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VECTORS
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maticsvectorsadditionalmathematicsv
ectorsadditionalmathematicsvectorsa
dditionalmathematicsvectorsadditiona
lmathematicsvectorsadditionalmathe
maticsvectorsadditionalmathematicsv
ectorsadditionalmathematicsvectorsa
dditionalmathematicsvectorsadditiona
lmathematicsvectorsadditionalmathe
maticsvectorsadditionalmathematicsv
ectorsadditionalmathematicsvectorsa
dditionalmathematicsvectorsadditiona
lmathematicsvectorsadditionalmathe
Additional Mathematics Vectors

VECTORS
CONCEPT EXAMPLES
1. Definition
A vector quantity has both magnitude and Velocity, acceleration, displacement
direction
2. Geometrical representation of vectors. a B
A
Usually represented by a directed line segment.
AB  a
3. Negative vectors B
A BA   a
4. Zero Vectors
AA = 0
Is a vector with zero magnitude and is denoted
by 0
5. Magnitude vector
4 Use Phytagoras
Magnitude for vector AB can be written as theorem
AB = a AB =5 unit
3

6. Equal vectors
Two vectors are equal if they have the same a = b then
a
magnitude and direction. a  b and
b both vectors
are parallel

EXERCISE 1
1. (a) Find the magnitude for the following vectors.
(b) Draw the negative vectors for each of the following vectors:

1 2
a c
a

3 4
d
a b
Additional Mathematics Vectors
2. State a pair of equal vectors from a group of vectors below:

u
r v
p s p
a r a
p m
a t y
r p
p x a
w
a w
p
a

3 ABCDEFGH is a polygon. State the vector a) BA

which is equal to the following vectors:

F E
G b) BC

D c) ED
H
C
A d) AH
B
Additional Mathematics Vectors

CONCEPT EXAMPLE
7. Multiplying vectors by scalars

ka is a vector with a magnitude that

is k times of a.

AB  2 a
1
PQ   a
2
3
RS  a
2

EXERCISE 2

1. Given a vector p in the diagram below. Construct the following vectors:

1
a) AB = 2 p (b) CD = 3 p (c) EF = 3 p (d) GH =  p
2 2

2. State the following vectors in terms of vector a:

E
G J
C
a
F
B D H
Additional Mathematics Vectors
3. ABCD is a uniform hexagon such that AB = a and BC = b,
State the following vectors in terms of a and b:
(a) DE
E D
(b) CF

(c) EF F C
A
(d) BE
A B

4. PQR is a straight line such that PQ : PR = 2 : 5 and PQ = u .

State the following vectors in terms of u.

(a) QR

(b) QP

(c) PR

5.
a) Given AB = 3 CD and (b) 4
Given PQ = RS and
2 7
AB  6 cm . RS  21 cm .
Find CD Find PQ
Additional Mathematics Vectors

CONCEPT EXAMPLE
8. Parallel vectors
a) Given vectors u and v
(i) If u = k v, where k is a non-zero scalar, a b =2a ,
b
then u and v are parallel. then b is
parallel to a
(ii) If u and v are parallel, then u = k v,
where k is a non-zero scalar.

EXERCISE 3

1. Given that PQ = 4a + 7 b, find the following vectors:

(a) 7 PQ

4
(b) PQ
5

(c) 5 PQ

2.
(a) Given that PQ = 3a + m b and (b) Given that AB = 2 a + 5 b and
XY = n a + 6 b, find the value of m 12
and n such that 2PQ = 5 XY CD =  a  6 b, find the value of k
5
such that 3AB = k CD

3.
(a) Given that AB = 4 u and (b) Given that MN = 6 v and
5 2
CD =  u , determine whether PQ =  v , determine whether
2 3
vectors AB and CD are parallel. vectors MN and PQ are parallel.
Additional Mathematics Vectors

(c) Given that XY = 2a + 3b and (d) Given that AB =  2a + b and

3 CD = 6a  3 b , determine whether
KL = a + b , determine whether
2 vectors AB and CD are parallel
vectors XY and KL are parallel.

4. Given that , 4DE = 3 BC , what can you say about the line segments DE and BC?
C
a) If DE  6 , find BC .
E

A D B

b) Given AE  3 b , state AC in terms of b .

