Laplace Transform 16.

31

EXERCISE 16.1
Find the Laplace transform of the following:
1. F(t) = t3 + t2 + t 2. F(t) = e–t cos2 t
3. F(t) = cos t ◊ cos 2t 4. F(t) = sin3 2t
Ï Ê 2p ˆ 2p
Ôsin ÁË t - if t>
Ô 3 ˜¯ 3 ÏÔ(t - 1)2 if t >1
5. F (t ) = Ì 6. F (t ) = Ì
Ô0 2p ÔÓ0 if 0 < t <1
if t<
ÔÓ 3
Ïsin t if 0 < t < p
7. F (t ) = Ì 8. F(t) = t cos h at
Ó0 if p < t < 2p
9. F(t) = t2 sin t 10. F(t) = t e–t cos ht
11. F(t) = (sin t – cos t)2 12. F(t) = sin at – at cos at
Ï0 ; 0 < t < 1
Ô F (t ) = a + bt +
c
13. F (t ) = Ì1 ; 1 < t < 2 14.
Ô2 ; t > 2 t
Ó
sin 2t e at - cos b t
15. F (t ) = 16. F (t ) =
t t
17. Express the following function in terms of unit-step function:
Ï (t - 1) 1 < t < 2
F (t ) = Ì
Ó(3 - t ) 2 < t < 3
Also, find its LT.
•
-t sin t p
18. Prove that Úe t
dt = .
4
0

•
sin t p
19. Use LT to prove that Ú t
dt = .
4
0

2(1 - e -p s )
20. Prove that L {H (t )} =
s2 + 4
Ïsin 2t 0 < t < p
where H (t ) = Ì
Ó 0 t >p
t
2 - x2 1
21. If erf (t ) =
p
Úe dx then prove that L{erf ( t )} =
s s +1
.
0

3s + 8
22. Find L{erf t } , and hence, deduce that L{t ◊ erf (2 t )} = .
s (s + 4)3/2
2
16.32 Engineering Mathematics for Semesters I and II

Ê 1 1ˆ Ê 1 2ˆ
23. Show that L{F (t )} = Á 2 + ˜ e - S - Á 2 + ˜ e -2 s .
Ës s¯ Ës s¯
È0 if 0 < t < 1
where F (t ) = Ít if 1 < t < 2
Í
ÍÎ0 if t > 2
24. Find L{9 cos2 3t}.
1
25. Show that L {e3t ◊ erf t} = .
(s - 3) (s - 2)

8 + 12 s - 2 s2
26 Show that L {t ◊ (3 sin 2t - 2 cos 2t }= .
(s2 + 4)2
•
-t 1
27. Prove that Úe ◊ erf t dt =
2
.
0

Ï(1 + t ) 0 £ t < 1
28. Find the LT of F (t ) = Ì F (t + 2) = F (t ) .
Ó 3 - t 1£ t £ 2
29. Express F(t) in terms of Heaviside’s unit-step function;
Ït 2 0 < t < 2 Ï sin t t > p
(i) F (t ) = ÔÌ (ii) F (t ) = Ì
ÔÓ4t t>2 Ócos t t < p
Ït 0 < t < 3
30. Find LT of F(t), where F (t ) = Ì
Ó3 t >3

Answers
6 2 1 1 s +1
1. + + 2. +
s 4
s 3
s 2 2 s + 2 2 s2 + 4 s + 10
s(s + 5)
2
48
3. 4.
(s + 1)(s + 9)
2 2
(s + 4)(s2 + 36)
2

2p s
-
3
Ê 1 ˆ 2e - s
5. e Á 2 ˜ 6.
Ë s + 1¯ s8
1 s2 + a 2
7. 8.
(1 + s2 )(1 - e -p s ) ( s 2 - a 2 )2
2 (3s2 - 1) s2 + 2s + 2
9. 10.
(s + 1)2 3
( s 2 + 2 s )2
s2 - 2s + 4 2a3
11. 12.
3(s2 + 4) ( s 2 + a 2 )2
 Laplace Transform 16.33

1 -2 s a b Êpˆ
13. [e + e- s ] 14. + +c Á ˜
s s s2 Ë s¯

Ê sˆ 1 È s2 + b2 ˘
15. cot -1 Á ˜ 16. log Í 2˙
Ë 2¯ 2 ÍÎ (s - a ) ˙˚
9(s2 + 18)
17. F(t) = (t – 1) H(t – 1) 24.
s(s2 + 36)
1 1 - e- s 1
28. + ◊
s 1 + e - s s2
29. (i) t2 + (4t – t2) H(t – 2) (ii) cos t + (sin t – cos t) ◊ H(t – p)
1
30. (1 - e -3s )
s2

