PfObIótI¢OS.

LbS BAL f5@fOfl f@f@fIdbS ¢OflO þfObIótI¢OS @fl Ib d@-

¢bdb d@ IOS 60, SIfl @flbbf@O @fl Ib d@¢bdb d@ IOS 70 Ib
þbIbbfb þfObIótI¢O tOfló 5flb t@fflIflOIO@Íb dIf@f@flt@ bI
d@S¢fIbIf @Xtfb¢tOS d@ t@JIdOS ¢5@ @StIfl5Ibbbfl ¢f@¢I-
flI@fltO flI¢fObIbflO. A IOS fIflbI@S d@ IOS 70 S@
f@d@fIflIó
¢OflO Of@bflISflOS \ S5Stbfl¢IbS ¢5@ ¢OfltfIb5\@fl bI
bbIbfl¢@ flI¢fObIbflO Iflt@StIflbI [4]. Lb fláS f@¢I@flt@ \
b¢@ftbdb d@S¢fIþ¢Iófl d@ þfObIótI¢OS S@ hIZO b fIflbI@S
d@ IOS 80 f@d@fIflI@fldOS@ ¢OflO S5þI@fl@fltOS dI@tbfIOS
flI¢fObIbflOS, VIbbI@S, S@I@¢¢IOflbdOS ¢5@ ¢5bfldO SOfl
IfltfOd5¢IdOS @fl S5fI¢I@flt@S ¢bfltIdbd@S, bf@¢tbfl
b@fl@fI-
¢bfl@flt@ @I Of@bflISflO h5flbflO b tfbV@S d@ S5S @f@
¢tOS
@fl @I tfb¢tO Iflt@StIflbI [61,62]. TbflbI@fl Ib FAO hb
bdOþ- tbdO Ib d@fIflI¢Iófl d@ þfObIótI¢OS ¢OflO “flI
¢fOOf@bflIS- flOS VIVOS IOS ¢5bI@S ¢5bfldO SOfl
bdflIflIStfbdOS @fl
¢bfltIdbd@S bd@¢5bdbS ¢OflfI@f@fl 5fl b@fl@fI¢IO SbIdbbI@
 Fb¢5Itbd d@ ¢I@fl¢IbS A@fOþ@¢5bfIbS
102 VOI 8 NO. 1 Efl@fO - J5flIO 2010

SbI5dbbI@S. LOS @f@¢tOS fISIOIó@I¢OS f@Ib¢IOflbdOS EStbdOS UflIdOS), BitidObb‡tPFirfl IOfl@rfl bb536
¢Ofl bb¢t@fIbS þfObIótI¢bS Ifl¢I5\@ f@d5¢¢Iófl d@ þH (MOfIflb@b MIIk Ifld. Jbþófl), Lb‡tObb‡iIIrS
@fl @I Iflt@StIflO, þfOd5¢¢Iófl d@ bI@5flbS @flZIflbS
dI@@StIVbS
\ VItbflIflbS, þfOd5¢¢Iófl d@ S5Stbfl¢IbS bfltIbb
¢t@fIbI@S
¢OflO þOf @J@flþIO á¢IdOS Of@áflI¢OS, bb¢t@fIO
¢IflbS, þ@fóXIdO d@ hIdfó@@flO, dIb¢@tIIO, b¢@tbId@hÍdO,
SISt@flb Ib¢tOþ@fOXIdbSb, Ib¢tOflbS \ OtfbS S5Stbfl¢IbS
SIfl d@fIflIf, f@¢OflStf5¢¢Iófl \ ¢OflStf5¢¢Iófl d@ flI
¢fOfIOfb Iflt@StIflbI flOfflbI d@Sþ5@S d@ d@SOfd@fl@S
¢b5SbdOS þOf dIbff@b, t@fbþIb d@ bfltIbIótI¢OS \
fbdIOt@fbþIb, f@d5¢¢Iófl d@
¢OI@St@fOI @fl Ib Sbfl@f@S, S5þf@SIófl d@ Iflf@¢¢IOfl@S bb
¢- t@fIbI@S, @IIflIflb¢Iófl d@ ¢bf¢IflO@@fl@SIS,
fl@JOfbflI@fltO d@ Ib bbSOf¢Iófl d@ ¢bI¢IO [62].
Ad@fláS d@I @f@¢tO b@fl@fI¢O @fl Ib SbI5d d@I
h5@Sþ@d, 5fl ¢5ItIVO d@b@ S@f Ifl@@fIdO @fl ¢bfltIdbd@S
S5fI¢I@flt@S. Lb ¢Ofl¢@fltfb¢Iófl S5@@fIdb d@ BAL @Stá
@fl @I fbfl@O 106 – 107 5f¢/@ d@ þfOd5¢tO [63, 64].