~ ~

CONCEPT EXAMPLE
8(b) Given that PQ  3u and QR  5 u , show
If EF  k FG , k is a non-zero scalar, then that P, Q and R are collinear
(i) EF is parallel to FG
(ii) E,F, and G are collinear. Solution:
PQ  3u. , QR  5u.
 u  PQ
1
,  u  1 QR
3 5
1 1
 PQ  QR
3 5
3
PQ  QR
5
 P, Q and R are collinear.
Additional Mathematics Vectors
EXERCISE 4

1.
(a) Given that PQ = 3u and QR = 5u , (b) Given that MN = 4v and NR = 7v ,
determine whether vectors P, Q, and R determine whether vectors M, N, and R
are collinear. are collinear.

CONCEPT EXAMPLE
9. If m a = n b ,  m = n = 0 when Given (m  2) x = (2n +5)y , m and n are
scalars. Find the values of m and n if x and y
(i) vectors a and b are not parallel are not parallel and are not zero vectors.
(ii) vectors a and b are not zero vectors.
Solution:
m2=0 , 2n +5 = 0
5
m=2 , n = 
2

EXERCISE 5

1. Given that (2h + 3) a = (2k – 5 ) b and a and b are non-parallel vectors, find the numerical
values of h and k .

2. Given that (k + 2) x = (2h – 3) y and x and y are non-parallel vectors, find the numerical
values of h and k .
Additional Mathematics Vectors
CONCEPT EXAMPLES
10. ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF
VECTORS
1. Addition and subtraction of two parallel (i) a  2a  3 a
vectors (ii) 4a  3a = a

2. Addition of two non-parallel vectors: C

a) Triangle law a + b
b AB + BC = AC
A a B
b) Parallelogram Law a
D C
b a + b
b
A B
AB + AD = AC
3. Addition of three or more vectors. AB + BC + CD + DE = AE
a) Polygon Law
D
E

A B
4. Subtraction of vectors.
subtraction of two non-parallel vectors. u
v

u v -v

EXERCISE 6
1. Draw the following vectors in the space provided:
(a) a + b (b) a  2 b
a
a
b
b
Additional Mathematics Vectors
2. Given AB = a and AC = b. M is a mid point of BC.
Find B
(a) BC
C

(b) BM

A
(c) AM

3. PQRSTU is a regular hexagon with center O.

Express each of the following as single vector:
T S
(a) PQ + PT T

U R
(b) RS + ST

P Q
(c) PQ + PR + PT + PU

4. ABCD is a parallelogram. Diagonal AC and BD intersect at point O.

Find the resultant vector of each of the following:
A B
(a) AB + BD

(b) CO + OD O

(c) CA + BC C D

(d) OB + DO

5. Express the following vectors in terms of a and b :

(i) OP P
R
B
(ii) OR A
b a
O
Additional Mathematics Vectors

5. Given OX = 6 x , OY = 4 y. Express the following vectors in terms of x and y .

(a) OY  XO Y

4y
O X
(b) XY 6x

6. In the given diagram , PQ = a , PR = b and RS =  2a.

Express each of the following in terms of a and b . R
 2a.
(a) QR S

b
Q
a
(b) PS
P

7. In the given diagram, T is a midpoint of RQ. Find the following vectors in terms of a and b :
(a) PT
R

T
2b
P Q
6a
(b) PR

8. In a diagram , D is a mid point of CE. Given CE = 4AF = 3x and EF = 2CB = 2y.

Express each vector in terms of x and y:
A F
(a) AE
C

(b) AD

B D E
Additional Mathematics Vectors
CONCEPT EXAMPLES
11. REPRESENT VECTORS AS A D
COMBINATION OF OTHER VECTORS.
E

A D A B
AB = AC + CB
AB = AE + ED + DC + CB
AB = AC - BC

EXERCISE 7

1. Given PQ = p and PR = q. M is a mid point Q

of QR
. Find
(a) QR
R
(b) PM P D A

2
2. Given AB = x, BC = y and AM = AC .
3
B
Find
(a) AC

(b) AM C
A 
M
(c) BM

3. ABC is a triangle. BA = 4u and BC = 3v.

P is on the line AC and Q is on the line AB
3 3 C B
such that AP = PC and AQ = AB.
2 5
Express each vector in terms of u and v:
(a) CA P Q

(b) AP A

(c) PQ
Additional Mathematics Vectors

4. In the diagram , C is a midpoint of AB and

D is a midpoint of AC. If OA = a and A D C B
A A A
OB = b, express each of the following
vectors in terms of a and b.
a b
(a) AB
O
(b) AD A

(c) OD

(d) OC

1 1
If OE = a + b , show that ED is parallel to OA .
4 4

5. Given OA = 3p + q , OB = 3p + 4q and OC =  3p + 5q . OA is extended to a point D such that

OD = m OA and CD = n CB. Express OD in terms of

(a) m , p and q

(b) n , p and q

Hence, find the values of m and n.

