Learning module 5

2nd QUARTER

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 Table of Contents

Part 1. Learning Module Standard…………………………………………………………….4

Content Standard

Performance Standard

Most Essential Learning Competencies

Duration

Part II. Lesson Exploration…………………………………………………………………….5

Lesson 9: Decentralization and Local Government

Lesson 10: Suffrage, Elections and Political Parties

Part III. Assessment Tasks……………………………………………………………………18

Essay

Part IV. Internet Links…………………………………………………………………………19

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 Guidelines in using this Module

Dear SHS learners,

Good day! I wish you all safe in the comfort in your own houses with people closest to your
hearts!
As you are well aware of our current public health crisis due to COVID 19 Pandemic, we cannot
afford to take chances and have a face to face discussions of topics in our subject Philippine Politics
and Governance. As such, please allow me to navigate you to each part of the module.
Part I. Learning Module Standard
This part contains the module overview about the standards that learners must meet. Clearly
shown in this section is the alignment of content standards, performance standards and the most
essential learning competencies. The duration of the lessons and completion of different learning and
assessment tasks was also provided.
Remember, this module is designed for you to work on your own but that does mean that you
can hop from one lesson/topic to another freely. Assess yourself first if you are ready to proceed to the
next lesson/topic or not.

Part II. Lesson Exploration

This section of the module is where the discussion, lecturette about the lesson is being
presented. It also provides students activities that will help you arrive at the desired understanding of
the concepts.
Part III. Assessment Tasks
This is your deliverables as culmination of this module. You are expected to demonstrate your
learnings about the concepts of the topics being discussed.

Part IV. Internet Link/References

The links provided here are the references from the internet. It also included here the references from
the book..

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 Part I. Learning Module Standard

Content Standard The learners demonstrate an understanding of

decentralization, local governance, elections and political
parties.
Performance Standard The learners shall be able to analyze the interactions
between state and society
Most Essential Learning 1. Explain the roles and functions of Local Government Unit
Competencies (LGU)
(MELC) 2. Analyze the nature of elections and political parties in the
Philippines
3. Identify the different levels of the Philippine Local
Government
4. Assess the implications of the type of electoral systems on
politics and governance
Duration Week 12-Week 13

Part II. Lesson Exploration

Before we proceed to the lesson, let’s have an activity. Write an issues or problems related
to local governance/autonomy and begins it with each letter.

A B C D

E F G H

I J K L

M N O P

Q R S T

U V W X

Y Z

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 Lesson 9
Decentralization and Local Governance

This lesson introduces the political perspective of understanding the fundamental

concepts of local governance in the Philippines embodied in the Local Government Code of 1991.
Moreover, if focuses on the Local Government Unit Administration, powers, authority, and the
presents thrusts and developments in the local government units in the Philippines.
In this lesson, you will be able to:

 identify the different levels of the Philippine local government

 examine how decentralization affects governance
 evaluate the performance of a local government unit
 examine the effects of decentralization on governance
 analyze community programs
Decentralization and Local Governance
 Local Autonomy- It refers to “self-governing”. It is also the granting of more powers,
authority, responsibilities and resources by the national government to local government
units in order to be self-reliant and active partners
 Decentralization- It is transfer of power and authority from central institution to lower or
local levels of a government system
Forms of Decentralization
 Devolution- it is the transfer of power and authority from the national government to local
government units (LGUs). It is seen as political and territorial.
 Deconcentration- it is the transfer of power, authority or responsibility or the discretion to
plan, decide and manage from central to local levels; administrative and sectoral
 Debureaucratization- it is the transfer of some public functions and responsibilities, which
government may perform, to private entities or non-government organizations (NGOs).
Aims of Local Government Code of 1991
1. To transform LGUs into self-reliant communities and active partners in nation-building by
giving them more powers, authority, responsibilities and resources
2. Hopes to achieve economic development at the regional and local levels by giving more
freedom in carrying out their programs that are suitable for their areas.

