Navarro - LC Chapter 5

CHAPTER V
Building and Site Concept
5.1 Structural System
The proposed project aims to become resilient when it comes to lateral
wind force, seismic activities, and other weather and climate phenomena which will
affect the building. These factors are considered in conceptualizing the
structural system of the gaming hub & animation center.
 Lead Rubber Bearing
Figure 120 Lead Rubber Bearing

Source: https://www.google.com/
Lead Core Rubber Bearings (LRB) consists of a laminated rubber and steel
bearing with steel flange plates for mounting to the structure. Ninety percent of our
isolators have an energy dissipating lead core. The rubber in the isolator acts as a
spring. It is very soft laterally but very stiff vertically. The high vertical stiffness is
NAVARRO, L.C 209| P a g e

achieved by having thin layers of rubber reinforced by steel shims. These two
characteristics allow the isolator to move laterally with relatively low stiffness yet
carry significant axial load due to their high vertical stiffness. The lead core provides
damping by deforming plastically when the isolator moves laterally in an earthquake.
The shims for isolators are cut to exacting tolerances by laser. The steel mounting
plates are machined by computer-controlled milling machines that give high
production throughput and accuracy. Molding each bearing takes 8 to 48 hours
depending on the size of the bearing. The curing phase is continuously monitored to
ensure that the rubber is uniformly cured throughout the bearing.
The Isosism LRB isolators fulfil the following requirements:
- Transmit the vertical loads due to permanent and accidental effects;
- Capacity to support horizontal loads due to service load conditions with very
low displacements
- Capacity to isolate the structure by shifting the fundamental vibration period
to an optimal and safe level
- Capacity to dissipate energy to reduce the horizontal displacement of the
isolated structure with respect to the ground
LRB isolators have the following advantages:
- No damage to the structure that remains due to the elastic response for high
intensity earthquakes with no interruption of the structural function. This is a
primary goal for strategic structures (hospitals, control rooms, etc.)
- Very well-known and used in many application both for building and bridges.
NAVARRO, L.C 210 | P a g e

- Very simple maintenance mainly limited to a periodic visual inspection for all
the design life.
- Capacity to reduce the seismic energy from the ground to the structure with
consequent simplification of the structure design.
 Prefabricated Wall
Figure 121 Prefabricated Wall


Prefabricated wall panels are factory-built units produced in an indoor
environment. Builders provide the construction details of the home to the factory
where the building plans are fed into a computer program that designs the wall
panels for the home's specific needs. Manufacturers are able to cut, nail and screw
the units together in a quality-controlled environment that creates a stronger, more
durable wall structure. Prefabricated wall panels also tend to be dimensionally more
accurate since they are made with higher quality lumber from a large inventory of
material the factory has its disposal.
After the wall units are built, they're labeled for assembly and shipped directly
to the job site. When the builder is ready to install the wall panels, they simply follow
the installation and assembly procedures defined by the factory specifications.
Traditional wall framing construction relies on the trade contractors to assemble all
the pieces on the job site while the home is being built. Though the builder can
usually inspect the process to ensure a high quality home, making sure each wall
unit is built according to the plans and in a consistent manner can be difficult and
time consuming. Bad weather, scheduling conflicts, construction errors and
maintaining a qualified labor force can all lead to work delays or expensive rebuilds.
Besides quality issues, there are other drawbacks to the conventional wall
framing method. Because the trade contractors need raw lumber on the job site to
frame the home, the builder is more susceptible to theft. Traditional wall framing also
produces large amounts of job site waste which adds to the costs of building the
home by increasing cleanup and disposal fees.

Like roof trusses, prefabricated wall panels can provide builders with a
chance to gain a competitive edge, higher profit margins and faster cycle times for
construction.
Advantage of prefabricated wall panel:
1. It can construct easily.
2. Reduce labor and material cost.
3. Wall panels are decorative, providing insulation and soundproofing.
4. Easy to replace.
5. It is a framework structure.
6. Finishing is easy.
7. Resist weathering agencies.
8. Low maintenance.
9. Save time and energy.
 Curtain Wall
Figure 122 Curtain Wall


A curtain wall is defined as thin, usually aluminum-framed wall, containing in-
fills of glass, metal panels, or thin stone. The framing is attached to the building
structure and does not carry the floor or roof loads of the building. The wind and
gravity loads of the curtain wall are transferred to the building structure, typically at
the floor line. Aluminum framed wall systems date back to the 1930's, and developed
rapidly after
World War II when the supply of aluminum became available for non-military
use.
Curtain wall systems range from manufacturer's standard catalog systems to
specialized custom walls. Custom walls become cost competitive with standard
systems as the wall area increases. This section incorporates comments about
standard and custom systems. It is recommended that consultants be hired with an
expertise in custom curtain wall design for projects that incorporate these systems.
A curtain wall system is an outer covering of a building in which the outer
walls are non-structural, utilized to keep the weather out and the occupants in. Since
the curtain wall is non-structural, it can be made of lightweight materials, thereby
reducing construction costs. When glass is used as the curtain wall, an advantage is
that natural light can penetrate deeper within the building. The curtain wall façade
does not carry any structural load from the building other than its own dead load
weight. The wall transfers lateral wind loads that are incident upon it to the main
building structure through connections at floors or columns of the building. A curtain
wall is designed to resist air and water infiltration, absorb sway induced by wind and
seismic forces acting on the building, withstand wind loads, and support its own

dead load weight forces. Curtain wall systems are typically designed with extruded
aluminum framing members, although the first curtain walls were made with steel
frames. The aluminum frame is typically infilled with glass, which provides an
architecturally pleasing building, as well as benefits such as daylighting. However,
the effects of light on visual comfort as well as solar heat gain in a building are more
difficult to control when using large amounts of glass infill. Other common infills
include: stone veneer, metal panels, louvres, and operable windows or vents.
Curtain walls differ from storefront systems in that they are designed to span multiple
floors, taking into consideration design requirements such as: thermal expansion
and contraction; building sway and movement; water diversion; and thermal
efficiency for cost-effective heating, cooling, and lighting in the building.
 Green Walls
Figure 123 Green Walls


Green walls (also known as plant walls, living walls or vertical gardens) have
become a rising new trend of built environments in recent years. Incorporating living
nature into urban environments not only looks much more inviting, but also has a
number of other benefits and purposes.
Green walls are vertical structures that have different types of plants or other
greenery attached to them. The greenery is often planted in a growth medium
consisting of soil, stone, or water. Because the walls have living plants in them, they
usually feature built-in irrigation systems.
Green walls differ from facades, which are often seen climbing up the outside
walls of buildings, using them as structural support. In green walls, the growth
medium is on the surface or structure of the wall, whereas facades are rooted in the
ground. Moreover, the greenery of facades can take a long time to grow enough to
cover an entire wall, while green walls may be pre-grown.
Smart and active green walls often look similar to conventional green walls,
but serve more purposes due to the use of artificial intelligence and technology. The
features of a smart living wall can be automated and monitored, enhancing the
effects.
In addition to the visual and biophilic benefits of all green wall s, smart and
active green walls can feature natural air purification and humidification thanks to the
combination of enhanced air circulation, specialized growth medium, and
technology.
There are many advantages to having green walls livening up a space. First
of all, the visual benefits of the living wall cannot be ignored. The eye-catching

pieces can make a big impact decorating an urban environment made out of
concrete and bricks, thus offering alternatives for urban agriculture, gardening, and
indoor decor.
Living walls can make us happier and more productive, as they appeal to our
innate need to be around nature. Bringing in natural elements to places where they
can’t generally be seen lifts our mood, making us more alert and upbeat. This
concept is also known as biophilia.
Studies have also shown that nature can decrease negative
behaviors, such as aggression and anxiety. Moreover, a c onnection with nature has
been foundto reduce stress and mend mental fatigue. This is due to the automatic
reaction of our bodies to seeing and being around natural elements.
As issues with pollution and air quality have become better understood,
plants’ effects on air quality have likewise gathered more interest. The air purification
effect of plants is achieved through microbes of plant roots, which can use chemicals
as nutrients. Besides direct health impacts, improved air quality has been proven to
advance people’s alertness and cognitive abilities.

