Course on Design of Steel Structures

Prof. Damodar Maity

Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Mod 10 Lecture 48
Design of Laterally Supported Beams

Now, I am going to discuss the design procedure of a laterally supported beam. So in last
lecture we have discussed how to calculate the design bending strength of a laterally
supported beam, design shear of a laterally supported beam. So in today’s lecture first, I will
go through very quickly the design steps for laterally supported beam and then I will go
through one workout example.

(Refer Slide Time: 2:44)

So in first step, we can find out the load acting on the beam and then we can calculate the
appropriate load by multiplying the partial load factor. In the second step, we can find out the
bending moment distribution and shear force along the beam length and from that we can
find out maximum bending moment at shear force, because I have to design the beam against
the maximum bending moment and maximum shear force.

In the third step, on that basis of max. BM we can find out a trial plastic section Zp,

Md
Z p=
f y /γ m 0

where Md is the maximum bending moment, which we have calculated, F y is the yield stress
of the material and γm0 is a material safety factor. So from this in the fourth step, we can find
out the trial plastic section and from the plastic section modulus we can find out a
corresponding section whether we are going for ISMB or ISLB depending on that we can
find out the section whose plastic section modulus is greater than the calculated plastic
section modulus.

(Refer Slide Time: 5:00)

Then in the 5th step, we can classify the section as plastic or compact or semi-compact from
table 2, IS 800: 2007. Once it is done then I can find out the design shear strength V d which is
calculated by

fy
V d= ht
√3 γ m 0 w

So design shear strength Vd can be calculated from this and then we should check whether it
is high shear or low shear. If the maximum shear force is less than 0.6V d then the beam is in
low shear and if it is more than 0.6Vd then beam is in high shear.

So considering high shear or low shear, the formula will be different for calculating design
bending strength. So if it is in low shear then I can find out Md as,

For low shear:

Md = βbZpfy / ϒm0

≤ 1.2Zefy/ϒm0 (for simply supported beams)

≤ 1.5Zefy/ϒm0 (for cantilever beams)

value as this that is beta b into Zp Fy by gamma m0, right. So now for a particular section we
know Zp value and depending on the type of section whether it is plastic, compact or semi-
compact, I can find out the βb value and γm0 value we know.

(Refer Slide Time: 7:46)

And for high shear, the design bending strength will be calculated from this formula,

Ze f y
M dv =M d−β ( M d −M fd ) ≤1.2
γ m0

(for plastic and compact section)

fy
M d v =Z e
γ m0

(For semi-compact section)

Now if we see that M is greater than M d then we have to increase the section size and repeat
from step 5, right. That means if the design bending strength is less than the actual moment
then I have to increase the section size and then I have to repeat from step 5 otherwise if it is
satisfying then we can go to step 9.

So from step 5 to 8 will be repeated till the design bending strength is more then the bending
moment developed bending. Once it is satisfied then we have to calculate the design shear
strength Vd and it should be greater than the maximum factored shear force developed due to
external load. So maximum factor shear V has been already calculated. If this is fine then we
can go to next step otherwise if V is greater than then Vd then we have to redesign the section

Next step is that we have to check for deflection, which is also another important aspect. The
beam has to be checked for deflection as per table 6, IS 800:2007. In table 6, the limiting
deflection criteria has been given and the maximum deflection can be calculated from the
given boundary conditions and the loading conditions. So from that we can find out the
maximum deflection and maximum deflection has to be less than the limiting deflection
given in table 6, if it is okay then fine otherwise we have to again increase the section.

(Refer Slide Time: 10:21)

d
Now we have to check for web buckling. If ≤ 67 ϵ for web without stiffeners, then the
tw
web is assumed to be safe in web buckling and we do not need to check. So the shear strength
of the web is governed by plastic share resistance. But the web should be checked for
buckling, in case of high shear even if this limit is satisfied and the web buckling strength can
be calculated by, fwb= Ab × fcd . Here, Ab = area of the web at the neutral axis of the beam =
Btw and fcd = design compressive stress which can be found from table 9C, as it is buckling
class C. The web buckling strength should be greater than the design shear force.

So if web buckling strength is greater than the design shear strength then fine otherwise we
have to increase the bearing plate length, either we have to increase the bearing plate length
or we have to increase the section size to increase the web buckling strength. So once it is
okay then we will go for checking web crippling. Web crippling strength can be calculated
 b1 t w f yw
by, F wc= where b1 is the dispersion width and tw is the thickness of the web and
γ m0
Fyw is the yield strength of the web.

