Honors Chemistry

Week 17 1/4/21– 1/8/21

Day 1
Warm Up-Google
ANNOUNCEMENTS-
1. Welcome Back, New year-New Beginning
2. Chapter 8 Test Results – if you owe me a test u have to let
me know
3. End of Marking Period 1/21/21 All work must be in 1/20/21
at 11:59pm
4.CLASS PARTICIPATION GRADE TODAY - IF you do not
answer you receive a 0/10. If you try but do not know
answer exactly 8/10, if you are well versed and know
an answer a 10/10
5. Synthesis of a Covalent compound Friday 12/8 70 lab pts
Post lab due 1/12/21
REVIEW
Monday/Break FUNDAMENTALS Review
Monday/Break FUNDAMENTALS Review –
1. What are the components of an atom
and their respective charges/masses?
Proton +1, 1 amu
Neutron 0, 1amu
Electron -1, 0.000544amu
 2. How is the periodic table arranged?
According to number of protons- atomic
number
Every member of the group has the same
number of valence electrons and similar
chemical properties
Group 1 are metals and 1 valence VERY
REACTIVE
3. What does the Noble Gas Configuration
immediately show us about the Element?
[He] 2s​1​ The number of valence electrons

Metals tend to give up electrons and form ION

Positively charged CATION
NON-metals tend to attract electrons and
form Negatively charged ANIONS
What do all atoms want – Stabile energy-
OCTET, LOWER POTENTIAL ENERGY
What is Electronegativity? The ability to
attract electrons
What is Ionization Energy? The energy
required to remove an electron from an
atom. First ionization is lowest energy,
each successive electron requires more
energy
What is an atomic Bond? –
Something that holds 2 atoms together
How is an ionic bond similar /different to a
covalent bond -both cause stable octet
IONIC bond -Metal and nonmetal -transfer
an electrons. ELECTROSTATIC FORCE
Covalent Bond – Sharing valence electrons
in an orbit forming a stable octet
What is most of the space in an atom?
Where the electrons are, mostly empty
space
Chapter 3
What are the states of matter?
Solid, liquid, gas, PLASMA – charged
molecules or compounds
Metal-> Molten Metal-> PLASMA (gas)
How is a physical change different than a
chemical change? Physical changes are
reversible, Chemical changes-either a bond
is broken or there is a change in oxidation
state
If you leave a tool (alloy – mix of 2 or more
metals) outdoors RUSTS
RUST is oxidized Iron higher oxidation
number
Fe​+2​ -> Fe​+3
Pure metal – the atoms slide past each
other, Mixed metals are different sizes and
sliding not easy
Alloy is stronger than a pure metal
Brass- A mix of Zn and Cu

IRON Fe
Is an alloy a heterogeneous or
homogeneous mixture?
Homogenous
What is distillation?
What is chromatography?
HAND IN PROBLEM –1. What is the % mass
of Na in NaCl? 35.453 58.443
22.990 g/mole =​0.393 x 100 = 39.3%
58.443 g/mole
Chapter 4
What is an element?
What is a compound?
What is a molecule?
What is an isotope?
How is the atomic mass of an element
determined?
Chapter 5
What is the photoelectric effect?

The light has to have a threshold frequency

Momentum and the PARTICLE NATURE of
light ƿ = mv kgm/s
Energy & Work Joules
c = λf c = speed of light 3.0 x 10​8​m/s
Inverse relationship λ f
E = hf​ Planck’s equation direct
relationship
What is the electromagnetic spectrum and
the formula for comparing wavelength and
Frequency – units of each?
Visible light, microwave, xray, radio
wavelength
Wavelength of radio wave 10 meters
Wavelength of blue light 400 nm
What corresponds to higher energy?
What is the photoelectric effect?
Chapter 6
Who is the father of the periodic table?
Who first started to sort the elements
according to reoccurring properties?
What is group I called? II? 17? 18?
How many elements in Period I? II? III?
 What are the vast majority of elements in
table?
Chapter 7
Describe Ionic bonds.
What law of physics explains the force bet
ween charge particles?
Which is a stronger bond and why
KCl NaCl MgCl2 MgO F=kq1q2/R​2
1x1 = 1 2x2 = 4
Chapter 8
1. How does the ​octet rule​ apply to atoms that form
covalent bonds?
2. Why do atoms form single, double, and triple
covalent bonds?
3. What are sigma and pi bonds and how do they
contrast?
4. How are the strength of a covalent bond, its bond
length, and its bond dissociation energy related?
 ​7 ​and​ 8
• The stability of an atom, ion or compound is related to
its energy: ​lower potential energy states – octet ​are
more stable.
• IONIC BONDS - Metals and nonmetals gain stability by
transferring electrons​ (gaining or losing) to form ions
that have stable ​noble-gas electron configurations. T ​ ell
Ms E about​ ELECTROSTATIC FORCE
• Another way atoms can ​gain stability-lower potential
energy - is by sharing valence electrons with other
atoms​, which also results in ​noble-gas electron
configurations​.