Outdoor and indoor green walls are used for different purposes and in various
environments. They can be made of a range of materials and plants, depending on
the most suitable solution for each space.
Outdoor green walls are primarily visual elements. Although they can also be
cost effective in that they reduce overall temperatures, capture rainwater or insulate
buildings, they are mostly used to bring greenery into urban landscapes. The
construction of these living walls has restrictions in terms of the climate, as they
have to endure their surrounding circumstances, which may sometimes take a toll on
the structure and plants of the wall.
Indoor green walls, however, have more limitations in terms of their size, as
they have to fit the space they are in. Because of said limitations, they are often
easier to maintain, though.
 I-Beam
Figure 124 I-Beam


The Shape and Structure of the I-Beam
The I-beam consists of two horizontal planes, known as flanges, connected
by one vertical component, or the web. The shape of the flanges and the web create
an ―I‖ or an ―H‖ cross-section. Most I beams use structural steel, but some are made
from aluminum. Infra-metal constructions, such as carbon structural steel and high-
strength low-alloy structural steel, have different applications – such as building
framing, bridges, and general structural purposes.
I-beams come in a variety of weights, section depths, flange widths, web
thicknesses, and other specifications for different purposes. When ordering I beams,
buyers classify them by their material and dimensions. For example, an 11x20 I
beam would have an 11-inch depth and a weight of 20 pounds per foot. Builders
choose specific sizes of I beams according to the needs of the particular building. A
builder has to take many factors into account, such as:
1. Deflection. The builder will choose a thickness to minimize deformation of
the beam.
2. Vibration. A certain mass and stiffness are selected to prevent vibrations in
the building.
3. Bend. The strength of the I-beam’s cross-section should accommodate
yield stress.
4. Buckling. The flanges are chosen to prevent buckling locally, sideways, or
torsionally.

5. Tension. The builder chooses an I beam with a web thickness that won’t
fail, buckle, or ripple under tension.
The design of the I-beam makes it capable of bending under high stress
instead of buckling. To achieve this, most of the material in the I beam is located in
the regions along the axial fibers – the location that experiences the most stress.
Ideal beams have minimal cross-section area, requiring the least amount of material
possible while still achieving the desired shape.
Uses of I-Beams
I beams have a variety of important uses in the structural steel construction
industry. They are often used as critical support trusses, or the main framework, in
buildings. Steel I beams ensure a structure’s integrity with relentless strength and
support. The immense power of I beams reduces the need to include numerous
support structures, saving time and money, as well as making the structure more
stable. The versatility and dependability of I beams make them a coveted resource
to every builder.
I beams are the choice shape for structural steel builds because of their high
functionality. The shape of I beams makes them excellent for unidirectional bending
parallel to the web. The horizontal flanges resist the bending movement, while the
web resists the shear stress. They can take various types of loads and shear
stresses without buckling. They are also cost effective, since the ―I‖ shape is an
economic design that doesn’t use excess steel. With a wide variety of I beam types,

there is a shape and weight for virtually any requirement. The versatile functionality
of the I-beam is what gives it the alternate name universal beam, or UB.
 Pre-Cast Concrete
Figure 125 Pre-Cast Concrete

Precast concrete is created off-site using a mold. That’s the main difference
between precast concrete and site cast concrete, which is poured into its final
destination on site. Here is a simplified overview of the precast concrete process:
1. Precast concrete is poured into a wooden or steel mold with wire mesh or
rebar. This mold may also have prestressed cable, if needed.
2. It is cured in a controlled environment — usually at a plant.

3. Once finished, the precast concrete is transported to a construction site
and put into place.
It’s important to note that not all precast concrete is prestressed with cable
reinforcement. The addition of this reinforcement is particularly useful in many
structures and buildings where maximizing the strength of the concrete is essential.
The addition of the wire or rebar provides tension within the concrete, which is
released once curing is complete. The release of the wire or rebar tension transfers
strength to the concrete, creating an even stronger material.
 Benefits of Pre-Cast Concrete
For projects residential and commercial, precast concrete means engineers
enjoy greater latitude in planning and design. Precast concrete products arrive on
site completely customized and ready for fast installation. When you choose precast
concrete products, you can accelerate your project’s schedule and enjoy the cost
savings that emerge from using concrete products that are precast offsite.
However, the benefits extend beyond convenience and workflow to include
versatility, control, efficiency and sustainability — all of which come together to
create a superior precast concrete product. Here is some additional information on
how precast concrete makes an impact in each of these areas.
1. Versatility
We briefly covered the versatility of precast concrete products already
but highlight it again, as it is one of the main benefits of this type of concrete

construction. The ability to shape this concrete to include the colors, texture
and size you want is a big part of the reason it has implications in such a wide
range of industries and uses. While the perception of some is that precast
concrete has a lack of versatility, the opposite is true.
2. Controlled Environment
Precast concrete is created in a fully controlled environment, which
eliminates any chance of outside variables, like the weather, interfering with
the quality or timeline of production. You have complete control over the
climate to ensure that all precast concrete products are cured consistently in
ideal conditions. Since you have access to these ideal conditions, you can
also be confident that production of these precast concrete materials will be
on time, as weather delays for pouring on site become a thing of the past.
3. Efficiency
Efficiency comes as a result of the controlled manufacturing
environment. When you’re able to produce precast concrete all year long in a
plant setting, it speeds up the overall construction process. Suddenly you
don’t need to worry about scheduling pouring concrete for a small window of
opportunity on-site — during which weather could postpone your entire
project. Rather, the process is now so efficient that you could even have the
precast materials made in advance and store them until you need to get them
in place on site. It also saves you time and money because of the assembly
line techniques, which require less labor and reduce the stress of coordinating
on-site skilled labor and logistics.

4. Sustainability
Precast concrete manufacturing is a sustainable process. In fact, many
sustainable building developers use precast concrete for LEED certification.
Here’s why:
 Concrete is made up of natural aggregates — gravel, sand, rock and
water.
 Water used in the process of making concrete is recycled.
 Precast concrete’s thermal mass absorbs and releases heat slowly
which translates to long-term energy savings.
 Factory environments greatly reduce waste from bracing and
formwork, excessive concrete, packaging and debris that builds up on-
site when you cast in-place.
 Precast structures use less material than products cast on-site.
Fewer raw materials is harvested from the environment, and less
needs to be disposed of at the end of a building’s lifecycle.
 Factory environments are healthier for employees than construction
sites
 Many precast concrete ingredients are produced locally, with
aggregates mined a short distance from production, which cuts down
on hauling trips.

 Long Span Steel Framing
Figure 126 Different Types of Trusses

Figure 127 Types of Arches

Long span steel framing is considered when large clearance is required and
such long spanning cannot be realized using steel beams and columns.
Long span steel framing options can be categorized into different types, for
instance, girders, trusses, rigid frames, arches and cantilever suspension spans.

