PERSONS AND FAMILY RELATIONS

I. INTRODUCTION TO CIVIL LAW

I Tolentino, Civil Code, pp. 1-10 (1990 Edition)
Balane, The Spanish Antecedents of the Philippine Civil Code, 54 PLJ 1st Quarter, p. 1

II. EFFECT AND APPLICATION OF LAWS [ NCC 1-18 ] AND HUMAN

RELATIONS [ NCC 19-36]

A. When do laws take effect?

NCC 2; RAC Secs. 18-24; Exec. Order 200 Sec. 1 & 2

B. Ignorance of the law - NCC 3

C. Retroactivity - NCC 4, NCC 2252- 2269; Revised Penal Code (RPC) 22

D. Acts executed against mandatory or prohibitory laws - NCC 5

E. Waiver of rights - NCC 6, NCC 301.

F. Repeal of laws - NCC 7, 8, 10, 1987 Constitution, Art. XVIII Sec. 3

G. Duty to render judgment - NCC 9, RPC. 5

H. Applicability of custom - NCC 11-12 , 1987 Constitution, Art, XII Sec. 5

Rules of Court Rule 129 (2) (3)

I. Legal periods - NCC 13: Periods, Rules of court (ROC) Rule 28; RAC Sec. 31

J. Binding effect - NCC 14-18

K. Human Relations - NCC 19-35

L. Prejudicial Question- NCC 36

III. CIVIL PERSONALITY

A. Persons and Personality - NCC 37- 39

Concepts of person and personality
Classes of persons and there distinctions; Elements of civil capacity
Juridical capacity v. personality ; Juridical capacity v. capacity to act

B. Commencement and termination of personality

1. Natural Persons: NCC 40- 43, 1987 Constitution Art. II Sec. 12

P.D. 603 Art. 5; FC 164, RPC Arts. 256-259 cf. ROC
Rule 131 Sec. 3(jj)(kk) 1989 Revised Rules on Evidence

2. Juridical Persons, NCC 44- 47

Public corporations; Private corporations; Partnerships
IV. RESTRICTIONS ON CAPACITY TO ACT

A. General rule : presumption of capacity

B. Restrictions on capacity to act - NCC 38-39

1. Minority
Age of majority R.A. 6809; Suffrage, Sec. 1 Art. V 1987 Constitution
Marriage FC 5; cf R. A. 6809; NCC 1327 ; NCC 1390 (1) 1403 (3) ; 1397, 1399; NCC
1489 ; NCC 1426-1427

Criminal Liability, RPC 12 (2) – (3); RPC 13 (2); PD 603 Secs. 189-204

2. Insanity
Effect on marriage, FC 45 (2); Effect on contracts, NCC 1327, 1328
Criminal liability, RPC 12 (1); Rule 101, Rules of court

3. Deaf – Mutism: NCC 1327 (2), 807 & 820; Prodigality: ROC Rule 92 Sec. 2
Civil Interdiction: RPC 34, 41; Family Relations: FC 150; cf. FC 87;
Alienage; Absence; NCC 381- 396; Insolvency Trusteeship; NCC 1491 & 1381

V. DOMICILE AND RESIDENCE

Juridical person, NCC 51; Natural persons, NCC 50; FC 68 & 69

VI. THE FAMILY CODE

A. Effect and Retroactivity

E. O. 209 as amended by E.O. 227, RA 6809 and RA 7160

B. Repeal and Amendment

FC 253

VII. MARRIAGE

A. Concept and nature: 1 Tolentino 217-221

1. Definition; FC 1; NCC 52; Article XV Sec. 2, 1987 Constitution

Art. II, Sec. 12, 14; Art. XV

2. Nature: FC 1; Muslim Code (MC); (PD. 1083) Sec. 14;

Rule 131 Sec. 3; NCC 220

3. Breach of promise to marry: NCC 19- 21; NCC 2176; 1403(2)

4. Not subject to stipulation – NCC 221

B. Law Governing Validity

1 Tolentino 260- 263

1. General Rule on contracts

a. As to form, NCC 17
b. As to substantive requirements, NCC 15 & 17
 2 Special rule in marriage
a. Lex Loci celebrationis, FC 26
b. Exceptions, FC 26 in relation to FC 35 (1), (4)(5), 36-38 NCC 71

