MOST PROBABLE VALUE (mpv) v=x−mpv

-refers to a quantity which, based on available PROBABLE ERROR PROBLEMS:

data, has more chances of being correct than
has any other. -is a quantity which, when added to and 3. The following values were determined in a
subtracted from the most probable value, series of tape measurements of a line:

mpv=
∑ Xn defines a range within which there is a 50 1000.58, 1000.40, 1000.38, 1000.40, and
percent chance that the true value of the 1000.46 meters. Determine the following:
n
measured quantity lies inside (or outside) the
a. Most probable value of the measured length
PROBLEMS: limits thus set.
(1000.45m)
1. A surveying instructor sent out six groups of PROBABLE ERROR OF ANY SINGLE
b. Probable error of a single measurement and
students to measure a distance between two MEASUREMENT OF A SERIES
probable error of the mean (
points marked on the ground. The students
± 0.05 m, ± 0.02m )
∑ v2
came up with the following six different values:
250.25, 250.15, 249.90, 251.04, 250.50, 251.22
meters. Assuming values are equally reliable
P . E . s=± 0.6745
√ ( n−1 ) c. Relative precision of the measurement
(1/20000, 1/50000)
and that variations result from accidental PROBABLE ERROR OF THE MEAN REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING
errors, determine the most probable value of WEIGHTED OBSERVATIONS
2
the distance measured. (Ans.250.51m) ∑v
2. The observed interior angles of a triangle is
A = 35deg14min37sec, B = 96deg30min9sec,
P . E .m =± 0.6745
√ n ( n−1 )
PROBLEMS:

4. Four measurements of a distance were

and C = 48deg15min5sec. Determine the
discrepancy for the given observation and the
most probable value of each angle (Ans.
+03secs)
RESIDUAL
-sometimes referred to as the deviation, is
defined as the difference between any
measured value of a quantity and its most
probable value.
RELATIVE (ERROR) PRECISION recorded as 284.18, 284.19, 284.22, and
284.20 meters and given weights of 1, 2, 3, and
-is expressed by a fraction having the
4, respectively. Determine the weighted mean.
magnitude of the error in the numerator and
(284.20m)
the magnitude of the measured quantity in the
denominator. 5. It is desired to determine the most probable
value of an angle which has been measured at
1
R . P .= different times by different observers with
mpv
equal care. The values observed were as
P.E. follows: 74°39’45” (in two measurements),
74°39’27” (in four measurements), and

PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D. ALBAY

74°39’35” (in six measurements). (Ans. 7. The three sides of a triangular-shaped tract TAPING-consists of stretching a calibrated tape
74°39’34”) of land is given by the following measurements between two points and reading the distance
and corresponding probable errors: a = 162.54 indicated in the tape.
6. Lines of levels to establish the elevation of a
±0.03m, b = 234.26±0.05m, and c = 195.70±
point are run over four different routes. The RP = 1/1000 to 1/25000 or better
0.04m. Determine the probable error of the
observed elevations of the point with probable
sum and the most probable value of the 3. DISTANCE BY TACHYMETRY
errors are given below. Determine the most
perimeter. (±0.07m)
probable value of the elevation of the point.
TACHYMETRY-based on the instruments
(Ans.219.847m) 8. The two sides of a rectangular lot were employed and is an indirect method of
measured with certain estimated probable measurement.
LIN OBSERVED PROBABLE
errors as follows: W = 253.36 ± 0.06m and L =
E ELEVATION ERROR
624.15 ± 0.08m. Determine the area of the lot a. STADIA METHOD – provides a rapid
1 219.832 m ± 0.006 m means of determining horizontal distances
2 219.930 ± 0.012 m and the probable error in the resulting
calculation. (±42.58sq.m.) with RP of only between 1/300 to 1/1000
3 219.701 ± 0.018 m
4 220.021 ± 0.024 m b. SUBTENSE BAR METHOD – is
MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL DISTANCES:
convenient and practical device used for quick
1. DISTANCE BY PACING and accurate measurementREVIEW of
MATERIALS
horizontal SURVEYING
INTERRELATIONSHIP OF ERRORS
distances with RP of 1/3000
PACING - consists of counting the number of
1. SUMMATION OF ERRORS.
steps or paces in a required distance. 4. DISTANCE BY GRAPHICAL AND
MATHEMATICAL METHODS
P . E . s=± √ PE 12 + PE 22+ PE 32 +… PE n2 PACE - is defined as the length of a step in
walking. 5. DISTANCE BY MECHANICAL DEVICES (eg.
P . E . s= probable error of the ∑ ¿ Odometer, measuring wheel, optical
STRIDE - equivalent to two paces or a double rangefinder, etc)
2. PRODUCT OF ERRORS. step
6. DISTANCE BY PHOTOGRAMMETRY
2 2
√
P . E . p =± ( Q1 x PE 2 ) + ( Q 2 x PE 1 ) RP = 1/200
PROBLEMS:
PACE FACTOR-the length of one’s pace
P . E . p =probable error of the product
9. A 45-m course, AB, on level ground was
2. DISTANCE BY TAPING paced by a surveyor for the purpose of
PROBLEMS:
determining his pace factor. The numbers of

PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D. ALBAY

paces for each trial are 50, 53, 51, 53, 52, and
53 paces.
REQUIREMENTS:
a. Determine his pace factor. (0.865m/pace)
b. If the surveyor then took 771, 770, 768, 770,
772, and 769 paces in walking an unknown
distance CD, what is the length of the line?
(666.1m)
c. Assuming that the tape length of line CD is
667.0m, determine the relative precision of
the measurement performed.(1/741)
10. A stadia rod held at a distance point B is
sighted by an instrument set up at A. The
upper and lower stadia hair reading were
observed as 1.3000m and 0.900m,
respectively. If the stadia interval factor (K) is
100, and the instrument constant (C) is zero,
determine the length of line AB. (40.0m)
11. The following subtended angles were read
on a 2-m long subtense bar using a theodolite:
0°54’13”, 0°22’20”, 0°32’6”, and 0°19’46”.
Compute the horizontal distance from the
theodolite to each position of the bar.
(126.81m, 307.86m, 214.19m, 347.83m)
12. A subtense bar 2.000 meters long is set up
near the middle of a traverse line PQ. Using a
theodolite set up at P, the angle subtended
reads 0°20’14”. When the theodolite was
PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D. ALBAY
transferred and set up at Q, the corresponding the lot are 180.455m and 127.062m,
subtended angle was observed as 0°23’47”. respectively, determine the following:
Determine the horizontal length of line PQ.
(628.90m) a. actual dimensions of the lot. (126.998m by
180.365m)
b. error in area introduced due to the
TAPE CORRECTIONS erroneous length of tape. (22.979sq.m.)
GENERAL RULE: 2. CORRECTION DUE TO SLOPE, C h
-when measuring, tape “too long”, ADD the A. GENTLE SLOPE (LESS THAN 20%)
correction; “tape too short”, SUBTRACT the
correction. h2
C h=
2s
-when laying-out, tape “too long”, SUBTRACT
the correction; “tape too short”, ADD the B. STEEP SLOPES (BETWEEN 20% TO
correction. 30%)
REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING
1. CORRECTION DUE TO INCORRECT TAPE 2 4
h h
LENGTH C h= + 3
2s 8s
Corr= ACTUAL LENGTH −MEASURED LENGTH
C. VERY STEEP SLOPES (GREATER
13. The length of a line AB measured with a 50- THAN 30%)
m tape is 465.285m. When the tape is
compared with a standardized invar tape it is
C h=s ( 1−cos θ )
found to be 0.016m too long in almost the
3. CORRECTION DUE TO TEMPERATURE, C T
same conditions of support, tension, and
temperature that existed during measurement
C t=αL ( T −T S )
of the line. Determine the correct length of AB.
(465.434m)
4. CORRECTION DUE TO PULL/TENSION, C P
14. A rectangular lot was measured using a 50-
m steel tape which was found to be 0.025m
too short. If the recorded length and width of
 ( P M −P S ) L
CP=
AE
5. CORRECTION DUE TO SAG, C S
w 2 L3 W 2 L
C S= = weight of steel to be 7.9 x 10^-3 kg/cm^3,
24 P2 24 P2
15. Slope distances AB and BC measures
330.49m and 660.97m, respectively. The
differences in elevation are 12.22m for points
A and B, and 10.85m for points B and C. Using
the approximate slope correction formula for
gentle slopes, determine the horizontal length
of line ABC. Assume that the line AB has a
rising slope and BC a falling slope. (991.14m)
16. A steel tape with a coefficient of linear
expansion of 0.0000116/°Celsius is known to
be 50m long at 20°C. The tape was used to
measure a line which was found to be 532.28
meters long when the temperature was 35°C.
Determine the following:
a. temperature correction per tape length.
(+0.0087m)
b. temperature correction for the measured
line. (+0.0926m)
c. correct length of the line. (532.37m)
PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D. ALBAY
17. A 30-m steel tape weighing 1.45kg is of
standard length under a pull of 5kg, supported
for a full length. The tape was used in
measuring a line 938.55m long on smooth
level ground under a steady pull of 10kg.
Assuming E = 2.0 x 10^6 kg/cm^2 and the unit
determine the following:
a. cross-sectional area of the tape. (0.06cm^2)
b. correction for increase in tension.
(+0.00125m)
c. correct length of the line measured.
(938.59m)
18. A 50-m steel tape weighs 0.04kg/m and is
supported at its end points and at the 8-m and
25-m marks. If a pull of 6kg is applied,
determine the following:
a. correction due to sag between the 0-m and
8-m marks, 8-m and 25-m marks, and the 25-m
and 50-m marks. (0.0009m, 0.0091m,
0.0289m)
b. correction due to sag for one tape length.
(0.0389m)
c. correct distance between the ends of the
tape. (49.9611m)
19. A steel tape weighing 0.85kg has a cross-
sectional area of 0.05cm^2. The tape measures
exactly 30.00m when supported throughout its
entire length under a standard pull of 5.5kg. If
the modulus of elasticity is 2.10 x 10^6
kg/cm^2, determine the tension required to
make the tape equal to its nominal length
when supported only at the end points.
(16.75kg)
20. A 50-m steel tape is of standard length
under a pull of 5.5kg when supported
throughout its entire length. The tape weighs
0.05kg/m, has a cross-sectional area at
0.04sq.cm, and being made of steel, its
modulus of elasticity is 2.10 x 10^6 kg/cm^2.
This tape was used in the field to measure a
distance that was determined to be 458.650m.
At the time the measurement was made, the
REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING
constant pull applied was 8kg with the tape
supported only at its end points. Determine
the correct length of the line. (456.832m)
 h cr=0.067 K 2 BM3 1.070 2.017
TP3 1.831 2.656
21. Determine the combined effects of the BM4 2.765
earth’s curvature and atmospheric refraction 25. The accompanying schematic arrangement
on sight distances of 60m, 90m, 120m, 150m, of lines portrays a differential level route. The
and 500m. values indicated represent backsight and
foresight readings taken at different points as
22. A man on the shore standing close to the labeled. Prepare and complete differential
sea’s water edge looks out toward the level notes for the information shown and
direction of the sea. If his eyes measure 1.72m show the customary arithmetic check.
above sea level, determine how far out to the
LEVELING 26. Complete the following set of profile level
sea is his visible horizon, neglecting the effect
of waves. notes and show the customary arithmetic
It is the process of directly or indirectly
check.
measuring vertical distances to determine the
23. A woman standing on a beach can just see
elevation of points and their differences in STA BS HI FS IFS ELEV,m
the top of a lighthouse 24.140km away. If her
elevation. BM.a 0.95 125.50
eye height above sea level is 1.738m,
0+00 3.0
REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING
Leveling Methods: determine the height of the lighthouse above
+10 2.3
the sea level.
TP1 3.13 0.64
1. Direct or Spirit leveling 0+22 2.7
DIFFERENTIAL LEVELING
+30. 2.8
2. Reciprocal leveling
HI =ELEV BM 1+ BS 5
3. Profile leveling +34. 3.1
ELEV TP 1=HI −FS 2
4. Trigonometric leveling +39. 0.5
24. Complete the differential level notes 3
5. Stadia leveling shown below and perform the customary +42. 0.8
arithmetic check. 5
6. Barometric leveling TP2 2.16 1.28
STA BS HI FS ELEV +45 0.9
7. Cross-section leveling
BM1 1.256 127.133 +48. 1.2
8. Borrow-pit leveling TP1 1.116 1.886 6
TP2 1.228 1.527 +50 1.7
CURVATURE AND REFRACTION BM2 1.189 2.246 +53. 2.8

PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D. ALBAY

 7 32. The magnetic declination in a location is C = not measured
TP3 0.82 2.37 2°30’ E. Determine the true bearing and true
TP4 1.35 3.50 azimuths reckoned from north and south of D = 134°10’
+75 3.0 the following lines whose magnetic bearings
BM.b 1.99 E = 140°50’
are given:
If all observed angles are assumed to be
a. AB, N 25°40’ E
MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES AND DIRECTIONS correct, determine the interior angle at C. Also
b. AC, S 50°12’ E determine the bearing of each line if the
Conversion: bearing of line AB is N 15°30’ E. Tabulate
c. AD, S 62°18’ W values accordingly.
1 Degree = 60 minutes = 360 seconds
33. In a compass traverse made fifty years ago TRAVERSE COMPUTATIONS
360 Degrees = 400 Grads
the observed magnetic bearing of a reference
line XY was S 50°18’ E when the magnetic LAT = Dcosα DEP = Dsinα
1 Grad = 100 Centesimal Minutes
declination was 8°15’ east. Lately in 1986, a
LINEAR ERROR OF CLOSURE
1Centesimal Minutes = 100Centesimal seconds new survey was made and the declination in
the same survey site changed to 12°10’ west.
1 revolution = 6400 mils = 360° LEC =√ C L2 +C D2 REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING
Determine the following description of line XY:

2π radians = 360° a. Its true bearing.

