929 (41.8%) had only completed bottom 5th percentile of the country.

There
elementary education, and 48 (2.2%) had were 1725 (78.1%) respondents that
A total of 2224 participants
no education at all. Therefore, 1795 reported living in rural areas with the
representing 166 communities were part of
(80.8%) had not graduated from secondary remaining 283 (12.8%) and 200 (9.1%)
the research. According to the
school, and 977 (44%) had only completed participants residing in coastal and urban
characteristics of survey respondents
elementary education or less. areas, respectively. Among all households
stated by the researchers, the average age
surveyed, 1773 (79.7%) had electricity and
was 41.3 years old (SD = 14.6). 50 (2.2%)
the remaining 451 (20.3%) had no
of the respondents were <20 years of age,
electricity. 1084 (48.7%) of the
1080 (48.6%) were 20-39 years old, 783
respondents owned a working television,
(35.2%) were 40-59 years old, and the
116 (5.2%) owned a television but is out of
remaining 311 (14%) were 60 years and A daily income of <50 PHP, 50 to
order, and 1024 (46%) had no television at
older. There were 2061 (93%) female and 100 PHP and >100 PHP were self-reported
all. The 1733 (77.9%) respondents
163 (7.3%) male respondents. Among the by 1262 (56.8%), 710 (32%) and 248
reported owning at least one mobile phone
respondents, 51 (2.3%) had completed (11.2%) respondents, respectively. The
and the remaining 491 (22.1%) had no
college or higher, 165 (7.4%) had average household self-reported a monthly
mobile phone available.
vocational school, 213 (9.6%) had income of 7657 PHP (SD = PHP8062),
graduated from high school or ALS, 818 which places the average household in the
(36.8%) had not graduated from high
school,
 National Health Insurance Program in the routes such as coughing and sneezing,
Philippines. Meanwhile, 824 (37.1%) face to face talking, and handshakes or
respondents were not covered by hugs. In terms of knowledge surrounding
PhilHealth and 7 (0.3%) respondents had potential preventive measures to protect
The respondents in this study
no idea about PhilHealth. people from infection, the respondents
constitute a section of the population that
identified hand washing, wearing of face
is frequently marginalized from social
masks, sanitizing and social distancing as
services and has limited access to health
the significant practices. Increasing
services. In the Philippines, low-income
knowledge of COVID-19 transmission
groups still suffer disproportionately from
routes was correlated with higher levels of
under nutrition, and we see infant mortality
There were 2090 (94%) education, but not with adequate
rates that are six times higher in the lowest
respondents who reported learning and preventive measures against the virus, but
wealth quintile relative to the wealthy in
staying up to date about COVID-19 greater knowledge of both was associated
combination with lack of access to health
through television, radio, social media, with having access to at least one mobile
care.
internet, friends/relatives, local phone. The respondents considered to

government officials and announcements contact a barangay health worker or seek

at work. Most of this population reported health advice elsewhere such as visiting a

obtaining their information through public hospital and rural health unit (RHU)
1391 (62.6%) respondents were traditional media sources, such as if having symptoms like fever, cough or
covered by PhilHealth, the government television and radio. The respondents sore throat. Moreover, respondents with
body that administers the were able to identify vital transmission greater knowledge of the modes of
transmission, those who report getting their resulting in a drastic increase of use television and radio as their means
everyday lives disrupted by the virus, and unemployed citizens here in our country. of gathering information and updates
those who are concerned about Furthermore, in this study, there are regarding the latest happenings on
contracting COVID-19 are taking more several problems which require to be COVID-19 pandemic.
preventive steps. resolved in order to attain the main goal of
this study. ❖ Every individual has the right for
a proper medical attention

