Module III(16 hours)

Part-1
Surveying methods and techniques,

Part-2
Urban Design Project Formulation in various scales :
At Micro level- campus planning,
City centers,
transportation corridors – street design guidelines
residential neighborhood &
water fronts.
At Macro level - National, metropolitan city and project levels,

Part-3
Execution of Urban Design Projects:
Projects preparation
-Agencies involved in the execution & coordination,
-role of planning authorities
-Development Control guidelines
-Zoning,
Role of urban arts commission,
Urban project financing agencies.
Urban design survey methods
Data collection
1.Primary data – survey and questionnaire
2.Secoundary data –

Assessment and Analysis of existing conditions

–( eg. Study of urban morphology)
1.Mapping ( graphic technique for recording and
analyzing the physical & structural pattern of an area)
– overlay, GIS , aerial Photography, digital elevation
model & digital terrain model.
2.Typologial
3.Walk through – legibility analysis.
4.Ped –shed analysis – walkability analysis.
5.Historic Analysis
6.Visual analysis.
7.Behavior observation – activity mapping and
behavior mapping
Data collection – preliminary list
Evaluating the secondary data
Time - when the data was collected
Purpose – for what and nature of data collected
Content – is the data relevant to the study objective
Accuracy – is the data correct and dependable.
Urban morphology survey methods

4. Walk through analysis

Figure- ground mapping
Is where the building foot
print is blacked out.
With open space left
blank on a plan.

With this technique , the

open space and other
character features of this
can be analyzed.
Buildings typology
Use
Age
Type – high rise low density.., single housing,
courtyard buildings
character.
Streets typology
Districts / zone typology. – core , fringe
Open space typology –public parks ,
neighborhood parks..
Walk through
analysis
An assessment of urban
qualities and design
issues done by walking
through an area and
recording observations
and impressions along
the way.
It uses many graphic
methods for recording
observations.

This technique helps

establish the extent of
design issue and
identifies further work
required .
Observational Analysis of
a place that records the
main features, both
successful and
unsuccessful.
Walking thro each area ,
record photos . Sketches
and plans.
Ped-shed Analysis
A mapping technique that
calculated the population
catchment within a 5 – 10
mins walk from an activity.
From town center /
transportation nodes – how is
the distribution of nodes from
the center
A person walks about 400 mts
n 5 mins and 800 mts
in 10 mins , marked in circles –
calculate the population
density within the circle .

Useful in mapping the linkages

and obstacles that may
decrease or increase travel
distance , quality and time
 VISUAL SURVEY

LIST OF SURVEY MAPS

SOURCE : TIME SAVERS STANDARDS – URBAN DESIGN

Behavior
observation

1. Activity
mapping
2. Behavior
mapping

The observation
that track and
record on map
and diagram the
movement, use
and interaction
of people with
urban space and
the built
environment.
Urban mass and skyline survey
A systematic way of
determining the views and
questionnaire Surveys
options from more people on a
particular topic through use of
interviews with structured Based on our
questions or standardized method or data
questionnaire. required we
prepare
1. Public satisfaction survey questionnaire
2. 3 + and 3 – survey – Ask
people to identify 3 things they
like and 3 thing they dislike.
3. Visual preference survey
– obtains community response
to a range of images and is used to
develop an understanding of , and
consensus on, the character of a
place or future development.
4. Place check
- People ( how can the people
influence and shape together
more efficiently.
- Place – built form and space
help to make the place work
better
- Movement – efficient network
and place of life.
5 Design quality or bench
marking.
 Part-2

Urban Design Project Formulation in various scales :

At Micro level
- campus planning,
-City centers,
-transportation corridors – street design guidelines
-residential neighborhood
-water fronts.
At Macro level
-National,
- metropolitan city
and project levels,
 campus planning
The premise of the evaluation
is that there are three central
elements defining the physical
beauty of a college or
university campus:
• Sense of Community
• Hierarchy for Movement
• Symbolic Identity
• planning for growth and
development
Sense of Community
The interaction of humans is critical to the success of
a campus because, after all, the central mission of
most higher education institutions is the diffusion of
knowledge and ideas between faculty and students.
A true campus can only exist in an environment
where there are opportunities for people to gather
and interact.

