ADDITIONAL MATHEMATIC PROJECT WORK 2015

APPRECIATION

Firstly, I,would like to give a big thanks to my parent for providing everything, such as money, to
buy anything that are related to this project work,their advice and support. Then, I want to
thank my teacher, for teaching me Additional Mathematics form 5 and guiding me throughout
this project. Last but not least, my friends who were doing this project with me and sharing our
ideas and knowledge. We were helping each other so we cancomplete our project without any
problems

OBJECTIVES

The objectives of this project work are:

 Apply and adapt a variety of problem-solving strategies to solve problems.

 Develop mathematical knowledge through problem solving in a way that
 increases students’ interest and confidence.
 Develop positive attitude towards mathematics.
 Improve thinking skills and creativity.
 Promote efficiency of mathematical communication.
 Provide learning environment that stimulates and enhances effective learning

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 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATIC PROJECT WORK 2015

INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
A real-valued function f defined on a domain X has a global (or absolute) maximum
point at x∗ if f(x∗) ≥ f(x) for all x in X. Similarly, the function has a global (or absolute) minimum
point at x∗ if f(x∗) ≤ f(x) for allx in X. The value of the function at a maximum point is called
the maximum value of the function and the value of the function at a minimum point is called
the minimum value of the function.
If the domain X is a metric space then f is said to have a local (or relative) maximum point at the
point x∗ if there exists some ε > 0 such that f(x∗) ≥ f(x) for all x in X within distance ε of x∗.
Similarly, the function has a local minimum point at x∗ if f(x∗) ≤ f(x) for all x in X within
distance ε of x∗. A similar definition can be used when X is a topological space, since the
definition just given can be rephrased in terms of neighbourhoods. Note that a global maximum
point is always a local maximum point, and similarly for minimum points.
In both the global and local cases, the concept of a strict extremum can be defined. For
example, x∗ is a strict global maximum point if, for all x in X with x ≠ x∗, we have f(x∗) > f(x),
and x∗ is a strict local maximum point if there exists some ε > 0 such that, for all x in X within
distance ε of x∗ with x ≠ x∗, we have f(x∗) > f(x). Note that a point is a strict global maximum
point if and only if it is the unique global maximum point, and similarly for minimum points.
A continuous real-valued function with a compact domain always has a maximum point and a
minimum point. An important example is a function whose domain is a closed (and
bounded) interval of real numbers.

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FINDING FUNCTIONAL MAXIMA AND MINIMA

Finding global maxima and minima is the goal of mathematical optimization. If a function is
continuous on a closed interval, then by the extreme value theorem global maxima and minima
exist. Furthermore, a global maximum (or minimum) either must be a local maximum (or
minimum) in the interior of the domain, or must lie on the boundary of the domain. So a
method of finding a global maximum (or minimum) is to look at all the local maxima (or
minima) in the interior, and also look at the maxima (or minima) of the points on the boundary,
and take the largest (or smallest) one.

Local extrema of differentiable functions can be found by Fermat's theorem, which states that
they must occur at critical points. One can distinguish whether a critical point is a local
maximum or local minimum by using the first derivative test, second derivative test, or higher-
order derivative test, given sufficient differentiability.

For any function that is defined piecewise, one finds a maximum (or minimum) by finding the
maximum (or minimum) of each piece separately, and then seeing which one is largest (or
smallest).

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EXAMPLES

 The function x2 has a unique global minimum at x = 0.

 The function x3 has no global minima or maxima. Although the first derivative (3x2) is 0
at x = 0, this is an inflection point.
 The function   has a unique global maximum at x = e.