C. Requisites
1 Tolentino 222-269
1. Kinds of requisites, FC 2, 3, 5; cf. NCC 53
2. Kinds of non-compliance
3. Effect of non-compliance
4. Essential requisites
a. Legal capacity
(1) Gender, FC 2 (1)
(2) Age, FC 5; FC 35 (1); R.A. 6809, NCC 54 & 80 (1)
(3) Parental consent, FC 14; FC 45, NCC 61 & 85 (1)
b. Consent Freely Given
(1) mistake as to identity, FC 35 (5); NCC 86 (1)
(2) Unsound mind, FC 45 (2)
(3) Fraud FC, 45 (3, FC 46); NCC 1338- 1344
(4) Force, intimidation and undue influence, FC 45 (4); NCC
1335- 1337
(5) Physical incapacity, FC 45 (5)
(6) Affliction with STD. FC 45 (6)

5. Formal Requisites
a. Authority of the solemnizing officer
1. who are authorized; how authorized
FC 7, 10, 31 & 32; NCC 56, 74, 76
1991 Local Gov’t Code, Sec 444 (b) (1) (xviii); 455 (b) (1)
(xviii)

2. effect of absence of authority; FC 4; FC 35 (2)

b. Marriage Ceremony

1. Form, FC 3 (3); FC 6 Place FC 8, FC 28-29 FC 32-33

2. Marriage certificate, FC 6, FC 22

3. Duties of the solemnizing officer, FC 23- 24

4. Effect of irregularity, FC 4, 7, 8

c. Marriage license
(1) where to apply FC 9- 10
(2) requirements for issuance FC 11-19
Family planning certificate, P.D. 965
(3) Place where valid, FC 20 and Period of validity, FC 20
(4) Duties of the Civil Registrar, FC 24-25
(5) Marriages exempt from license requirement, FC 27-34

D. Presumption of marriage - NCC 220, Rule 131 Sec. 3

E. Void Marriages
 1 Tolentino 270- 310

1. General rule, FC 4
2. Absence of requisites, FC 35, cf FC 234 (repealed by R.A. 68 09)
3. Bigamous and polygamous marriages FC 35 (4), 39, 40, 41, 44, RPC 349
Subsequent marriage upon reappearance of absent spouse
FC 41 in relation to FC 42-44; NCC 390 – 391, FC 55 (9), FC 101
4. Psychological incapacity: FC 36, cf FC 68- 73
Sempio-Dy, Major Changes Introduced by the FC, Appendix A.
Cases under Canon Laws

5. Incestuous marriage: FC 37 cf NCC 963 – 967

6. Marriages against public policy
FC 38; Compare FC 38 (9) with NCC 80 (6)
NCC 80(7), 82, Cf. NCC 963-967

7. Non – compliance under FC 53

8. Effect of nullity
FC 50-54; FC 40, compare with NCC rule
FC 237, RA 6809, FC 147- 148

9. Who can invoke nullity –

10. Prescription
FC 39; FC 36 par. 2 in relation to FC 255; FC 42, par. 2,
FC 237, for minors

11. Procedure in action for declaration of Nullity.

A.M. No. 02-11-10-SC Rule on Declaration of Absolute Nullity of Void
Marriages and Annulment of Voidable Marriages

(a) Requisite for valid remarriage FC 40

(b) Support and custody pendente lite FC 49.
(c) Safeguards against collusion FC 48.
(d) No confession of judgment FC 48; cf NCC 2035

F. Voidable Marriages:
1 Tolentino 270 – 310

1. Void v. Voidable marriages FC 4 cf. 45

2. Grounds for annulment
a. Absence of parental consent FC 45 (1), 47 (1); RA. 6809
b. Insanity FC 45 (2), 47 (2)
c. Fraud; FC 45 (3), 46, 47 (3), NCC 1338- 1344

d. Force, intimidation and undue influence

FC 45 (4) 47, (4) NCC 1335- 1337,
RPC 344 Last paragraph

e. Impotence, FC 45 (5), 47
f. Affliction with STD: FC 45 (6), compare with FC 46 (3)
 3. Who can seek annulment, FC 47
4. Prescription, FC 47
5. Procedure in annulment
a. support and custody pendente lite FC 49
b. safeguards against collusion FC 48
c. no confession of judgment FC 48; cf NCC 2035

6. Effects of annulment FC 49-54, FC 237 for minors; RA 6809

7. Marriage when one spouse is absent

FC. 41 – 44, compare with NCC 83, 85 (2) and 87 (2)
cf. RPC 349
8. Marriage dissolved abroad, FC 26, DOJ Opinions,
Cases under NCC 15