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Devolved functions to LGUs
1. Community-based forestry
2. Field health and hospital services
3. School building program
4. Telecommunications
5. Social welfare services
6. Tourism
7. Public works
8. Housing
9. Agricultural extension
10. Others like investment support
Devolved Regulatory Powers
1. Reclassification of agricultural lands
2. Enforcement of environmental laws
3. Inspection of food products and quarantine
4. Inspection of national building code
5. Operation of tricycles
6. Processing and approval of subdivision plans
7. Establishment of cockpits
Local Governance in the context of the 1991 Local Government Code (LGC) of the Philippines and
National-Local Government dynamic
Composition of the Local Government
1. Province-intermediate unit is providing supervision to the municipalities and components cities
and under it and performing services for the national government.

2. Cities and Municipalities-basic units of the local government delivering services for the people
who live together in a community.

3. Barangay- sub-municipal unit, which provides for face-to-face interaction among the people.

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The Functions and Powers of Heads of Provinces, Municipalities, Cities and Barangays
1. Exercise general supervision and control over all programs, projects.
2. Enforce all laws and ordinances and the exercise of its corporate powers.
3. Initiate and maximize the generation of resources and revenues, and apply the same to the
implementation of development plans, program objectives, and priorities.
4. Ensure the delivery of basic services and the provision of adequate facilities
5. Exercise such other powers and perform such other duties and functions as may be prescribed
by law,

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 What have you learned so far?

1. Why is decentralization considered the most effective strategy in making the government
work?
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

2. What are the characteristics of a decentralized government in the Philippines?

_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________

3. What is the rule of succession

when there is a vacancy in the
Office of the Vice
4. President?
What is the rule of succession when
4.

there is a vacancy in the Office of

the Vice
President?

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Activity 1: LGU Activities Organizer

Enumerate what your barangay, municipality or city, and province do for your people.

Provincial City/ Municipal Barangay

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Activity 2: LGU Analogy Organizer

Based on your own understanding of the lesson, complete the following Analogy Organizer
diagram. Write the provinces included in the two autonomous units. Then write the similarities of
the two units.

LOCAL AUTONOMY

ARMM CAR

SIMILARITIES

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 Lesson 10
Suffrage, Election, and Political Parties

