Ans to the question no 1:

Authoritarian Government: A type of government or types of government alludes to self-

assertive administrative power is known as Authoritarian Government. Authoritarian
Government uses minimum output, along with i) family, ii) absolute monarchy, iii) a social class,
iv) top bureaucrats, v) a strong political party, and vi) army in the wake of military coup.

Authoritarian Government portrays total or visually impaired acquiescence to power. They are
against singular opportunity and identified with the desire for unquestioning compliance. The
authoritarian states enforce obedience to a central authority. They implement rule of law and
other constitutional values and principles and against individual freedom.

The following are the chief characteristics of authoritarian leadership:

 The Authoritarian Government make decision individually and they don’t prefer
participation or creative input from their followers or team members.
 Their policies and processes are made by the leaders independently.
 The authoritarian leader always supervises the other group members. ("What is
authoritarian leadership? - Definition from WhatIs.com", 2020)

One of the most repressive authoritarian states in the world is North Korea. ("Comparative
authoritarian institutionalism, regime evolution, and stability in North Korea - Patrick
McEachern, 2018", 2020)

The reason behind I consider North Korea as an authoritarian Government is that the Northern
State of Korea was controlled by the Soviets and China. On 9 September 1948, a military leader,
Kim Il-sung was appointed by them as the head of the new Democratic People’s Republic of
Korea. Kim Il-sung became the most powerful leader of the age due to his regiment in World
War Two. ("How Did North Korea Become an Authoritarian Regime?",2020)

Ans to the question no 4:

In different countries there are different political systems so depending on that a country runs on
a presidential, parliamentary or hybrid political system.

Presidential system of a government:

In a Presidential system of a government the presidents get elected and they can choose cabinet
ministers or department secretaries from outside the legislature. They are not responsible for the
legislature. The legislature is formed with the members of the council ministers and it is
separated. The executive, legislative judicial branches are divided into branches and according to
the different terms of the office and different constitutes these officers work. Parties in
parliamentary systems are more structured compared to the presidential systems and absence of
one vote. ("The Presidential and Parliamentary Governance Forms", 2020)

Normally parliamentary system interferes in the two branches of government. They have the
power of governance with the application of constitution and statutory powers. They can be
unpopular for strict decisions and can face hostility too in the congress. A Presidential system of
a government includes the same person as a head and the government. The president makes sure
that the laws are faithfully executed, and the duty is performed by the executive agencies that
include cabinet-level departments. ("Presidency of the United States of America | United States
government", 2020)

In the presidential system Joseph LaPalombara wrote that:

“ a) The president, who is both the head of State and of government, is independent of the
Legislative Branch and therefore does not depend much or continuously on this branch for his
existence or survival; b) The Legislative and Executive Branches are independent: the first is not
obligated to approve the bills sent by the Executive and the Executive can veto bills from
Congress; c) The president has the power of appointing people to certain positions; d) The
Executive can appeal directly to the people through plebiscites and referendums; e) The
Legislative Branch can judge and remove the President; f) The president has the power of
appointing his cabinet members, presenting bills and preparing the budget; g) The people elect
the president and expect him to be their leader.” ("Mexican Law Review", 2020)

Ans to the question no 5:

Advantage of Presidential democracy:

Directly elected:

The head of the state the president is elected directly democracy clearer and more legitimate
because the president is elected by the people rather than selected individuals with power

Stable law and regulation system:

Another advantage of the presidential system is the stability brings since presidents are elected
on fixed-term while the Government of the Prime Minister can fall at any time.

Isolation of powers:

The presidential system allows for the separation of powers since the legislature is an entirely
different structure and institution. This enables the creation of a system of checks and maintains
balance allowing one to monitor the other

Delegation in government:
Due to the limited powers and terms of a president, if people get unsatisfied with the current
administration, they have the chance to change the president. Other branches of government have
different opinions and protect people can charge against the president abusing power or favoring
groups with one-sided policies.

Disadvantage:

Tendency toward autocracy:

The president has all the power of the presidential system. And this type of privilege quickly
turns into authoritarian regimes.