What is a covalent bond?

• Atoms in non-ionic compounds ​share electrons​.
• The chemical bond that results from ​sharing electrons ​is
a covalent bond.
• A ​molecule ​is formed when ​two or more atoms bond
covalently.
NaCl ​is a compound
• The majority of covalent bonds form between atoms of
nonmetallic elements. Explain how this bond is formed
• Diatomic molecules ​(H​2​, N​2​, F​2​, O​2​, I​2​, Cl​2​, Br​2​) Why do
they exist?
CH​4
 Single Covalent Bonds
• When only one pair of electrons is shared, the result is a
single covalent bond.
• The figure shows two hydrogen atoms forming a
hydrogen molecule with a single covalent bond,
resulting in an electron configuration like helium.

In a Lewis structure dots or a line are used to

symbolize a single covalent bond.
Give examples of Diatomic atoms that form single
bonds
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Single Covalent Bonds
• Atoms in group 16 can share two electrons and form two
covalent bonds.
• Water is formed from one oxygen with two hydrogen
atoms covalently bonded to it .

Single Covalent Bonds

 • Atoms in group 15 form three single covalent bonds,
such as in ammonia.

• Atoms of group 14 elements form four single covalent

bonds, such as in methane.

Single Covalent Bonds

• Sigma bonds ​are single covalent bonds.
• Sigma bonds occur when the pair of shared electrons is in an
area centered between the two atoms.
WHY ARE TETRAHEDRAL SHAPES FORMED in these MOLECULES?
Let’s Draw the Lewis Dot Structure of HF!!
Draw Electron Dot of H and F

Multiple Covalent Bonds

• Double bonds form when two pairs of electrons are
shared between two atoms.

• Triple bonds form when three pairs of electrons are

shared between two atoms.
 Multiple Covalent Bonds
• A multiple covalent bond consists of one sigma bond
and at least one pi bond.
• The ​pi bond ​is formed when parallel orbitals overlap
and share electrons. The pi bond occupies the space
above and below the line that represents where the
two atoms are joined together.

The Length of Covalent Bonds

• The strength depends on the distance between the two
nuclei, or bond length.
• As length increases, strength decreases.
 The Strength of Covalent Bonds
• The amount of energy required to break a bond is called
the bond dissociation energy.
• The shorter the bond length, the greater the energy
required to break it.

IN SUMMARY ​Class Exercise

• How does the octet rule apply to atoms that form
covalent bonds?
• Why do atoms form single, double, and triple covalent
bonds?
• What are sigma and pi bonds and how do they contrast?
 • How are the strength of a covalent bond, its bond length,
and its bond dissociation energy related?

MOLECULAR STRUCTURES Chapter 8 Section 3

OPENING QUESTIONS
• What are the basic steps used to draw Lewis structures?
• Why does resonance occur, and what are some resonance
structures?
• Which molecules are exceptions to the octet rule, and why
do these exceptions occur?
NEW VOCABULARY
A.Structural formula-molecular model that uses symbols
and bonds to show relative positon of atoms. Related to
Lewis structure
B.Resonance-when more than one Lewis structure is
possible.
C. Coordinate covalent bond- this type of bond forms when
one atom donates a pair of electrons
DIFFERENT WAYS OF REPRESENTING THE SAME MOLECULES
Structural Formulas
• A structural formula uses letter symbols and bonds to show
relative positions of atoms
Critical Thinking QUESTION- which atoms cannot be
center atom of tetrahedral shape molecule?
 HAND IN PROBLEMS
2. DRAW Molecular Formula of Methane
3.DRAW LEWIS STRUCTURE of Methane
4.Draw Ball and Stick Version of Methane

What is a Resonance Structure?