−C D
tanθ=
−C L
31. Convert 270° into its equivalent value in b. The true azimuth from south.
grads, mils, and radians. C D −closure ∈departure∨the algebraic
c. Its new magnetic bearing.
BEARING – (of the line) is the acute horizontal
angle between the reference meridian and the d. The magnetic azimuth from south in 1986. ∑ of the east∧west departures
line.
INTERIOR ANGLE TRAVERSE C L −closure ∈latitude∨the algebraic
AZIMUTH – (of the line) is its direction is given
by the angle between the meridian and the 34. The interior angle of a five-sided closed ∑ of the north∧southlatitudes
line measured in a clockwise direction from traverse were measured as follows:
either the north or south branch of the RELATIVE PRECISION
A = 118°30’
meridian.
LEC
B = 95°33’ RP=
MAGNETIC DECLINATION PROBLEMS: D

PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D. ALBAY

35. Given in the accompanying tabulation are 36. Given in the accompanying tabulation are DE 1020.87 S 12°25’ E
the observed data for a closed traverse the observed data for a traverse obtained from EF 1117.26 S 83°44’ W
obtained from a transit – tape survey. a transit – tape survey. Determine the latitudes FA 660.08 N 55°09’ W
Determine the following quantities: latitude and departures of each course and balance
and departure of each course, linear error of these quantities by employing the compass
closure, bearing of the side of error, and the rule. Also determine the linear error of closure,
precision of the measurement. Tabulate bearing of the side of error, and the relative
observed and computed values according to error of closure. Tabulate values accordingly.
the usual format.
COURSE DISTANCE BEARING
LIN LENGTH AZIMUTH FROM NORTH AB 495.85m N 05°30’ E
E (m) (α) BC 850.62 N 46°02’ E
AB 233.10m 122°30’ CD 855.45 S 67°38’ E
BC 242.05 85°15’ DE 1020.87 S 12°25’ E
CD 191.50 20°00’ EF 1117.26 S 83°44’ W
DE 234.46 333°35’ FA 660.08 N 55°09’ W
EF 270.65 254°08’ *TRANSIT RULE
FA 252.38 213°00’ REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING
Lat ( C L ) Dep ( C D )
c l= cd=
TRAVERSE ADJUSTMENTS
∑ NL−∑ SL ∑ ED −∑ WD
37. Given in the accompanying tabulation are
*COMPASS RULE (BOWDITCH RULE)
the observed data for a traverse obtained from
a transit – tape survey. Determine the latitudes
c l=C L ( Dd ) c =C ( Dd )
d D and departures of each course and balance
these quantities by employing the compass
C L =∑ NL+ ∑ SL ; C D =∑ ED+ ∑ WD rule. Also determine the linear error of closure,
bearing of the side of error, and the relative
ADJUSTED LENGTHS AND DIRECTIONS error of closure. Tabulate values accordingly.

COURSE DISTANCE BEARING

L' =√ LAT ' 2 + DEP ' 2
AB 495.85m N 05°30’ E
BC 850.62 N 46°02’ E
DEP '
tan α= CD 855.45 S 67°38’ E
LAT '

PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D. ALBAY

 a. 121.57 m b. 152.40 m
c. 275.50 m d. 245.60 m
INTERVISIBILITY OF STATIONS PARTITION OF LAND
8. Determine the length of line AD.
(OBSERVING TOWERS) A lot is bounded by 3 straight sides, namely:
AB, N 450, 160 m long, BC and CA both 190 m a. 180.41 m b. 160.83 m
Two hills A and C have elevations of 600m and long in clockwise direction. From point E, 100 c. 170.59 m d. 150.70 m
800 m, respectively. In between A and C is m from A and on side AB, a dividing line runs
another hill B which has an elevation of 720 m to D which is on side CA. The area of ADE is to 9. Compute the bearing of line AD.
and is located at 12 km from A and 10 km from be 2/5 of the total area of the lot.
C. a. N 47015’ E b. N 5101’ E
4. Determine the distance from A to D. c. N 5906’ E d. N 35010’ E
1. Determine the height to be reduced so that
station C will be visible from A. a. 121.60 m b. 162.45 m OMMITTED MEASUREMENTS
c. 175.10 m d. 146.35 m
a. 15.32 m b. 18.95 m A closed traverse has the following data:
5. Compute the bearing of line AD.
c. 23.69 m d. 34.58 m Course Distance(m) Bearing
0
a. S 69 54’ E 0
b. S 85 40’ E 1-2 58.70 9.270E
REVIEWNMATERIALS SURVEYING
2. What height of tower must be constructed c. S 88031’ E d. S 80025’ E 2-3 27.30 S 88.430 E
at C so that it could be visible from A with the 3-4
line of sight having a clearance of 2 m above 6. Compute the distance DE. 4-5 35.00 S 5.300E
hill B? 5-1 78.96 S 72.070 W
a. 126.59 m b. 109.32 m 10. What is the length of course 3-4?
a. 44.12 m b. 56.23 m c. 95.68 m d. 120.61 m
a. 39.32 m b. 37.58 m
c. 68.59 m d. 38.41 m The sides and bearing of a triangular lot are c. 38.65 m d. 35.20 m
AB, N 400 E, BC, S 200 E, and CA, N 800 W. A
3. What height of equal towers A and C that point D is marked on side BC such that line AB A closed traverse has the following data:
could be constructed so that A, B and C will be divided the triangle into two parts with the
intervisible with 2 m clearance at B. Course Distance (m) Bearing
area of ABD equal to 1/3 of the whole area of
AB 24.22 S 15036’ W
14,400 m2.
a. 20.95 m b. 10.58 m BC 15.92 S 69011’ E
7. Determine the distance from C to D. CD N 57058’ E
c. 35.62 m d. 52.14 m
DA S 80°43’W
11. Find the distance DA.

PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D. ALBAY

 a. 73.21 m b. 77.46 m a. 35.55 ha b. 38.27 ha THREE-POINT PROBLEM
c. 75.01 m d. 79.80 m c. 42.89 ha d. 102.10 ha
In the accompanying figure, A, B, and C are
A closed traverse has the following data: Given below are the corresponding data of a three known control stations and P is the
computation for the area given with missing
Line Distance (m) Bearing data.
AB 64.86 N 72010’ E
BC 107.72 S 48013’ E
CD 44.37 S 35030’ W Course LAT DEP DMD 2A
DE 137.84 1-2 +6 +16
EA 12.83 0
12. Find the bearing of line DE? 2-3 +70 -1,428
3-4 +14 +186 -5,580
a. N 56055’ W b. N 53041 W 4-5 -28
c. N 50014’ W d. N 59022’ W 5-1 +1 -46
2
AREA COMPUTATIONS
16. Compute the bearing of line 3-4.
Given the table shown below REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING
0 0
a. S 30 10’ E b. S 25 1’ E
Course Distance (m) Bearing c. S 30010’ W d. S 2501’ W position of the sounding vessel which is to
AB 668.15 N 58032’ W be located. If b = 6925.50m, c = 6708.40m,
BC 670.32 S 35010’ W 17. Compute the DMD of line 4-5. angle BAC = 112°45’25”, angle alpha =
CD 610.68
25°32’40”, and angle beta = 45°35’50”:
DE 515.32 a. +254 b. +146
EA 448.50 N 70040’ E
c. +110 d. +362 19. Compute the length of AP
13. Calculate the bearing of line CD.

18. Compute the area of the whole lot. (1 acre 20. Compute the length of BP
a. N 42029’ E b. S 42029’ E
c. S 42029’ W d. N 42029’ W = 43, 560 ft2)
21. Compute the length of CP
14. Calculate the bearing of line DE. a. 1.18 acres b. 2.37 acres
c. 3.27 acres d. 4.58 acres
a. N 13020’ E b. N 13031’ E
c. N 12029’E d. N 13029’ W

