University of Trinidad and Tobago (UTT)

Department of Utilities Engineering

INDUCTION MOTORS

Submitted By:
Rehan Sudama
Roll No: 66136

Submitted To :
Professor Adel Elgammal

Submission Date :
29/10/2020
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page

1. ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................…3

2. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................4

2.1 DC Generators...................................................................................................................................4

2.2 Working Principle of DC Generator..................................................................................................4

3. Theoretical Background..........................................................................................................................4

3.1 Separately Excited DC Generator......................................................................................................4

3.2 Characteristics...................................................................................................................................4

3.3 Characteristics of Separately Excited DC Generator.......................................................................5

3.4 Open circuit Characteristics of Separately Excited DC Generator ....................................................5

3.5 External Characteristics of Separately Excited DC Generator...........................................................6

3.6 Armature Reaction ...........................................................................................................................7

4. Experimental procedure...........................................................................................................................7

4.1 List of Equipment..............................................................................................................................7

4.2 Laboratory Procedure of Lab 1 .........................................................................................................8

4.3 Laboratory Procedure of Lab 2 .........................................................................................................9

5 . Analysis..................................................................................................................................................9

5,1 Experimental Results of Lab 1..........................................................................................................9

5.2 Data Analysis of Lab 1...................................................................................................................10

5.3 Discussion of Lab 1 ........................................................................................................................10

5.4 Experimental Results of Lab 2.........................................................................................................11

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 5.5 Data Analysis of Lab 2....................................................................................................................11

5.6 Discussion of Lab 2 ........................................................................................................................12

6. Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................13

7. References.............................................................................................................................................13

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 1. ABSTRACT

This lab covers the induction motors as a whole. This report shows the principle of
operation, Construction, Equivalent circuit of induction motors.While efficiency ,
synchronous speed , slip,, torque and speed control of induction motors also discussed.
,

2. INTRODUCTION :

2.1 DC generators:
A Direct current (dc) generator is another gadget that produces a potential difference. A
straightforward dc generator comprises of a loop of wire turning in an magnetic field.
Nonetheless, it utilizes a split ring commutator instead of the two slip rings found in AC
generators. There are three techniques for excitation, and three types of DC generators:
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  Permanent Magnet DC Generators
 Separately Excited DC Generators
 Self Excited DC Generators

2.2.Working Principle of DC Generator

The DC generator working guideline depends on Faraday's laws of electromagnetic Induction.

At the point when a conductor is situated in a unstable magnetic field, an electromotive power
gets initiated inside the conductor. Induced e.m.f extent can be estimated from the condition of
the electromotive force of a generator.
On the off chance that the conductor is available with a closed path, the current which is induced
will stream in the path. In this generator, field coils will produce an electromagnetic field just as
the armature conductors are turned into the field. Subsequently, an electromagnetically incited
electromotive force (e.m.f) will be created inside the armature conductors. The way of induced
current will be given by Fleming's Right hand rule.
3. Theoretical Background

3.1 SEPARATELY EXCITED DC GENERATOR:

A DC generator whose field winding or loop is stimulated by a different or outer DC source is

known as separately excited DC Generator. The Flux created by the poles relies on the field
current with the unsaturated area of magnetic material of the poles. for example , flux is directly
proportional to the field current. But in the saturated region, the flux stays steady.

3.2 CHARACTERISTICS:
Characteristics is the graph between the two dependent quantities. It shows the consistent state
Characteristics for DC generators. The trait of the DC generators clarifies the relations between
the loads excitation and terminals voltage through graph..

3.3 Characteristics Of
Separately Excited DC
Generator:

In the event, the voltage will

remain constant If there is no
armature reaction and armature
voltage drop, the voltage will
stay consistent for any load
current. Because of the
demagnetizing impact of
armature reaction, the on-load produced emf is not exactly the no-load voltage.

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The presentation of an separately Excited DC generator is examined with the assistance of three
distinct qualities: Magnetic or no-load or open circuit characteristics., internal characteristics
and external characteristics.

3.4 Open Circuit Characteristic a separately excited generators:

The bend which gives the connection between field current (If) and the generated voltage (E0)
in the armature on no load is called open circuit characteristic for a DC generator. The plot of
this bend is essentially same for a wide range of generators, regardless of whether they are
separately excited or self-excited independently . This curve is otherwise called no load
saturation characteristic curve of DC generator.