9. Illegal Marriages FC 4; FC 16; NCC 84; RPC 351-352

VIII. LEGAL SEPARATION AND DIVORCE

1 Tolentino 311 – 337

A. Concept and Historical Background

Benedicto v. Dela Rama 3 Phil. 34

1. Distinguished from separation in fact, cf FC 238-248

2. Agreement to separate, cf NCC 221 (1)
3. Distinguished from absolute divorce
a. Divorce decreed abroad, FC 26

b. Muslim divorce: MC 45-55

B. Grounds for Legal Separation

FC 55, compare with NCC 97

1. Sexual infidelity or perversion

FC 55 (8) compare with NCC 97 (1); RPC 333 and 334

2. Drug addiction habitat alcoholism, lesbianism or

homosexuality, FC 55(5) compare with FC 46 (4)

3. Attempt on the life of the other spouse

FC 55 (9) compare with NCC 97 (2)

C. Who can ask for legal separation?

FC 55, compare with NCC 99-100

D. When may petition be filed?

FC 57, compare with NCC 102, NCC 99
E. Effect of pendency of the petition
1. Right of consortium, FC 61 par. 1
2. Administration of property, FC 61, par.
3. Support and custody pendente lite, FC 62 cf. FC 49; FC 198
 4. Cooling-off period FC 58

F. Defenses
1. Consent; FC 56 (2), NCC 100

2. Condonation; FC 56 (1)
Recrimination; FC 56 (4)
3. Collusion: FC 60; FC 56 (3), (5), compare with NCC 101 and 231 (3)

4. Prescription FC 57, NCC 102

G. Court Procedure, FC 58-60

H. Effect of Decree of Legal Separation

1. Personal relations, FC 61, 63

2. Custody of children
FC 63 (3); FC 213; NCC 106 (3)
P.D. 603 (CYWC) Art. 17 par. 3

3. Property relations; FC 63 (2), FC 64

4. Support, FC 198
5. Use of surname; NCC 370-372
Right to inherit - FC 63 (4)
6. Cost of litigation - FC 94 (10; FC 121 (9)

I. Reconciliation
1. How done, FC 65
2. Effects reconciliation, FC 66-67

IX. RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS OF SPOUSES

1 Tolentino 338-355

A. Obligation to live together

FC 68; FC 72; RPC 11(2); RPC 247
B. Family Domicile
1. General rule: jointly
FC 69 par. 1, compare with NCC 110

2. Exemption, FC 69 par. 2

C. Management and Family Support: FC 70-71

D. Exercise of Profession
FC 73, compare with NCC 117
Art. II sec. 14, and Art. XIII Sec. 14, 1987
Constitution cf. NCC 113.

X. PROPERTY RELATIONS BETWEEN HUSBAND AND WIFE

A. Marriage settlements: what made; what governs

1. When made; modifications: FC 1; FC 76;

 (Modifications after marriage); FC 66, 67, 128, 135, 136

2. Form of MS; registration requirement: FC 77

3. Celebration of marriage: FC 81
4. Who may enter into MS?
Minor, FC 78 ; Persons under civil interdiction
Incapacitated persons: FC 79, in rel. to NCC 38-39

B. Which law governs property relations?

FC 80-81 in rel. to NCC 16, FC (3) in rel. to NCC 17

C. Donations propter nuptias

1. Definition, FC 82
2. Who may be donors?
3. What may be donated by the spouses?
a. Present property FC 84
b. Future property, FC 84; NCC 761
c. Encumbered property, FC 85
d. Donations in the marriage settlements, FC 81

4. Void donations by the spouses , FC 87

a. Donations during the marriage
b. Donations in common law marriages
c. Exceptions

5. Revocation of donations propter nuptias; FC 86

a. Revocation by donors, FC 86; NCC 765
b. By operation of law, FC 43; 44; 81

D. Absolute community of property (ACP)

1. When applicable, FC 75
2. Commencement, FC 88
3. Waiver during marriage, FC 89
Waiver after marriage, FC 89 par. 2
4. Suppletory Rules: co-ownership, FC 90; have NCC 484-501
5. What constitutes ACP, FC 91
a. All property at time of marriage
b. Property acquired subsequently
c. Winnings from gambling, FC as of NCC 164
d. Presumption of ACP, FC 93 of NCC 160

6. What is excluded from ACP, FC 92; FC 197: FC 95

7. Charges of ACP, FC 94
a. Family expenses of FC 100 (3)
b. Debts of spouses
c. Subsidiary liabilities
d. Sole obligations of a spouse
e. Gambling losses, FC 95

