1

8th International Conference on Physical and Numerical Simulation of Materials Processing, ICPNS’16
Seattle Marriott Waterfront, Seattle, Washington, USA, October 14-17, 2016

Hot Deformation Behavior and Processing Map of TRIP980

1* 1 1 1 1 2
Mei Zhang , Haiyang Li ， Bin Gan , Xue Zhao , Lin Li ， Li Wang
1
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China;
State Key Laboratory of Advanced Special Steel, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China;
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Ferrometallurgy, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China;
2
State Key Laboratory of Development and Application Technology of Automotive Steels，
Baosteel Group，Shanghai 201900, China

ABSTRACT
The hot deformation behavior of Ti/V/Nb containing Fe-0.31C (wt pct) 980MPa TRIP steel (TRIP980) was
-1
studied with a Gleeble-3500 thermo-mechanical simulator at 900-1150 °C, 0.01-10 s . The results show that the
peak stress decreases with the increasing temperature and decreasing strain rate. The deformation activation
energy of the test steel is 395.852 kJ/mol. The hot deformation equation of the steel is established. Processing
maps are developed on the basis of experimental data and using the principle of dynamic materials model
(DMM). By analyzing the processing map of 0.3, 0.5 and 0.9, it is found that dynamic recrystallization occurs in
the peak power dissipation efficiency domain, which is the optimum area of hot working.
Keywords: TRIP980, Hot deformation, Processing map, Dynamic rescrystallization

1. INTRODUCTION thermo dynamics, which is established by Prasad

Continuous casting-rolling(CCR) technology has
been developed rapidly since 1989. The setup of
many CCR production lines is mainly concentrated in
China [Xiang & Liu, 2011]. During hot deformation
process, the effects of deformation temperature and
strain rate on the mechanical properties of metals
are significant. In order to obtain the optimum hot
working process, a good understanding of
processing map and microstructural evolution is very
important for the designers of metal forming
processes [Eghbali, 2010, Lin & Liu, 2009, Rao,
Prasad & Suresh, 2011]. Deformation resistance
diagram, recrystallization diagram, plastic diagram
are always adopted to establish the hot working
procedure of the steel in development, evaluate the
property of material processing, but these methods
can’t cover many factors that influence
microstructure. As a good supplement, the
processing map is effective to optimize the hot
deformation process and control microstructure
without resorting to expensive and time consuming
trial and error methods [Ju, Li & Liu, 2006]. The
principle for the processing maps is the dynamic
materials model (DMM) based on fundamental
properties of continuum mechanics of large plastic
flow, physical system modeling, and irreversible
and Gegel [Prasad & Gegel, 1984]. DMM aims to
correlate the constitutive behavior with
microstructural evolution, flow instability and hot
workability.
This study aims to characterize the hot compressive
deformation behavior of TRIP980 advanced high
strength steel (AHSS) under wide range of the
deformation temperatures and strain rates. Effects of
strain on the efficiency of power dissipation and
instability parameter were investigated. Based on
DMM, the processing maps of the studied steel were
constructed to optimize the hot working parameters.
2. EXPERIMENTAL MATERIAL AND
PROCEDURE
The material used in this work is Ti/V/Nb containing
980MPa class transformation induced plasticity
(TRIP) steel consisting of 0.31C-1.70Mn-0.91Si-
0.96Al-0.17Ti- 0.08V-0.01Nb in wt%. The test
specimens were machined into 10×15mm cylinders
from continuous casting slab. Hot compression tests
were conducted using Gleebel-3500 simulator in the
vacuum environment in order to prevent the
oxidation of specimens. The true stress-strain curves
2

were obtained afterwards. Between the specimen -1 900℃

120 (a) 0.01s
and anvil, foils of tantalum and graphite were 950℃
1000℃
inserted to the anvil-workpiece interface during 1050℃
90 1100℃
deformation to reduce the friction. All the specimens 1150℃

Stress MPa
were heated at a rate of 5 °C/s to 1200 °C and held
for 240 s to assure austenite homogenization, then 60

cooled with a cooling rate of 5 °C/s to different

specific deformation temperature (1150~900 °C with 30

50 °C interval), kept 5 s to eliminate the temperature

gradient. Then isothermal compression tests were 0
conducted at various strain rates (0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
-1 Strain
s ) to a true strain of 0.916. After deformation,
specimens were water-quenched immediately to fix
the structure. 150
(b) 0.1s
-1