¢OflWb\ @fl 1666 @fl5fl@fó IOS SI@5I@flt@S flI

¢fOOf@b- flISflOS ¢OflO @Sþ@¢I@S 5tIIIZbdbS @fl Ib
þf@þbfb¢Iófl d@ þfObIótI¢OS: Lb‡tObb‡iIIrS
b‡idOþhiIrS, Lb‡tObb‡iIIrS
‡bSPi, Lb‡tObb‡iIIrS ‡bSPi S5bSþ. FbflflOSrS,
Lb‡tObb-
‡iIIrS tPFflPfltrfl, Lb‡tObb‡iIIrS FPrtPFi,
Lb‡tO‡O‡‡rS Ib‡tiS S5bSþ. Ib‡tiS, Lb‡tO‡O‡‡rS Ib‡tiS
S5bSþ. ‡FPflO- FiS, Lb‡tObb‡iIIrS brI@bFi‡rS,
Lb‡tObb‡iIIrS þIbfltbFrfl, StFPþtO‡O‡‡rS
thPFflOþhiIrS, IfltPFO‡O‡‡rS tbP‡irfl, IfltPFO‡O‡‡rS
tbP‡bIiS, BitidObb‡tPFirfl bitidrfl, Biti- dObb‡tPFirfl
ifltbfltiS, BitidObb‡tPFirfl bdOIPS‡PfltiS,
BitidObb‡tPFirfl IOfl@rfl, BitidObb‡tPFirfl bFPvP.
¢@þbS d@ Lb‡tObb‡iIIrS b‡idOþhiIrS, Lb‡tObb‡iIIrS
þbFb‡bSPi
\ BitidObb‡tPFirfl bISIbdOS d@ tfb¢tO Iflt@StIflbI
h5flbflO O bflIflbI tbflbI@fl hbfl SIdO þfObIótI¢OS fl5\
@St5dIbdOS [65, 66].

AIIfl@fltOS f@ffl@fltbdOS, ¢OflO \O@5f t \

b@bIdbS f@ffl@fltbdbS, þ5@d@fl S@f V@hÍ¢5IOS IflþOf
tbflt@S d@
@flOffl@S ¢bfltIdbd@S d@ bb¢t@fIbS VIVbS, ¢Ofl 5tIIIZb
¢Iófl bIOt@¢flOIó@I¢b ¢OflO ¢5ItIVOS IflI¢IbdOf@S
d@fltfO d@I
¢5@fþO h5flbflO [63,
64].