Additional Mathematics Vectors

6. In the diagram, given A is a point such that 3OA = OC and B is the mid point of OD.
The straight lines AD and BC intersect at point P.
Given that OA = 3a and OB = 5b .
C
(a) Express in terms of a and b
(i) AD
3a A
O
P
(ii) BC 5b

(b) Given that AP = h AD and BP = k BC.

D
Express OP
(i) in terms of h, a and b

(ii) in terms of k, a and b .

Hence, or by using other method, find the values of h and k.

(c) Find BP : PC
Additional Mathematics Vectors

CONCEPT EXAMPLE
12. VECTORS IN CARTESAN PLANE Q
x PQ = 3 i + 4 j
1. Vectors in the form x i + y j and  
 y 4 =  3 
 
 4
P 3

2. Magnitude vectors = x 2  y2
PQ  32  4 2  25  5 unit
3. Unit vectors in given directions Unit vector in the direction of OA if A( 2,3) is
If r = x i + y j , then the unit vector is OA 2 i  3j 2i  3 j
r  
r xi  y j OA 2 2  32 13
r̂ = ~  ~

~
r x 2  y2 x 2  y2
~

a = 5 i + 4j =  5 
4. Adding or subtracting two or more vectors
 
If a = x1 i + y1 j =  x 1   4
y 
 1 b = 4 i + j =   4 
 1 
b = x2 i + y2 j =  x 2   
y    4 = 1 = i + 5 j
 2 (i) a + b =  5  +    
 
a + b =  x 1    x 2  =  x 1  x 2   4  1  5
     
 y1   y2   y1  y 2  (ii) 2a  b = 2  5     4  = 14  = 14 i + 7 j
 4  1   7 
     
(iii) a + 2b =  5  + 2   4 
5. Multiply vectors by scalars
 4  1 
If a = x i + y j =  x     
 y
 
=  5  (8)     3  = 3 i + 6 j
 42   6 
k a = k  x  =  kx  , k is a constant.    
 y  ky 
   

EXERCISE 8
1. Express each of the vectors shown in the diagram in the form of
(b)  
x y
(a) x i + y j
 
 y c
a
d

O x
b
Additional Mathematics Vectors

2. Find the magnitude of each of the following vectors:

(a) p = 4 i – 5 j (b) r = –7 i –3 j 2
(c) q =  
 6
 

3. Given that a = 3 i – 5 j and b = 2 i + p j . Find the value of p if

(a) a – 2 b = – i – 11 j (b) 2 a  b  41

4. Given a = i + 3 j and b = 4i – 2j . Find

(a) a + b (b) a – b (d) 2a – 5b

5.
a) Determine the unit vector r̂ b) Determine the unit vector r̂
if r = 6 i – 8 j if r = – 2 i +3 j
Additional Mathematics Vectors

6. Given a point A( 5, 12) and point B(– 4,3) , express vectors OA and OB in terms of i and j .
Find the unit vector in the direction of OA.

7. Given a point P(1,8) and point Q(7,0). Find

(a) vector PQ in the form x i + y j and  
x
 
 y

(b) the magnitude of PQ

(c) the unit vector in the direction of PQ .

8. Given OA = 4 i + 5 j , OB = h i + 5h j and AB = –2 i + k j , find the numerical value of h

and k.

9. Given vectors r = 4 i – 6 j and s = 6 i + k j . If r and s are parallel vectors,

find the value of k.
Additional Mathematics Vectors

10. Given AB = – 6 i + 8 j and CD = h i + 2 j .

Find the value of h such that AB is parallel to CD.

11. Given OA = – 3 i + 2 j , OB = 5 i + 6 j and OC = i + 4 j .

(a) Determine the following vectors , in terms of i and j.

(i) AB

(ii) AC

(b) Show that A , B and C are collinear.

Additional Mathematics Vectors