8. Ownership, FC 90, FC 96 in rel. to NCC 206

9. Administration and enjoyment of ACP
a. Joint administration, FC 96; FC 90; NCC 486; NCC 491
b. Sole administration
 (1) Incapacity FC 96
(2) Separation in fact FC 100 (3)
(3) Abandonment, FC 101
(4) Pendency of legal separation proceedings, FC 61

c. Disposition and encumbrance, FC 96-98

10. Effect of separation de facto, FC 100, of FC 239

11. Effect of abandonment, FC 101; FC 72
12. Dissolution of ACP, FC 99
a. Death, FC 103
b. Legal separation, FC 63 (2); FC 66
c. Annulment and declaration of nullity, FC 50 in rel. to FC 43 (2)
d. Judicial separation of property, FC 134-138

13. Effects of dissolution

a. Liquidation procedure, FC 102
b. For cause other than death, FC 43 (2); FC 63 (2)
c. Termination due to death, FC 104

14. For marriages before FC, FC 104

15. Support during ACP liquidation

E. Conjugal Partnership of Gains

1. What constitutes CPG?

a. Definition, FC 106
b. Presumption of CPG, FC 116

2. When CPG commences and applies

a. Marriages under FC, FC 107 cf FC 88
b. Marriages before FC, FC 105 (2) cf FC 256
c. When applicable, FC 105 cf FC 74-74
d. Suppletory rules, FC 108

What are included in CPG FC 117

e. If property bought by installments FC 118 (Under NCC: Castillo v. Pasco, 11

SCRA 102) b. Credit due, FC 119

3. What is excluded from CPG?

a. Brought as exclusive property, FC 109 (1)
b. Acquired by gratuitous title during marriage FC 109 (2) of FC 113; FC 115
c. Acquired by redemption, FC 109 (3)
d. Purchased with exclusive money, FC 109 (4) of FC 118-119

4. Administration of exclusive property

a. By the spouse-owner, FC 110
b. By the other spouse, FC 110 2nd par. FC 142, FC 75

5. Encumbrance / disposition of exclusive property FC 111- 112, of FC 236,

Amended by RA 6809
6. Improvements on CPG property
7. Charges upon and obligations of CPG, FC 121
a. With consent
b. Without consent
c. Personal debts, FC
d. Winnings from gambling, FC 123 (cf FC 95)

8. Ownership, administration, enjoyment and disposition

a. Joint administration, FC 124 (cf FC 96)

b. Sole administration
(1) Incapacity, FC 124
(2) Separation in fact, FC 100 (3)
(3) Abandonment, FC101
(4) Pendency of legal separation proceedings, FC 61
c. Disposition and encumbrance, FC 124-125 of FC 97
Effect of separation de facto, FC 127 (cf, FC 100); of FC 239
10. Effect of abandonment, FC 128 (cf. FC 101)

11. Dissolution of CPG, FC 126

a. Death, FC 126 (1)
b. Legal separation, FC 63 (2), FC 66
c. Annulment and declaration of nullity, FC 50 in rel. to FC 43 (2)
d. Judicial separation of property, FC 134-138

12. Effect of dissolution, FC 129

a. Liquidation procedure, FC 129
b. Cause other than death, FC 129; FC 43 (2), FC 63 (2)
c. Termination due to death: FC 130 (cf. FC 104)

13. For marriages before FC, 131

14. Applicability of rules of court, FC 132
15. Support during CPG liquidation, FC 133

F. Regime of Separation of Property

a. When applicable
(1) In the marriage settlements, FC 143-146
(2) When mandatory, FC 103 & FC 130
(3) Reconciliation in legal separation FC 66 (2)
b. Property covered, FC 144
c. Administration
(1) By owner, FC 145
(2) By other spouse, FC 142
d. Family expenses, FC 146

G. Judicial Separation of Property

1. When possible, FC 134
2. For sufficient cause, FC 135, cf . FC 55 (10)
3. Voluntary separation of property, FC 136 of FC 74-75, FC 134

4. Effects of judicial separation of property

a. Liquidation of CPG or ACP, FC 137 par. 1
b. Support pendente lite, FC 137 par.2
 c. Regime after JSP, FC 138 of FC 66 (2)
d. Binding effect on third parties, FC 139-140; of FC 66(2)

5. Revival of property regime after JSP, FC 141 of FC 67

6. Transfer of administration of exclusive property, FC 142

H. Property Regimes of Unions without Marriage

Review: FC 35-38; 53 FC 41, 44, FC 45

1. Unions under FC 147

2. Unions under FC 148 of FC 50 in rel. to FC 43 (2) and FC 50

XI. THE FAMILY

A. What governs family relations, FC 149?

B. Family Relations FC 150-151, cf. NCC 2035; ROC Rule 6 Sec. 1 ( j )

XII. THE FAMILY HOME

A. What constitutes the family home (FH)

B. Who may constitute the family home, FC 152, FC 161?
C. When deemed constituted, FC 153
D. When terminated, FC 153 compare with FC 159
E. Beneficiaries, FC 154
F. Exemptions, FC 155, FC 160

