A Level Set Based Sharp Interface

Method for Multiphase Flow

with Phase Change

Liguo Chen
Mechanical Engineering Department
University of California, Santa Barbara
 Introduction
Phase Change Phenomena

Boiling Water
Two phase fluid flow

Silicon Directional Solidification

 Level Set Method
• Front tracking method:  
iso-contour

dx
 V (x)
dt  

Interface points (explicit coordinates)

   
x1 , x 2 , x 3 , x 4 ......
Implicitly defined by zero iso-contour Φ
   
d ( x )  min  x  xI  
xI  
• Level set method t  V   0 Signed Distance Function
o
• Re-initialization: t  S (0 )  (   1) 0 S   o  
o    x 
2

• Compute the norm and curvature:

 
N      N

 Numerical Consideration I:
Level Set Equation

• Hyperbolic PDE t  V   0
• In space: third order ENO or fifth order WENO
Di11 2
  x   Q0  x   Q1  x   Q2  x   Q3  x  velocity
D i0   i
D i1 1/ 2   D i0 1  D i0   x i 3 i  2 i 1 i i 1 i  2
D i2   D i1 1/ 2  D i11/ 2  2  x Di21 Di2
 x   1 x1   2  x2   3  x3 ?
• In time: third order TVD Runge-Kutta scheme
 1storder Euler  n  1  E ( n )
1 n 1
 n 1    E [ E ( n )]
 2nd order TVD 2 2
1 2 3 1
 3rd order TVD  n 1   n  E {  n  E [ E ( n )]}
3 3 4 4
 Numerical Consideration II:
Re-initialization Equation
• Nonlinear Hyperbolic t  S (0 )  (   1)  0
  
t  S (0 )  (    1)  0  V  S (0 ) 
 
Di11 2  0 velocity velocity Di11 2  0

i  2 i 1 i i 1

• Simple Upwind ENO or WENO NOT work!

• Godunov’s method with WENO
 x2  max[max(  x , 0 ) 2 , min(  x , 0 ) 2 ] S ( )  0
 x2  max[min(  x , 0 ) 2 , max(  x , 0 ) 2 ] S ( )  0
• Time: third order TVD Runge-Kutta
 Ghost Fluid Method
liquid interface vapor
• Two phase flow  l l  l  v v  v
– Discontinuity i2 i 1 i i 1 i  2 i3
 0  0  0
– Pressure Jump liquid Pi  Po  
 vapor Surface Tension

• Smeared Interface Method

 ( )  l  ( v  l )  H ( ) Surface Tension  ( )    ( )
Volume of Fluid: body force 𝝈𝜿𝛁𝜶
• Ghost Fluid Method  v v  v  v v  v
Ghost Points
Ghost Points

 l l  l  l l  l
 Governing Equations I
• Continuity Equation  V  0
• Momentum Equation (Navier-Stokes)
   p    T 
 
V  V  V  

A

  T
   V  (V ) 
• Energy Equation:
Tt  V  T   2T
Defined both on liquid domain and vapor domain respectively
 Governing Equations II

• Interface Velocity:
 M M
M   k T  N / H D  Vl 
N
V  N

l v
v
• Jump Conditions:
Tl  Tv  Tref
Vl N VvN
Boiling Point

1
V M N
  k l T  k v T

p  MV N   H enthalpy difference = latent heat

 1D Stefan Problem Time t
Time 0
Tw  To Tw  Const T  T0

Liquid
Tw To (boiling point)

T  2T T w  T0 x  xw
 T  Tw  erf ( )
t x 2 erf (  ) 2 t
 (t )    2  t

2  (Tw  T0 )C v
  erf (  )  e  
hlv
  (t )  
D 
t t
 v D   l ( vt  D )

( p v  p l ) x  ( t )   l vt2
 Interface Locations
20 grids 40 grids
Numerical Solution
Convergence Study

80 grids 160 grids

Blue Solid lines: exact solution

Red circles: numerical solution
2D Boiling Film Problem
Material Properties
  0.1 Tsat  0
hlv  1000 g  9.81

kl  40 kv  1
l  200 v  5
l  0.1 v  .005
C pl  400 C pv  200

𝛥𝑇 5𝐾

𝑼𝒃 𝒈𝑳∆𝝔/𝝔 0.89

Re 𝝆𝑼𝑳/𝝁 141

Ca 𝝁𝑼𝒃 /𝝈 0.89

We 𝝔𝑳𝑼𝟐 /𝝈 3.14
Coarse Grid Simulation: 64x192

 Rayleigh-Taylor Instability

𝝀𝟎 𝟐𝝅 𝟑𝝈/ 𝝔 𝝔 0.0787

Buoyancy force 𝜟𝝔 · 𝒈 · 𝒉
Surface tension 𝝈/𝒍

 Bubble Merging

The effect of wake: bubble catching

 Bubble Shape

Drag force: circular head

Buoyancy force: flat bottom
Surface tension: no tails
Refined Grid Simulation:140x420
 Level set function: grid resolution

 Capillarity waves: stem

 Mushroom shape: inertia term dominate

 Instability Analysis
p  po     / r p3  p1 p2  p1
p0
p3 p2 r
3D flow
p1
flow

Surface tension will destabilize 3D jets

p1  po p2  p1
p  po   p2 , p3  po p3  p1

2D flow flow

Surface tension will stabilize 2D jets

Instability can be caused by inertial terms

When surface tension is not strong enough.
Fluent Verification