 The function x-x has a unique global maximum over the positive real numbers at x = 1/e.
 The function x3/3 − x has first derivative x2 − 1 and second derivative 2x. Setting the first
derivative to 0 and solving for x gives stationary points at −1 and +1. From the sign of the
second derivative we can see that −1 is a local maximum and +1 is a local minimum. Note
that this function has no global maximum or minimum.
 The function |x| has a global minimum at x = 0 that cannot be found by taking
derivatives, because the derivative does not exist at x = 0.
 The function cos(x) has infinitely many global maxima at 0, ±2π, ±4π and infinitely many
global minima at ±π, ±3π
 The function 2 cos(x) − x has infinitely many local maxima and minima, but no global
maximum or minimum.
 The function cos(3πx)/x with 0.1 ≤ x ≤ 1.1 has a global maximum at x = 0.1 (a boundary),
a global minimum near x = 0.3, a local maximum near x = 0.6, and a local minimum near x =
1.0. (See figure at top of page.)
 The function x3 + 3x2 − 2x + 1 defined over the closed interval (segment) [−4,2] has a
local maximum at x = −1−√15⁄3, a local minimum at x = −1+√15⁄3, a global maximum at x= 2 and
a global minimum at x = −4.

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 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATIC PROJECT WORK 2015

FUNCTIONS OF MORE THAN ONE VARIABLE

For functions of more than one variable, similar conditions apply. For example, in the
(enlargeable) figure at the right, the necessary conditions for a local maximum are similar to
those of a function with only one variable. The first partial derivatives as to z (the variable to be
maximized) are zero at the maximum (the glowing dot on top in the figure). The second partial
derivatives are negative. These are only necessary, not sufficient, conditions for a local
maximum because of the possibility of a saddle point. For use of these conditions to solve for a
maximum, the function z must also be differentiable throughout. The second partial derivative
test can help classify the point as a relative maximum or relative minimum. In contrast, there
are substantial differences between functions of one variable and functions of more than one
variable in the identification of global extrema. For example, if a bounded differentiable
function f defined on a closed interval in the real line has a single critical point, which is a local
minimum, then it is also a global minimum (use the intermediate value theorem and Rolle's
theorem to prove this by reduction ad absurdum). In two and more dimensions, this argument
fails, as the functionshows. Its only critical point is at (0,0), which is a local minimum with
ƒ(0,0) = 0. However, it cannot be a global one, because ƒ(2,3) = −5.

-The global maximum is the point at the top - Counterexample

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MAXIMA OR MINIMA OF A FUNCTIONAL

If the domain of a function for which an extremum is to be found consists itself of functions, i.e.
if an extremum is to be found of a functional, the extremum is found using the calculus of
variations.

IN RELATION TO SETS

Maxima and minima can also be defined for sets. In general, if an ordered set S has a greatest
element m, m is a maximal element. Furthermore, if S is a subset of an ordered set T and m is
the greatest element ofS with respect to order induced by T, m is a least upper bound of S in T.
The similar result holds for least element, minimal element and greatest lower bound.
In the case of a general partial order, the least element (smaller than all other) should not be
confused with a minimal element (nothing is smaller). Likewise, a greatest element of a partially
ordered set (poset) is an upper bound of the set which is contained within the set, whereas
a maximal element m of a poset A is an element of A such that if m ≤ b (for any b in A)
then m = b. Any least element or greatest element of a poset is unique, but a poset can have
several minimal or maximal elements. If a poset has more than one maximal element, then
these elements will not be mutually comparable.
In a totally ordered set, or chain, all elements are mutually comparable, so such a set can have
at most one minimal element and at most one maximal element. Then, due to mutual
comparability, the minimal element will also be the least element and the maximal element will
also be the greatest element. Thus in a totally ordered set we can simply use the
terms minimum and maximum. If a chain is finite then it will always have a maximum and a
minimum. If a chain is infinite then it need not have a maximum or a minimum. For example,
the set of natural numbers has no maximum, though it has a minimum. If an infinite chainS is
bounded, then the closure Cl(S) of the set occasionally has a minimum and a maximum, in such
case they are called the greatest lower bound and the least upper bound of the set S,
respectively.

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PART 1
(a)

I. Mathematicaloptiminization deals with the problem of finding numerically minimums

(or maximums or zeros) of a function. In this context, the function is called cost function
or objective function or energy.