15. Calculate the area of the traverse.

PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D. ALBAY

HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING
The NAWASA engineers conducted a
hydrographic survey on one of the
reservoirs in order to determine the
capacity and to check out whether this
reservoir is capable of serving the water
needs of the adjacent municipalities.
Parallel ranges were established along the
reservoir and sounding was taken at
certain distances as shown below. What
would be the capacity of the reservoir by:
22. End – Area method
23. Prismoidal method
24. Determine the difference in capacity
between End-Area and Prismoidal
method.
PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D. ALBAY
PROBLEM SET IN REVIEW IN SURVEYING d) 50.0 ares and 100.0 m
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING: e) 42545.19 sq m and 346.72 m
1. The measured length of airport runways in Determine the length of each property in
five major cities in the Philippines are: meters.
1250.00, 1375.50, 1410.75, 1550.25, and
1750.00 meters. Determine the equivalent 4. Following are the dimensions for length,
length of each runway in kilometers, width, and depth of five excavated borrow pits
decimeters, and centimeters. Tabulate values for a highway project:
accordingly.
a) 113.26 m, 35.48 m, and 18.60 m
2. Given the dimensions of the following tracts
b) 50.08 m, 39.25 m, and 7.14 m
of land:
c) 243.55 m, 76.19 m, and 24.66 m
a) 108.75m by 76.82m
d) 42.055 m, 8.605 m, and 12.332 m
b) 940.08m by 1296.73m
REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING
e) 9.5 m, 6.3 m, and 4.9 m
c) 13.36m by 50.08m
Determine the volume of each pit in cubic
d) 1258.30m by 624.03m
meters.
e) 8476.55m by 121.79m
5. Given the approximate flat area and depth
Determine the area of each tract in square of excavation of the following borrow pits:
meters, square kilometers, ares, and hectares.
a) 3750.0 sq m and 758.0 m
3. Given the area and width of the following
b) 0.035 sq km and 180.0 m
rectangular-shaped pieces of property:
c) 15.6 ares and 495.0 m
a) 2.575 ha and 195.42 m
d) 9.250 ha and 250.0 m
b) 125.42 sq m and 545.0 cm
e) 46750 sq m and 195.0 m
c) 0.85 sq km and 925.09 m
Determine the volume of earth removed from
each pit in cubic meters.
6. Given the following numbers: 45.63, 5.700,
4010, 0.00037, 0.000940, 6.0090, 7.00, 9.5 x
10^8, 4.00 x 10^7, 2.604 x 10^18, and 3.00 x
10^-6. For each number, identify the
significant figures and state the number of
significant figures. Tabulate values accordingly.
7. Given the following numbers: 0.333333,
0.412342, 50.2155, 48.5455, and 16.3545.
Round off each number to three, four, and five
figures. Tabulate values accordingly.
8. The three angles of a triangle were
measured with the following results: A =
42°05’, B = 115°38’, and C = 22°08’. Determine
the most probable value of each angle.
9. The angles about a point have the following
observed values: 87°07’50”, 125°17’20”, and
147°35’20”. Determine the most probable
value of the three angles.
10. The interior angles of a quadrilateral were
observed to be: A = 100°35’40”, B =
118°44’15”, C = 80°54’35”, and D = 59°45’50”.
Determine the most probable value of each of
these angles.
11. A quantity was measured ten times with
the following results: 34.630, 34.626, 34.634,
34.628, 34.629, 34.626, 34.627, 34.633,
34.625, and 34.624 meters. Determine the
PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D. ALBAY
probable error of the mean and the relative
precision of the mean.
12. A surveying instructor sent all the 40
students in his class out to measure a distance
between two points marked on a runway. The
students working in group of four came up
with 10 different measurements as follows:
920.45, 921.05, 921.65, 920.25, 920.15,
921.85, 921.95, 920.45, 921.15, 921.35 meters.
Assuming these values are equally reliable and
that variations result only from accidental
errors, determine the relative precision of a
single measurement and the relative precision
of the mean.
13. The following values were determined in a
series of rod readings made under identical
conditions: 3.312, 3.307, 3.304, 3.306, 3.309,
3.301, 3.311, 3.308, 3.312, 3.306, and 3.313
meters. Determine the following: most
probable value of the observed rod readings,
probable error of a single measurement and of
the mean, and the relative precision of a single
measurement and of the mean.
14. A line is measured on a windy day as
338.65 m. The same line measured 338.37 m
on a calm day. If the latter measurement is
given four times the reliability of the first,
determine the most probable value of the
measured line.
15. A distance AB is measured five times as
610.03, 610.01, 610.05, 610.04, and 610.02
meters. The measurements were given
weights of 3, 2, 1, 2, and 3, respectively, by the
head tapeman. Determine the weighted mean
for distance AB. Also, determine what