16.18 THE INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM (ILT)

Definition
If the Laplace transform of a function F(t) is f(s), i.e., L{F(t)} = f(s) then F(t) is called an inverse
Laplace transform (ILT) of f(s).
We also write F(t) = L–1 {f(s)}.
–1
L is called the inverse Laplace transformation operator.
Ï1 ¸ Ï 1 ¸
Thus, L-1 Ì ˝ = 1, L-1 Ì ˝=e
at
(31)
Ós˛ Ós - a ˛

16.19 NULL FUNCTION

Let N(t) be a function of t, such that
t0

Ú N (t ) dt = 0 " t0 > 0 (32)

0

Then N(t) is called a null function.

16.20 UNIQUENESS OF INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORM

Since the Laplace transform of null function is zero, and hence, if
L{F(t)} = f(s), then
L{F(t) + N(t)} = f(s)
Consequently, L–1 {f(s)} = F(t)
L–1{f(s)} = F(t) + N(t)
This implies that we can have two different functions with the same Laplace transform.
16.34 Engineering Mathematics for Semesters I and II

As a result of which the inverse Laplace transform of a function is not unique if we allow null
functions. Hence, the inverse Laplace transform of a function is unique if we do not allow null functions
which do not appear in cases of physical interest. This result is explained by Lerch’s theorem as given
below.

Theorem 11: Lerch’s Theorem

Let L{F(t)} = f(s). Let F(t) be piecewise continuous in every finite interval 0 £ t £ a and of exponential
order for t > a, then the inverse Laplace transform of F(t) is f(s) unique.
From some of the functions for which Laplace transforms have been obtained, given below the
inverse Laplace transforms:
Table 16.1

F(s) F(t) = L–1{f(s)}

1/s 1
2
1/s t

1 tn
n +1
s n +1

1
eat
s-a

a
sin at
s2 + a 2

s
cos at
s2 + a 2

1 1
sin h at
s2 - a 2 a

s
cos h at
s2 - a 2

Theorem 12: Linearity Property

If L{F(t)} = f(s) and L{G(t)} = g(s) and if a, b are constants then
L–1{af(s) + bg(s)} = aL–1{f(s)} + bL–1{g(s)}
= aF(t) + bG(t)
The result can easily be proved.
Ï 1 2 6¸
Example 30 Obtain L-1 Ì + + 4 ˝.
Ós - 2 s + 5 s ˛
Solution
Ï 1 2 6¸ Ï 1 ¸ -1 Ï 1 ¸ -1 Ï 3! ¸
L-1 Ì + + 4 ˝ = L-1 Ì ˝+2L Ì ˝ + L Ì 3 +1 ˝
Ós - 2 s + 5 s ˛ Ós - 2˛ Ós + 5˛ Ós ˛
 Laplace Transform 16.35

= e2t + 2e–5t + t3
Ï 1 ¸
Example 31 Find L-1 Ì n + 1 ˝ for n > - 1.
Ós ˛
Solution We know that
ÏÔ t n ¸Ô ÏÔ 1 ¸Ô
L=Ì ˝=Ì ◊ L {t n }˝
ÓÔ n + 1 ˛Ô ÓÔ n + 1 ˛Ô
1 n +1 1
= ◊ n +1
= n +1
n +1 s s

È 1 ˘ tn
\ L-1 Í n +1 ˙ =
Îs ˚ n +1

Theorem 13: First Shifting Property

If L–1{f(s)} = F(t), then
L–1{f(s – a)} = eat·F(t)
•
Proof L{F(t)} = f (s) = Ú e - st F (t ) dt (33)
0
•
- ( s - a )t
\ f(s – a) = Úe F (t ) dt
0
•
- st
= Úe ◊ (e at F (t )) dt
0
= L{eat ◊ F(t)}
\ L–1{f(s – a)} = eat ◊F(t) Hence, proved.
Note The result of this theorem is also expressible as
L–1{f(s)} = e–at L–1{f(s – a)}
Also L–1{f(s)} = eat L–1 {f(s + a)} (34)
This result is of vital importance for further study.