So web crippling strength Fwc can be found from this formula and it has to be more than the
shear force coming on that section. So if it is satisfying this criteria then fine otherwise again
we have to increase the section size or we have to increase the bearing length to make the
section safe from the web crippling. So these are the steps which we need to follow to design
a beam with laterally supported.

(Refer Slide Time: 11:17)

Example:

A cantilever beam of length 4.5 m supports a dead load (including self weight) of 18 kN/m
and a live load of 12 kN/m. Assume a bearing length of 100 mm. Design the beam.

Solution:

Step 1: Calculation of load

Dead load = 18 kN/m

Live load = 12 kN/m

Total load = (18 + 12) = 30 kN/m

Total factored load =1.5 (18 + 12) = 45 kN/m

Step 2: Calculation of BM and SF

2 2
w l 45× 4.5
BM = = = 456 kN-m
2 2

SF = w×l = 45×4.5 = 202.5 kN

Step 3: Choosing a trial section

M × γ m0 456 × 106 × 1.1

Z p , reqd = = = 2006.4×103 mm3
fy 250

(Refer Slide Time: 13:54)

Let us select the section ISLB 550 @ 0.846 kN/m

Zpz = 2228.16 × 103 mm3
Zez = 1933.2 × 103 mm3
h = 550 mm, bf = 190 mm, tf = 15 mm, tw = 9.9 mm, R = 18
d = 550 – 2×(15 + 18)
= 484 mm
Izz = 53161.6 × 104 mm4
Section classification
bf
d 484
2 95 < 9.4 = =48.9 < 84
= =6.33 t w 9.9
t f 15
Hence, the section is plastic

(Refer Slide Time: 16:24)

Step 4: Calculation of shear capacity of the section

fy 250
V d= × h ×t w = ×550 × 9.9
γ m 0 × √3 1.1× √ 3

¿ 714.47 kN
0.6 V d =0.6 ×714.47=428.68 kN > 202.5 kN

Hence, Low shear

(Refer Slide Time: 19:36)
Step 5: Design capacity of the section
Z p × f y 2228.16 ×103
M d= = × 250
γ m0 1.1

¿ 506.4 kNm > BM so, ok.

1.5 × Z e × f y 1.5 ×1933.2 ×103 ×250

≤ =
γ m0 1.1

¿ 659.04 kNm

(Refer Slide Time: 22:36)

Step 6: Check for deflection

w l4 30 × 45004
δ= = =1 4 .5 mm
8 EI 8 ×2 ×105 ×53 161.6 ×104

Allowable deflection = L/150 = 4500/150 = 30 mm

OK.

Step 7: Web buckling

Cross sectional area of web for buckling A b =( b1 +n1 ) t w

b1 = 100 mm

n1 = D/2=550/2 = 275 mm
Ab = (100 + 275) × 9.9

= 3712.5 mm2

Effective length of the web = 0.7 × d = 0.7 × 484= 338.8 mm

b× t 3w 1 0 0 ×9.93
I= = =8085.8 mm3
12 12

A = 100 × 9.9 = 990 mm2

Refer Slide Time: 24:51)

r min =
√ 8085.8
990
= 2.86 mm

l eff 338.8
λ= = =119
r min 2.85

Allowable stress fcd = 84.8 N/mm2

Capacity of the section = 84.8× 3712.5 = 314.8 kN > 202.5 kN
Hence, the section is safe against web buckling.
(Refer Slide Time: 27:23)

(Refer Slide Time: 29:04)

Step 8 : Check for web crippling

( b1 +n2 ) ×t w × f y
F w=
γ m0

n2 = 2.5 (R + tf) = 2.5(18 + 15) = 82.5 mm

( 1 0 0+82.5 ) × 9.9× 250

F w= =410.6 kN > 202.5 kN
1.1

So the section is safe against web crippling

So from this what we can see that we have to design the beam stage by stage. So the steps are
discussed earlier, so according to these steps, we have gone through and we have checked
every step that we found that the assumed section is safe against moment, against shear,
against deflection, against buckling and against crippling. So all the checks are satisfied, so
the sections which are assumed is okay.