The sense of community in this example is

reinforced by the mix of land uses, intensity of
pedestrian activity, and the use of architectural
elements to frame gathering spaces.
The campus is as much a part of the city as the city
is a part of the campus.
Building entrances are more than just means of
access and egress to buildings – they are also
celebration points and gathering areas. The
architecture and site design of these portals need to
capture their prominence in defining the sense of
community on a campus.
Informal and formal gathering spaces need to be
distributed throughout the campus. Small scale,
intimate gathering spaces and lawns provide
students and faculty opportunities for groups of two
or three to gather in a more private setting.
These spaces are also ideal for individuals
to spend time on their own studying or relaxing.
Hierarchy of Movement
Colleges and universities are overflowing with resources and
learning opportunities. One of the greatest challenges in the
planning and design of a campus setting is maximizing
access to these resources. Movement to, through, and
within a campus needs to be efficient, but at the same time,
graceful. The simple act of moving between two points on
the campus needs to be as exciting and engaging as the
learning that takes place in the classroom.

A walk along a campus can be much more inviting if it is

animated either by buildings, landscape, or people

Pathways along major campus axes should be reinforced

with a visual icon or reference points that visually orient
pedestrians to their destinations. These landmarks help the
pedestrian judge distances.

reinforce pedestrian orientation, pathways should align with

building entries.
Corridors, whether vehicular or pedestrian, are more
inviting if they are framed by the landscape or by
architecture. To be effective, framing elements need to be of
sufficient scale
Symbolic identity
Each campus is a symbol.
It is a symbol of the quality of education, it is
a symbol of civic pride, and it is a symbol for
all the alumni.

The scale of a campus demands that the

symbolic identity be strong and consistent.

For first-time visitors, campus symbols are

critical in way finding and orientation.

For the everyday student, faculty, and staff

member, these symbols are subconscious
reminders and guides that form their lasting
images of the campus.

Landscape and buildings are equal partners in

defining the symbology of the campus.
campus with several large open spaces:

Library, the important building on the

campus, but only one is seen as the signature
space for the campus.

It would be awkward to consider any redesign

that may alter this hierarchy.
Physical elements of Campus
open lawns define the memorable open space of a
campus. Programmed open spaces, such as play
fields, should not be classified as memorable open
spaces because of the restrictions placed on their
use. There should be only one signature open
space on a campus.
the use of architecture needs to be based on a
hierarchy where one or two buildings are
understood as the most important and primary
campus symbols, while the others are supporting
The use of consistent building and landscape
materials can create a symbolic identity for a
campus. there is a true symbolic identity
established for a campus when consistent
materials are used.
Entrance and boundary
campus master plan
The primary goal of any campus master plan
is to understand the intellectual, social, and
spiritual issues and values that make a
college or university unique and to translate
these values into a campus environment.

success in campus master planning is

centered around our ability to respond to
planning and design imperatives that
include:
• Creating a sense of place—an environment
which is grounded in the particular mission
and vision of an institution
• Providing opportunity for human-scale
environments that foster collaboration and
an exchange of ideas—places where people
work, recreate, contemplate, socialize and,
in general, feel good about their overall
environment
• Analyzing and understanding site
conditions and environmental factors on the
campus
• Devising building and campus designs that
are functional, economical, attractive, and
that effectively utilize the site • Establishing
an architectural and landscape design
aesthetic that respects and is integrated
with the natural qualities of the site
Urban design
parameters for
city center
The Old Town should act as a focus for the
growth of smaller scale cultural activity that
reinforces the archaeological heritage of the
area and provides opportunities for niche retail,
cafe and restaurants that are consistent with the
fabric, scale and character of the area. Buildings
which address the street well, particularly at
ground level, are essential in virtually all parts of
the centre, so the presence of dead frontage is
minimized.
1. Enhance the arrival and movement through
the city - Integrated Transport Strategy
2. Enriching the public realm -High quality
streets , connected public spaces and new
public spaces
3. Creating and enhancing - landmarks
4. Strategies for different character area with
in the city center.
Urban design parameters for city center in India

1.Conservation approach to retain the overall

traditional character of the Walled City.

2.Visual integration of major landmarks to

revitalize the past glory.
3. Many areas in old city could be pedestrianised
and made completely free of vehicular traffic so
as to restore the human scale and convenient
living.
4.Judicious use of existing spaces for
development of open recreational uses.