ÏÔ 1 5 s+3 ¸Ô
Example 32 Find L-1 Ì + + 2˝
.
ÓÔ (s - 4) (s - 2) + 5 (s + 3) + 6 ˛Ô
5 2 2 2

n!
Solution We know that L-1 {t n } = n +1
s
ÏÔ t n ¸Ô 1 -1 Ï 1 ¸ tn
\ LÌ ˝ = or L Ì ˝ =
ÓÔ n ! ˛Ô s n +1 n +1
Ó s ˛ n!
16.36 Engineering Mathematics for Semesters I and II

ÏÔ 1 5 s+3 ¸Ô
Now, L-1 Ì + + 2˝
ÓÔ (s - 4) (s - 2) + 5 (s + 3) + 6 ˛Ô
5 2 2 2

Ï 1 ¸Ô
-1 Ô
ÏÔ 5 ¸Ô Ï
-1 Ô s+3 ¸Ô
= L Ì 5˝
+ L-1 Ì ˝ + L Ì 2˝
ÓÔ (s - 4) ˛Ô ÓÔ (s - 2) + 5 ˛Ô ÓÔ (s + 3) + 6 ˛Ô
2 2 2

Ï1¸ ÔÏ 5 Ô¸ ÔÏ s Ô¸
= e 4 t L-1 Ì 5 ˝ + e2 t L-1 Ì 2 2 ˝
+ e - 3 t L-1 Ì 2 2 ˝
Ós ˛ ÔÓ (s + 5 ) Ô˛ ÔÓ (s + 6 ) Ô˛
t4
= e ◊
4t
+ e2 t ◊ sin 5 t + e - 3 t cos6 t
4!

ÏÔ 1 5 ¸Ô
Example 33 Evaluate L-1 Ì + 2˝
.
ÔÓ (s - 4) (s - 2) + 5 Ô˛
5 2

Solution
ÏÔ 1 5 ¸Ô Ï 1 Ô¸
-1 Ô ÔÏ 5 Ô¸
L-1 Ì + = L Ì 5˝
+ L-1 Ì 2˝
2˝
ÔÓ (s - 4) Ô˛ ÔÓ (s - 2) + 5 Ô˛
2
ÔÓ (s - 4) (s - 2) + 5 Ô˛
5 2

4 t -1 Ï 1 ¸
Ï 5 Ô¸
2 t -1 Ô
= e L Ì 5˝+e L Ì 2 2˝
Ós ˛ ÔÓ s + 5 Ô˛
t4
= e4 t ◊ + e2 t sin 5 t
4!
t4
= e4 t ◊ + e2 t sin 5 t
24

Theorem 14: Second Shifting Property

If L–1{f(s)} = F(t), then L–1{e–as f(s)} = G(t), where
Ï F ( t – a), t > a
G(t) = Ì
Ó0, t<a
•
- st
Proof L{G(t)} = Úe G (t ) dt (35)
0
a •
- st - st
= Ú e G(t ) dt + Ú e G(t ) dt
0 a
a •
- st - st
= Ú e 0 dt + Ú e ◊ F (t - a) dt
0 a
 Laplace Transform 16.37

•
= 0 + Ú e - st F (t - a ) dt
a
•
- s (a + u)
= Úe F (u) du [Put t – a = u fi dt = du]
0
•
- as
= Úe . e - su F (u) du
0
•
-as - su
= e Ú e F (u) du
0

= e L{F(t)}= e–asf{(s)}
–as

\ L{G(t)} = e–as f (s) fi G(t) = L–1{e–as·f(s)} (36)

Remark This result is also expressible as
Ï F (t - a ) if t > 0
L–1{e–as f(s)} = Ì
Ó0 if t < 0
–1 –as
or L {e f(s)} = F(t – a)·H(t – a) (37)
where H(t – a) is Heaviside’s unit-step function.
e- p s
Example 34 Find the inverse Laplace transform of .
s2 + 1
Solution
ÏÔ 1 ¸Ô
L-1 Ì 2 ˝ = sin t = F(t) say
ÓÔ (s + 1) ˛Ô
ÏÔ 1 ¸Ô Èsin (t - p ) if t > p
\ L-1 Ìe - p s ◊ 2 ˝ = Í [By second shifting theorem]
ÓÔ s + 1 ˛Ô Î0 if t < p
= sin (t – p)·H (t – p)
= – sin t·H (t – p)
Example 35 Find the inverse Laplace transform of
s e - as
;a>0
s2 - w 2
Solution