Health Problems ❖ An evidence-based information especially during this pandemic

plays a vital role nowadays to wherein no one is exempted to
The impact of COVID-19 pandemic combat the possible spread and acquire this virus. Therefore,
has severely affected the life of all Filipino acquisition of the virus another problem that requires
Citizens mainly for both lower- and middle- itself. According to the study immediate attention is the lack of
class groups. Moreover, due to the conducted by the researchers, it medical attention among low-
implementation of different safety is stated that the majority of the and middle-class groups in
protocols to limit the spread of the virus, Filipino citizens under lower and which according to the results of
the government-imposed lock down and middle-aged class doesn’t have this study it is stated that, access
generalized community quarantine (GCQ) enough reliable information on to health care is more achievable
among areas that has elevated number of the etiology and different among high-class groups
cases COVID-19, thus, leading to various preventive measures for COVID- compared to both lower- and
sectors including different companies and middle-class groups, hence,
19. Also, the majority of
organizations to shut down their businesses leading to rapid spread
respondents stated that they only
of the virus among its members due to aware of the preventive measures that this tends to result in the increasing
congestion and poor access to health they need to do to prevent acquisition number of cases of COVID-19 here in
care needs. of this virus such as; handwashing our country. This study suggests the
(majority), keeping a distance if an promotion of the importance of health
❖ In accordance with the lack of individual is showing symptoms of education and clinical supervision
healthcare access, the results of COVID-19, and avoiding physical among the mentioned population
this study affirmed that, contact among another person. Despite groups because they are more
unproportioned/lack of facilities, this knowledge, application of these vulnerable to acquiring the virus.
staffs/personnel, and equipment practices and other preventive
such as; hospital beds, measures as well were not being With the aforementioned list of
ventilators, oxygen tanks, practiced by both of the mentioned problems above, the marginalized
medicines, and other necessary groups due to their economic status,
community households particularly the low
devices in rendering effective some of them were living in an overly-
income as well as the middle-class groups,
health care services is also one populated/condensed areas which
should be given the health service that they
of the major problems that promotes rapid spread of disease, and
requires immediate attention lack of clinical supervision. need in order to achieve optimal health

especially during this pandemic. functioning. Hence, immediate action must

❖ Due to the unpreparedness of both take place in order to achieve better

❖ Meanwhile, for both middle- and health and government sectors outcomes and minimize the number of
lower-class groups this study especially on the lower- and
COVID-19 cases here in our country.
reveals that, these groups are middle-class population,
 Marginalized communities are at high risk during this time of pandemic due to several factors that affect them. These factors
that affect them in multiple aspects make them vulnerable to contracting infectious/contagious diseases. The theory of Health as a
Multifactorial Phenomenon, which includes political, economic, socio-cultural, and environmental factors, are the main reasons why
the marginalized communities are deprived of access to proper health care services and others. These conditions play a major role in
ensuring their health, safety, and security.

Political
In the political aspect, the community leaders are responsible for collaborating with health care professionals to educate them
with health care knowledge, provision of health service to prevent disease, and maintain good health. Leaders of the community should
manage the community's needs and be wise in the decision-making process that will determine the community's health status and
progress.
Economic
The economic aspect or factor, on the other hand, also plays a significant role in the community's distribution and consumption
of goods and services, particularly in health care. Since the case indicates that most community households are economically
disadvantaged members, it will impact their access to health care benefits. They may not be able to gain all the requirements they need
for their health necessities, which will tremendously affect their health status, especially in this time of the global pandemic crisis.
Rendering care and support for their health will be very difficult. In addition to that, technological advancement, which can also provide
branches of information, may be inaccessible to these community areas. Because not all have access to these, information
dissemination does not reach low-income people.

Socio-Cultural
Socio-cultural factors can also influence the progress of health in these marginalized communities. Their traditional ways or
methods, their beliefs, can hinder them from seeing relevant information. Plus, the spread of false information is also an ongoing
social issue. Thus, it increases the public's anxiety and fear, particularly to COVID-19, and this also affects their mental health.