XIII. PATERNITY AND FILIATION

A. Paternity and filiations in general, FC 163

B. Legitimate children, FC 164; Legitimes of NCC 888, NCC 979
1. Conceived during marriage cf. ROC rule 131 Sec. 5 (11)
2. Born during marriage
3. By artificial insemination
4. Terminated marriage under FC 42 in rel. to FC 43 (1)
5. Void marriage under FC 54 in rel. to FC 36 and FC 53
6. Voidable marriages
7. Adopted children
8. Legitimated children
9. Rights of legitimate children, FC 173-174 cf. NCC 364, 374, 376

C. Illegitimate children: FC 165

Rights of illegitimate children, FC 175-176

D. Action to impugn legitimacy

1. Grounds, FC 166
a. Physical impossibility of access

b. Biological or other scientific grounds

2. Contrary declaration by mother, FC 167
3. In subsequent marriages, FC 168, 169
4. Presumptions FC 170, 171
5. Prescription
6. Who may impugn
E. PROOF OF FILIATION

1. Legitimate children, FC 172-173

a. Record of birth
b. Final judgment declaring filiation
c. Admission in a signed public document
d. Signed and handwritten private instrument
e. Open and continuous possession of status
f. Any other means allowed by the Rules of Court and special laws

2. Illegitimate Children, FC 175

Compulsory recognition, Cf. RPC 345, RPC 46. 59

F. Legitimated Children RA 9858

1. Who may be legitimated, FC 177

2. How legitimating takes place, FC 178, FC 180
3. Retroactivity and effect, FC 180-181
4. Action to impugn, FC 162
5. Rights of legitimated, FC 179

XIV. ADOPTION
RA 8552, Domestic Adoption Act, February 25, 1998
RA 8040, Inter-Country Adoption Act, June 7, 1995

A. Who may adopt, Sec 7 DAA; Sec 3, 9 ICAA

1. Age and capacity required,
2. Husband and wife jointly,
3. Need for consent, Sec 9 DAA; Sec 10
4. Aliens as adopters

B. Who may not adopt,

C. Who may be adopted, Sec 3, 8 DAA; Sec 3, 8 ICAA
D. Who may not be adopted,
E. Effect of adoption, Sec 16, 17, 18 DAA
1. Status,
2. Parental authority,
3. Succession

F. Effect on testate succession,

G. Rescission of adoption, Sec 19 DAA

1. By the adopted,
2. By the adopters,
3. Affect of rescission,

H. Rectification of Simulated Birth, Sec 22 DAA

XV. SUPPORT
A. What comprises support, FC 194
B. Who are obliged to provide support?
C. Source of support, FC 197-195 cf. FC 40, 70, 94, 122.
D. Action/Order of Support
E. Manner and Time of Payment, FC 200-204
F. Amount of support, FC 200-208
G. Support pendente lite, FC 188

XVI. PARENTAL AUTHORITY

A. Concept of Parental Authority, FC 209

B. Transfer of Parental Authority, FC 210 cf. CF 234
C. Who exercises Parental Authority, FC 211-213?
D. Substitute Parental Authority, FC 214-216, FC 233
E. Special Parental Authority, FC 218-219, FC 233

CF. FC 221 In Rel. To NCC. 2180

F. FILIAL PRIVILEGE, FC 215

ROC RULE 130 SEC. 25 CF. SECS. 22 & 23

G. Parental Authority Over the Children’s Person, FC. 220-222

*Disciplinary measures, FC 223-224

H. Parental Authority Over the Child’s Property, FC 225-227

I. Suspension or Termination of Parental Authority

1. Permanent termination, FC 228 cf. RA 6809

2. Non-permanent termination, FC 229 cf. FC 193
3. Suspension of Parental Authority, FC 231-232
4. Revival

XVII. EMANCIPATION

A. Cause of emancipation, FC 234 as amended

B. Effect of emancipation, FC 236 as amended cf. FC 15, NCC 2180

XVIII. SUMMARY JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS, FC 238-253

XIX. SURNAMES, NCC 364-330, RA 8805 , RA 9048, RA 9255
XX. ABSENCE, NCC 381-396, FC 41
XXI. FUNERALS, NCC 305-310
XXII. CIVIL REGISTER. NCC 407-413