• Two or more correct Lewis structures that represent a single ion or molecule are called resonance structures.
• The molecule behaves as though it has only one structure.
The bond lengths are identical to each other and

HAND IN PROBLEM

5.Is HCl polar or not?​ How do you know ?

Electronegativity difference between H and Cl-what is
it?

If Electronegativity difference between 2 ATOMS is

<0.4 = Covalent Bond 0.4<1.7 Polar Covalent 1.7 or greater IONIC

3. Explain Steps of Covalent bonding of 2 H atoms

OF COURSE YOU DON’t Need to write all of the material
below. Summarize it in your own words.
Repulsion ​ - Since the atoms are very close together and the internuclear distance is very small, the atoms are 
experiencing lots of electron-electron repulsion. This is very unstable and leads to a potential energy of 
greater than 0. 

As the atoms approach one another, their ​electron​ ​clouds​ gradually begin to overlap. Now
there are several interactions which begin to occur. One is that the single electrons that each
hydrogen ​atom​ possesses begin to repel each other. This repulsive force would tend to make
the ​potential energy​ of the system increase. However, the electron of each atom begins to be
attracted to the ​nucleus​ of the other atom. This attractive force tends to make the potential
energy of the system decrease.
As the atoms first begin to interact, the attractive force is stronger than the repulsive force
and so the potential energy of the system decreases, as seen in the diagram. Remember that
the lower potential energy increases the stability of the system. As the two hydrogen atoms
move closer and closer together, the potential energy continues to decrease. Eventually, a
position is reached where the potential energy is at its lowest possible point. If the hydrogen
atoms move any closer together, a third interaction begins to dominate and that is the
repulsive force between the two positively-charged nuclei. This repulsive force is very strong
as can be seen by the sharp rise in ​energy​ at the far left of the diagram.
The point at which the potential energy reached its minimum represents the
ideal ​distance​ between hydrogen atoms for a stable ​chemical bond​ to occur. This type of
chemical bond is called a ​covalent bond​. A ​covalent bond​ is a bond in which two atoms share
one or more pairs of electrons. The single electrons from each of the two hydrogen atoms are
shared when the atoms come together to form a hydrogen molecule (H​2​).

4. WHICH Isomer IS CORRECT?

A. B C
Both B and C are correct as they are identical Note the negative sign next to isomer – this
means that one extra electron is added

5. IN your own words explain VSEPR theory​ ​The premise of the VSEPR theory is that electron
pairs located in bonds and lone pairs repel each other and will therefore adopt the geometry that places electron pairs as far apart from
each other as possible.​in order to lower overall energy

6. In your own words compare and contrast Ionic and Covalent bonds
Shapes of Molecules

What are the angles in a tetrahedral shape molecule?​ 109.5

In H​2​O?​ 109.5 

WEEK 17 DAY 2 WEDNESDAY 1/6/21

ANNOUNCEMENTS
1. End of Marking Period 1/21/21 All work must be in 1/20/21
at 11:59pm
2. HW Review_Chapter9_Vocab due today
3.Synthesis of an IONIC compound Friday 12/8 70 lab pts
Post lab due 1/12/21
4. Chapter 9 Test 1/19/21 review on 1/18/20 at 7pm
Chapter 9 Chemical Reactions
• chemical reaction
• reactant ​A + B ​-> AB
• product
• chemical equation
• coefficient
Carbon + oxygen -> carbondioxide + h20
CH​4​ + 2O​2​ -> CO​2​ + 2H​2​O
C-1 C-1
H-4 H-4
O-4 O-4
Section 1 Chemical Reactions
• The process by which one or more substances are
rearranged to form different substances is called a
chemical reaction. Evidence that a chemical reaction
may have occurred:
– Change in temperature
 – Change in color
– Odor
– Gas bubbles
– Appearance of a solid (precipitate)
Representing Chemical Reactions
• Chemists use statements called equations to represent
chemical reactions.
• Reactants are the starting substances.
• Products are the substances formed in the reaction.
• This table summarizes the symbols used in chemical
equations.
KNOW THIS TABLE
Representing Chemical Reactions
• In word equations, ​aluminum(s) + bromine(l) →
aluminum bromide(s) ​reads as “aluminum and
bromine react to produce aluminum bromide”.
• Skeleton equations use symbols and formulas to
represent the reactants and products.
Al(s) + Br(l) → AlBr​3​(s)
• Both word and skeleton equations lack information
about how many atoms are involved in the reaction.
Representing Chemical Reactions
 • A chemical equation is a statement that uses chemical
formulas to show the identities and relative amounts
of the substances involved in a chemical reaction.