5. Introduction of activities such as

traditional/craft bazaar, heritage walk/rides to
attract tourists

6.Generation of urban culture at neighborhood

level such as festivals/fairs, kite flying etc

7. Environmental up-gradation required to reduce

degenerative effects of traffic congestion

8. Rejuvenation and conservation through

management option, financing incentives,
innovative development controls considering built
to edge typology.
Urban corridors
Delhi with huge intra city trip lengths and increasing
number of personalized vehicles, few imperatives cannot
be ignored for its sustainable and healthy growth. Such as
more dependency on efficient, convenient and safe modes
of public transport, linking large number of work centers
with residential areas and overall disincentives for private
vehicle ownership.
CITY GATEWAYS
1. Road:
i) Preferably locate non-residential public buildings
with pleasing appearances on entry corridors.
ii) Attractive landscape to be developed in accordance
with the highway landscape norms.
iii) Segregation of goods and passenger vehicles at the
entry point through separate lanes and improving
the visual environment.
2. Rail:
i) Enhancing visual experience for commuters through
appropriate landscape along railway tracks.
ii) Reconstruction / redevelopment of existing stations
to be undertaken through comprehensive Urban
Design schemes.
iii) Attractive designs may be evolved for new stations.
3. Air:
i) Natural & built environment to be revitalized to give
an impression of global city.
ii) The overall green cover in this zone should be
enhanced and protected.
Urban corridors – street design guidelines

residential neighborhood
The term neighborhood is often used to describe the
sub-divisions of urban or rural settlements
Neighborhoods form the urban tissue of the city
both physically and socially.
The concept of the neighborhood is well established
as a basic unit of planning the cities.
Concepts
Clarence A. Perry’s Conception of the Neighborhood Unit
Developed as a low density dwelling
Density = 10 families per acre,
Total area = 160 acres
shape which would render it unnecessary for any child to walk a
distance of more than one-quarter mile to school.
Open / recreation spaces = 10 % of total area
Perry outlined six basic principles of good neighborhood
design. As may be understood, these core principles were
organized around several institutional, social and physical
design ideals.
• Major arterials and through traffic routes should not pass
through residential neighborhoods. Instead these streets
should provide boundaries of the neighborhood;
• Interior street patterns should be
designed and constructed through use of cul-de-sacs, curved
layout and light duty surfacing so as to encourage
a quiet, safe and low volume traffic movement and
preservation of the residential atmosphere;
• The population of the neighborhood should be that which
is required to support its elementary school;
• The neighborhood focal point should be the elementary
school centrally located on a common or green, along with
other institutions that have service areas coincident with
the neighborhood boundaries;
• The radius of the neighborhood should be a maximum of
one quarter mile thus precluding a walk of more than that
distance for any elementary school child; and
• Shopping districts should be sited at the edge of
neighborhoods preferably at major street intersections.
Clarence Stein
placed the elementary
school at the center of the neighborhood
unit and within ¼ mile radius of all
residents.
A small shopping center for
daily needs is located near the school.
Most residential streets are suggested
as cul-de-sac or ‘dead-end’ roads to
eliminate through traffic, and park space
flows through the neighborhood in a
manner reminiscent of the Rad burn Plan.

He further expanded the definition of

neighborhood center by connecting the
neighborhoods together to create towns.
NEIGHBORHOOD IN THE
CONTEMPORARY URBAN CONTEXT
The concept of neighborhood unit in traditional built
environments and rural settlements constituted a
strong sense of attachment, identity, admittance and
belonging for inhabitants.
The close proximity of most of the community
services and businesses to the residences enhanced
social interactions.
Neighborhood feeling in contemporary urban
environments, however, is less dependent on
the sharing of common close physical residential
environment.
Impact of urbanization, rise of mass society,
modernization, improved inter connectivity and the
consequent increased socio-spatial mobility in the neighborhood represent an everyday-landscape, which can
neighborhood has been highly destructive. either support or limit the physical, mental and
Increasing mobility and transportation facilities have social wellbeing of the residents.
opened up new possibilities, thereby disregarding Neighborhoods have been defined as a physical
the benefits expected of a neighborhood. entity in planning because a neighborhood, which is sound
Remote activities and changed lifestyles of dwelling in design and service is believed to nurture healthier and
occupants thus become the basic factors that shape more socially interactive communities.
the social environment Such a neighborhood is projected to suffer less from urban
problems of crime, ill health, etc. as well as other social,
physical and political problems.
The end objective of most planning programs is to achieve
certain social objectives.
The primary objectives addressed in planning programs are
healthy and secure communities.
Neighborhood design
in India
Macro Level
National level urban development