Here in this figure, we can see the variety of generated emf on no load with field current for
various fixed speeds of the armature. For
higher estimation of consistent speed, the
steepness of the curve is more. At the point
when the field current is zero, for the effect
residual magnetism in the poles, there will
be a little beginning emf (OA) as show in
figure. Let us consider a separately excited
DC generator giving its no load voltage E0
for a consistent field current. In the event
that there is no armature reaction and
armature voltage drop in the machine then
the voltage will stay consistent. In this way,
in the event that we plot the rated voltage
on the Y pivot and load current on the x
axis then the bend will be a straight line and
corresponding to x-axis as appeared in
figure beneath. Here, AB line demonstrating the no load voltage .
The e.m.f of DC generator at no-load is given by using following relation :
Eo α NΦ

If the speed is constant, then Eo is directlty proportional to the flux Φ, but flux is directly
proportional to field current .The induced emf in the armature winding of a dc machine is
directly proportional to flux and speed of rotation. Now consider that the field winding have a
variable dc source that providing a field current. If armature terminals are left open and

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armature is rotated at constant speed, then the induced emf in the armature is given by following
relation
E = K ,
Here, K is a constant. the induced emf becomes proportional to the airgap flux. Flux depends on
the magnetomotive force supplied by current in the field winding. That is,
 = Kf IF
Here, Kf depends on the operating flux density. Therefore induced emf is shown as following
E = K Kf If .
The magnetic circuit of a dc machine have both linear and non-linear parts. Hence, Kf decreases
as the magnetic circuit gets saturated with change in flux density in machine. It should be noted
that E does not start at zero when the field current is zero but at some value (of the order of 1-5
V). This is due to residual magnetism.

At the point when the generator is loaded then the voltage drops because of two fundamental
reasons-
1. Due to armature reaction
2. Due to ohmic drop .

3.5 External characteristics of a separately excited generators.

Presently we will draw the external characteristics of a separately excited DC generators. For
that, we run the DC generator with rated speed and furthermore we energize the field with rated
field current. Here, DC generator is kept at its no-load condition. At that point , the no-load
terminal voltage is measured with the assistance of a voltmeter associated over the terminals.
We speak to this open circuit voltage at rated excitation and evaluated speed as E0 on the Y-
pivot of a chart. At that point we gradually increment the load current by associating load
resistance consistently in parallel way.

At each progression of expanding the load, we

measure the voltage over the load terminals and
the armature current flows. At that point we plot
on the graph Thus, we get a slanted line starting
from point E0. This slope line speaks to
the external characteristics of a separately
excited generators.
The terminal voltage is less then E due to voltage
drop in armature circuit .Therefore, this external
characteristics curve is lie below the internal
characteristic. The formula of terminal voltage for
external characteristic is given by following
relation

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 V = E- IaRa – armature reaction drop

3.6 Armature Reaction:

In no-load condition, field winding produced flux that is uniformly distributed over the pole
faces as indicated in Fig. (A). Now consider that two pole machine is driven by prime mover in
clockwise direction. The direction of the currents in the armature conductors under load is
indicated in Fig. (B). The armature flux distribution is indicated. When the armature is loaded,
both fluxes exist at the same time, the resultant flux gets distorted. The armature flux resists the
flux in one half of the pole and aids in the other half of pole . If the magnetic circuit is
unsaturated the decrease in flux in one-half of the pole is accompanied by an equal increase in
the flux in the other half. The net flux per pole is the same under load as at no load. If the
magnetic circuit is close to saturation point under no-load, then increase in flux is smaller than
the decrease in flux. So ,there is a net reduction in total flux.

4 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

4.1 List of Equipment

List of Equipment is given below:

 De Lorenzo 20089 DC motor
 Fluke Multimeter
 De Lorenzo 8044 Generator
 Connecting leads
 De Lorenzo DL 1013M3 Power Supply Module
 De Lorenzo DL 20250 Electronic Tachometer
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  De Lorenzo DL 1017RHE Variable Resistor

4.2 Laboratory Procedure of Lab 1

Laboratory procedure of Lab 1 is given below:

 The appropriate theory of DC generators and its parts was read up prior to entering the
lab.
 The equipment was connected as shown circuit diagrams .
 Each circuit was set up separately.
 Power supply module is used for applying fixed and changeable alternating current and
fixed and changeable rectified direct current, in order to easily carry out all the tests on
electrical machines of the lab .