Balancing Chemical Equations

• This figure shows the balanced equation for the
reaction between aluminum and bromine.
 • A coefficient in a chemical equation is the number
written in front of a reactant or product, describing the
lowest whole-number ratio of the amounts of all the
reactants and products.
EXAMPLE of Balancing an Equation
NaOH(aq) + CaBr​2​(aq) → Ca(OH)​2​(s) + NaBr(aq)
• Count the atoms of each element in the ​reactants.
1 Na, 1 O, 1 H, 1 Ca, 2 Br
• Count the atoms of each element in the ​products.
1 Na, 2 O, 2 H, 1 Ca, 1 Br
STEPS
• Insert the coefficient 2 in front of NaOH to balance the
hydroxide ions.
2NaOH + CaBr​2​ → Ca(OH)​2​ + NaBr
• Insert the coefficient 2 in front of NaBr to balance the
Na and Br atoms.
2NaOH + CaBr​2​ → Ca(OH)​2​ + 2NaBr
• Write the coefficients in their lowest-possible ratio.
The ratio of the coefficients is 2:1:1:2.
Check to make sure that the number of atoms of each
element is equal on both sides of the equation.
 2NaOH(aq) + CaBr​2​(aq) → Ca(OH)​2​(s) + 2NaBr(aq)

Reactants: 2 Na, 2 OH, 1 Ca, 2 Br

Products: 2 Na, 2 OH, 1 Ca, 2 Br
CORRECT!!!
Chapter 9 Section 1 Essential Questions
• What is evidence of chemical change?
• How are chemical reactions represented?
• Why do chemical equations need to be balanced and
how is this accomplished?
_____________________________________________

SECTION 2 CLASSIFYING REACTIONS

NEW WORDS
• synthesis reaction - making something bigger out of
smaller
• combustion reaction - burning
• decomposition reaction – breaking down
• single-replacement reaction
• double-replacement reaction
 • precipitate
Synthesis Reactions

• Chemists classify reactions in order to organize the

many types.
• A synthesis reaction is a reaction in which two or more
substances react to produce a single product.
• When two ​elements​ react, the reaction is always a
synthesis reaction.
Combustion Reactions
• In a combustion reaction, oxygen combines with a
substance and releases energy in the form of heat and
light.
• Heated hydrogen reacts with oxygen to produce heat
and water in a combustion reaction, seen below. This
is also a synthesis reaction.
Decomposition Reactions
• A decomposition reaction is one in which a ​single compound
breaks down into two or more elements or new compounds.
• Decomposition reactions often require an energy source,
such as heat, light, or electricity, to occur.
Replacement Reactions
• A reaction in which the atoms of one element replace the
atoms of another element in a compound is called a single
replacement reaction.

A + BX → AX + B
• Double replacement reactions occur when ions exchange
between two compounds.
• This figure shows a generic double replacement equation.

• The solid product produced during a chemical reaction in a solution

is called a precipitate.
• All double replacement reactions produce either water, a
precipitate, or a gas.
Replacement Reactions- WILL THEY HAPPEN OR NOT?
• A metal will not always replace a metal in a compound dissolved in
water because of differing reactivities.
• An activity series can be used to predict if reactions will occur.
• Halogens frequently replace other halogens in replacement
reactions.
• Halogens also have different reactivities and do not always replace
each other.

• This table shows the steps to write double replacement

reactions.
Chapter 9 Section 2 Essential Questions
• How are chemical reactions classified?
• What are the characteristics of different classes of
chemical reactions?
_________________________________