Residue

Definition: If the function f(z) is analytic within a circle C of radius r and

centre a, except at z=a, then the coefficient of i.e. in Laurent’s expansion

( ) ∑ ( ) ∑
( )

around z = a is called the residue of f(z) at z = a.

( ) ∫ ( )

∫ ( ) ( ).

Formulae:

1. When poles are simple, ( ) ,( ) ( )-

2. When poles are of nth order, ( ) [ ( ) ( )]
( )
3. Residue at infinity ( ) ( )

*** State and Prove Cauchy’s Residue theorem

Statement: If f(z) is analytic in a closed curve C except at finite number of

singularity points ……within C , then

∫ ( ) ( )

∫ ( ) , ( ) ( ) ( )-

Proof: Let us construct circles with centers at

respectively and radii so small that they lie entirely within the closed curve C
and do not overlap.

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Then ( )is analytic within the region enclosed by the curve C and these
circles. Hence by Cauchy’s theorem for multi-connected region we have

∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )

But ∫ ( )

∫ ( ) And so on.

Hence, ∫ ( )

( ) ( )

(Proved)

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*** Find the residue of ( )
( )( )

Solution: The poles are ( )( )

and are simple poles.

The residue of ( ) when is a simple pole

( ) ,( ) ( )-

( ) ,( ) -
( )( )

( ) ,( ) -
( )( )

*** Find the residue at infinity of ( )

( )( )( )

*** Find ∫ where c is the circle.

i. | |
ii. | |
iii. | |
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Solution: The poles are

i. | |
Here centre = (0,0) and radius=1
Since the points are outside of the circle so by cauchy’s theorem

∫ ( )

∫ Ans.

ii. | | | ( )|

Here ( ) is within the circle and

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 ( ) is outside of the circle.

( ) ,( ) ( )-

(( ) ,( ( )) -
* ( )+* ( )+

From residue theorem,

∫ ( ) , ( ) ( ) ( )-

∫ (( ) ( ) Ans.

iii. | | | ( )|

Here ( ) is outside the circle and

( ) is within the circle.

( ) ,( ) ( )-

(( ) ,( ( )) -
* ( )+* ( )+

From residue theorem,

∫ ( ) , ( ) ( ) ( )-

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∫ (( ) ( ) Ans.

****** Find ∫ where c is the circle | |

( )( )

The poles are ( )( )

Here are within the circle and is outside

the circle.

( ) ,( ) ( )-

( ) ,( ) -
( )( )

( ) ,( ( )) -
( )( )

,( ) -
( )( )

From residue theorem,

∫ , ( ) ( )
( )( )

, ]

∫ ( )( )
Ans.

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*** Evaluate ∫ where c is the circle | |
( )

*** Evaluate ∫ where c is the circle | |

( )( )

*** Evaluate ∫ where c is the circle | |

( )

*** Evaluate ∫ where c is the circle | |

( ) ( )

****

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Contour Integration: Contour means closed path. We choose a closed curve c
is usually called a contour. The contour may be a circle, semi circle or a
quadrant of a circle. The process of integration along a contour is called contour
integration.

*** Integration round the unit circle.

In this case the integrals are of the type ∫ ( ) or ∫ ( ) .

We consider the unit | | as the closed contour C so that

dz

( ) ( )

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*** Use residue calculus to evaluate the integral

Solution: ∫

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 ∫

Let, where c is the unit circle | |

∫
( )

∫
( )

∫ ∫

∫
( )( )

The poles are given by ( )( )

and

Since , So is within the circle and is outside of the

circle.

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 ( ) ,( ) -
( )( ) ( )

From residue theorem,

∫ ( ) ( )

∫ ( )

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*** Use residue calculus to evaluate the integral ∫

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*** Use residue calculus to evaluate the integral ∫

Solution: ∫

Let, where c is the unit circle | |

∫
√ √
( )( )

The poles are given by

√ √
( )( )

√ √

√ √
is within the circle and is outside of the circle.

√ √
( ) ,( ) -
√ √ √
( )( )

√
Hence by Cauchy residue theorem,

√
∫ ( )

√ √
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 Therefore, ∫ Ans.
√

*** Use residue calculus to evaluate the integral ∫

Solution: ∫

∫
( )

Let, where c is the unit circle | |

∫
( )

∫
( )( )

The poles are given by ( )( )

is within the circle and is outside of the circle.

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 ( ) ,( ) -
( )( )

Hence by Cauchy residue theorem,

∫ ( )

Therefore, ∫ Ans.

*** Use residue calculus to evaluate the integral

i. ∫
ii. ∫
iii. ∫ ( )

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*** Improper integrals

In this case the integrals are of the type ∫ ( ) or ∫ ( ) .

We consider the circle | | and its upper half as Г .

Jordan’s Lemma: If f(z) is analytic except a finite number of singularities and

( ) uniformly as , then ∫Г ( )

where Г is the semi-circle | | , Im(z) 0.

To evaluate ∫ ( ) We consider ∫ ( ) where C is the contour

| | together with the diameter that closes it.

Supposing that ( ) has no singular point on the real axis, we have by residue
theorem

∫ ( ) ∫ ( ) ( )

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Finally making R tends to we find the value of ∫ ( ) Provided and

∫ ( ) .

*** Evaluate ∫
( )

Consider ∫ ∫ ( )
( )

Where c is the contour consisting of the semi circle of radius R together with
the part of the real from –R to R. The integrand has poles at z= i and z=-I of
order 3.

Of which z= i only lies inside C.

By residue theorem, ∫ ( ) ()

* ( ) +
( ) ( ) ( )

|( )
| (1)

Also ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )

∫ ( )
∫ ( )
(2)

Since | | | || |

Thus |∫ | ∫ | | ∫ as ,
( ) (| | ) ( ) ( )

∫
( )

∫ Ans.
( )

*** Evaluate ∫

Consider ∫ ∫ ( )

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Where c is the contour consisting of the semi circle of radius R together with
the part of the real from –R to R. The integrand has simple poles at z= i and z=-i

Of which z= i only lies inside C.

By residue theorem,

∫ ( ) ()

,( )
( )( )

(1)

Also ∫ ( ) ∫ ( )

∫ ∫ (2)

But | | on and | |
( ) , -
Also | | | | | |

| | | |
| |

Thus|∫ | ∫ | | as , and | |
| || |

Therefore ∫

Equating real parts, ∫

∫ Ans.

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19
But

Therefore

Finally,

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Equating imaginary part,

*** Use residue calculus to evaluate the integral

i. ∫ ( )( )

ii. ∫ ( )

iii. ∫ ( )( )

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