II. In mathematicalanalysis, the maxima and minima (the plural of maximum and
minimum) of a function, known collectively as extrema (the pluralof extremum), are the
largest and smallest value of the function within the entire domain of a function (the
global or absolutely extrema). We say that f (x) has an absolutely (or global) maximum
at x=ciff (x) ≤ f (c ) for every x in domain we are working on.

III. In mathematical amalysis, the maxima and minima (the plural of maximum and
minimum0 of a function, known collectively as extrema (the plural of extremum) are the
largest and smallest value of the function within a given range (the local or relative
extrema).
We say that f (x) has a relative (or local) maximum at x=ciff (x) ≤ f (c ) for every x in
some open interval around.
We say that f (x) has a relative (or local) minimum at x=ciff (x) ≥ f ¿c) for every x in
some open internal around.

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 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATIC PROJECT WORK 2015

(b)

y = ax22 + bx + c
Decide whether you are going to find the maximum value or
minimum value.It Is either one or the other, you're not
going to find both.The maximum or minimum value of a
quadratic function occurs at its vertex.
For y = ax22 + bx + c,
(c - b /4a) gives the y-value (or the value of the function) at
2
2

its vertex.

The maximum or
minimum value of
the quadratic
function

y = ax^2 + bx + c
Differentiate y with respect to y = a(x-h)22 + k
x. dy/dx = 2ax + b For y = a(x-h)22 + k,
Determine the differentiation k is the value of the function
point values in terms of at its vertex.k gives us the
dy/dx. It can be found by maximum or minimum value
setting these values equal to 0 of the quadratic accordingly
and find the corresponding as a is negative or positive
values. dy/dx = 0. 2ax+b = 0, x = respectively.
-b/2a

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 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATIC PROJECT WORK 2015

PART 2
(a) y

200cm fences
x x x
x

Let height be x and width be y.

Total amount of fencing required

x + x+ x + x + y + y

¿ 4 x+2 y=200

Area of pen¿ xy (length × width)

A=xy

y=100−2 x

A=x(100 – 2 x )

A=100 x −2 x 2

dA
=100−4 x
dx

100−4 x=0

4 ( 25−x )=0

25−x=0

x=25

When x=25

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 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATIC PROJECT WORK 2015

y=100−2(25)

y=50

∴The dimension

25 m 25 m 25 m 25 m

5m

max area ¿ 50 m× 25 m

¿ 1250 m 2 ⋕

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 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATIC PROJECT WORK 2015

(b)

30 cm30−2 h

30−2h
30−2h cm

Let the side of the square to be cut off be h cm .

The volume of open box is

V =h ¿

V =h(900−120 h+4 h2)

V =900 h−120 h2 + 4 h3 domain of V =0< x< 15

To find the maximum value

dV
=900−240 h+12 h2
dh

¿ 12 ( 75−20 h+ h2 )

¿ 12 ( h−150 ) ( h−5 )

h−15=0 @ h−5=0

h=15 h=5

¿is rejected, not belong to domain ofV ¿

V =h ¿

V =900 (5 )−120 ( 5 )2 +4 ( 5 )3

V =2000 c m 3 ⋕

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PART 3

(i) Based on the equation , a table has been constructed where t represent the number of hours
and P represent the number of people.

T 0 1.5 3 4.5 6 7.5 9 10.5 12

P(t) 0 527 1800 3073 3600 3073 1800 527 0

(ii) The mall reaches its peak hours 6 hours after opening at 9.30 a.m which is at 3.30 p.m. the
number of people is 3600.

(iii) The number of people in the mall at 7.30 p.m is about 940.

(iv) Based on the graph, assuming that the malls open during business hours, the mall reaches
2570 peoples at t=3.8 , 8.1. It is 1.18 p.m and 5.36 p.m when the number of people reaches
2570.