Table 9.0 Long Span Framing System Types

 Aluminum Curve Profiles
Figure 128 Heydar Aliyev Cultural Center

These profiles can be curved or shaped to follow lines on the floor and to
create original geometric shapes for technical or stylistic purposes. The choice of
materials includes natural brass, aluminium and stainless steel. These profiles serve
various purposes, including the edging of floors at doors, windows and terraces, and
compensating for level differences between floors. They can also be used to create
special design effects and add character and personality to architectural projects.
This product category also includes a Procurve machine for bending and rolling all
curved line profiles.
Curve aluminium profiles play an important role in architectural and industrial
design. The building industry is increasingly using curved aluminium facades and

cladding. The transportation, machine building, and medical industry also benefit
from the useful and aesthetic properties of high quality bent aluminium components.
 Bubble Deck Slab
Figure 129 Bubble Deck Slab

The Biaxial Hollow Deck also known as, Bubble deck, compromises a biaxial
carrying hollow slab in which plastic balls serve the purpose of eliminating concrete
that has no carrying effect. In other words, it removes the non-working dead load,
while maintaining biaxial strength.
The geometry of the Bubble Deck slab is identified by ellipsoids of a certain
size, placed in a precise modular grid. The voids are positioned in the middle of the
cross section, where concrete has limited effect, while maintaining solid sections in
top and bottom where high stresses can exist. Hence, the slab is fully functional with
regards to both positive and negative bending.

 Shear
The main difference between a solid slab and a voided biaxial slab refers to
shear resistance. Due to the reduced concrete volume, the shear resistance will also
be reduced. For a voided biaxial slab with spheres the shear resistance is
proportional to the amount of concrete, as the special geometry shaped by the
ellipsoidal voids acts like the famous Roman arch, enabling all concrete to be
effective.
 Fire
As a voided biaxial slab acts like a solid slab, the fire resistance is just a matter of
the amount of concrete layer. The fire resistance is dependent on the temperature in
the rebars and hence the transport of heat. As the top and bottom of the voided
biaxial slab is solid, and the rebars are placed in the solid part, the fire resistance
can be designed according to demands. Due to the specific shape of the voids, there
are no issues with internal pressure.
 Sound
Tests have been carried out in Germany, UK and the Netherlands according
to ISO 140-4:1998, ISO 140-7:1998, ISO 717-1:1997 and ISO 717-2:1997
measuring impact and airborne sound. These tests show that 230 mm and thicker
Bubble Deck slabs can meet the national rules. The revolutionary BubbleDeck
method virtually eliminates concrete from the middle of a slab not performing any
structural function, thereby dramatically reducing structural dead weight. The
patented BubbleDeck technique is based on the direct way of linking air and steel.

Void formers in the middle of a flat slab eliminates 35% of a slabs self-weight
removing constraints of high dead loads and short spans.
Incorporation of recycled plastic bubbles as void formers permits 50% longer
spans between columns. Combination of this with a slab construction approach
spanning in two directions – the slab is connected directly to incite concrete columns
without any beams.
-Produces a wide range of cost and construction including:
o Design Freedom– layout easily adapts to irregular & curved plan
layouts.
o Reduced Dead Weight– 35% removed allowing smaller foundation
sizes.
o Longer spans between columns– up to 50% further than traditional
structures.
o Down stand Beams eliminated – quicker & cheaper erection of walls
and services.
o Load bearing walls eliminated – facilitating MMC with lightweight
building envelopes.
o Reduced concrete usage – 1 kg recycled plastic repla ces 100 kg of
concrete.
o Environmentally Green and Sustainable – reduced energy & carbon
emissions.
5.2 Electrical System
 Underground Distribution Lines

Figure 130 Underground Distribution Lines
Undergrounding refers to the replacement of overhead cables providing
electrical power or telecommunications, with underground cables. This is typically
performed for aesthetic purposes, but also serves the additional significant purpose
of making the power lines less susceptible to outages during high wind
thunderstorms or heavy snow or ice storms. Undergrounding can increase the initial
costs of electric power transmission and distribution but may decrease operational
costs over the lifetime of the cables.
Advantages of underground lines include aesthetics, higher public
acceptance, and perceived benefits of protection against electromagnetic field
radiation (which is still present in underground lines), fewer interruptions, and lower
maintenance costs. Failure rates of overhead lines and underground cables vary
widely, but typically underground cable outage rates are about half of their
equivalent overhead line types.

Potentially far fewer momentary interruptions occur from lightning, animals
and three branches falling on wires which de-energize a circuit and the re-energize it
a moment later.
Primary benefits most often cited can be divided into four areas:
Potentially-Reduced Maintenance and Operating Costs
 Lower storm restoration cost
 Lower tree-trimming cost
Improved Reliability
 Increased reliability during severe weather (wind-related storm damage
will be greatly reduced for an underground system, and areas not
subjected to flooding and storm surges experience minimal damage
and interruption of electric service.)
 Less damage during severe weather
 Far fewer momentary interruptions
 Improved utility relations regarding tree trimming
Improved Public Safety
 Fewer motor vehicle accidents
 Reduced live-wire contact injuries
 Fewer Fires
Improved Property Values

 Improved aesthetics (removal of unsightly poles and wires, enhanced
tree canopies)
 Fewer structures impacting sidewalks
 Ambient Lighting
Figure 131 Red Bull Gaming Sphere

Ambient light is typically seen as the starting point for a space or a room. It
makes up the "base" amount of light in a room. It is the foundation that designers,
engineers, and contractors use to start looking at the best way to light a space.
Ambient light can come from recessed downlights mounted in the ceiling, ceiling

lights mounted to the surface of the ceiling, or table and floor lamps. These types of
fixtures characteristically give an even, diffuse light level for the space.
While most of the time ambient light comes from the fixtures listed above; in
certain applications, it can be the culmination of all of the accent, decorative, and
task lighting that produces the total ambient light.
The type of light source selected for ambient light depends on the type and
use of the space or room. Living rooms and bedrooms may use Soft White
incandescent to achieve a warm even glow in the space. Fluorescent lights will
achieve higher illumination levels in larger area such as garages and utility rooms.
Ambient lighting, or what is commonly called as general lighting, serves as
the primary source of light for a certain room. It is the foundation of all the lighting of
a room.
Aside from the basic lighting functionality, the ambient lighting improves the
sense of warmth and depth of a room or space.
It works to provide a comfortable level of illumination without too much glare. This
allows you to navigate an entire room safely too. A central source of it for every
room is essential to achieve an excellent lighting plan. A perfect source needs a
strategy in choosing which lights to use and in what area or part of the room to place
it.
Ambient lighting can be accomplished by using basic lighting fixtures such as
chandeliers, track lights, recessed lights, and wall or ceiling-mounted lighting
fixtures.

There are various ways to achieve balance in ambient lighting and this often
depends on what type of room you are using it for. In some rooms, this can also
serve as a primary source for task lighting just like in a laundry room.
 LED Building Lights
Figure 132 LED Building Lights

Building exterior light can decorate the outer wall by colorful illumination
and invigorate your walls. You can enjoy 16 million colors, including the facade lights
and color changing flood lights. The prominent examples of application is the Empire
State Building and Bank of China Tower. Apart from large scale projects, it also
provides solutions for small architecture.