ÏÔ s ¸Ô
L-1 Ì 2 2˝
= cosh w t = F (t ) say
ÔÓ s - w Ô˛

ÏÔ s ¸Ô Ïcosh w (t - a ), if t > a
\ L-1 Ìe - as 2 ˝Ì [By second shifting theorem]
ÓÔ s - w 2 ˛Ô Ó0, if t < a
= cosh w(t – a). H(t – a)
16.38 Engineering Mathematics for Semesters I and II

È e- 3 s ˘
Example 36 Evaluate L-1 Í 2˙
.
ÎÍ (s - 4) ˚˙
1
Solution Let L{F (t )} = f (s) =
(s - 4)2
Ï 1 Ô¸
-1 Ô
F(t) = L [f (s)]= L Ì
-1
Then 2˝
ÔÓ (s - 4) Ô˛
Ï1¸
= e 4 t ◊ L-1 Ì 2 ˝
Ós ˛
= te4t
By the second shifting theorem,
1 ˘ È(t - 3) ◊ e
4( t - 3)
È if t > 3
L-1 Íe - 3 s ◊ ˙ = Í
ÍÎ (s - 4) ˙˚ ÎÍ0
2 if t < 3
4(t – 3)
= (t – 3)e ·H(t – 3)
È - 2 sp ˘
-1 Í s◊e 3 ˙
Example 37 Evaluate L Í 2 ˙.
Í s +9 ˙
Î ˚
s
Solution Let L{F (t )} = f (s) =
s +9
2

Then
ÏÔ s ¸Ô
F(t) = L-1 { f (s)} = L-1 Ì 2 ˝ = cos3 t
ÓÔ s + 9 ˛Ô
È Ê 2p ˆ 2p
ÏÔ - 2 p s ¸ Ícos3 ÁË t - ˜ if t >
s Ô Í 3 ¯ 3
\ L-1 Ìe 3 ◊ 2 ˝ =
s + 9 ˛Ô Í 2p
ÓÔ Í0 if t <
Î 3
Ê 2p ˆ
= cos 3t ◊ H Á t -
Ë 3 ˜¯

Theorem 15: Change-of-scale Property

If L–1 {f (s)} = F(t),
1 Ê sˆ
then L–1{f(as)} = F
a ÁË a ˜¯
•
- st
Proof Since f(s) = Úe ◊ F (t ) dt , we have
0
 Laplace Transform 16.39

•
- a st
f(a s) = Úe F (t ) dt [Putting y = at fi dt = adt]
0
•
1 - sy Ê y ˆ
= Ú e F Á ˜ dy
a0 Ë a¯

1 Ï Ê t ˆ¸
= L ÌF ˝
a Ó ÁË a ˜¯ ˛
dy = adt
1 Êtˆ
\ L–1{f(as)} = F Á ˜ (38)
a Ë a¯

ÏÔ s ¸Ô
Example 38 Find L-1 Ì 2 ˝.
ÓÔ 2 s + 8 ˛Ô
ÔÏ s Ô¸
Solution Since L-1 Ì 2 ˝ = cos 4 t
ÔÓ s + 16 Ô˛

ÔÏ 2s Ô¸ 1 4t
\ L-1 Ì ˝ = cos
ÔÓ (2 s) + 16 Ô˛
2
2 2
1
= cos 2 t
2
ÏÔ s ¸Ô 1
i.e., L-1 Ì 2 ˝ = cos 2 t
ÓÔ 2 s + 8 ˛Ô 2

ÏÔ s ¸Ô 1 Ï
-1 Ô 32 s ¸Ô
Example 39 If L-1 Ì 2 ˝ = t ◊ sin t , find L Ì 2˝
.
ÓÔ (s + 1) ˛Ô 2 ÔÓ (16 s + 1) ˛Ô
2 2

Ï ¸Ô 1
Given L-1 ÔÌ
s
Solution
2˝
= t ◊ sin t
ÔÓ (s + 1) Ô˛ 2
2

Writing as for s,
ÔÏ as Ô¸ 1 t t
L-1 Ì 2 2 2˝ = ◊ ◊ sin
ÔÓ (a s + 1) Ô˛ 2 a a
Again writing a = 4.
ÏÔ 4s ¸Ô t t
L-1 Ì 2˝
= sin
ÓÔ (16 s 2
+ 1) ˛Ô 8 4