All political parties, organizations, and all people should abide by the constitution and laws
4. Theany
without Tribal Theory.They
exception. In early
mustGreek and
all act Roman States,
in accordance withsuffrage was extended
the constitution onlyThis
and laws. to the citizen
lesson
class. Only
focuses people
suffrage andwho wereparties
political accorded citizenship
as political status in
practices could vote.
State. Nowadays,
Political partiescitizenship
an electionsis
essential for voting. This practice is based on the Tribal Theory.
play a vital role in political analysis in developed and developing countries in analyzing
5. The Feudal and
democratization Theory-The
democratic feudal theory
political claims that the right to vote depends on a particular
regimes.
social status. The simplest form of social status was ownership of land. Even now in some states,
In
thethis lesson, you
emphasis is onwill be able to:
a property qualification. This is a legacy of the old theory.
 describe the nature of elections and political parties in the Philippines
Types of Vote
 1. identify
One man the One
typesvote:of electoral
Under this systems;
provision every other is entitled to one and only vote. The
 assess
voter can thecastimplications
his vote for ofanythecandidate.
type of electoral systems on politics and governance
 2. analyze the nature of Vote:
Single Transferable elections andsystem,
In this politicalwhich
parties in the Philippines
is designed for the multimember
SUFFRAGE constituency, the voter possesses only one vote. But, he can make his priority like 1,2,3.etc.
according to his requirement. If a candidate fails to secure a majority, the voters polled for hi
 Suffrage may be exercised
will be reallocated according by toallthe
citizens
second of the Philippines
choice, and then notthe
otherwise disqualified
third option, by
until a clear
law, who are
majority at least eighteen
is obtained years of
by a candidate. Inage,
India,andthewho shall of
election have
the resided
president, in the
andPhilippines
members of
for at least one year in the place wherein they
Rajya Sabha are held on the single transferable vote method. propose to vote for at least six months
immediately
3. Plural Voting: preceding
According thetoelection.
this, several qualifications are prescribed for the right to vote
such as payment of property tax and education. A person who owns property or is a
Meaning
taxpayeroforSuffrage:
is educated is eligible for a vote because he possesses all of these
 Itqualifications.
is the right andAtobligation
the sameto voteaof
time, qualified
person whocitizens in the own
is educated, election
the of public and
property officers.
is a
taxpayer,
Views on Suffrage is entitled to three votes. A voter is entitled to one vote for every qualification he
possesses. In Belgium, this method was used during early time.
1.4. AOpen
mere Ballot:
privilege-suffrage is not a the
Under this system, natural right
voters but their
raise merely a privilege
hands to supportto be a given or
candidate.
withheld by the law.
Montesquieu advocated this system because, seeing intelligent people raise their hands for
2. Arightpolitical right-suffrage
candidates, enables a citizen
the uneducated man would to participate
also support in the process
him. However, of government.
this method is not
practical, considering the vast size of electorates. In this legislative assemblies and the
Theories on Suffrage
parliament, when motions and bills are introduced the speaker puts it for voting. Members
1. The whoNatural
support Right
raiseTheory.
their hands
This theory
on thatclaims
basis, that
the speaker
the rightdeclares
to vote isthe a natural
bill passed
and or
inherited
defeated. right to every citizen. The state was created by the people deliberately and hence
5. allSecret
the people
Ballot:haveIn thisa natural
systemright the voter
to takecasts
parthis
in the
voteaffairs
for a candidate,
of the government.
without the knowledge
2. The of another
Legal Theory.
person.According
A citizen can to this
exercise
theory,his suffrage
franchise is notwithout
a natural
fear.right,
In polling
but political
station,right
an
granted
enclosure by the
is provided
law of the forstate.
him toVoting
mark is hisa vote
public andfunction.
put the ballot in the ballot box. The ballots
3. The areEthical
mixed, Theory.
and nobody The Ethical
can identify
Theory theconsiders
right vote the polled
rightbytoany
votevoter.
as a This
means method
of self-
is
expression
adopted inofmost the individual
of the countries
in political
in theaffairs.
electionSuffrage
to theirprovides
legislature.
for the development of the
human personality.
Scope of Suffrage
1. Election-means by which people choose their officials.
2. Plebiscite-is the vote of the people expressing their choice for or against a proposed law
submitted to them
3. Referendum-is the submission of a law passed by the legislative body to the people for their
ratification or rejection.
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4. Initiative-is a method in which people directly propose and enact laws
5. Recall-a method by which an elective local official may be removed from office during his
tenure.
Age Qualification
This is based on the assumption that under a certain age, human beings have the maturity,
experience, education and sense of judgment that will enable them to vote with a reasonable
degree of intelligence.
Residence Qualification
This is to give reasonable period within which a person can familiarize himself with the needs and
conditions and the personalities of the nation and locality.
Persons Disqualified to Vote
 Those who have been sentenced to suffer imprisonment for not less than one year.
 Those who committed any crime involving disloyalty to the government such as rebellion
and sedition
 Those declared as insane or incompetent person
SECTION 2
 The Congress shall provide a system for securing the secrecy and sanctity of the ballot as
well as a system for absentee voting by qualified Filipinos abroad.
 The Congress shall also design procedure for the physically challenged and the illiterates to
vote without the assistance of other persons.
Secrecy and Sanctity of the Ballot
This is to insure that the voters shall exercise their right to freely, uninfluenced by threats,
intimidation or corrupt motives and to secure a fair and honest count of the ballots.
Absentee Voting System
Filipinos who, by force of circumstances, have temporarily work and reside abroad but maintain
their love and loyalty to their native land are still part of our Republic; they are also affected by the
quality of public officials and policies of the government.
PARTY SYSTEM
It is referred to as the interactions of parties with each other(Roskin et.al,2012). The party system is
not equated to parties because a party system is seen as macro perspective whereas parties are
micro perspective just focusing on the particular party. It could be said that the life of political
system depends upon the kind of party system it has. It describes a relatively sound system of
political party and voter alignments, electoral rules, and policy priorities that dominate a Democratic
political system’s electoral process for some delimited period.
Classification of Party System
 The two-party system 12
-This is the system wherein the major political parties alternates with each other in the
exercise of political power.
  The multi-party system
-More thank two political parties fight in an election, and no single party gets the
majority control of power.
-Parties may become identified as either “leftist,” ”rightist”, or “center” parties
depending upon the tendency of their political views.
1. Leftist party- is the reform-minded party which seeks to change the existing
conditions of the country.
2. Rightist party- is a conservative group which aims to maintain the status quo in the
country
3. Center Party- adopted policies which are a mixture of both left and right
tendencies.
 The one-party system
-only one political party holds power either because it towers above the others or
because it suppresses all other groups.