ROC RULE 108

SUCCESSION

I. GENERAL PROVISIONS
 A. Definition and Concept. Arts. 774, 712, 1311
Basis of Law of Succession
Legal Philosophy of the Civil Code on Succession
Fundamental changes in the NCC

B. Law governing form

1. As to time of execution. Art. 795
2. As to place of execution. Arts. 17, 810, 815-819

C. Law governing content

1. As to time. Art 2263
2. As to successional rights, etc. Art 16(2); 1039

D. Subjects of Succession. Arts. 775, 782, 887, 1003

1. Who are the subjects?

2. Relationship Arts 963-969
3. Capacity to Succeed – Art. 1024
a. Determination. Arts. 1034, 1039, Art. 16(2)
Who may succeed? Arts. 1024-26, 1029-30

Who are incapable of succeeding? Arts. 1025, 1027-28,1031-33, 990-992

b. Effect of alienations by the excluded heir. Art. 1036
c. Rights of the excluded heir. Arts. 1035, 1937, 1014
d. Liabilities of the excluded heir. Art. 1038
e. Prescription of Action. Art. 1040

E. Object of Succession Arts. 776, 781, 1311, 1429, 1178, 1347

Art. 108, Revised Penal Code
F. Opening of Succession
Arts. 777, 2263, 2253, 533, 1347, 1461, 130, 132, 390, 391
Arts. 84, 86 Family Code.

Requisites for the transmission of successional rights

1. express will of the testator or provision of law
2. death of the person whose property is the subject of succession- Art. 43;
Survivorship Rule [Rule 131, Sec. 3(ii) par.5]
3. acceptance of the inheritance – Arts. 1041-1057

G. Kinds of Succession. Art. 778

1. Testamentary art. 779
2. Legal or intestate. Art. 960
3. Mixed Art. 780
4. Contractual Art 130, 1347, 752, 84FC
5. Compulsory

TESTAMENTARY SUCCESSION

II. WILLS

A. Definition. Art 783

 B. Characteristics Art 783, 839(3) & (4), 828, 796-798, 777, 818, 784-787

C. Interpretation of Wills Arts 788, 789, 790-794, 930

III. TESTAMENTARY CAPACITY AND INTENT

A. Who may make a will? Arts. 796-803

B. Supervening incapacity. Art. 801

IV. SOLEMNITIES OF WILLS

A. Kinds of Wills. Arts. 804, 810

B. Notarial Wills

1. General requirements. Art. 804

2. Specific requirements. Arts. 805, 806

Witnesses to a will
a. Who are competent? Arts.820, 821,824
b. Supervening incompetency. Art. 822
c. Competency of interested witness. Art. 823

3. Special Requirements for deaf, deaf-mute & blind testators.

Arts. 807-808
4. Substantial Compliance. Art. 809

C. Holographic Wills
1. General requirements. Art.804
2. Specific requirements. Art. 810, 812, 813
V. INCORPORATION OF DOCUMENT BY REFERENCE. Art. 827

VI. CODICILS

A. Definition. Art. 825, 830

B. Solemnities. Art. 826

VII. REVOCATION OF WILLS AND TESTAMENTARY DISPOSITIONS

A. Definition of revocation
B. When may revocation be effected. Art. 828
C. Law governing revocation. Art. 829
D. Modes of revocation. Art. 830
E. Effect of revocation. Arts. 831-834
F. Doctrine of Dependent Relative Revocation

VIII. REPUBLICATION AND REVIVAL OF WILLS - Arts. 835-837

IX. ALLOWANCE OF WILLS. Art. 838

A. Concept of probate
B. Necessity of probate
C. Modes of probate
D. Requirements for probate. Art. 811
 E. Effect of allowance of wills