Environmental
Lastly, the environmental factor also affects the health status of the community. People who live in polluted areas are susceptible
to the rapid transmission of infection and other diseases. They are vulnerable to the deleterious effects of heavily polluted environments
and surroundings if they cannot do any actions to deal with the cause and the problems it has caused.

If these factors will not be given any solution and are prolonged, the people will suffer the severity
of a myriad of complications, COVID-19 in particular, and in the worst-case scenario, death.

Therefore, objectives or goals must be set for the community; included details are elaborated below.
(1) The collaboration of They need to implement community
programs that will provide the people with
community leaders,
healthcare supplies and services such as;
community healthcare check-ups, consultations, medical advice,
workers, and professional medical mission programs, and other

health care providers are community programs. This will help

households who cannot afford their health
needed to combine their
care to be given the help they need. Proper
works and implement health management and handling of the budget is
programs. essential for funding the programs for the
people. Community leaders, professional
health care providers, and members or
representatives for the mass community
members should be involved in the
decision-making process. They need to
hold hands for the community's betterment
and progress, particularly in the health
status of each member and the community
as a whole.
(2) Community program for This will help reduce the detrimental

cleaning the environment effects of the unhealthy and polluted

and funds or budget for the
materials necessary for the
work.
environmental problem. All community
members, including their leaders,
should join in cleaning the community,
waste disposal management, designate
trash bins after properly segregating
their garbage, clean and efficient
drainage systems, and plant trees to
reduce pollution. A clean environment
can help reduce pollution and its effects
on our health. It can provide clean air, a
safe water supply for potable drinking
water, and less garbage. With such
benefits, it can lessen the morbidity of
diseases, respiratory disease,
infections, and others.
(3) Health Education programs This will help combat the infodemic

mainly about COVID-19 issue where the spread of false rumors

regarding the virus is rampant. Teach
awareness
the people that educating them with
proper knowledge does not necessarily
mean that the traditional beliefs are
being changed; we are simply
correcting false teachings but not
needing to forget the traditional ways.
Since people from economically
disadvantaged groups who reside in
marginalized communities lack access
to appropriate information sources,
they need to know the factual and
relevant information and knowledge
about the recent outbreak of the virus.
(3) Health Education programs As the study says, they only have radios
and television, but not all mass media can
mainly about COVID-19
provide accurate knowledge about the
awareness virus. In addition to that, if these
households from marginalized
communities don’t have access to
technology, let alone the proper guidance
to understanding the virus, their exposure,
and susceptibility in contracting the
infection is very high. Since we all rely on
the medical field to give us relevant
knowledge that we ought to know, it will
also be proper to learn accurate
information from health care professionals
from the field. This will help people learn
and understand the facts from false
perceptions and promote adherence to
given protocols against the disease.
 Generally, the outcome goals for the stated objectives explained with their
Impact is to help the low-income people be ready and prepared during these times of
crisis of COVID-19. The goals that need to be done are envisioned as follows;

• The people will be given the privilege of accessing health care services and goods to maintain proper health care

and prevent diseases.

• People who are living in poverty and lack education will be given timely and relevant information through health

teachings or education program with the subject of COVID-19 that will help them learn the facts from false

teachings, and finally,

• A clean and safe environment should be maintained to mitigate the health impact of environmental pollution and

its detrimental effects on all living organisms in a particular community. If all of these goals and objectives will

be met, the high mortality and morbidity rates will be reduced to a lower rate. And people can progress more with

a good health status of the community.