POLITICAL PARTY

 An organization that seeks political power by electing people to office so that its positions
and philosophy become public policy
 A political organization that aims to attain and maintain political power within government,
usually by participating in electoral campaigns
 It is organizations that mobilize voters on behalf of a joint set of interests, concerns, and
goals.
 It is any aggrupation of persons who come together on how well the best interest of the
people might be served
 It is any group providing label upon which candidates run for public offices

Heywood (2002) in Aceron (2002), for his part, provides the following list of functions that political
parties must perform:

1. Representation-the capacity to respond and to articulate the views of both members and
voters.
2. Elite Formation and Recruitment-the ability to mold the political elite tasked to govern the
body politic
3. Goal Formulation-the development of programs and government with a view of attracting
popular support.
4. Interest Articulation and Aggregation- the task of combining and harmonizing different
demands and expressing them into coherent policy formulation.
5. Socialization and Mobilization-the formation of a national agenda and the creation of public
discourse to raise political awareness and build the necessary values and attitudes tha
would constitute a larger political culture.

Organization of Government
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The power given to a political party that gains the necessary votes to form the governmental elite,
filling administrative posts with elements from the party rank.
\

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 What have you learned so far?

1. What makes an election a social process?

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

2. Why is an election considered the most important element of a democratic society?

Is
it the best method to select a leader?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

3. What is the rule of succession

when there is a vacancy in the
Office of the Vice
4. President?
4. What is the rule of succession

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Activity 3: Political Campaign Slogan
Think of political slogan. Make it creative and humorous. It should be not more than 10 words

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Activity 4: Political Comic Strip
Draw a political comic strip illustrating political activities during election campaign.
Content 50%
Creativity 40%
Overall Impact 10%

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 Part III. Assessment Tasks

Essay. Answer the following question/statement.

1. Everyone should have the right to vote. Agree or Disagree. Explain.

2. How do campaigns and elections enable choice and opportunities for participation?

3. How important is the participation of an individual in the electoral process? How can a
single vote affect the welfare of a certain society?

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 Part IV. Internet Links/References

Decentralization and Local Government

Suffrage, Elections and Political Parties
http://www.genyo.com.ph/genyoshs/subjectdetails.php?subjectid=1414&contentlvlid=72
References:
Mendoza, D., Melegrito, M.,and Mactal, R. (2016) Politics Without Borders. Quezon City,
Philippines: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.
Tabajen, R., and Pulma, E. (2016) Philippine Politics and Governnance. Pasay City,

“”My loyalty to my party ends where my loyalty to my country begins”.

-Pres.Manuel L. Quezon

Congratulations! You did a great job! You just finished module 5. Rest and relax
for a while then we will move on to the next lesson.

Prepared By: Shaena Ellain D. Bondad, LPT

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