X. DISALLOWANCE OF WILLS. Arts. 839, 1335, 1337, 1338

XI. LEGITIME

A. Concept. Art. 886

B. Who are entitled to legitimes: Compulsory heirs. Arts. 887, 902

C. Concurrence of compulsory heirs and their corresponding legitimes.

Arts. 888-890, 892-901, 903, Art. 39, P.D. 603

D. Restrictions regarding the legitime. Arts. 904, 872, 905-907, 1347

E. Determination or computation. Arts.908-913

COLLATION. Arts. 1061-1077

F. Freedom to dispose free portion. Art. 914

Principles Affecting Legitime

XII. PRETERITION. Arts. 854, 906, 855, 918

XIII. RESERVA TRONCAL. Art. 891

XIV. RESERVA ADOPTIVA. Art. 39, PD 603

XV. DISINHERITANCE. Arts. 915-923

Principles Affecting the Freely Disposable Portion

XVI. INSTITUTION OF HEIRS

A. In General
1. Definition. Art. 840
2. Requisites for valid institution of heirs. Relate to Arts. 785, 787
3. Effect if will institutes no heir. Art. 841
4. Freedom of disposition. Art. 842
5. Manner of designating an heir. Art. 843-844 in relation to Art.789.
6. Disposition in favor of an unknown person. Art. 845
7. Disposition in favor of a definite class. Art. 845 in relation to. Art. 786
8. Equality of heirs. Arts. 846, 848
9. Individuality of institution. Art. 847
10. Simultaneity of institution. Art. 849
11. Institution based on a false cause. Art. 850
12. Shares in the institution. Arts. 851-853
13. Predecease of heirs. Art. 856

B. Kinds of Institution
1. Simple or Pure. Art. 777
2. Conditional. Art. 871
 a. Kinds

b. Inoperative conditions. Arts. 872- 874, relate to Art. 1183

c. Disposition Captatoria. Art. 875
d. Compliance. Arts. 876- 877, 2nd par.
e. Effect. Arts. 1034, 3rd par., 879, 880, 881, 884

3. Institution with a Term

a. Kinds Art. 885, 1st par.
b. Effect. Arts. 878, 885 2nd par. in relation to 880.

4. Modal Institution. Arts 882-883

XVII. SUBSTITUTION OF HEIRS

A. Concept of substitution. Art. 857

B. Kinds of substitution. Art. 858
1. Simple or common. Art. 859
2. Brief or compendious. Art. 860
3. Reciprocal. Art. 861
4. Fideicommissary. Arts. 863-869

C. Time-limitation on inalienability. Art. 870

XVIII. LEGACIES AND DEVISES. Arts. 924-959

LEGAL OR INTESTATE SUCCESSION

XIX. GENERAL PROVISIONS

A. In general
1. When does it take place? Art. 960
2. Who are the intestate heirs? Art. 961
3. Order of and share in the in testate succession. Art. 962

C. Right of Representation. Arts. 970-977, Arts. 982, 902, 992, 1005-8.

XX. ORDER OF INTESTATE SUCCESSION

A. Descending Direct Line

1. Estate of a legitimate decedent
a. Illegitimate children. Arts. 983, 988-992

2. Estate of an illegitimate decedent

a. Legitimate children and descendant Arts. 903, 987-994
b. Illegitimate children and descendant. Arts. 990, 992

B. Surviving Spouse. Arts. 995-1002

C. Ascending direct line

 1. Legitimate parents and ascendant. Arts. 985-987
2. Illegitimate parents. Arts.993

D. Collateral line. Arts. 1003-1210

E. The State. Arts. 1011-1014

PROVISIONS COMMON TO TESTATE AND INTESTATE SUCCESSION

XXI. Right of Accretion

A. Concept. Arts. 1015-17, 1019-20

B. In legal succession. Art. 1018
C. Compulsory succession. Art. 1021
D. Testamentary. Arts. 1022-1023

XXII. PARTITION AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE ESTATE

A. Partition. Arts. 1078- 1090

B. Effects of Partition. Arts. 1091-1096

C. Rescission and Nullity of Partition. Arts. 1097-1105.

XXIII. EXECUTORS AND ADMINISTRATORS.

Arts. 1058-1060
Rule 87, Sec. 1, Revised Rules of Court
Rule 86, Sec 5, Revised Rules of Court

PROPERTY

I. In General

A. Definition; distinguished from things

B. Elements

C. Classification : Relevance

1. Immovable or real property – Art. 415

Movable or personal property - Arts. 416-417
2. Consumable and non-consumable;
(fungible; non-fungible) – Art. 418
3. Other classifications
4. Property of Public Dominion; of Private Ownership - Art. 419
a. Property of the state – Art. 420-422
b. Property of Municipal Corporations – Art. 424 Par.1
c. Private Property
5. Importance and Significance of classification.

A. Definition

B. Bundle of rights included in ownership Art. 429

 Jus utendi, fruendi, abutendi
Disponendi, vindicandi, possedendi

C. Other specific rights found in the NCC - Arts. 429, 430, 437, 438, 444
1. Right to exclude; self-help; doctrine of self-help, elements Art. 429
2. Right to enclose or fence – Art. 430
3. Right to receive just compensation in case of expropriation – Art. 435
4. Right to hidden treasure – Arts. 438-439
5. Right of accession – Art. 440
6. Right to recover possession and / or ownership- Jus vindicandi