Energy saving:
LED saves 75% energy comparing to metal halide lamps. It is
because LED has remarkable energy efficiency of 140 lm/W while MH has
only 75 lm/W. You can cut down considerable amount of energy by selecting
our products.
Long Life Span:
80,000 hours span is vitally important. It is because once the outdoor
building facade lighting is installed, you are not expected to replace the light
very quickly. Our LED flood lights have 28 years life span if you turn it on for 8
hours day. It is the inherent properties of LED building flood lights.
Heat dissipation:
It consists of very dense aluminum fins and evenly distributed at the
back of the heat source. This offers huge amount of surface area for the heat
exchange between the extended fins and surrounding. Especially under the
scorching sun and weather, it predominantly affects the life span of building
facade lighting.
Beam angles:
To have different wonderful coloring and wall washer effect, you can
select the combination of various angles. Our luminaires have 15, 20, 45, 60,

90 and 120-degree. And various powers are available. We manufacturer high
power LED flood lights for architecture, from 100 watt to 1000 watt LED.
Weight:
To guarantee the safety, the weight must not exceed the safety factor
of the structure. Otherwise, it may fall down and cause serious consequence.
Since our LED use aluminum alloy, the weight is lesser than metal halide and
thus it is safer. If you want to get the info of our lights, the weight is about 16
kg for 1000 watt model.
 Solar Panel
Figure 133 Solar Panel


Solar energy begins with the sun. Solar panels (also known as "PV panels")
are used to convert light from the sun, which is composed of particles of energy
called "photons", into electricity that can be used to power electrical loads.
Solar panels can be used for a wide variety of applications including remote power
systems for cabins, telecommunications equipment, remote sensing, and of course
for the production of electricity by residential and commercial solar electric systems.
Solar panels collect clean renewable energy in the form of sunlight and convert that
light into electricity which can then be used to provide power for electrical loads.
Solar panels are comprised of several individual solar cells which are themselves
composed of layers of silicon, phosphorous (which provides the negative charge),
and boron (which provides the positive charge). Solar panels absorb the photons
and in doing so initiate an electric current. The resulting energy generated from
photons striking the surface of the solar panel allows electrons to be knocked out of
their atomic orbits and released into the electric field generated by the solar cells
which then pull these free electrons into a directional current. This entire process is
known as the Photovoltaic Effect. An average home has more than enough roof area
for the necessary number of solar panels to produce enough solar electricrity to
supply all of its power needs excess electricity generated goes onto the main power
grid, paying off in electricity use at night.
In a well-balanced grid-connected configuration, a solar array generates
power during the day that is then used in the home at night. Net metering programs
allow solar generator owners to get paid if their system produces more power than

what is needed in the home. In off-grid solar applications, a battery bank, charge
controller, and in most cases, an inverter are necessary components. The solar
array sends direct current (DC) electricity through the charge controller to the battery
bank. The power is then drawn from the battery bank to the inverter, which converts
the DC current into alternating current (AC) that can be used for non-DC appliances.
Assisted by an inverter, solar panel arrays can be sized to meet the most demanding
electrical load requirements. The
AC current can be used to power loads in homes or commercial buildings,
recreational vehicles and boats, remote cabins, cottages, or homes, remote traffic
controls, telecommunications equipment, oil and gas flow monitoring, RTU, SCADA,
and much more.
 Diesel Standby Generators
Figure 134 Diesel Standby Generator


Diesel Standby generator is essentially a diesel engine that is combined with
an electric generator (usually an alternator) that supplies emergency power, and is
also used as an energy source for power grids.
Diesel – this fuel is the most commonly utilized because of several factors. It
is a safer source of fuel in comparison to gasoline because it is not as easily
ignitable. Diesel engines also burn significantly less fuel than gasoline
Generators in (Large Scale) Industrial Settings
Industrial generator sets here in the Philippines, or all over the world for that
matter, are mostly diesel run engines. Diesel Standby Generators are the most
preferred backup power source when it comes to industrial sectors; they are
definitely the smartest choice to invest in with regards to a more business
standpoint. These generators carry with them the most efficient (in every aspect)
means to power the various heavy equipment available in the Philippines in terms of
fuel efficiency and cost efficiency.
Generator sets are used in a lot of different businesses in the country – the
food industry, technological industry, fitness industry, and many more!
For the many contractors, the main factors to consider when assessing potential
generators are as follows: Requirements, Necessary Voltage, and Requirements for
generator fuel source, and Generator size.
Basically, the generating process functions as a repetitive four-step cycle until
the programmed maximum output is reached. First, the Voltage Regulator converts
AC voltage to DC currents, which is then sent to the second base exciters of the

stator. Then, the production of extra AC voltage by the secondary winding exciters is
intertwined with the alternator to the rotating magnetic field of the rotor. Finally, the
rotor takes this additional AC voltage from the stator, and in result, produces a
higher AC voltage from the generator as a whole.
5.3 Plumbing System
Figure 135 Plumbing


For plumbing purposes, the term ―multi-storey‖ is applied to buildings that are
too tall to be supplied throughout by the normal pressure in the public water mains.
These buildings have particular needs in the design of their sanitary drainage and
venting systems. Water main supply pressures of 8–12 meters (25–40 feet) can
supply a typical two-storey building, but higher buildings may need pressure booster
systems. In hilly areas, the drinking-water supply pressures will vary depending on
the ground elevation.
In these cases, the water authority may have to specify areas where
particular supply pressures can be relied upon for the design and operation of
buildings. Where a building of three or more storeys is proposed, a certificate should
be obtained from the drinkingwater supply authority guaranteeing that the present
and future public drinking-water supply pressure will be adequate to serve the
building. If the public water pressure is inadequate, suitable means shall be provided
within the building to boost the water pressure.
 Systems for Boosting Water Pressure
Pressure – boosting systems can be of several different types:
 Pumping from a ground level or basement gravity tank to a gravity roof tank
 Pumping from a gravity storage tank or pubic water main into a hydro
pneumatic pressure tank that uses captive air pressure to provide adequate
drinking water supply pressure
 Installation of booster pump sets consisting of multiple staged pumps or
variable speed pumps that draw water directly from aa gravity storage tanks

or the public water main. Multistage booster pump sets typically include
discharge pressure regulating valves to maintain a constant drinking water
supply pressure.
Multi-storey buildings can usually be divided into zones of water pressure
control. The lower to three storeys can generally be supplied directly from the
pressure in the public water main. Upper storeys, usually in groups of five to eight
storeys, can be supplied from pressure boosted main risers through a pressure
reduction valve for each group. Systems can be up – fed or down – fed. Up – fed
systems usually originate from a pressure booster pump set or hydro – pneumatic
tank in the basement of the building. Down – fed systems usually originate from a
rooftop gravity tank. Where a building is divided into water pressure zones, care
must be taken not to cross – connect the piping between two or more zones. This is
a particular problem when domestic hot water is recirculating from central supply
system.
When hydropneumatic tanks are used for storage, the tank is filled to one
third to a half full by a float level device that controls the drinking water system
supply source. The pressure is maintained at the desired operating level by an air
compressor. As these building uses water from the tank, the water level and air
pressure drop. When the water level drops to the ―on‖ setting of the float level
control, the well pump or booster pump starts and raises the water level in the tank
to the ―off‖ level. This restores the pressure in the tank. If some of the captive air
above the water has been absorbed by the water, the air compressor starts and

restores the air charge, raising the system pressure to the normal level.
Hydropneumatic tanks are typically made of steel or fiberglass and must be rated for
the system operating pressure. Steel tanks must have a protective coating of
suitable composition for drinking water contact on the inside to protect the tank from
the corrosion and avoid contaminating the water. They should be checked on a
regular basis to ensure that the protective coating is intact and the water remains
potable.
5.4 Sanitary System
Figure 136 Sanitary