 Nightingale understood that disease transmission and contamination continue because of the organic materials from the patient
and their environment. Her theory did not coincide with the germ theory. She believed that disease was a reparative process. Moreover,
she also believed that manipulating the patient's surroundings—ventilation, warmth, diet, light, cleanliness, and noise, all contribute to
the reparative process and the patient's health. Nightingale's concern did not only include the hospital settings, but it extended to the
patient's private homes and the poor people's physical living conditions. Florence Nightingale tackled the five essential components of
Environmental Health. These include the following;
 Pure Air
Air is essential for us to live because there is only darkness without it, i.e., death. If the air we breathe from the earth’s
atmosphere is not pure and unclean, this will eventually have detrimental effects on our body, particularly the lungs. Since the gas
exchange happens in the lungs, and the air is heavily polluted, it can contribute to a myriad of complications in our health status.
People who live in congested areas, like the case of the people in this study, are the ones who are susceptible to the rapid transmission
of diseases. The air that they breathe may also be heavily polluted or contaminated. Measures and interventions are needed to improve
air quality that should be cost-benefit.

Pure Water
On the other hand, marginalized areas of the community are also susceptible to potable drinking water source problems. The
lack of access to water can also lead to diseases. When people drink from contaminated bodies of water or contaminated water supply,
the risk of contracting infections from microorganisms is highly possible. Bacterial, as well as parasitic infections can mostly occur
in these cases. Thus, the action to provide water purification and clean water supply is greatly needed.

Efficient Drainage & Cleanliness

Polluted areas also have a low efficient drainage system. The presence of organic material can also create a contaminated or
filthy area. They can produce toxic chemicals upon disinfection. Therefore, appropriate handling and disposal of bodily excretions and
sewage are required to prevent further pollution and contamination of the environment. Pollution has deleterious effects on human
health, and the need for cleanliness is a must because it is always next to Godliness. Nightingale believed that a dirty environment is a
source of infection through the organic matter it contained. That’s why medical handwashing is always needed, before and after eating
meals, as well as contact with contaminated objects; soiled linens, blood, urine, feces, secretions, dirty surfaces,
and other things from patients. This will help prevent the transmission of infections due to microorganisms and even parasites. Avoid
putting hands or fingers in the mouth.

Light
Lastly, sunlight exposure is also essential to provide us essential vitamins that we need but take note of the time limitations.
Wherever we go, people will always be exposed to sunlight, on a daytime basis, of course. Thus, there is not much conflict regarding
exposure to light because we are all exposed to it. That being said, despite the fact that we all know that sunlight has benefits to us
because it can give us vitamins, we should also know when or the time that sunlight exposure can also be harmful. The time span of
sunlight has surely moved because of global warming; hence, the sun’s ultraviolet rays are harmful and can even cause skin cancer.
We should educate people that they should avoid being exposed to the sun from 10 am - 4 pm. These hours are surely not the ideal
time to get exposed to the sun.

In addition to the five components, Nightingale also included the other concepts in her theory;
warmth, diet, and quietness. Manipulation of patient’s body temperature by; measuring it through

palpation of extremities to assess for heat loss, opening the windows for proper ventilation,

maintaining optimal body temperature through tepid sponge bathing or other interventions, and
properly positioning the patient in the room can help them maintain optimal body warmth or
temperature.
 You are what you eat. If you abuse your body today, it will make you pay for it later in your life
by suffering illnesses or other conditions. That’s why the encouragement of a healthy lifestyle and

the provision of knowledge about the harmful effects of unhealthy foods and the benefits of eating

ideal foods for a healthy diet must be taught. Health care providers, especially the nurses, should
assess the dietary intake of the patient and the mealtime schedule and its effects on the patients as

well.

And finally, the ideal type of environment where you can enjoy some moments of peace, calm and
silence also has an advantage to good health and life. The nurse should avoid unnecessary noises
created by physical activities in the environment because it can harm the client.

And with all that has been said in Nightingale’s theory, it strongly imposes that organic matter
present from the contaminated, polluted, and unhealthy environment is one of the major contributors to
illness. The unhealthy environment is seen in congested areas of the community like the low-income

people in this study.