difference results if later judgment revises the
weights to 2, 3, 1, 3 and 2.
16. An angle ABC is measured at different
times using various instruments and
procedures. The results, which are assigned
certain weights, are as follows: 75°09’26”,
weight of 4; 75°09’25”, weight of 3; and
75°09’27”, weight of 1. Determine the most
probable value of the angle measured.
17. In this problem theREVIEW
weight MATERIALS
of an angle is SURVEYING
assumed to be proportional to the number of
times it has been measured in repetition. Five
angles in a pentagon were measured with the
following results: 134°44’35”, 167°02’05”,
86°15’20”, 75°48’50”, and 76°08’50”. If the
number of repetitions for each measurement
were 2, 6, 6, 8, and 4, respectively, determine
the adjusted values of the angles.
18. Two sides and the included angle of a
triangle were measured and the probable
errors of each value were computed as
follows: a = 267.55 m ± 0.05 m, b = 564.75 m ±
0.06 m, and the angle C = 57°15’45”.
Determine the area of the triangle and the
probable error of the area.
19. Three sides of a triangle were measured
with the following results: a = 1431.20 m ±
0.02 m, b = 570.77 m ± 0.03 m, and c =
1767.15 m ± 0.04 m. Determine the angles in
the triangle together with the probable errors
of the angles.
20. A line AE is divided into segments for
measurement with a tape. The results were AB
= 134.10 m ± 0.040 m, BC = 320. 63 m ± 0.055
m, CD = 173.73 m ± 0.056 m, and DE = 160.85
m ± 0.050 m. Determine the length of the line
and the probable error of the measured
length.
21. The difference in elevation between two
ground points was measured by each of three
field parties using different kinds of leveling
instruments. The results are as follows: 1 st
party, DE = 18.45 m ± 0.05 m; 2 nd party, DE =
18.40 m ± 0.04 m; 3rd party, DE = 18.48 m ±
0.05 m. Determine the most probable
difference in elevation between the two
ground points.
22. The four approximately equal sides of a
tract of land were measured and the
measurements included the following errors: ±
0.085 m, ± 0.014 m, ± 0.175 m, and ± 0.205 m,
respectively. Determine the probable for the
total length (or perimeter) of the tract.
23. The dimensions of a five-sided tract of land
are given by the following measurements and
PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D. ALBAY
corresponding probable errors: 221.63 m ±
0.004 m, 235.70 m ± 0.002 m, 196.05 m ±
0.005 m, 296.13 m ± 0.012 m, and 303.18 m ±
0.015 m. Determine the probable error of the
sum of the five measurements and the most
probable value of the perimeter.
24. Two sides of a rectangle were measured as
being 226.25 m ± 0.03 m and 307.28 m ± 0.04
m. Determine the area of the figure and the
probable error of the area.
25. The base and altitude of triangular-shaped
figure were measured with certain estimated
probable errors as follows: b = 425.67 m ± 0.07
m and h = 138.63 m ± 0.06 m. Determine the
area of the figure and the probable error in the
resulting calculations.
MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL DISTANCES
1. In walking along a 75-m course, the pacer of
a field party counted 43.50, 44.00, 43.75,
44.50, and 43.25 strides. Then 105.50, 106.00,
105.75, and 106.25 strides were counted in
walking from one marker to another
established along a straight and level course.
Determine the distance between the two
markers.
2. A student paces a 50-m length five times
with the following results: 57.00, 56.75, 56.50,
58.00, and 56.25 paces. Determine how many
paces must he step off in order to establish a
distance of 450 meters on level ground.
3. Determine the length of a line negotiated in
208 paces by a person whose pace is 0.76
meters long.
4. With the use of a 1-sec theodolite
positioned at the center of a six-sided lot, the
following readings were taken on a 2-m
subtense bar set-up at the corner: 0°26’16”,
0°15’05”, 0°22’29”, 0°30’45”, and 0°09’50”.
Determine the distance of each corner from
the instrument position.
5. A 2-m long subtense bar was first set up at A
and subsequently at B, and the subtended
angles to the bar, as read fromMATERIALS
REVIEW a theodolite SURVEYING
positioned somewhere along the middle of the
line AB, were recorded as 0°24’15” and
0°20’30”, respectively. Determine the length of
AB.
6. A traverse line was measured in three
sections: 295.85 m at slope 8°45’, 149.58 m at
slope 4°29’, and 373.48 m at slope 4°25’.
Determine the horizontal length of the line.
7. A slope measurement of 545.38 m is made
between points A and B. The elevation of A is
424.25 m and that of B is 459.06 m. Determine
the horizontal distance between the two
points.
8. The sides of a rectangular parcel of property
were measured and recorded as 249.50 m and
496.85 m. It was determined, however, that
the 30-m tape used in measuring was actually
30.05 m long. Determine the correct area of
the rectangle in hectares.
9. A 30-m steel tape when compared with a