In the drainage system for a multi-storey building, the drains from the
plumbing fixtures are connected to vertical drain stacks that convey the waste and

sewage to below the lowest floor of the building. The fixture drain traps must be
vented to prevent their water trap seal from being siphoned by negative pressure or
blown out by positive pressure in the drain piping. The fixture vent pipes must extend
through the roof to outdoors. They can be run individually or be combined into one or
more vents through the roof. Where buildings are over 10 storeys high, the drainage
stacks require relief vent connections at specified intervals from the top, and
connected to a vent stack that terminates above the roof. This relieves and
equalizes the pressure in the drainage stack to maintain the water seal in traps
serving plumbing fixtures.
 Vacuum Drainage System
Wherever possible, the sanitary drainage system from a building should
discharge to the public sewer by gravity. All plumbing fixtures located below ground
level should be pumped into the public sewer or the drainage system leading to the
sewer. The pump line should be as short as possible and looped up to a point not
less than 0.6 metres (24 inches) above ground level to prevent backsiphonage of
sewage. The pump discharge rate should be controlled so as not to cause scouring
of the internal bore of the pump line or the drainage or sewer system into which it
discharges. High-velocity discharge rates may also cause the flooding of adjoining
plumbing fixtures or overloading of the sewer itself. The sump pits for sewage
pumps must have sealed covers, be vented to outdoors and have automatic level
controls and alarms. Sewage pumps in multiple dwellings and in multi-storey
dwellings should be duplex, with each pump having 100% of the required pumping

capacity for the building. Alternatively, an approved vacuum drainage system may
be considered.
In a vacuum drainage system, the differential pressure between the
atmosphere and the vacuum becomes the driving force that propels the wastewater
towards the vacuum station. Table 14.1 provides a summary of the advantages and
disadvantages of vacuum drainage systems. Table 14.2 provides information on
specific installation and operation requirements. Vacuum drainage systems should
be considered when one or more of the following conditions exist:
 Water shortage;
 Limited sewerage capacity;
 Where separation of black water and grey water is desired;
 Where drainage by gravity becomes impractical;
 In penal installations where isolation and control of the appliances is
necessary to prevent concealment of weapons and drugs;
 Unstable soil or flat terrain;
 Where a high water table exists;
 In hospitals, hotels, office buildings or other areas where congested usage
occurs, and flexibility in pipe routing is required to drain appliances;
 restricted construction conditions;
 Building refurbishment.

 Cistern/ Rainwater System
Figure 137 Rainwater Harvesting System

An artificial reservoir (such as an underground tank) for storing liquids and
especially water (such as rainwater). It is a waterproof receptacle for holding
liquids, usually water. Cisterns are often built to catch and store rainwater. Cisterns
are distinguished from wells by their waterproof linings. Modern cisterns range in
capacity from a few litres to thousands of cubic metres, effectively forming covered
reservoirs.
Rain water is also proved to be an important technique for flood mitigation,
especially in urban areas, by collecting and then storing the water in numerous tanks
and storage structures, it can be also treated as an innovative solution to prevent
urban flooding.

5.5 Mechanical System
 HVAC (Heating Ventilating and Air – Conditioning)
Figure 138 HVAC

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) is the technology of indoor
and vehicular environmental comfort. Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and
acceptable indoor air quality. HVAC system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical
engineering, based on the principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and heat
transfer. "Refrigeration" is sometimes added to the field's abbreviation, as HVAC&R
or HVACR or "ventilation" is dropped, as in HACR (as in the designation of HACR-
rated circuit breakers).
Ventilating or ventilation (the V in HVAC) is the process of exchanging or
replacing air in any space to provide high indoor air quality which involves
temperature control, oxygen replenishment, and removal of moisture, odors, smoke,
heat, dust, airborne bacteria, carbon dioxide, and other gases. Ventilation removes

unpleasant smells and excessive moisture, introduces outside air, keeps interior
building air circulating, and prevents stagnation of the interior air.
The use of high-performance HVAC equipment can result in considerable
energy, emissions, and cost savings (10%-40%). Whole building design coupled
with an "extended comfort zone" can produce much greater savings (40%-70%).
Extended comfort includes employing concepts such as providing warmer, but drier
air using desiccant dehumidification in summer, or cooler air with warmer windows
and warmer walls in winter. In addition, high-performance HVAC can provide
increased user thermal comfort, and contribute to improved indoor environmental
quality (IEQ).
Given the range and complexity of the subject, this information should be
viewed as only a starting point to access information from the many trade
associations, agencies, and manufacturers linked throughout the text.
Controls determine how HVAC systems operate to meet the design goals of
comfort, safety, and cost-effective operation.
 Heating can be accomplished by heating the air within a space (e.g.
supply air systems, perimeter fin-tube "radiators"), or by heating the
occupants directly by radiation (e.g. floor/ceiling/wall radiation or
radiant panels).
 Ventilating maintains an adequate mixture of gases in the air we
breathe (e.g. not too much CO2), controls odors, and removes
contaminants from occupied spaces. "Clean" air helps keep occupants

healthy and productive. Ventilation can be accomplished passively
through natural ventilation, or actively through mechanical distribution
systems powered by fans.
 Air-conditioning refers to the sensible and latent cooling of air. Sensible
cooling involves the control of air temperature while latent cooling
involves the control of air humidity. Room air is cooled by transferring
heat between spaces, such as with a water loop heat pump system, or
by rejecting it to the outside air via air-cooled or water-cooled
equipment. Heat can also be rejected to the ground using geothermal
exchange. Cool air is not comfortable if it is too humid. Air is
dehumidified by condensing its moisture on a cold surface, such as
part of mechanical cooling), or by removing the moisture through
absorption (desiccant dehumidification). In dry climates, humidification
may be required for comfort instead of dehumidification. Evaporative
humidification also cools the air. Further, in such climates it is possible
to use radiant cooling systems, similar to the radiant heating systems
mentioned above.
Controls ensure occupant comfort, provide safe operation of the equipment,
and in a modern HVAC control system enable judicious use of energy resources.
HVAC systems are sized to meet heating and cooling loads that historically occur
only 1% to 2.5% of the time. It is the function of the controls to ensure that the HVAC
systems perform properly, reliably, and efficiently during those conditions that occur
97.5% to 99% of the time.

 Elevator System
Elevator Control System is the system responsible for coordinating all aspects
of elevator service such as travel, speed, and accelerating, decelerating, door
opening speed and delay, levelling and hall lantern signals. The main aims of the
elevator control system are:
 To bring the lift car to the correct floor.
 To minimize travel time.
 To maximize passenger comfort by providing a smooth ride.
 To accelerate, decelerate and travel within safe speed limits.
The controller usually tune down the voltage between 12V to 24V to the
controlling system, only the motor needs 3-phase power supply. The low voltage
power supply is for the controlling component and the fixtures to control the elevator.
The primary function of the elevator controller is essentially to receive and
process a variety of signals from several different components of a whole elevator
system. It is able to send signals in response to the ones it receives in order to
operate all of the other components in the system. This exchange of signals is how
the elevator controller is able to keep the elevators running smoothly on a day-to-day
basis.
Here are a few of the following ways the controller interacts with the other
components of the elevator system:
 Controls the speed of elevator engines in order to move elevator cabs up and
down their respective shafts.

