12/30/2020 Meat industry - Wikipedia

Meat industry
The term meat industry describes modern industrialized livestock agriculture for production, packing, preservation marketing of meat (in
contrast to dairy products, wool, etc.). In economics, it is a fusion of primary (agriculture) and secondary (industry) activity and hard to characterize
strictly in terms of either one alone. The greater part of the entire meat industry is termed meat packing industry- the segment that handles the
slaughtering, processing, packaging, and distribution of animals such as poultry, cattle, pigs, sheep and other livestock.

A great portion of the ever-growing[1] meat branch in the food industry involves intensive animal farming in which livestock are kept almost entirely
indoors[2] or in restricted outdoor settings like pens.

Many aspects of the raising of animals for meat have become industrialized, even many practices more associated with smaller family farms, e.g.
gourmet foods such as foie gras.[3][4]

The production of livestock is a heavily vertically integrated industry where the majority of supply chain stages are integrated and owned by one
company.

Contents
Efficiency considerations
Meat sources
Global production of meat products
Companies
World beef production
Criticism
Effects on livestock workers
Possible alternatives
Alternative meat industry
See also
References
Further reading

Efficiency considerations
The livestock industry not only uses more land than any other human activity; it's also one of the largest contributors to water pollution and a huge
source of greenhouse gas emissions. In this respect, a relevant factor is the produced species' feed conversion efficiency. Additionally taking into
account other factors like use of energy, pesticides, land, and nonrenewable resources, beef, lamb, goat, and bison as resources of red meat show the
worst efficiency; poultry and eggs come out best. [5]

Meat sources
Estimated world livestock numbers (million head)[6]
type 1999 !2000 2012 % change 1990-2012
Cattle and Buffaloes 1445 1465 1684 16.5
Pigs 849 856 966 13.8
Poultry 11788 16077 24075 104.2
Sheep and Goats 1795 1811 2165 20.6

Global production of meat products

Companies

Among the largest meat producers worldwide are:

JBS S.A.
Tyson Foods
WH Group

The top ten of the international meat

World beef production industry

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World 66.25 million tonnes (2017)[7][8]

Country million tonnes (2017) % Of World
United States 11.91
Brazil 9.55
China 6.90
Argentina 2.84
Australia 2.05
Mexico 1.93
Russia 1.61
France 1.42
Germany 1.14
South Africa 1.01
Turkey 0.99

Criticism
Critical aspects of the effects of industrial meat production include

hormone treatment such as steroids and the effect of consuming meat raised with these on human consumers, (see also Beef hormone
controversy)[9]
animal diseases, e.g. mad-cow disease (BSE), avian flu, swine influenza (H1N1), avian influenza (H5N1), foot-and-mouth disease,[1] some of
which can spread to human consumers
Cruelty to animals is a common practice in the meat industry
certain animal rights advocates and groups believe the production of meat is unethical[10] and the industry should be abolished[11]
obesity - partially due to overconsumption of meat products
human disease associated with animal waste, e.g. through E. coli
cost of state services associated with the above including meat inspection and health care
human disease associated with workers in meat and poultry processing facilities[12]
overall ecological footprint of the meat industry including the raising of feed and animal waste disposal
heavy use of ground water for feeding animals
deforestation, extinction and other species loss especially in the Amazon region or other places where beef cattle are raised in what was
formerly rainforested land

Many observers suggest that the expense of dealing with the above is grossly underestimated at present economic metrics and that true/full cost
accounting would drastically raise the price[13] of industrial meat.[14][15][16][17]

Effects on livestock workers

American slaughterhouse workers are three times more likely to suffer serious injury than the average American worker.[18] NPR reports that pig
and cattle slaughterhouse workers are nearly seven times more likely to suffer repetitive strain injuries than average.[19] The Guardian reports that
on average there are two amputations a week involving slaughterhouse workers in the United States.[20] On average, one employee of Tyson Foods,
the largest meat producer in America, is injured and amputates a finger or limb per month.[21] The Bureau of Investigative Journalism reported that
over a period of six years, in the UK 78 slaughter workers lost fingers, parts of fingers or limbs, more than 800 workers had serious injuries, and at
least 4,500 had to take more than three days off after accidents.[22] In a 2018 study in the Italian Journal of Food Safety, slaughterhouse workers
are instructed to wear ear protectors to protect their hearing from the constant screams of animals being killed.[23] A 2004 study in the Journal of
Occupational and Environmental Medicine found that "excess risks were observed for mortality from all causes, all cancers, and lung cancer" in
workers employed in the New Zealand meat processing industry.[24]