120
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Stress MPa
90
3.1 Flow stress curves 900℃
60
950℃
Figure 1 illustrates flow curves of different 1000℃
30 1050℃
deformation conditions. It shows that at lower strain 1100℃
-1
rates, i.e. 0.01 and 0.1 s in Figure 1a and 1b, all 0 1150℃
the curves exhibit characteristics of dynamic 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
-1
recrystallization (DRX); in Figure 1c at 1 s , stress- Strain
strain curves under higher temperatures between
1050 and 1150 °C also show the indication of DRX,
while others under lower temperatures belong to 180 (c) 1s
-1

-
work hardening type; moreover, in Figure 1d at 10 s 150
1
, most of the curves (between 900 and 1150 °C) are
Stress MPa

120
work hardening type.
90
When the strain rate is constant, peak stress and 1150℃
1100℃
peak strain decrease with the temperature increase. 60
1050℃
The strain corresponding to the peak stress 30 1000℃
950℃
increases with the decrease of temperature and the 0 900℃
increase of strain rate. Because the higher the work -0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
hardening rate is, the more difficulty for the Strain
specimen to recovery softening. Higher temperature
offers a larger driving force for vacancies diffusion, 300
dislocations slip, climb and cross-slip, thus it is (d) 10 s
-1

250
easier for dynamic recrystallization. Lower
temperature leading to higher peak strain indicates 200
Stress MPa

that temperature influences the trend of critical strain

150
for dynamic recrystallization, i.e. dynamic 1150℃
recrystallization is more difficult when peak strain is 100 1100℃
1050℃
larger. 50 1000℃
950℃
3.2 Hot deformation equation 0 900℃

Dynamic recrystallization is a thermally activated 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

process, and generally can be described as a Strain

function of temperature and strain rate which is Figure 1 True stress-strain curves of different deformation
named Zener-Hollomon parameter equation, as temperatures at a strain rate of (a) 0.01 s-1; (b) 0.1 s-1; (c) 1
shown in Equation (1) [Zener & Hollomon, 1944, s-1; and (d) 10 s-1.
Kang & Cai, 2012, Uvira & Jonas, 1968]. According

)  A sinh p  
 Qdef
Z   exp(
n
to the Z parameter, the following equation is used to (1)
determine the thermal activation energy Qdef and hot RT
deformation constants A and n:
 3


where, σp is peak stress, MPa.  , strain rate, s ; 900℃
-1 (a)
2 950℃
Qdef, thermal activation energy, J/mol; R, gas 1000℃
1050℃
constant, 8.314 J/mol; T, absolute temperature, K; A, 0 1100℃
α, and n are material constants which are 1150℃

independent of deformation temperature. According .

lnε
-2
to the research of [Uvira & Jonas, 1968, Medina &
Hernandez, 1996], the optimum value of α is 0.012
-1 -4
MPa for microalloy steel.
To obtain the thermal activation energy according to
-1 0 1 2 3
the results of hot compression experiments, change ln[sinh(ασp)]
the Equation (1) as follows:
  Qdef (a) 10s
-1

  A[sinh( p )]n  exp( ) (2)

1s
-1
RT 2 -1
0.1s
-1
Take the natural logarithm of both sides of Equation 0.01s

ln[sinh(ασp)]
(2): 1

 
ln sinh p  
1  1 Qdef 1
n
ln    ln A
n RT n
(3)
0

Equation (3) and Figure 2 illustrate the linear

-1

ln  and lnsinh p  (at

 0.00072 0.00076 0.00080 0.00084
relationships between 1/T

constant deformation temperature), as well as

  
Figure 2 Relationship of (a) vs. ln(sinh(ασp)); and (b)
ln sinh  p and 1/T (at constant strain rate), ln(sinh(ασp)) vs. 1/T

slopes of which are n and Qdef (nR) , respectively

[Prasad & Gegel 1984]. 3.3 Processing map
The value of b and n are given using regression The principle for the processing maps is the dynamic
analyze with least square method, 10202 and 4.67 materials model (DMM). It considers the workpiece
correspondingly. Then A and Qdef are calculated, subjected to the hot deformation as a dissipator of
14
being 3.81×10 and 395.852 KJ/mol respectively. power. And power dissipated (P) during the
Results are as follows: deformation may be separated into two
complementary parts: 1. G content, dissipated as
(4) heat through plastic deformation; 2. J content,
dissipated bringing about microstructural changes. P
Change Equation (1) as follows: can be expressed as:

    
(5)
P     G  J    d     d (7)
0 0
According to the definition of hyperbolic sine function
： When temperature and strain are constants, the
stress is given by:

m
(6)
  K (8)
-1
where, K is the flow stress when strain rate is 1 s ;
In this study,
m is the strain rate sensitivity index, determining the
power that is partitioned between these two
processes. The definition of it is:
 J  ln
m   
(9)
 G  ，T  ln  ，T
4

When m is constant:
 1m  (a) 2 0.19 2
  m 
0.19
  
J    d  
strain
  d  (10) 0.17
=0.3
0 0
K 1 m 0 0.19 0
0.19

-1
Lnε/s
For the steady flow of viscoplastic solids, m is 
-2
0.21
-2
between 0 and 1. Larger m means the more power 0.25
dissipated through microstructural changes. For an 0.23
-4 0.27
0.27
-4
0.31 0.29
ideal linear dissipation process (m=1), 900 950 1000 1050 1100
0.31
1150

J  J max    2 ; while for others, a parameter 
T

2 2
representing the efficiency of power dissipation is (b)
strain
0.18

defined as: =0.5

0.22
0.20

  J Jmax  2m m  1
0 0.16 0.24 0
0.200.18
(11)

-1
Lnε/s
 0.22
-2 -2

is a 3D variable related to temperature, strain, 0.26

strain rate, and is the dimensionless parameter, -4 0.28
0.30
-4
0.24
which is called the efficiency of power dissipation. At 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150

a constant strain, the variation of  with temperature

T

and strain rate constitutes the power dissipation (c) 2 0.11 2

map, and it can quantitatively demonstrate the strain
=0.9
0.19
0.21
0.19
0.15

characteristics of microstructural changes during hot 0

0.23
0
deformation. This map is usually viewed as a

-1
0.25

Lnε/s
contour map representing iso-efficiency contours in a 
-2 0.27 -2
temperature–strain rate frame. Generally, higher 0.29

value of reduces the tendency for flow localization -4 0.27

0.31 0.31
0.29 -4
0.33 0.27
and results in maximum ductility [Prasad & Gegel, 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150
1984, Prasad & Seshacharyulu, 1998]. T

However, the power dissipation may also be very
large in the regions of flow instabilities. Hence, it is
necessary to determine the regions of flow
instabilities. By utilizing the extremum principles of
irreversible thermodynamics as applied to continuum
mechanics of large plastic flow, a criterion for the
occurrence of flow instability is defined in terms of
another dimensionless parameter [Xiang, Tan &
Liang, 2013, Guo, Li & Wu, 2012]:
 m 
ln  power dissipation efficiency of the region has a
    

 m 1  m  0

  ln 
The variation of  with temperature and strain rate
constitutes the instability map in which the regions of
negative parameter represent the flow instabilities.
An instability map superimposed on a power
dissipation map makes a processing map.
Figure 3a, 3b, 3c are processing maps of the test
steel at strain of 0.3, 0.5, 0.9, respectively,
corresponded to the peak stress state, flow stress
softening state, and the steady-state.
The contour numbers represent the efficiency of
power dissipation, and shade areas indicate the
Figure 3 Processing map at different strain (a) 0.3; (b) 0.5; (c) 0.9
instability regions. From the overall trend of Figure 3,
it shows that the general outline of the maps does
not change significantly. The peak efficiency of the
map obtained at strain 0.3 (Figure 3a) appears at
low strain rates combined with intermediate
temperatures. Instability region is main within a small
-1
range of 1140±10 °C/0.03~0.3 s . With increase of
the strain, iso-efficiency contours near to left bottom
corner in Figure 3b become closer, meaning that
(12) faster change with the change of temperature and
strain rate [Durman & Murphy, 1991]. Instability
regions move and enlarge a lot, mainly in the range
-1
of 950±25 °C/0.03~1 s and 1075~1150 °C/2~10 s .
-1
Comparing Figure 3c to 3a and 3b, peak power
dissipation efficiency domains are almost the same,
located at low strain rates and low to intermediate
temperatures areas, however, instability regions are
moved to much larger strain rate areas, mainly within
-1
the range of 930~1000 °C/1.5~10 s and 1075~1150
-1
°C/0.7~10 s , which suggests that low strain rate
combined with not high temperature regions are
optimum deformation conditions of the investigated
steel.