 Queues and processes elevator summons and floor requests from
passengers through the signals provided to it by several buttons.
 Processes information sent to it by load sensors in order to ensure that the
load of a cab never exceeds the safety limit.
 Processes information sent to it by position marker sensors in order to keep
track of where the elevator cabs are at all times, as well as their speed.
 Provides feedback to passengers through the lights on some of the buttons
and the floor number and direction displays in each cab.
 Sound alarm bells that are either invoked by trapped passengers or required
to warn of excess load in a cab.
5.6 Fire Protection System
Planning for fire protection involves an integrated approach in which system
designers need to analyze building components as a total package
The design of any fire-protection system is an exact science that takes into
accounts a building’s use, occupancy, footprint, and even its other installed systems.
Planning for fire protection involves an integrated approach in which system
designers need to analyze building components as a total package. In most cases,
the analysis needs to go beyond basic code compliance and the owner’s minimum
legal responsibilities for providing protection.

 Smoke and Heat Detectors
A variety of smoke and heat sensors can be installed as part of a fire alarm
system to detect fires that begin in low-traffic areas away from personnel/staff.
These sensors should ideally trigger an automatic alert system with visible (flashing
lights/strobe lights) and audible bells or voice alerts to indicate that a fire was
detected. The sensors should also be able to pinpoint the location at which the fire
was detected, through a remote annunciated panel that lights up to indicate the area
where the fire detection device was triggered.
 Smoke detectors will generally detect a fire faster than heat detectors.
However, personnel responsible for the specific sitting of smoke and heat
detectors should consider the possibility of any false or unwanted alarms. For
instance, smoke detectors should likely not be used in the facility’s kitchen.
Instead, opt for fixed-temperature heat detectors in cases where a sudden
rise in temperature is expected in a fire.
 Smoke and heat from fires will tend to accumulate in the highest parts of the
enclosed spaces of the building. This is where the detectors should be
located.
 The location of smoke and heat detectors depends on the type of detector
being used and the geometry and occupancy of the space. Typically, the
maximum coverage areas for smoke and heat detectors are 100 square
meters (1,076.4 square feet) and 50 square meters (538.2 square feet),
respectively.

 There are three types of smoke detectors: ionized, photoelectric, and
combined ionized/photoelectric. Ionized smoke detectors are relatively
inexpensive, while photoelectric detectors tend to cost more.
 CO2 Fire Suppression System
Carbon dioxide or CO2 is a colorless, odorless, electrically non-conductive gas
that is highly efficient as a fire suppression agent. Carbon Dioxide fire protection
systems use intelligent, reliable and fast-acting control panels to quickly sense a fire
before it can cause damage to property. Carbon dioxide gas has a high rate of
expansion, which allows a CO2 fire protection system to work fast
When applied to a fire, CO2 provides a heavy blanket of gas that reduces the
oxygen level to a point where combustion cannot occur. Since carbon dioxide is a
gas, there is no clean-up associated with a CO2 fire suppression system discharge.
That means minimal interruption to your business. In fact, the cost of clean-up and
peripheral damage associated with water sprinkler systems, foam systems and dry
chemical agents can exceed the costs associated with the actual fire damage. With
a Carbon Dioxide system, clean-up costs and downtime associated with a CO2
discharge are negligible.
CO2 fire suppression system is extremely versatile and effective on a wide range
of flammable and combustible materials and approved for Class A, B and C hazards.
Carbon Dioxide fire protection systems are available for use in total flooding or
local fire protection applications – making it an effective fire protection system for a
wide variety of hazards.

 Sprinkler System
A sprinkler system is an active fire protection measure, consisting of a water
supply system, providing adequate pressure and flow rate to a water distribution
piping system, onto which fire sprinklers are connected.
 Water Sprinkler System
Water Sprinkler System have a water droplet diameter greater than 1
mm, and the cumulative surface area coverage for 1 liter of water is approximately 3
square meters. Typically, in fire sprinkler systems, the full network of pipes is
constantly charged with water. The sprinkler head is a heat-sensitive valve that
releases water once the temperature exceeds a fixed temperature, generally 30oC
above the ambient temperature. Each sprinkler head operates independently and
will activate only once sufficient heat reaches the valve. Therefore, only the
sprinklers closest to the fire will operate, maximizing the available water pressure to
the location of the fire. Sprinkler systems cause less water damage than the hoses
used by the fire service to combat a fire. It does not automatically discharge water
upon activation of the fire alarm but, rather, act independently.
 Fire Alarm System
A fire alarm system is a set of electric/electronic devices/equipment
working together to detect and alert people through visual and audio appliances
when smoke/fire is present. These alarms may be activated from smoke detectors,

heat detectors, water flow sensors, which are automatic or from a manual fire alarm
pull station.
5.7 Security System
As tall buildings, including high-rises become more common, their security
and the safety and security of their occupants’ merit attention. Tall buildings are
exposed to all the normal security risks crime, disorder, and emergencies that
threaten any street-level or campus-style building. However, the physical nature of
tall buildings calls for different security emphases. Specifically, tall buildings often
house many people and much property in an environment where movement is
restricted by elevators and stairways. These areas, along with lobbies and corridors,
constitute considerable sections of the building where ownership is at best
ambiguous.
 CCTV
CCTV is widely used in all buildings. In addition, technical advances in CCTV
have been remarkable. Internet-based CCTV allows occupants to view what is going
on at their property while they are not there, motion detectors activate cameras and
trip alarms, and large amounts of digitized video can be saved.
However, the promise of CCTV can be misleading. Unless cameras are
monitored all the time—a monotonous task—the cameras’ main use is to provide a
historical record of what has happened. This can be useful for post-event
investigations, but in many cases it is simply a record of what went wrong.

On the other hand, the presence of a CCTV camera tells potential offenders that
their activities may be noticed. They may then refrain from offending, although no
research confidently proves this.
 Access Control
Access control is the means by which people are granted or denied
access to restricted areas, such as clinics, operating rooms, labs, and parking
garages. One of the largest security challenges hospitals face is how to secure a
space that is intended to be not only a public environment, but also an inviting one.
This means that a balance between permissiveness and control is needed, not just
in using technology, but as part of the healthcare facility’s culture of security.
Access control could be used to manage non-employees — both vendors and
visitors—using a ―visitor management system‖. It can also assist with after hour
access to areas of the hospital restricting and controlling certain egresses. Also, a
single card could be used both for access to the parking garages and hospitals,
making it easier of the staff and physicians.
 Video Surveillance Technologies
Digital Video Recorders (DVRs) made significant advances in features
and functions, taking advantage of fast computer processors and high-density
storage media to digitize, compress and record video from analog cameras. Newer
cameras today have embedded processors that enable video to be compressed
within the device and transmitted real-time over IP networks to Network Video
Recorders (NVRs) that centrally manage video feeds from many IP cameras. DVRs

and NVRs have many advantages over older analog recording technology.
Streaming video can be continuously recorded and discarded in cycles of days,
weeks, or months if no security incidents occur. If an incident does occur, disk
indexing and time-stamping make it simple to find video from a given date and time.
In addition, because the video is digitized, it can be exported and distributed via
email or backed up on CD, DVD, or other digital media using common computer
backup programs that are widely available.
5.8 Communication and Electronic System
 Raceways System for Communications
In order to achieve system flexibility and thorough integration between
building architecture and engineering systems, a concept for the power and
telecommunications infrastructure that supports the distribution of electrical and
communication systems must be established during the architectural schematic
design. The locations of vertical backbone pathways, horizontal pathways, closet,
equipment rooms and utility entrance facilities for electrical and communications
distribution equipment must be established before the architectural concept is
finalized.
5.9 Environmental System
 Shafts for Ventilation
Shaft systems can be used in multi-storey buildings to provide smoke and
environmental ventilation. Such systems have been greatly developed and