(1) Community Health Cleanliness is always next to Godliness.
Thus, cleaning our entire surroundings is
Programs collaborate with
absolutely needed not only for a beautiful
health care professionals, ambiance but also for health benefits. A
explaining the relevance and clean environment with proper segregation

significance of a clean of waste, management of garbage disposal,

water purification, provision of clean water
environment for general
supply from reservoirs, and sweeping of
cleaning of the environment. streets are ways to promote a healthy
Additionally, planting of herbs, environment and reduce pollution. A

fruits, root crops, and veggies in
a vacant lot for public use
should be implemented.
healthy environment also contributes to the
slow transmission of diseases like
infections and contaminations since poor
people live in congested areas. The general
cleaning should be done at least twice a
month with an interval of 2 months basis.
Planting trees and edible plants for more
resources such as root crops, fruits,
vegetables, and herbal plants
(1) Community Health when they plant these on vacant spaces. It
can also give an advantage in refreshing
Programs collaborate with
the air that we breathe and benefits our diet
health care professionals, in achieving a healthy lifestyle.
explaining the relevance and
significance of a clean
environment for general
cleaning of the environment.
Additionally, planting of herbs,
fruits, root crops, and veggies in
a vacant lot for public use
should be implemented.
(2) Dissemination of proper or People will learn how to deal with their

appropriate updated news and problems in terms of health. The

dissemination of relevant knowledge to
information about health care,
the marginalized community is being
prevention of diseases, and
done, visual aids (posters, flyers, or
maintenance of well-being, leaflets) to remind people about the
especially during this knowledge they will learn as frequently
pandemic, is done through as possible and always know how to

health care programs. keep it in mind. This will also help

people to understand the relevance of
proper health care and lifestyle to
prevent diseases.
(3) Collaboration with This will help people who cannot afford

community leaders, workers, to purchase food needed to achieve

optimal health will be served to them. It
and health workers to promote
will help them achieve the essential
nutritional feeding programs
nutrients that their body requires by
for the community serving them with a nutritious meal for
the program. This will be done twice a
month on an interval of 2 months basis.
The children's progress will be
monitored if they've acquired the
essential nutrients through the
measurements of their weight, height,
and anthropometric measurements.
 A healthy environment should be implemented and maintained, especially in
areas that are highly congested and polluted. The transmission of diseases or
infections is more rapid in these areas; hence, immediate action should be taken into
account to prevent the crisis of health conditions that can potentially harm and
spread to other individuals.

• A cleaner environment with the addition of planting edible plants can be used for healthy lifestyle

practices despite being economically disadvantaged.

• Factual information is given to provide people with knowledge for disease prevention, maintenance

of optimal health, render treatment and interventions for medical conditions, and a health care

professional advice or counsel for patient consultations to solve their problems.

• Nutrients for meeting body requirements for optimal growth and health development.
 Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs states that humanity is born with instinctive needs. These needs are any physiologic or
psychological factors that are crucial for healthy existence. Consequently, human needs are motivational forces. The accustomed
culture, socio-economic conditions, personal belief, and health affect the motivational strength and expression of these needs. The
theory is grouped into five categories and arranged in order of significance, starting from essential for physical survival to those
necessary in developing a person’s fullest potential.

1. Physiologic needs- Oxygen, food, water, elimination, activity, rest, temperature maintenance, and sexuality.
2. Safety needs- Be free from fear and anxiety, that may result from deprivation of security and protection.
3. Love needs- Needs for belonging or acceptance by others (a person must give and receive love).
4. Esteem needs- Needs for the respect of other and sense of accomplishment and achievement, it is reflected
in feelings of self- worth.
5. Self- actualization- Needs for fulfillment, maximize one’s potential and utilizing one’s abilities to the outmost.
 Maslow’s theory serves as a framework for the identification and prioritization of essential
needs. People must meet the lower level of needs to some degree before addressing the higher level
of needs. The category most applicable to the condition of an individual at a specific time is the
primary motivator. Additionally, meeting needs is a dynamic process that requires continuous
resolution, development beyond, and a return to any particular category needs. A person can learn
to defer meeting their needs based on the motivational strength of each need. If a need is unmet,
physical illness, psychological disequilibrium, or even death may happen.