In general, there are many microstructural
manifestations of flow instabilities, for example,
adiabatic shear band, flow localization, crack,
dynamic strain aging and mechanical twinning
[Prasad, 2003]. Dynamic recrystallization occurs in
the peak power dissipation efficiency domains (in red
rectangle), which are the most favorable areas of hot
-1
working: for strain of 0.3: 950~1150 °C/0.01~0.03 s ;
-1
for strain of 0.5: 900~1150 °C/0.01~0.03 s ; and for
-1
strain of 0.9: 950~1150 °C/0.01~0.7 s . The
parameters in instability regions (shadow areas) are
not recommended.
4 CONCLUSIONS
This work studies the hot deformation behavior of
TRIP980 steel containing 0.31C-1.70Mn-0.91Si-
0.96Al-0.17Ti-0.08V-0.01Nb. Results show that:
(1) The peak stress decreases with the increasing
temperature and decreasing strain rate. Dynamic
recrystallization easily occurs at high temperature
and low strain rate conditions.
(2) The activation energy of the test steel is 395.852
KJ/mol. The hot deformation equation is:

)  3.81 1014 sinh  p  
 395852
Z   exp(
4.67
RT
(3) Dynamic recrystallization occurs in the peak
power dissipation efficiency domains, which are the
most favorable areas of hot working. These domains
-1
are located at 950~1150 °C/0.01~0.03 s for strain
-1
of 0.3; 900~1150 °C/0.01~0.03 s for strain of 0.5;
-1
and 950~1150 °C/0.01~0.7 s for strain of 0.9. The
parameters in instability regions are not
recommended.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work is financially supported by National Key
Basic Research and Development Project of China
“973 Program” (Grant No. 2010CB-630802).
REFERENCES
Durman M,, & Murphy S. (1991) Precipitation of
metastable e-phase in a hypereutectic zinc-
aluminium alloy containing copper. Acta Metall
Mater, 39(10), 2235-2242.
Eghbali, B. (2010). Effect of strain rate on the
microstructural development through continuous
dynamic recrystallization in a microalloyed steel.
Materials Science & Engineering A, 527(15), 3402-
3406.
5
Guo S., Li D., Wu X. (2012). Characterization of hot
deformation behavior of a Zn–10.2 Al–2.1 Cu alloy
using processing maps. Materials & Design, 41,
158-166.
Ju, Q., Li, D. G., Liu, G. Q. (2006). The processing
map of hot plastic deformation of a 15Cr-25Ni-Fe
base super alloy. Acta Metallurgica Sinica. 42(2),
218-224.
Kang, Y. X., Cai, D. Y., Zhang, C. L. (2012). Hot
deformation equation and processing map of a
micro-carbon steel. Transactions of Materials and
Heat Treatment, 33(6), 74-79.
Lin, Y. C., Liu, G. (2009). Effects of strain on the
workability of a high strength low alloy steel in hot
compression. Materials Science & Engineering A,
523(1–2), 139-144.
Medina S. F., Hernandez C. A. (1996). General
expression of the Zener-Hollomon parameter as a
function of the chemical composition of low ally and
microalloyed steels. Acta Mater, 44, 137-148.
Prasad Y. V. R. K. (2003). Processing maps: a
status report. J Mater Process Technol, 12(6), 638-
645.
Prasad Y., Seshacharyulu T. (1998). Modeling of hot
deformation for microstructural control.
International Materials Reviews, 43(6), 243-258.
Prasad, Y. V. R. K., Gegel, H. L.， Doraivelu S. M.
(1984). Modeling of dynamic material behavior in
hot deformation: Forging of Ti6242. Metallurgical &
Materials Transactions A, 15(10), 1883-1892.
Rao, K. P., Prasad, Y. V. R. K., Suresh, K. (2011).
Hot working behavior and processing map of a γ-
TiAl alloy synthesized by powder metallurgy.
Materials & Design, 32(10), 4874-4881.
Uvira, J. L., Jonas, J. J. (1968). Compression testing
of homogenous materials and composites. Trans
Metall Soc AIME, 242(8), 1619-1627.
Xiang S., Tan Z. L., Liang Y. L. (2013). Processing
map analysis of Nb-V-Ti low carbon microalloyed
steel based on Murty criterion. Transactions of
Materials and Heat Treatment, 34 (suppl.2), 243-
247.
Xiang, S., Liu, G. Q. (2011). Processing map and its
application of Nb-V-Ti low carbon microalloyed
steel. Materials Science & Technology, 19(1), 26-
31.
Zener C., Hollomon J. H. (1944). Effect of Strain
Rate Upon Plastic Flow of Steel, Journal of Applied
Physics, 15, 22-32.
6