Urbanization trends in India

1.Rate of urbanization - % urban population of the total national population
( India 37% , china 45% & Mexico 78% )
IN the next 20 years we will double in size of urban population due to rapid rate of urbanization.
Population growth due to rural- urban migration,
Increase in urban poor and urban slums.
pressure on existing infrastructure , roads and housing.
2.Urban share of GDP
1970 – 38% of GDP
2010 – 62 % of GDP urban areas area the engine of economic growth
– eg. Bangalore and Hyderabad were the city fastest growing city in Asia from 2005 +
Larger cities are growing faster –

Policy and framework should focus on

1.Population growth due to rural- urban migration,
2.Increased urban poor and urban slums.
3.pressure on existing infrastructure , roads and housing.
4.Environment sustainability – efficiency in using the limited resources – water , land and energy.
5.Preserve and foster the cultural & historical heritage
6.adequate policy for smaller and peri-urban areas.
7.Calls for a renewed thrust towards improvement in governance structure especially at the level of
urban local bodies and a major improvement in delivery of urban services in cities.
8.Transformational change in public transport has been a significant extension of Metro rail network
in large cities.
9.Absence of any long-term plan prevents development of ‘good cities’ in which all the parts of the
system
The strategy for the Twelfth Five Year Plan
Macro Level
City level urban development
City Development Plan and Financial Plan
Every city/town should mandatorily draw a Development Plan (DP) by
taking at least a 10-years perspective.
The plan should take into account a city’s natural endowment, and its
economic potential and should promote clean and green city It should
specifically provide for the following:
1. Strategic densification especially along mass transit corridors with
mixed land use
2. City mobility plan with special emphasis of making cities safe
for vulnerable groups including women and children, pedestrian and
cyclists
3. City sewerage and sanitation plan
4. City water plan
5. Economic and commercial activity plan
6. Infrastructure plan
7. Affordable housing plan
8. Environment conservation plan
9. Urban poverty reduction strategy and inclusionary zoning (old age
homes, orphanages, working hostels, night shelters and so on)
10. Plan for peri-urban area
11.Monitor and improve city air quality.
Massing and Intensity in Urban Macro Level
Fringe Areas and Rural Areas City level urban development

Urban Fringe Areas

An urban fringe is defined as the interface
between developed urban areas and
undeveloped rural areas.

The general principle for development in a

fringe area is to respect the natural
environment, create an appropriate edge
and to provide visual and physical linkages
between urban and rural areas.
The linkages should be strong in order to
promote the psychological well being of
the residents and thereby contribute to
the quality of life.
Visual linkages should include major visual
corridors to the surrounding natural
landscape assets and should extend well
into the heart of the urban area where
possible.
Part-3
Execution of Urban Design Projects:
Projects preparation - Agencies involved in the execution –coordination,
role of planning authorities
Role of urban arts commission,
Urban project financing agencies

–Development Control guidelines

–Zoning,
How the plan works

1.Agenda – Making a list of what to do, it works when we have too many things to
remember and gain trust among people affected or to legitimate the actors as accountable.
2. Policy – if –then rules for action – to channelize decision ,avoid repeat decision work

3. Vision – Image of what could be the outcome

4.Design – targets described and fully worked out outcome – building design / master plan

5.Stratagy – determining which action to take , when and where.

Agencies involved in the execution
Agencies involved in the execution of urban development in India

Financing agencies

1. Public - JNNURM - MUD

2. Public - LADS – mp/mla fund
3. PRIVATE DEVELOPER
4. PPP - Public – Private - Partnership
5. International corporation – WHO , WBO
6. NGO

Planning agencies / authorities

1. Town and country planning T&CP

2. DPC – district planning commission
3. MPC – Metropolitan planning commission - DDA ,CMDA ..
4. NCR – Nation capitol region ( Delhi NCR)
5. DUAC – Delhi Urban arts Commission
6. Planning commission Govt of India
7. Local planning authorities – municipalities & Panchayats

Designers Private consultants / planners

USER –citizens
 Role of Town and country planning T&CP department

1.Planning of town development all over the state.