The theory of Maslow is applicable based on the case of the LMICs. When people cannot afford to purchase
foods for themselves, pay the bills, pay the rent, or cannot even use health services, their basic needs are unmet.
Unmet basic needs do not simply co-exist with health inequalities; it diminishes people's capacity to respond to
health problems and their response to health interventions. According to Maslow, unmet basic needs result in
anxiety or tension and a desire to alleviate it. Only when this tension is mitigated can an individual concentrate on
higher-order needs. According to Thompson, Kreuter, & Boyum (2015), in the context of vulnerable or marginalized
communities, meeting their basic needs have the collateral advantage of increasing their potential to enhance their
health. Collaboration between the social service organization and health-focused programs reflects this approach,
with the first one addressing an individual's basic needs and the latter providing health referrals.
 Therefore, Maslow's theory implies that an individual's basic needs must be met to
address their health problems and maximize their full potential properly. In this time of
health crises and emergencies, the marginalized community can be overlooked and
deprioritized because they lack the resources, they need to protect themselves from
getting infected by the COVID-19 virus and survive everyday life. Thus, the community
leaders, in partnership with the government organizations, must make a way to alleviate
the scarcity of resources that these people are experiencing. Only in this way can people
properly comprehend the health interventions given by the healthcare provider to improve
and protect themselves from the complication of the COVID-19 virus.
Reference:
Thompson, T., Kreuter, M. W., & Boyum, S. (2016). Promoting Health by Addressing Basic Needs: Effect of Problem Resolution on Contacting Health
Referrals. Health education & behavior : the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education, 43(2), 201–207.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198115599396
(1) Collaboration of In a time of health crisis, the

government organizations government should have set aside

funds to address the people's needs
and barangay community
and livelihoods. The funds can be given
leaders to assist the
as cash assistance or be spend to
economically disadvantaged purchase groceries. The cash aid or
people in their necessities. food pack (groceries) should be
properly allocated by the barangay
leaders so that every individual/family
will receive the correct amount of cash
or enough groceries. Additionally,
vitamins, soap, alcohol, and mask
should be included since it is already a
part of an individual's basic needs to
prevent infection.
(1) Collaboration of People who live in a densely populated

government organizations and area and other income-poor

communities do not have the spatial
barangay community leaders to
and economic capacity to practice
assist the economically
social distancing and self-isolation.
disadvantaged people in their Therefore, these responses can help
necessities. people survive for the time being and
enable them to stay at home until the
situation becomes better.
(2) Integrate a COVID-19 In every local health center, it is

response to existing health important to integrate a COVID-19

response to existing health activities. It
activities.
is significant to create a public health
communication strategy to inform the
people about the preventive measures
and other information regarding COVID-
19. It is also crucial to ensure that
community-based health services such
as testing and treating certain diseases,
maternal, child, and newborn health are
continued to avoid deaths. Additionally,
the community leaders and health care
providers should have and provide
national and local level contact details
for hotlines and services, if available,
for easy referrals to the people.
(3) Monitor and evaluate the Community action is an important part

effectiveness of the response of the public health effort in this

pandemic. Thus, it is significant to track
to the community.
the effectiveness of the response to
modify it as necessary. The community
leaders, along with the healthcare
providers, should assess the action
done to collate information and look for
potential trends that may be addressed
and increase the positive impact to the
people in terms of health, relationship,
and wellbeing.
 Individual needs should be met for them to maximize their full potential. Since the
poor-income household is incapable of meeting their needs, it is also impossible for
them to address the current health problems and do the minimum health
intervention due to lack of information. Thus, the following goals are stated:

• Provide the community with sufficient necessities for them to address their needs and livelihoods.

• To inform the community about the preventive measures and other information regarding COVID-19.