1 -1 ÏÔ 32 s ¸Ô t t
\ L Ì 2˝
= sin
ÓÔ (16 s + 1) ˛Ô
8 2 8 4
16.40 Engineering Mathematics for Semesters I and II

ÏÔ 32 s ¸Ô t
\ L-1 Ì 2˝
= t sin
ÓÔ (16 s 2
+ 1) ˛Ô 4

ÏÔ 64 ¸Ô
Example 40 Find L-1 Ì ˝.
ÓÔ 81 s - 256 ˛Ô
4

Solution We know that

ÔÏ a Ô¸ 1 -1 È a a ˘
3
L-1 Ì 4 4˝
= L Í 2 - 2 ˙
ÔÓ s - a Ô˛ 2 ÍÎ s - a s + a 2 ˙˚
2

1
= (sin h at - sin a t )
2
Ï -1 Ô 64 ¸Ô Ï
-1 Ô 43 ¸Ô
Rewriting L Ì ˝ = L Ì ˝
ÔÓ (3 s) - 4 ˛Ô
4 4
ÓÔ 81 s - 256 ˛Ô
4

= L–1{f(3s)} with a = 4.

a3 1
where f(s) = and F (t ) = (sinh at - sin at )
s -a 4 4 2
Thus, applying change-of-scale property,
1 Ê tˆ
L–1{f(3s)} = F
3 ÁË 3 ˜¯
1 È1 t t˘
sinh 4 - sin 4 ˙
3 ÍÎ 2
=
3 3˚

Ï -1 ¸ Ï -a ¸
Ôe s Ô cos 2 t Ôe s Ô
Example 41 If L-1 Ì ˝= then find L-1 Ì ˝.
Ô s Ô pt Ô s Ô
Ó ˛ Ó ˛
1 Êtˆ
Solution Since L-1 {f (a s)}= F
a ÁË a ˜¯

Ï -1 ¸ Ï -1 ¸ Êtˆ
Ôe s Ô cos(2 t ) Ô e s k Ô 1 cos 2 ÁË k ˜¯
Hence, L-1 Ì ˝ = gives L-1 Ì ˝= ◊
Ô s Ô p t Ô ( s k ) Ô k Êp tˆ
Ó ˛
Ó ˛ ÁË k ˜¯

1/ 2
Ï -1 ¸ Êtˆ
Ô s k ÔÔ k cos 2 Á ˜
-1 Ô e k Ë k¯
or L Ì ˝ = ◊
Ô ( s ) Ô k 1
ÔÓ Ô˛ (p t )
2
 Laplace Transform 16.41

1
Putting k = , we get
a
Ï -a ¸
Ôe s Ô cos 2 at
L-1 Ì ˝ =
Ô s Ô pt
Ó ˛

Theorem 16: Inverse Transforms of Derivatives

If L–1{f(s)} = F(t), then
ÏÔ d n ¸Ô
L–1{f(n)(s)} = L–1 Ì n f ( s) ˝
ÓÔ d s ˛Ô
= (–1)n·tn·F(t)

ÔÏ d Ô¸
n
Proof L{tnF(t)} = (- 1)n Ì n f (s) ˝ = (- 1)n f ( n ) (s)
ÔÓ d s Ô˛
\ –1 (n)
L {f (s)} = (–1)n tn·F(t) (39) Hence, proved.

-1 È Ê s + 3ˆ ˘
Example 42 Evaluate L Í log Á ˜ ˙.
Î Ë s + 2¯ ˚
Ê s + 3ˆ
Solution Let f (s) = log Á = log (s + 3) - log (s + 2)
Ë s + 2 ˜¯
1 1
Then f¢(s) = -
s+3 s+2
L–1{f¢(s)} = e–3t – e–2t ∫ F(t)
But L–1{f¢(s)} = (–1)¢ t·F(t)
= –tL–1{f(s)}
1
or L–1{f(s)} = - L-1 { f ¢ (s)}
t
1
= - ◊ ÈÎe -3 t - e - 2 t ˘˚
t
1 È -2 t
= e - 3e - 3 t ˘˚
t Î