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 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATIC PROJECT WORK 2015

*graph

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FURTHER EXPLORATION
(i)(b) Cabinet X Cabinet Y
Cost(RM) 100 200
Space(m2) 0.6 0.8
Volume( m 3 ) 0.8 1.2

x : y ≥ 2:3
x 2 3 x≥2 y
≥
y 3
1
0.6 x +0.8 y ≤ 7.2 ⟶(×10)
∴ 2 y ≤3 x
6 x +8 y ≤ 72 ⟶ ( ÷ 2 )
Let 2 y=3 x
∴ 3 x + 4 y ≤ 36 3
When x=0 , y=0 so (0 , 0)
Let 3 x+ 4 y ≤ 36
When x=6 , y=9 so (6 , 9)
When x=0 , y=9so( 0 , 9 )

When y=0 , x=12so ( 12 , 0 )

100 x+ 200 y ≤ 1400
∴ x+2 y ≤14
2
Letx +2 y ≤ 14

When x=0 , y=7so (0, 7 ¿

When y=0 , x=14so(14,0¿

The 3 inequalities which statisfy all the constraints.

 2 y≤3 x
 x +2 y ≤ 14
 3 x+ 4 y ≤ 36

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 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATIC PROJECT WORK 2015

*graph

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 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATIC PROJECT WORK 2015

(ii)

METHOD 1
Maximum point (8, 3)
Volume ¿ 0.8 x+ 1.2 y

∴The equation is0.8 x +1.2 y =1.92 0.8 ×1.2 ×2=1.92

When x=0 ,

0.8 ( 0 ) +1.2 y=1.92

1.2 y=1.92

1,92
y=
1.2

y=1.6so(0 , 1.6)

When y=0

0.8 x +1.2(0)=1.92

0.8 x=1.92

x=2.4so(2.4 ,0)

From the graph, the maximum storage value ¿ 8 ( 8.0 ) +3 ( 1.2 )

¿ 10 m 3#

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 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATIC PROJECT WORK 2015

METHOD 2

Point Cabinetx Cabinet y Total Volume ¿ 0.8 x+ 1.2 y

( 4 , 5) 4 5 0.8 ( 4 ) +1.2 (5 )=9.2

(5 , 4) 5 4 0.8 ( 5 ) +1.2 ( 4 )=8.8

(6 , 4 ) 6 4 0.8 ( 6 ) +1.2 ( 4 )=9.6

(7 , 3) 7 3 0.8 ( 7 ) +1.2 ( 3 )=9.2

(8 , 3) 8 3 0.8 ( 8 ) +1.2 ( 3 )=10

(9 , 2) 9 2 0.8 ( 9 ) +1.2 ( 2 )=9.6

(10 , 1) 10 1 0.8 ( 10 ) +1.2 ( 1 )=9.2

From the table above,the maximum storage volume is 0.8 ( 8 ) +1.2 ( 3 )=10 m 3#

(iii)

Cabinet x Cabinet y Total Cost (RM)

4 6 1600
5 5 1500
6 4 1400
7 3 1300
8 3 1400
9 2 1300

(iv) If I was Aaron, I will choose 6 units combination of cabinet x and 2 units combination of cabinet y
because its cost is below allocation which is RM1400.

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REFLECTION
Many years ago I say, maths was just so fun,

fun to do, easy to learn, and always useful in life

Now after years of learning it, after PMR was done,

addmaths came into my life and "cut" me like a knife.

It's interesting oh yes it is, this cannot be denied,

But it's just too hard and complicated and annoys that brain of mine,

The answers and working are just too long, though yes, it is its pride,

Sometimes, no choice, I have to give up, and tell myself I've tried.

Addmaths, I have a question to ask, should I love you or should i hate you?

Cause when I believe I understand I realise I'm still a jerk,

But sometimes no matter how much I try, I never get a clue,

Therefore I choose to close my book, look at it and then just smirk.

And then again, it pops in my mind, there's SPM ahead,

No choice, no choice, not a choice at all, I can't laze around anymore,

Ok friends and everyone, now that I have said.

I'll just do my Addmaths homework now, and see what my brain will store.

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 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATIC PROJECT WORK 2015

REFERENCES

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_optimization

2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxima_and_minima

3. https://www.mathsisfun.com/calculus/maxima-minima.html

4. Addmath’s Textbook

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