Slow decision-making:

The incoherence of powers is also seen as a disadvantage of the presidential system because it
could create a gridlock or stagnancy within the government.

Ans to the question no 6:

Describe the Germen Government system:

Germany follows a Federal democracy, consists strong political parties, having an independent
judiciary, and powerful regional and local governments. Therefore head of German state is the
Federal President. Federal Chancellor runs the government and day-to-day politics under the
German parliamentary system of government. The federal chancellor is responsible to do the
day-to-day politics, and the role of the Federal President is mostly ceremonial. All the public
appearances, representing the state and unity is maintained by the Federal President. But a
government member can give countersignature and verify and valid a Federal President’s action.

The country also follows a constitutional democracy. As the constitutional democracy determine
the frameworks for election, Power distribution, and wider implications. The constitution of
Germany was passed in 1949 and is known as the Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik
Deutschland (or Basic Law). According to the German political right voting is most important
though non-citizens not able to vote in most elections. ("German Political System", 2020) In
German Government system prime ministers must be elected to parliament before becoming a
chief of the government. In the eastern states of the former German Democratic Republic the
Basic Law is applied.

On 24 September 2017 the 19th federal elections in Germany took place. In 2009 the
conservative parliamentary group CDU/CSU and the social democrat SPD were in a similar
situation.

The president may dismiss upon the chancellor’s recommendation, federal legislation and
treaties, the chancellor’s cabinet appointments, whom the president may dismiss upon the
chancellor’s recommendation.
Ans to the question no 7:

A political party may thus be defined as an organized group of citizens who prefer to share the
same political views and who by acting as a political unit try to control the government”
(Gilchrist)

Functions of political party:

• The political game is played by the parties.

• To speak in the public, conducting meeting, and building legitimacy for the system as a
whole.
• The political party does mobilization of voter and does campaign for the candidates. The
political party does advertisement on behalf of the candidates as without `party
advertising, many citizens would ignore elections.
• The organization of the Government is done by power shifting policy.
• They apply watchdog to watch the actions of the party in power.
• The political parties grow interest among the people and enables participation in the
public affairs.
• These parties solve issues and conflicts and also criticize a candidate or discuss flaws of
the opponents.

Political parties in Bangladesh:

Currently the ruling party in Bangladesh is Awami League. The prime minister is Sheikh Hasina
and she is taking many important decisions for the development of this country. Currently the
ruling party is focusing more on the infrastructural development of the country. Focusing on that
they have taken the project of Padma bridge, Metro rail, and Belt road initiative and numerous
flyover projects. The party6 also started some power plant projects like Matarbari, Ruppur, and
neuclear projects in the Sundarbans. Although the nuclear project raised a lot debate inside the
general people as it is going to affect the eco system and diversity of the forest. Current problem
of the country is unemployment and the party has taken initiative to provide ICT scholarships for
many students. Another problem is poverty. Though the party is improving the current GDP of
the country but there are still social class gaps and the difference between the rich and poor is a
lot.

Opposition party:

The opposition parties in Bangladesh are BNP, Jamayaet and bikolpo dhara party. Though
Jamayet party lost their existence due to having a JMB connection and having relation with
terrorism. BNP also became inactive due to massive arrests and corruption cases. The leader of
BNP Begum Khaleda Zia also became arrested for multiple corruption allegation.
Ans to the question no 8:

Every democracy automatically equate to liberal democracy or not:

Normally democracy refers to pluralism of some governing structures. It it helps to construct

workplaces, families, community associations etc. There are many types of democracy that
enables in protest, discussion, and decision-making. As the representative democracy can be
operated under the principles of liberalism so it can be called Liberal Democracy. The
characteristics of the Liberal Democracy are fair, free, and competitive elections. The elections
are taken between multiple distinct political parties. Sometimes it is applied by separating
powers into different branches of government, and in the rule of law. These kind of often draw
upon a constitution, either formally written or unmodified. It delineates the powers of
government and enshrines the social contract.