D. Limitations of real right of ownership

1. General limitation.
2. Specific limitations

E. Modes of Acquiring Ownership [Article 712]

F. Evidence of Ownership

III. Right of Accession

A. Concept – Art. 440

B. General Principles of Accession - Art. 448

1. Accessory follows the principal
2. No unjust enrichment
3. Accessory incorporated to principal such that it cannot be separated without
serious damage or diminution of value Art. 447
4. Bad faith involves liability for damages and other dire consequences.
5. Bad faith of one party neutralizes bad faith of the other Art. 453. Ownership of
fruits belong to owner of principal thing, exceptions;

C. Obligation of receiver of fruits – Art. 443

D. Kinds of Accession
1. Accession Discreta - Fruits – Arts. 440
a. Natural
b. Industrial
c. Civil

2. Accession continua
a. Over immovables
i) Artificial or industrial – building,
planting, sowing (bps) –

ii) Natural
(i) Alluvion – Art. 457
(ii) Avulsion – Art. 459
(iii) Change of course of river- Art. 461-
463
(iv) Formation of islands – Art. 461-465
b. Over movables
i) Conjunction and adjunction
 (i) Inclusion
(ii) Soldadura
(iii) Tejido
(iv) Escritura
(v) Pintura ii) Commixtion and confusion
iii) Specification

IV.Quieting of Title
Requisites
Differences between action to quiet title and action

To remove a cloud
To prevent a cloud

See Rule: 64 Sec. I par. 2 Rules of Court who are to bring action?

V. Co – Ownership

A. Definition

B. Characteristics:

C. Difference between co-ownership and joint tenancy.

D. Differences between partnership and co-ownership.

E. Sources of co-ownership

1. Law, e.g. party wall, hedges and ditches; co-ownership among surviving spouse
and heirs of descendent.
2. Contract (duration of co-ownership, Art. 494)
3. Succession
4. Chance (commixtion, hidden treasure)
5. Occupancy (harvesting and fishing)

F. Rights of each co-owner as to thing owned in common:

G. Implications of co-owner right over his ideal shares:

H. Rules on co-ownership not applicable to conjugal partnership gains.

I. Special rules on ownership of different stories of a house as differentiated from

provision of condominium Law Act. No. 726

J. Extinction of co-ownership
1. Total destruction of thing
2. Merger of all interests in one person
3. Acquisitive prescription
4. Partition or division
VI. Possession

A. Definition and concept. (Art. 523)

Essential requisites of possession;

B. Degrees of holding or possession;

C. Kinds of possession:
1. Possession by oneself or possession exercised in one’s own name, Possession in
the name of another (Art. 524)
2. Possession in the concept of an owner and possession in the concept of a holder
the ownership belonging to another (Art.525)
3. Possession in good faith and possession in bad faith (Art. 526)

D. Presumption in favor of the possessor:

E. What things or rights may be possessed?
F. What may not be possessed by private persons?
G. Acquisition of Possession
H. Effects of Possession

VII. Usufruct

A. Concept – (Art. 562)

B. Historical considerations.
C. Characteristics of usufruct
D. Usufruct distinguished from lease, from servitudes
E. Classes of usufruct
F. Rights of the usufructuary G. Rights of the naked owner
H. Obligations of usufructuary
I. Special cases of usufruct
J. Extinguishment of usufruct (Art.603)

VIII. Easements or Servitudes

A. Definition
B. Essential features of easements or real servitudes
C. Classification of servitudes D. General rules relating to servitudes
E. Modes of acquiring easements.
F. Rights and obligations of owner of dominant and servient estates- G.
Modes of Extinguishment of easements
H. Legal Easements

1. Law governing legal easements

a. For public legal easements
b. For private legal easements
2. Private Legal Easements Provided for by the New Civil Code

1. Those established for the use of water or easements relating to waters (Art. 637-648)
2. The easement of right of way (Art. 649-657)
3. The easement of party wall (Arts. 658-666)
4. The easement of light and view (Art. 667-673)
5. The easement of drainage of buildings (Arts. 674-676)
6. The easement of distances for certain constructions and plantings (Arts. 677-681)
7. The easement against nuisances (Art. 682-683)
8. The easement of lateral and subjacent support (Art. 684)

IX. Nuisance

A. Definition - Art. 694

B. Kinds of Nuisance
C. Remedies

X. Donation

A. Nature
B. Kinds of Donations
C. Perfection of Donations : Acceptance
D. Parties : Capacity
E. Void Donations
F. Formalities
G. Revocation and Reduction of Donations
XI. Prescription [Acquisitive]

A. Concept : Definition
B. Kinds of Prescription
C. Subjects / Object of Prescription
D. Requisites

XII. Land Titles & Deeds