Ê s ˆ
Example 43 Find L-1 Á 2 2 2˜
.
Ë (s + a ) ¯

d Ê 1 ˆ -2s
Solution We have =
ds ÁË s2 + a 2 ˜¯ (s2 + a 2 )2
16.42 Engineering Mathematics for Semesters I and II

s 1 d Ê 1 ˆ
\ = -
(s + a )
2 2 2 2 d s ÁË s2 + a 2 ˜¯

ÏÔ s ¸Ô 1
But L-1 Ì 2 2˝
= sin at
ÓÔ s + a Ô˛ a

ÏÔ s ¸Ô 1 -1 ÏÔ d Ê 1 ˆ ¸Ô
\ L-1 Ì 2 ˝ - L Ì Á 2 2 ˜˝
=
ÓÔ (s + a ) ˛Ô
2 2
2 ÔÓ d s Ë s + a ¯ Ô˛
t
= sin at
2a

Theorem 17: Division by S

If L–1{f(s)} = F(t) then
t
Ï f (s) ¸
L–1 Ì
Ó s ˛
˝ = Ú F(u) du
0
t
Proof Let G(t ) = Ú F (u) du then G¢ (t) = F(t), G(0) = 0
0
\ L{G¢(t)} = sL{G(t)} – G(0) = sL{G(t)} (40)
But L{G¢(t)} = L{F(t)} = f(s) (41)
From (40) and (41), we get
sL{G(t)} = f(s)
f ( s)
\ L{G(t)} =
s
t
Ï f ( s) ¸
or L-1 Ì ˝ = G(t ) = Ú F (u) du
Ó s ˛ 0

t v
Ï f (s) ¸
Theorem 18: L–1 Ì 2 ˝ Ú Ú F ( u) du dv
Ó s ˛00
t v t
Proof Let G(t ) = Ú Ú F (u) du dv . Then G ¢(t ) = Ú F (u) du
00 0
G¢¢(t) = F(t), Also G(0) = G¢(0) = 0
\ L{G¢¢(t)} = s2L{G(t)} – sG(0) – G¢(0) (42)
= s2L{G(t)} = f(s), as L{G¢¢ (t)} = L{F(t)}
f ( s)
\ L{G(t)} = 2
s
t v
Ï f ( s) ¸
or L-1 Ì 2 ˝ = G(t ) = Ú Ú F (u) du dv
Ó s ˛ 00
 Laplace Transform 16.43

The result can also be written as

t v
Ï f ( s) ¸
L-1 Ì 2 ˝ = Ú Ú F (t ) dt
2
Ó s ˛ 00
t t t
Ï f ( s) ¸
In general, L-1 Ì n ˝ = Ú Ú Ú F (t ) dt
n
(43)
Ó s ˛ 00 0

ÔÏ 1 Ô¸
Example 44 Find L-1 Ì 2 2˝
.
ÔÓ s (s + 1) Ô˛
Solution
1 1
L{eat} = \ L {e - at } =
s-a s+a
Ï 1 ¸ -1 Ï 1 ¸
or L-1 Ì - at
˝ = e or L Ì ˝=e
-t

Ó s + a ˛ Ó s + 1 ˛
ÔÏ d Ê 1 ˆ Ô¸
L-1 Ì Á 1 1 –t
˜ ˝ = (–1) ·t · e = –te
–t

ÔÓ ds Ë s + 1¯ Ô˛
ÏÔ 1 ¸Ô
or L-1 Ì 2˝
= te–t
ÓÔ (s + 1) ˛Ô
ÔÏ Ô¸
t
1
or L-1 Ì 2˝ = Ú u◊e
-u
du
ÔÓ s(s + 1) Ô˛ 0
t
= È- u e - u + Ú e - u du ˘
Î ˚0
t
= ÈÎ- e - u (u + 1)˘˚ = 1 - e - t (t + 1)
0

È 1 ˘ t
t
(u + 1)˘˚ du = ÈÎu + e (u + 1) + e ˘˚
-u -u
L-1 Í 2 Ú ÈÎ1 - e
-u
2˙
or =
ÍÎ s (s + 1) ˙˚ 0
0