 Electronic Tachometer is used for measuring the revolving speed through mounted on the
machine. Digital readout and analogue output proportional to the measured value.

4.3 Laboratory Procedure of Lab 2

Laboratory procedure of Lab 2 is given below:

 Connect the connections as shown in circuit diagram.

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  DC Power Supply is turned on and increase the excitation voltage gradually from zero to
full value while keeping speed of prime mover to be constant.
 Record output voltage against each value of load current.
 power is turned off to the machine after completing the task.

5 ANALYSIS

5.1 Experimental Results of Lab 1 :

Measurements of field current and generated voltage is given below:

No # Field Current If Generated Voltage

(amps) in Amps Eg (volts) in Volts

1 0 5.06 (Residual)
2 0.01 27
3 0.02 54.6
4 0.03 69.4
5 0.04 91.4

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 6 0.05 111.8
7 0.06 125.2
8 0.07 137.8
9 0.08 147.4
10 0.09 156.3
11 0.1 161.8

5.2 Data Analysis of Lab 1 :

Plot of field current and

generated voltage of lab
1 is given below:

5.3 Discussion of Lab 1:

Theoretical Results of Lab 1 is

given below:
Open circuit characteristic is
also called as no-load
saturation characteristic. This Open circuit  characteristic describes the connection between
generated emf at no load (E g) and the field current (I f) at a given fixed speed. The Eg is
proportional to field flux .If the field current is zero, some amount of emf is provided . This
initially induced emf is because of residual magnetism in field poles. Because of this effect ,a
very small initial emf is induced in the armature. This initially induced emf helps the existing
residual flux, thus increasing the overall field flux. Thus ,increases the induced emf. So open
circuit characteristics follows a straight line. When flux density is increased , the poles get
saturated and the ɸ is becoming constant. So by increasing If, ɸ remains constant so , Eg also
remains constant.

5.4 Experimental Results of Lab 2 :

Measurements of load current and terminal voltage is given below:

No # IL Load Current VT Terminal

(Amps) Voltage in Volts

1 0 161.3 (Residual)
2 0.162 153.8
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 3 0.201 151.9
4 0.346 145.2
5 0.463 140
6 0.621 132.6
7 0.817 123.6
8 0.939 117.7

5.5 Data Analysis of Lab 2 :

Plot of load current and terminal voltage of lab 2 is given below:

5.6 Discussion of Lab 2 :

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Theoretical Results of Lab 2 is given below: An external characteristic curve describes the
connection between terminal voltage (V) and the load current (I L). Terminal voltage V is less
than the generated emf Eg due to voltage drop in the armature circuit. If the field current is kept
constant and armature is moving at a constant speed, induced emf in an ideal generator does not
depend on the armature current, as indicated by the dotted line .When load current increases, the
terminal voltage decreases as shown by solid line. If the armature reaction is ignored, then
decrease in Va will be linear and equal to the voltage drop across Ra and carbon brushes. if the
generator is worked at the knee point in magnetization curve, the armature reaction introduces a
further drop in terminal voltage.
s

6. Conclusion :

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In this lab , we observed the Open circuit or Magnetic Characteristics of a D.C. Separately
Excited Generator.and External Characteristics of a D.C. Separately Excited Generator .Open
circuit Characteristics shows relationship between field current and induced voltages. External
Characteristics shows the relation between the terminal voltage (V) and load current
(IL).Experimental and theoretical results are shown and plotted . Separately Excited DC
Generator can operate in stable condition with any field excitation and gives wide range of
output voltage. 
7. References:
A. A. Khan, “A Novel Apparatus to Study Faradays Laws of Electromagnetic Induction,” IEEE
Transactions on Education, vol. E-29, no. 1, pp. 30–31, 1986.

R. Tricker, “The Logical Status of the Law of Electromagnetic Induction,” The Contributions of
Faraday and Maxwell to Electrical Science, pp. 41–73, 1966.

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