LOS flI¢fOOf@bflISflOS ¢OflÚflfl@flt@ @flþI@bdOS

¢OflO þfObIótI¢OS S@ @fl¢5@fltfbfl dISþOflIbI@S ¢Ofl@f
¢IbIfl@flt@ b tfbV@S d@ IbbOfbtOfIOS O Ifld5StfIbS
bIIfl@fltI¢IbS b flIV@I Iflt@fflb¢IOflbI bSÍ ¢OflO @fl ¢OI@¢
¢IOfl@S d@ ¢5ItIVOS. AI@5flOS @J@flþIOS d@ @StOS flI
¢fOOf@bflISflOS SOfl IOS SI@5I@flt@S: Lb‡tObb‡iIIrS
b‡idOþhiIrS N¢FM (RhOfl@- PO5I@fl¢., EStbdOS
UflIdOS), Lb‡tObb‡iIIrS FPrtPFi 106 (BIO@bIb,
þIbfltbFrfl 266 (PfOVIVb, FIflIbfldIb), Lb‡tObb‡iIIrS
‡bSPi YIT6018, ShIfOtb, (Ybk5It, Jbþófl) \
Lb‡tObb‡iIIrS jOhfl- SOflii LJ-1 (N@StI@ S5IZb).
Lb‡tbbb‡iIIrS ‡bSPi ¢RL 431
\ Lb‡tObb‡iIIrS b‡idOþhiIrS AT¢¢ 4356 (¢EREALA,
Af@@fltIflb), Lb‡tObb‡iIIrS FPrtPFi ¢RL 1068 (Pbt@flt@
@fl tfáflIt@ flÚfl@fO þ040103130, ¢EREALA, Af@@fltIflb)
@fltf@ OtfOS [67].
T@fld@fl¢IaS f5t5faS
LbS bb¢t@fIbS á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢bS d@Sd@ Ib bfltI@Ü@dbd \
hbStb @I tI@flþO þf@S@flt@, hbfl f@þf@S@fltbdO 5flb @fbfl
5tIIIdbd bIOt@¢flOIó@I¢b @fl @I áf@b d@ IOS bIIfl@fltOS. Lb
bIOþf@S@fVb¢Iófl d@ bIIfl@fltOS 5tIIIZbfldO bb¢t@fIO¢IflbS
þfOd5¢IdbS þOf bb¢t@fIbS b¢IdO Iá¢tI¢bS, t@fldfáfl 5fl
@XItO flb\Of @fl Ib bþII¢b¢Iófl d@ bIIfl@fltOS, tbI @S @I
¢bSO d@ Ib ¢bffl@ [68], \ tbflbI@fl @fl @I ¢OfltfOI d@
flI¢fOOf@bflISflOS þbtó@@flOS ¢OflO SbIflOflPIIb \ I
.‡OIi [66]. Efl 5fl f5t5fO S@ @Sþ@fb bflþIIbf Ib b¢¢Iófl
d@ BAL SObf@ OtfbS @Sþ@¢I@S þ@fJ5dI¢IbI@S þbfb Ib h5-
flbflIdbd. Lb t@¢flOIO@Íb d@ @IbbOfb¢Iófl d@ b@bIdbS flO
tfbdI¢IOflbI@S ¢Ofl IflO¢5Ib¢Iófl d@ BAL S@ @Sþ@fb IO@fbf
¢Ofl @fbfl b5@@, þOf @J@flþIO b¢t5bIfl@flt@ b@bIdbS b
þbftIf d@ Ib¢tOS5@fO Obt@flI@fldO f@S5ItbdOS b¢@þtbbI@S
bI ¢OflS5flIdOf S@ @Stáfl d@SbffOIIbfldO [70]. Ufl ¢bflþO
IflþOftbflt@ ¢5@ S@ d@SbffOIIbfá S@fá Ib 5tIIIZb¢Iófl d@
BAL SIIV@Stf@S, þOf @J@flþIO b¢t5bIfl@flt@ IOS þfO¢@-
SOS þbflIfI¢b¢Iófl hbfl IdO @VOI5¢IOflbfldO @flþI@bfldO
BAL, SIfl @flbbf@O @S fl@¢@SbfIO S@@5If IflV@StI@bfldO
þbfb bflþIIbf @I ¢bflþO d@ b¢¢Iófl d@ @StbS bb¢t@fIbS
SIIV@Stf@S [71].
Efl @I f5t5fO IOS bIIfl@fltOS f5fl¢IOflbI@S ¢Ofl bb¢t@fIbS
á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢bS t@fldfáfl 5fl flb\Of ¢OflS5flO \ @XIStIfáfl
VbfI@dbd d@ þfOd5¢tOS dISþOflIbI@S @fl @I fl@f¢bdO. S@
@Sþ@fb ¢5@ hb\b d@S¢5bfIflI@fltO d@ fl5@VbS bb¢t@fIbS
\ þOf @fld@ fl5@VOS þfOd5¢tOS bIOt@¢flOIó@I¢OS ¢Ofl