= t + e–t + e–t(t + 1) – (1 + 1)
= te–t + 2e–t + t – 2

Theorem 19: Inverse Laplace Transforms of Integrals

ÏÔ• ¸Ô F(t)
If L–1{f(s)} = F(t), then L–1 Ì Ú f ( u) du˝ =
ÓÔ s ˛Ô t

ÏÔ• Ê u u ˆ ¸Ô
Example 45 Evaluate L-1 Ì Ú Á 2 - 2 ˜ du˝ .
ÓÔ s Ë u + a u + b2 ¯ Ô˛
2
16.44 Engineering Mathematics for Semesters I and II

s s
Solution Let f (s) = -
s +a
2 2
s + b2
2

ÏÔ s s ¸Ô
F(t) = L-1 { f (s)} = L-1 Ì 2 - ˝
ÓÔ s + a s2 + b2 ˛Ô
2

ÔÏ s Ô¸ ÔÏ s Ô¸
= L-1 Ì 2 2˝
- L-1 Ì 2 2˝
ÔÓ s + a Ô˛ ÔÓ s + b Ô˛
= cos at – cos b t
By Inverse LT of integrals,
ÏÔ• ¸Ô ÏÔ• Ê u u ˆ ¸Ô
L-1 Ì Ú f (u) du ˝ = L-1 Ì Ú Á 2 - ˜ du ˝
ÔÓ s Ë u + a u2 + b2 ¯ Ô˛
2
ÓÔ s ˛Ô
F (t )
=
t
cos a t - cos b t
=
t
Ï• Ê 1 1 ˆ ¸Ô
Example 46 Evaluate L-1 ÔÌ Ú Á - ˜ du˝ .
ÓÔ s Ë u u + 1¯ Ô˛
1 1
Solution Consider f (s) = -
s s +1
Ï1 1 ¸ -1 Ï 1 ¸ Ï 1 ¸
F(t) = L-1 { f (s)} = L-1 Ì - ˝=L Ì ˝-L
-1
Ì ˝ = 1- e
-t

Ó s s + 1 ˛ Ó ˛
s Ó s + 1 ˛
By ILT of integrals,
ÏÔ• ¸Ô ÏÔ• Ê 1 1 ˆ ¸Ô F (t )
L-1 Ì Ú f (u) du ˝ = L-1 Ì Ú Á - ˜ du ˝ = t
ÓÔ s ˛Ô ÓÔ s Ë u u + 1¯ ˛Ô
1 - e- t
=
t

Theorem 20: I.L.T. of Multiplication by s

If L–1{f(s)} = F(t) and F(0) = 0 then L–1{sf(s)} = F¢(t)
Proof We know that
L{F¢(t)} = sf(s) – F(0)
= sf(s)
Then F¢(t) = L–1{s.f(s)} (44)
Thus, multiplication by s amounts to differentiating F(t) w.r.t. ‘t’.
 Laplace Transform 16.45

ÏÔ s ¸Ô
Example 47 Find L-1 Ì 2 2˝
.
ÓÔ s - a Ô˛
1 -1 ÏÔ a ¸Ô sinh at
Solution We know that L Ì 2 2˝
=
a ÓÔ s - a Ô˛ a
and F(0) = sinh 0 = 0
ÔÏ 1 Ô¸ d sinh at a cosh at
\ L-1 Ìs ◊ 2 2˝
= =
ÔÓ s - a Ô˛ dt a a

ÔÏ s Ô¸
L-1 Ì 2 2˝
= cosh at
ÔÓ s - a Ô˛

16.21 USE OF PARTIAL FRACTIONS TO FIND ILT

Application of LT to a differential equation results in a subsidiary equation which usually comes out
F ( s)
as a rational function Y (s) = , where F(s) and G(s) are polynomials in s. When the degree of F(s)
G ( s)
F ( s)
£ degree G(s) then the rational function can be written as the sum of simpler rational functions
G ( s)
called partial fractions, depending on the nature of factors of the denominator G(s) as follows:

Table 16.2

Factor in denominator Corresponding partial fraction

1. Nonrepeated linear factor ax + b A

with A π 0
(occurring once) ax + b

2. Repeated linear factor (ax + b)r A1 A2 Ar

+ + with Ar π 0
(occurring r times) ax + b (ax + b2 ) (ax + b)r

Ax + B
3. Nonrepeated quadratic factor ax2 + bx + c with at least one of A, B nonzero
ax 2 + bx + c

A1x + B1 A2 x + B2 Ar x + Br
4. Repeated quadratic factor (ax2 + bx + c)r + +
ax 2 + bx + c (ax 2 + bx + c)2 (ax 2 + bx + c)r
(occurring r times)
with at least one of Ar, Br nonzero