enhanced in recent years to provide greater effectiveness whilst occupying less
space. This in turn has allowed greater freedom to designers.
 The Facade Design
Reducing insulation while providing good view Building façade has drastic
influence on the thermal performances of the room. Traditionally, facing-south was
the favorable building orientation with a porch to provide shading in the summer,
while eastern and western walls are typically designed without windows, or attached
with adjacent buildings. But now with the typical tower design, an individual
apartment is likely to face merely one but any single directions. Also, to provide a
view to the occupants, large, convex-shaped windows have become very popular,
and in fact are regarded as the additional market value by both estate developers
and potential buyers. Consequently, solar heat gains are becoming dominant air-
conditioning load. It appears that the way forward is to provide effective adjustable
external shading. The adjustability may provide a compromise between retaining the
pleasant scenery view and reducing solar heat gain when required.
 Window Vent
Urban air pollution and proximity to heavy traffic may prohibit occupants from
opening their windows, and that will worsen indoor air quality. Window-vents with
pollutant filtration function may be the right solution. Several vent de-signs became
available in the 1990s, which have the feature of constant air flow, by self-regulating
the opening degree in response to the pressure differences.

 Balconies
It affects the time people spend indoors, and also provides inter-
connectedness between indoor and outdoor. Examples of vents to be incorporated
into windows developed in Europe. (a) Pressure-independent constant air vent and
(b) controlled natural ventilation inlet. Also provides the site for some activities like
natural drying of washed clothing, and airing of beddings and other indoor contents.
In view of the increased indoor air pollution, spending more time outdoors are
considered to be healthy for people.
 Day lighting & Natural Ventilation
Daylight was the only efficient source of light available. Architecture was
dominated by the goal of spanning wide spaces and creating openings large enough
to distribute daylight to building interiors. Efficient artificial light sources and fully
glazed facades have liberated designers from these constraints of the past.
Advanced daylighting systems and control strategies are another step forward in
providing daylit, user-friendly, energy-efficient building environments. These systems
need to be integrated into a building’s overall architectural strategy and incorporated
into the design process from its earliest stages. This chapter outlines the design
considerations associated with enhancing a building’s daylight utilization while
achieving maximum energy efficiency and user acceptance.
Hereby, it may be good to clarify the two different functions of natural
ventilation. Minimal ventilation is required to remove indoor air pollutants, including
indoor moisture. Another function is that ventilation tends to bring down the room

temperature in hot days, since, due to insulation, in-door temperature is usually
higher than that of outdoor air.
Natural ventilation is a healthy and cost-effective way to save energy and
provide fresh air for building occupants. It is defined as using passive strategies to
supply outdoor air to a building’s interior for ventilation and cooling without using
mechanical systems. Natural ventilation has become a key component of green
building today and is required in order to be certified by LEED and the Living
Building Challenge (LBC).
Figure 139 Day lighting & Natural Ventilation


 Sunlight & Water Ambiance Producing Negative Ions
Negative ions are tasteless and odorless molecules found in the air. They are
known to increase oxygen flow to the brain and, as a result, facilitate alertness,
decrease drowsiness and stimulate mental energy. Negative ions are also known to
protect against germs and decrease throat irritation as well as sneezing and
coughing.
High concentration of negative ions can be found in a variety of natural
environments. These include forests, mountains, waterfalls and beaches. In nature,
negative ions are generated by lightening, sunlight, ocean waves and falling water.
According to peakpureair.com, Niagara Falls is one of the highest natural producers
of negative ions in the world.
5.10 Waste Management System
Figure 140 Traditional Waste Collection


A Materials Recovery Facility (MRF) is where recyclable materials that are
collected from households are sorted into different types (e.g. plastics, cardboard,
paper, metal) using a mixture of manual and automated methods. When the
materials have been sorted, they are sent to reprocessors and manufacturers where
they are used to create new products.
It is important to have a MRF to sort mixed materials and to ensure that we can
remove anything that is not recyclable. The process also helps to provide quality
recyclables that manufacturers need to make certain products and goods. If they
could not rely on the quality of the recyclables they would need to use more raw
materials.
 Incineration
In the industrial technique of incineration, trash and garbage and burned in
large furnace at high temperatures to get rid of much of the refuse as possible of
course, burning trash is a time-honored procedure, but use of large incinerators
dates back only to the late nineteenth century.
During their first 50 years of existence, incinerators were in and out of
fashion. Many early incinerators were relatively inefficient caused massive pollution,
and left large quantities of ash and other nondurables. But by World War II, some
seven hundred new and improved incinerators were operating throughout the world.
Some apartment buildings even had small incinerators to burn the residents’
trash. Nevertheless, incinerators continued to cause problems. Aesthetically,

incinerators were an offensive intrusion on the skyline, and people who lived near
them complained of the odors and said the smoke and gases caused respiratory
problems.
The increasing environmental awareness of the late 1960s and early 1970s
continued to erode people’s confidence in, and tolerance of, incinerators. The Air
Quality Act of 1967 and Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970 established new
emission standards that many existing incinerators did not meet; most operators
simply closed their incinerators rather than adding costly emission control devices.
But shutting down the incinerators meant that the trash and garbage had to
be disposed of some other way. The preferred alternative was sanitary landfills. But
by the late 1970s and early 1980s, many cities and municipalities were finding that
their landfills were running out of space, and there were fewer and fewer sites
available, at least politically. An apparent solution to this predicament was presented
by a new breed of incinerators known as resource recovery plants.
Mass-burn incinerators take a more direct approach to the waste. The
unsorted trash and garbage is simply fed into a furnace that burns the refuse at very
high temperatures 980 to 1100 C). The heat from the burning refuse is used to
produce steam that drives a turbine to generate electricity. Whatever is not burned in
the incinerator is removed and simple disposed of (for instance, in a landfill).

 Pneumatic Waste Collection
Figure 141 Pneumatic Waste Collection

The solution is a Pneumatic waste collection known as the "automatic
garbage collection system‖. The system is based on underground pipes connected
to buildings which are operated by vacuum. There is one to two waste inlet doors on
every floor with dedicated buttons to select the type of waste to be transferred by the
system. It brings the recycling procedure in to a new level.
 Waste Inlets
Waste inlets are the points where the users deposit their refuse bags. Each
waste collection point incorporates as many waste inlets as there are types of
refuse.

There are various classifications for waste fractions. The most commonly used
waste fractions in pneumatic waste collection systems are: mixed waste, organic
waste and paper. Alternatively, the waste can be sorted at recycling centers. In this
case, there is only one waste inlet per collection point.
Residential waste inlets can be located indoors or outdoors. Outdoor waste
points are preferred for sparsely populated areas because of their lower construction
costs. It is often a good idea to equip residential outdoor waste inlets with locks to
prevent unauthorized usage. An alternative method is to use RFID (Radio frequency
identification) tags to identify the users. This allows for distribution of waste handling
costs based on the actual usage – typically one collection point serves 100– 150
residents.
Depending on the amount of waste generated, the capacity of the waste inlet,
and the size of the system, the emptying interval may vary between hours and days.
All waste inlets incorporate sensors for the detection of the refuse level. This
prevents overflow while eliminating the unnecessary emptying of waste inlets.
Waste inlets generally lie 1.5 metres above ground level, and the rest of the waste
inlet system lies beneath the surface. This underground part of the waste point
substantially increases the storage volume of the inlet without taking up unnecessary
space above ground. The underground space also serves as the technical room,
housing various sensors and discharge valves.