fl5@- VOS hbIIbZ@OS b@fl@fI¢OS fl5tfI¢IOflbI@S \
t@fbþ@5tI¢OS
¢5@ @St@fl dISþOflIbI@S bI ¢OflS5flIdOf d@Sd@ Ib Iflfbfl¢Ib
hbStb Ib t@f¢@fb @dbd.
¢ON¢LUSIONES
LbS bb¢t@fIbS á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢bS SOfl 9fbfl-þOSItIVbS,
fOfflb- dOfbS d@ flO @SþOfbS, flO flOtIIIdbd, fOfflb d@
¢O¢OS \
¢bf@fl¢Ib d@ ¢btbIbSb. SOfl ¢O¢OS \ bb¢IIOS d@ IOfl@It5d
VbfIbbI@ \ d@ 5fl @fOSOf d@ 0.5 -0.8 µfl, SOfl
bflb@fObIbS fb¢5ItbtIVbS \ ¢btbIbSb fl@@btIVb. S@ þ5@d@fl
¢IbSIf¢bf @fl h@t@fOf@ffl@fltbtIVbS \ hOflOf@ffl@fltbtIVbS.
LbS þfIfl@fbS
þfOd5¢@fl SOIbfl@flt@ 50% d@ á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢O. EStbS f@f-
fl@fltbfl 1 flOI d@ @I5¢OSb þbfb fOfflbf 1 flOI d@ á¢IdO
Iá¢tI¢O, 1 flOI d@ @tbflOI \ 1 flOI d@ ¢O . 1 flOI d@
ATP 2
@S @@fl@fbdb þOf flOI d@ @I5¢OSb; IbS
hOflOf@ffl@flbtIVbS 5tIIIZbfl Ib f5tb Eflbd@fl-M@\@fhOff-
PbfflbS bI ¢OflV@ftIf 1 flOI d@ @I5¢OSb @fl dOS flOI@S d@
á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢O, bd@fláS
¢5@ S@ þfOd5¢@ fláS d@I 85% d@ á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢O b þbftIf
d@ @I5¢OSb.
LbS bb¢t@fIbS á¢IdO Iá¢tI¢bS SOfl flI¢fOOf@bflISflOS ¢5@
S@ þ5@d@fl @fl¢Ofltfbf @fl Ib I@¢h@ \ bI@5flOS d@fIVbdOS
Iá¢t@OS, SOfl ¢bþb¢@S d@ f@ffl@fltbf flOflOSb¢áfIdOS
O þOIISb¢áfIdOS þbfb tfbflSfOfflbfIOS @fl á¢IdOS ¢OflO
Iá¢tI¢O, ¢ÍtfI¢O, þfOþIóflI¢O, @XOþOIISb¢áfIdOS, bb¢t@fIO-
¢IflbS, þ@fóXIdO d@ hIdfO@@flO, @fld5IZbflt@S flO ¢bIófI
¢OS, VItbflIflbS, b@bIdbS Iá¢t@bS, @flSIIbdOS, fOfflb¢Iófl
d@ Sb- bOf@S \ bfOflbS d@S@bbI@S, flbd5fb¢Iófl d@
¢5@SOS, @fltf@ OtfOS. LOS bflt@fIOf@S fl@tbbOIItOS \ OtfOS
SOfl þfOd5¢I- dOS tfbV@S d@ f5tbS fl@tbbóII¢bS
5tIIIZbfldO Ib @I5¢OSb
¢OflO f5@flt@ þfIflbfIb d@ @fl@f@Íb hbStb Ib þfOd5¢¢Iófl
d@I fl@tbbOIItO d@S@bdO. S@ @fl¢5@fltfbfl dIf5fldIdOS @fl
þfOd5¢tOS f@ffl@fltbdOS IÍ¢5IdOS \ SóIIdOS. S5 b@fl@fI¢IO
@S fl5tfI¢IOflbI \ t@fbþ@5tI¢O OtOf@bfldO ¢bfb¢t@fÍStI¢bS
S@flSOfIbI@S fl5\ b¢@þtbdbS @fl IOS ¢OflS5flIdOf@S.
D@fltfO d@ IOS þfIfl¢IþbI@S flI¢fOOf@bflISflOS @Stáfl Lb‡-
tO‡O‡‡rS, Lb‡tObb‡iIIrS, StFPþtO‡O‡‡rS, LPr‡OflOStO‡,
PPdiO‡O‡‡rS, ÆPFO‡O‡‡rS,
FbFflObb‡tPFirfl,PfltPFO‡O‡‡ rS,OPflO‡O‡‡rS,
tPtFb@PflOO‡‡rS, Vb@O‡O‡‡rS, WPiSPIIb
¢5@ SOfl Lb‡tO‡O‡‡rS, Lb‡tObb‡iIIOS, IfltPFO‡O‡‡rS,
StFPþtO‡O‡‡rS, LPr‡OflOStO‡ y PPdiO‡O‡‡rS
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