The worst thing, worse than the physical danger, is the emotional toll. If you work in the stick pit [where hogs are killed] for any period
of time—that let’s [sic] you kill things but doesn't let you care. You may look a hog in the eye that's walking around in the blood pit with
you and think, ‘God, that really isn't a bad looking animal.’ You may want to pet it. Pigs down on the kill floor have come up to nuzzle me
like a puppy. Two minutes later I had to kill them - beat them to death with a pipe. I can't care.

— Gail A. Eisnitz, [25]

The act of slaughtering animals, or of raising or transporting animals for slaughter, may engender psychological stress or trauma in the people
involved.[26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] A 2016 study in Organization indicates, "Regression analyses of data from 10,605 Danish workers
across 44 occupations suggest that slaughterhouse workers consistently experience lower physical and psychological well-being along with increased
incidences of negative coping behavior."[38] In her thesis submitted to and approved by University of Colorado, Anna Dorovskikh states that
slaughterhouse workers are "at risk of Perpetration-Inducted Traumatic Stress, which is a form of posttraumatic stress disorder and results from
situations where the concerning subject suffering from PTSD was a causal participant in creating the traumatic situation."[39] A 2009 study by
criminologist Amy Fitzgerald indicates, "slaughterhouse employment increases total arrest rates, arrests for violent crimes, arrests for rape, and
arrests for other sex offenses in comparison with other industries."[40] As authors from the PTSD Journal explain, "These employees are hired to kill
animals, such as pigs and cows that are largely gentle creatures. Carrying out this action requires workers to disconnect from what they are doing
and from the creature standing before them. This emotional dissonance can lead to consequences such as domestic violence, social withdrawal,
anxiety, drug and alcohol abuse, and PTSD."[41]

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Slaughterhouses in the United States commonly illegally employ and exploit underage workers and illegal immigrants.[42][43] In 2010, Human
Rights Watch described slaughterhouse line work in the United States as a human rights crime.[44] In a report by Oxfam America, slaughterhouse
workers were observed not being allowed breaks, were often required to wear diapers, and were paid below minimum wage.[45]

Possible alternatives
Cultured meat (aka "clean meat") potentially offers some advantages in terms of efficiency of resource use and animal welfare. It is, however, still at
an early stage of development and its advantages are still contested.

Increasing health care costs for an aging baby boom population suffering from obesity and other food-related diseases, concerns about obesity in
children have spurred new ideas about healthy nutrition with less emphasis on meat.[46][47][48][49][50]

Native wild species like deer and bison in North America would be cheaper[51] and potentially have less impact on the environment.[52][53] The
combination of more wild game meat options and higher costs for natural capital affected by the meat industry could be a building block towards a
more sustainable livestock agriculture.

Alternative meat industry

A growing trend towards vegetarian or vegan diets and the Slow Food movement are indicators of a changing consumer conscience in western
countries. Producers on the other hand have reacted to consumer concerns by slowly shifting towards ecological or organic farming. The Alternative
meat industry is projected to be worth 140 billion in the next 10 years.[54]

See also
Agricultural robot Red meat
Dairy industry in the United States Meat market
Dairy industry in the United Kingdom Rendering (animal products)
Grinder-mixer North American Meat Institute (NAMI)
ICT in agriculture Meat Industry Workers Federation
Agricultural engineering Pink slime, white slime
Slaughterhouse Dairy industry
Poultry industry Leather

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4/5
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Further reading
Fuquay, John W. ed. Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences (2nd Edition, 4 vol 2011), comprehensive coverage
Nierenberg, Danielle; Lisa Mastny (2005). "Happier meals: rethinking the global meat industry" (https://web.archive.org/web/20190711140913/htt
p://www.worldwatch.org/system/files/WP171.pdf) (PDF). Worldwatch Institute. Archived from the original (https://www.worldwatch.org/system/file
s/WP171.pdf) (PDF) on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
Walsh, Margaret. "From Pork Merchant to Meat Packer: The Midwestern Meat Industry in the Mid Nineteenth Century." Agricultural History 56.1
(1982): 127-137. in JSTOR (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3742304)

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