 Pipe Line
The main network typically comprises 500 mm diameter steel pipes that are
hermetically welded. Any major wearing of the pipe is the result of abrasion by the
transported material, in particular, hard and edgy materials such as glass or metal
refuse with the most significant pipe wear occurring at bends. MariMatic has
developed and patented special, durable bends used in the MetroTaifunsystem to
help overcome this issue.
 Waste Station
Typically, the waste station is located as far as 2 km from the waste collection
points. The entire network can be monitored and controlled by the waste station
operators. At least one container is required for each waste type. It is also possible
to connect the waste station to the existing public transportation rail network.
The number of waste containers is dependent on the number of waste fractions,
waste volume and emptying frequency. For biowaste, a tank is used instead of a
container. Full waste containers remain closed and the only time a container is in
contact with air is when a full container is replaced by an empty one; this ensures
that high levels of hygiene are maintained throughout the system.
5.11 Landscaping System
The landscape was designed to not only to provide amenity for its residents
and commercial tenants but as a living system that would intercept, filter, store and
re-use the rainwater as well as employ recycled materials + native plants. This

approach was adopted in the design of all landscape spaces including the central
communal courtyard, green roofs and surrounding streetscapes.
Working with landscape architects, communities can promote human health
and well-being by encouraging the development of environments that offer rich
social, economic, and environmental benefits. Healthy, livable communities improve
the welfare and well-being of people by expanding the range of affordable
transportation, employment, and housing choices through "Live, Work, Play"
developments; incorporating physical activity into components of daily life;
preserving and enhancing valuable natural resources; providing access to
affordable, nutritious, and locally produced foods distributed for less cost; and
creating a unique sense of community and place.
Landscape helps communities maximize opportunities for daily exercise like
walking and biking. It develops healthy green buildings and open spaces that
promote efficient water and energy use and provide substantial amounts of
vegetation to clean air and cool temperatures. In doing so, these communities can
avoid the expensive health epidemics associated with automobile dependence,
sedentary lifestyles, along with the high costs to the environment brought by
dysfunctional patterns of living.
 Indoor/Outdoor Plants and Planting
Plants Help Reducing Stress and Create a Feeling of Well Being
The methods by which plants are chosen and the functions that they are
intended to serve in designed landscapes have been expanding. While serving as

sources of aesthetic pleasure, plants also reinforce the existing native ecosystem
and work as bioengineering agents for soil retention and restoration.
Most of us know instinctively that being close to greenery makes us feel more at
ease with our surroundings. We experience less stress when there are plants
around us. Buildings are quieter and more relaxed but, at the same time, more
stimulating and interesting. A substantial body of academic research, has shown
conclusively that interior landscaping has dramatic effects on the wellbeing of
building occupants.
 Plants Improve Air Quality
There is general agreement amongst scientists that plants improve the indoor
environment and are useful in fighting the modern phenomenon of Sick Building
Syndrome (SBS). No specific cause of SBS has been identified but poor air quality,
excessive background noise and inadequate control of light and humidity are all
thought to be important factors. Because plants have large surface areas and
exchange gases and water with their surroundings, plants can help tackle some of
these issues.
 Particular benefits of interior plants include:
 Reducing carbon dioxide levels
 Increasing humidity
 Reducing levels of certain pollutants, such as benzene and nitrogen dioxide
 Reducing airborne dust levels

 Keeping air temperatures down
 Plants Helps Lower Background Noise
Plants have long been used to reduce noise from busy roads. More recently,
research has shown another benefit: interior plants can help to reduce background
noise levels inside buildings, too.
Our own studies indicate that plants and their leaves absorb, diffract or reflect
background noise, thereby making the environment more comfortable for the
occupants.
With our support, Peter Costa, a postgraduate student at South Bank
University, London, found that certain plants are particularly good at absorbing high
frequencies.
Plants absorb sound best in acoustically live spaces, such as those that
feature hard surfaces. Learn more about the benefits of interior landscaping.
 Circulations
The functional aspect of a pedestrian system is of primary importance, and
the quality of this functional aspect is measured in terms of the convenience offered
by the system. In addition to the obvious requirement of connecting all origin and
destination points with walkways of adequate width, the two factors of orientation
and negotiation play an important role.

The purpose of any pedestrian circulation system is the connection it offers
between various natural or cultural amenities, including the attraction of human
activity. Social interaction, both passive and active, is extremely important and in
many cases, is the primary determinant regarding enjoyment of a place.

Navarro - LC Chapter 5

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Navarro - LC Chapter 5

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER V

Building and Site Concept

5.1 Structural System

The proposed project aims to become resilient when it comes to lateral

affect the building. These factors are considered in conceptualizing the

structural system of the gaming hub & animation center.

 Lead Rubber Bearing

Figure 120 Lead Rubber Bearing

NAVARRO, L.C 209| P a g e

damping by deforming plastically when the isolator moves laterally in an earthquake.

plates are machined by computer-controlled milling machines that give high

production throughput and accuracy. Molding each bearing takes 8 to 48 hours

ensure that the rubber is uniformly cured throughout the bearing.

The Isosism LRB isolators fulfil the following requirements:

- Transmit the vertical loads due to permanent and accidental effects;

- Capacity to isolate the structure by shifting the fundamental vibration period

to an optimal and safe level

- Capacity to dissipate energy to reduce the horizontal displacement of the

isolated structure with respect to the ground

LRB isolators have the following advantages:

intensity earthquakes with no interruption of the structural function. This is a

primary goal for strategic structures (hospitals, control rooms, etc.)

NAVARRO, L.C 210 | P a g e

the design life.

consequent simplification of the structure design.

Figure 121 Prefabricated Wall

NAVARRO, L.C 211 | P a g e

the units together in a quality-controlled environment that creates a stronger, more

material the factory has its disposal.

the installation and assembly procedures defined by the factory specifications.

time consuming. Bad weather, scheduling conflicts, construction errors and

home by increasing cleanup and disposal fees.

NAVARRO, L.C 212 | P a g e

Advantage of prefabricated wall panel:

1. It can construct easily.

2. Reduce labor and material cost.

3. Wall panels are decorative, providing insulation and soundproofing.

7. Resist weathering agencies.

9. Save time and energy.

Figure 122 Curtain Wall

NAVARRO, L.C 213 | P a g e

Curtain wall systems range from manufacturer's standard catalog systems to

standard and custom systems. It is recommended that consultants be hired with an

A curtain wall system is an outer covering of a building in which the outer

the curtain wall is non-structural, it can be made of lightweight materials, thereby

building structure through connections at floors or columns of the building. A curtain

NAVARRO, L.C 214 | P a g e

architecturally pleasing building, as well as benefits such as daylighting. However,

efficiency for cost-effective heating, cooling, and lighting in the building.

Figure 123 Green Walls

NAVARRO, L.C 215 | P a g e

number of other benefits and purposes.

greenery attached to them. The greenery is often planted in a growth medium

usually feature built-in irrigation systems.

cover an entire wall, while green walls may be pre-grown.

combination of enhanced air circulation, specialized growth medium, and

NAVARRO, L.C 216 | P a g e

concept is also known as biophilia.

Studies have also shown that nature can decrease negative

reaction of our bodies to seeing and being around natural elements.

advance people’s alertness and cognitive abilities.

NAVARRO, L.C 217 | P a g e

environments. They can be made of a range of materials and plants, depending on