2.To regulate the planning of building construction as per Town/Map/Master Plans.
3.Passing the Blue prints of plans of Town Planning/Master Plan.
4.To earmark the all land use as per master plan in urban area for housing.
5.Matter relating to town and country planning and preparation of Master Plan thereof.
6.Matter relating to town for proper plan and land use.
7.Matter relating to proper transport plans, planning for Bus terminal, parking place etc.
8.To earmark the site for residential and non-residential zone.
9.To earmark the site for industrial area, market area in the town planning.
10.Matter relating to selection of sites for various Govt. offices/institutions within the Town.
11.To advise the Government on policy matter regarding Town & Country Planning including
legislation thereof.
12.Preparation of Regional Plans, Development Plans and Town Planning.
13.Assistance/advice to Municipalities for preparation of Town Planning.
14.Preparation of land use plan.
15.To advise the Government for preparation of legislation regarding Town & Country Planning
Acts.
16.Preparation of development plans for all urban towns in the states.
17.To function as Arbitrator as and when any dispute arise on land use matter.
Role of DPC – district planning commission
DPCs two specific responsibilities.
1.In preparing the draft development plan,
the DPC shall have regard to matters of common interest
between the Panchayats and the Municipalities including
spatial planning, sharing of water and other physical and
natural resources, the
integrated development of infrastructure and environme
ntal conservation
2.the extent and type of available resources, both
financial or otherwise.
Head
Minister is Chairperson of DPC.
Or
Chairman of District Panchayats (DP) is Chairman of DPC.
Role of MPC
It states that the MPC shall be constituted “to prepare a
draft development plan for the Metropolitan Area as a
whole”. This then is the main function for the MPC.
The Constitution leaves it to the legislature of a State to
“make provision with respect to the functions relating to
planning and co-ordination for the Metropolitan area which
may be assigned to such committees.”
At the same time, the Constitution states that “every
Metropolitan Planning Committee shall,
in preparing the draft development plan
(a) have regard to:
(i) the plans prepared by the Municipalities and the
Panchayats in the Metropolitan area
(ii) Matters of common interest between the
Municipalities and the Panchayats, including
coordinated spatial planning of the area, sharing of
water and other physical and natural resources, the
integrated development of infrastructure and
environmental conservation
(iii) The overall objectives and priorities set by the
Government of India and the Government of the State
(iv) the extent and nature of investments likely to be made
in the Metropolitan area by agencies of the
Government of India and of the Government of the
State and other available resources whether financial
or otherwise
(b) consult such institutions and organizations as the
Governor may, by order, specify.
 Role Local planning authorities – municipalities & Panchayats for
urban development

1.Regulation of land-use and construction of buildings

2. Planning for economic and social development
3. Plan and align buildings for Roads and bridges
4. Water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial purposes.
5. Public health, sanitation conservancy and solid waste management
6. Slum improvement ,up-gradation & Urban poverty alleviation.
7.Fire services
8. Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of
ecological aspects
9. Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society, including
the handicapped and mentally retarded.
10. Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks, gardens,
playgrounds
11. Promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects.
12. Burials and burial grounds; cremations, cremation grounds and
electric crematoriums.
13. Cattle pounds; prevention of cruelty to animals.
14. Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths.
15. Public amenities including street lighting, parking lots, bus stops
and public conveniences.
16. Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries.
 UAC – urban arts commission

Role of Delhi urban arts commission

-Under section 11 of the Act
-To advise the Central Government in preserving , developing and
monitoring the aesthetic quality of urban environment design.
-To provide advice and guidance to any local body in respect of any
project.
-Approve , reject and modify proposals in development of projects.
-Re-development of the area within the jurisdiction of the New
Delhi Municipal committee.
-Plans, Architectural expression and visual appearance of new
buildings in the central area.
-Under pass / over pass and regulate street furniture and Signage.
-Promote and secure any development or redevelopment that
beautify any part of Delhi.
JNNURM
The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) was launched in December 2005 for a
period of seven years with an outlay of `66,085 crore.

The objectives of the scheme included

1.empowerment of Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)
2.planned and holistic development of cities and making them inclusive.
3.The scheme mandated preparation of City Development Plans (CDP) and a set of urban reforms at State
and Municipal levels.

JNNURM renewed the focus on urban renewal and gave inputs to many urban reforms.

Implementation mechanism
The funds are channelled through state-level agencies, where grants from
the central and state governments are pooled and passed on as grants or soft
loans to cities provided that they have prepared development strategies and
that the investments identified fit within these strategies.
The mission emphasises transparency and accountability.
It supports public-private partnerships and cost recovery to make service
providers financially self-sustaining.
The share of grant funding by the central government can vary from 35% in
the largest cities to up to 90% in cities in the Northeast.
Most cities receive grants covering 50% or 80% of costs depending on size.
Capacity building is also included in the mission to assist urban local bodies
to prepare strategies and projects.
.
BUILDING BYE- LAWS

OBJECTIVE OF BUILDING BYE-LAWS

Thank you