Consequently, to ensure that community-based health services are continued to prevent deaths.

• To improve the condition of the people in terms of health, relationship, and well-being, with the

aforementioned action/responses.
 ● We encourage you to partake in the event program!

● The health teaching program has an objective to provide insightful and useful data
and information in different communities in Manila, Metro Manila in order to
intercept unnecessary circumstances in this time of pandemic.

● COVID-19 precautions and safety measures will be strictly enforced during the
program.
The program aims:
1. To distribute data and information regarding COVID-19 history, etiology, prevention and safety measures.
2. To demonstrate data and information using different teaching methods such PPT presentation, pamphlets/brochures, and
roleplay.
3. To assist the community to comprehend on the terms about COVID-19 by listening to their questions and other concerns, and
allowing them to express their knowledge and ideas while reinforcing the proper skills and techniques in an approachable and
appropriate manner.

Personal and External

Identifiers Activities
Determinants

● Legitimacy of the Members in different communities ● Organization of an event program to distribute legitimate data
information in Manila, Metro Manila including: and information regarding COVID-19.

● Individual comprehension 1. Low-income individuals ● Q&A assessment to evaluate the comprehension of the audience.

● In certain cleanliness and
sanitation of the props
● Monetary budget
2. Middle-income individuals ● Reinforcement and demonstration of skills such as; maintaining
social distancing, that are necessary to prevent rapid
3. Unemployed individuals
transmission and acquisition of COVID-19 within the community

● Insufficient community
resources or paraphernalia
At the end of the event program, the audience/members of the community will be able to:
1. To comprehend the data and information concerning COVID-19 pandemic specified from the event program.
2. To understand the delineated data and information indicated in the pamphlets/brochures.
3. To follow COVID-19 precautions and safety measures to interlude the transmission of the disease.
4. To effectively perform the appropriate environmental management with the collaboration and participation of the barangay
health workers and the community.

Personal and External

Identifiers Activities
Determinants

● Individual Members in different ● Crowdsourcing the members/audience regarding what are the common
comprehension communities in Manila, Metro languages being used in the community.
Manila including:
● Insufficient community ● Providing leaflets/pamphlets that are printed according to their level of
resources or 1. Low-income individuals understanding. (e.g. Tagalog, Tag-lish, English, and other native
paraphernalia languages as well).
2. Middle-income
● Insufficient barangay individuals ● Discuss to the members of the Health department and local sector
health workers or regarding the importance of promoting sanitary measures inside the
3. Unemployed individuals
facilitators community.

● Absence of participation
and cooperation
The program aims:
1. To encourage the community to comply in the COVID-19 precautions and safety measures to interlude the transmission of the
disease.
2. To disseminate complimentary basic protective equipment against COVID-19 such as alcohol, facemask, and face shields.

3. To assist the community in environmental management ー general sanitation and proper garbage disposal to reduce or prevent
the proliferation of the virus.

Personal and External

Identifiers Activities
Determinants

● Absence of cooperation Members in different ● Information dissemination about precautions and safety measures on
and participation communities in Manila, Metro COVID-19, especially the risks if noncompliant.
Manila including:
● In certain cleanliness ● Program organization on dissemination of complimentary basic protective
and sanitation of the 1. Low-income individuals equipment.
community resources or
2. Middle-income ● Demonstration, as well as return demonstration, about general sanitation
paraphernalia
individuals and proper garbage disposal.
● Monetary budget
3. Unemployed individuals
● Insufficient community
resources or
paraphernalia
Auxtero, Kathreen Rose Q. Hidalgo, Danica Marie F.
Briva, Gellyne Anne O. Israel, Bless R.
Calma, David Andrei D.C. Nepomuceno, Albert Clark A.
Canuto, Alona Mae B. Sazon, Le Anne Nickole M.
Gatan, Lyca Mae B. Tesoro, Marc Cano L.
Villalon, Hannah S.