Factors that turn democracy into a liberal democracy:

• Liberty

People can enjoy extensive freedom of speech, assembly, association, and also movement for
any kind of issue. Side by side religious practices are being done peacefully and also without
any kind of intervention from any political parties or government.

• Rule of law

Under the legislation of liberal democracy citizens’ rights are protected by any means. In all
governmental Ministries chain of command is strictly maintained. Without any lawful act, no
one will be arrested arbitrarily or imprisonment because all citizens are equal under the law.

• Horizontal accountability

The power which is given by the citizens is separated and dispersed among multiple
independent branches and Institutions of government.executive power is also limited,
constrained, and scrutinized by an independent legislature Judiciary and other institutions.

Ans to the question no 9:

Differences between cadre and non-cadre position

Cadre
 Cadre position holders are those who
are gazzetted officers.
 Cadre job holder are considered as a
direct part of government
 People who are cadres have their
name on the official document
Non-cadre
 Those people who are not in the list of
government gazette are non-cadre
position holders.
 Non-cadre position holders are
presumed as bureaucrats.
 Non-cadres are not positioned in the
government’s recruitment list.
 published from the government
 Cadre job holders have their own
distinctive position with well defined
functions.
 Cadre position has its own horizontal
or vertical hierarchy.
 Members of the cadre service could
move from one department to another.
 Cadre service candidates apply the
rank-in-person method based on
closed career and status.
 Cadre positions have a kind of high
social prestige and social members
honor them as guests or VIPs.
 Cadre members a high type of
mobility. Such as they will be
transferred or promoted to other
ministries or departments.
 Non-cadres can only hold a normal
position with no definite structure.
 Non-cadres do not have any mobility.
 the non-cadre personnel had to serve
in the particular department to which
they were originally recruited.
 Non-cadre positions follow the rank-
in-position method based on
functional requirements.
 Non-cadre positions only can have a
title of doing government job.
 Non-cadre position is not flexible at
all. They have to serve for the whole
life in the same place.

References:

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September 2020, from https://www.historyhit.com/how-did-north-korea-become-an-
authoritarian-regime/.

Comparative authoritarian institutionalism, regime evolution, and stability in North Korea -

Patrick McEachern, 2018. SAGE Journals. (2020). Retrieved 11 September 2020, from
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2057891118760403?journalCode=acpa.

What is authoritarian leadership? - Definition from WhatIs.com. SearchCIO. (2020). Retrieved

11 September 2020, from https://searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/authoritarian-leadership.

Presidency of the United States of America | United States government. Encyclopedia

Britannica. (2020). Retrieved 11 September 2020, from
https://www.britannica.com/topic/presidency-of-the-United-States-of-America.

The Presidential and Parliamentary Governance Forms. Lawteacher.net. (2020). Retrieved 12

September 2020, from https://www.lawteacher.net/free-law-essays/administrative-law/the-
presidential-and-parliamentary-governance-forms-administrative-law-essay.php.

Mexican Law Review. Info8.juridicas.unam.mx. (2020). Retrieved 12 September 2020, from

http://info8.juridicas.unam.mx/cont/mlawr/8/arc/arc3.htm.
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https://www.expatrio.com/living-germany/facts-about-germany/german-political-system.

Government Rules and Regulations. Rhd.gov.bd. (2020). Retrieved 12 September 2020, from
http://www.rhd.gov.bd/RulesAndRegulations/View_Overview.asp?Ref=A.

Difference Between Gazetted and non-Gazetted Government Officers - Muaavan.com.

Muaavan.com. (2020). Retrieved 12 September 2020, from
https://muaavan.com/2019/difference-between-gazetted-and-non-gazetted-government-officers/.

Gazetted Officer - Banglapedia. En.banglapedia.org. (2020). Retrieved 12 September 2020, from

http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Gazetted_Officer.

Presidential vs Parliamentary System. RumahPangripta. (2020). Retrieved 12 September 2020,

from https://rumahpangripta.org/2019/09/07/presidential-vs-parliamentary-
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%2Dall'%20government.