standard is actually 29.95 m long. Determine
the correct length of a line measured with this
tape and found to be 466.55 m.
10. A track and field coach wishes to lay out for
his team a 200-m straightway course. If he
uses a 50-m tape known to be 50.20 m long,
determine the measurements to be made so
that the course will have the correct length.
11. It is required to lay out a building 80 m by
100 m with a 30-m long metallic tape which
was found to be 0.15 m too short. Determine
the correct dimensions to be used in order
that building shall have the desired
measurements.
12. A steel tape whose nominal length is
supposed to be 30 m long was found to be
30.02 m long when compared with an invar
tape during standardization. If the tape is to be
used in laying out 520 m by 850 m rectangular
parking lot, determine the actual dimensions
to be laid out.
PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D. ALBAY
13. A 30-m steel tape is of standard length at
20°C. If the coefficient of thermal expansion is
0.0000116/°C, determine the distance to be
laid out using this tape to establish two points
exactly 1235.65 m apart when the
temperature is 33°C.
14. A steel tape having a correct length at 22°C
was used to measure a baseline and the
recorded readings gave the total of 856.815 m.
If the average temperature during the
measurement was 18°C, determine the correct
length of the line.
15. A heavy 30-m tape having a cross sectional
area of 0.05 cm^2 has been standardized at a
tension of 5 kg. If E = 2.10 x 10^6 kg/cm^2,
calculate the elongation of the tape for an
increase in tension from 5.5 kg to 20 kg.
16. A steel tape is 30.0 m – long under a pull of
6.0 kg when supported throughout. It has a
cross-sectional area of 0.035 cm^2 and is
applied fully supported with a 12-kg pull to
measure a line whose recorded length is
308.32 m. Determine the correct length of the
line if E = 2.1 x 10^6 kg/cm^2.
17. A 30-m steel tape weighing 1.75 kg is of
standard length under a pull of 4.55 kg,
supported for full length. This tape was used in
measuring a line (found to be 1371.50 m) on
smooth level ground under a steady pull of 8
kg. Assuming E = 2.05 x 10^6 kg/cm^2 and that
the unit weight of steel is 7.9 x 10^-3 kg/cm^3,
determine the following: cross-sectional area
of the tape, correction for increase in tension
for the whole length measured, and the
correct length of the line.
18. A 30-m steel tape weighs 1.5 kg and is
supported at its end points and at the 5 and
15-meter marks. If a pull of 8 kg is applied,
determine the correction due to sag between
supports and for one tape length.
19. A 30-m steel tape weighing 0.04 kg/cm is
constantly supported only at its end points,
and used to measure a line with a steady pull
of 8.5 kg. If the measured length of the line is
2465.18 m, determine the correct length of
the line. REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING
20. Determine the normal tension required to
make a tape exactly 30.0 m between its ends
when used in an unsupported mode, if the
tape has a cross-sectional area of 0.045 cm^2
and weighs 0.90 kg. Assume that the tape is
exactly 30.0 m when supported throughout its
entire length under a standard pull of 6.0 kg,
and its modulus of elasticity is 2.10 x 10^6
kg/cm^2.
21. A 30-m steel tape supported at its ends
weighs 0.03 kg/m and is of standard length
under a pull of 6.5 kg. If the elastic modulus of
steel is 2.0 x 10^6 kg/cm^2 and its weight
density is 7.9 x 10^-3 kg/cm^3, determine the
tension at which the effect of sag will be perpendicular to line ABC. If points D and E are
eliminated by the elongation of the tape due lined up with A and the length of BC = 210.38
to increased tension. m, determine the required distance.

22. A 30-m tape weighs 12.5 g/m and has a

cross section of 0.022 cm^2. It measures
correctly when supported throughout under a
tension of 8.0 kg at a temperature of 20°C.
when used in the field, the tape is only
supported at its ends, under a pull of 9.0 kg,
and at an average temperature of 28°C.
Determine the distance between the zero and
30-m marks.

23. A line was found to be 2865.35 m long

when measured with a 30-m tape under a
steady pull of 6.5 kg at a mean temperature of
30°C. Determine the correct length of the line REVIEW MATERIALS SURVEYING
if the tape used is of standard length at 20°C
under a pull of 5.5 kg. Assume the cross-
sectional area of tape to be 0.025 cm^2, elastic
modulus as 2.10 x 10^6 kg/cm^2, and
coefficient of thermal expansion to be
0.0000116/°C.

24. The sides of a triangle measure 1063.55,

1840.33, and 1325.05 m. Determine the three
angles in the triangle.

25. In the accompanying sketch it is required

to determine the distance between points A
and B which spans a wide and deep river. Lines
BD and CE, which measure 385.75 m and
529.05 m, respectively, are established

PREPARED BY: ENGR. RONALD D. ALBAY