- 1 Ï F ( s) ¸
By finding the ILT of each of these partial fractions, L {Y (s)}= L Ì
-1
˝ can be determined.
Ó G ( s) ˛
ÏÔ 3s + 7 ¸Ô
Example 48 Find L-1 Ì 2 ˝.
ÓÔ s - 2 s - 3 ˛Ô
16.46 Engineering Mathematics for Semesters I and II

Solution Using partial fractions, we have

3s + 7 3s + 7
=
s2 - 2s - 3 (s - 3)(s + 1)
A B
= +
s - 3 s +1
or 3s + 7 = A (s + 1) + B (S – 3)
3s + 7 = (A + B) s + A – 3 B
Equating the corresponding coefficients on both sides
A + B = 3, A – 3 B = 7
Then A = 4, B = – 1.
3s + 7 4 1
\ = -
(s - 3)(s + 1) s - 3 s +1

Ï 3s + 7 ¸ -1 Ï 1 ¸ -1 Ï 1 ¸
\ L-1 Ì ˝ = 4L Ì ˝-L Ì ˝
Ó (s - 3)(s + 1) ˛ Ós - 3˛ Ó s + 1˛
= 4 e3t – e–t.

Ï s2 + 2s + 3 ¸Ô
Example 49 Find L-1 ÔÌ ˝.
ÓÔ (s + 2 s + 2)(s + 2 s + 5) ˛Ô
2 2

Solution
s2 + 2s + 3 As + B Cs + D
= +
(s + 2 s + 2)(s + 2 s + 5)
2 2
(s + 2 s + 5)
2
(s + 2 s + 5)
2

s + 2s + 3 = (A s + B) (s + 2s + 5) + (C s + D) (s2 + 2 s + 2)
2 2

= (A + C) s3 + (2A + B + 2C + D) s2 + (5A + 2B + 2C + 2D) s + 5B + 2D

Comparing coefficients of s on either side,
A + C = 0, 2 A + B + 2C + D = 1
5A+2B+2C+2D=2
5B+2D=3
On solving these equations, we get
1 2
A = 0, B = , C = 0, D =
3 3
s2 + 2s + 3 1/3 2/3
\ = +
(s2 + 2 s + 2)(s2 + 2 s + 5) (s2 + 2 s + 2) ( s 2 + 2 s + s)

ÔÏ s2 + 2s + 3 Ô¸ 1 -1 ÔÏ 1 Ô¸ 2 -1 Ê 1 ˆ
\ L-1 Ì 2 ˝ = L Ì 2 ˝+ L Á 2 ˜
ÔÓ (s + 2 s + 2)(s + 2 s + 5) Ô˛ ÔÓ s + 2 s + 2 Ô˛ 3 Ë s + 2s + 5 ¯
2 3
 Laplace Transform 16.47

1 -1 ÏÔ 1 ¸Ô 2 -1 ÏÔ 1 ¸Ô
= L Ì ˝+ L Ì ˝
ÓÔ (s + 1) + 1 Ô˛ 3 ÓÔ (s + 1) + 4 Ô˛
3 2 2

1 -t 2 1
= e sin t + e - t ◊ sin 2t
3 3 2
1 -t
= e (sin t + sin 2 t )
3

ÏÔ a (s2 - 2 a 2 ) ¸Ô
Example 50 Find L-1 Ì 4 4 ˝
.
ÓÔ s + 4 a ˛Ô
Solution Rewriting s4 + 4a4 = (s2 + 2a2)2 – (2as)2
= (s4 + 2as + 2a2) (s2 – 2as + 2a2)
a (s2 - 2a 2 ) a (s2 - 2a 2 )
=
s4 + 4a 4 (s2 + 2 as + 2 a 2 )(s2 - 2 as + 2 a 2 )
1Ê - (s + a) ˆ 1 Ê (s - a) ˆ
= + Á 2
2 Ë s + 2 as + 2 a ¯ 2 Ë s - 2 as + 2 a ˜¯
Á 2 2 ˜ 2

1 È - (s + a) (s - a) ˘
= Í + ˙
ÍÎ (s + a ) + a (s - a )2 + a 2 ˙˚
2 2 2

ÏÔ a (s2 - 2 a 2 ) ¸Ô 1 -1 ÏÔ - (s + a ) ¸Ô 1 -1 ÏÔ (s - a ) ¸Ô
\ L-1 Ì 4 4 ˝ = Ì + L Ì
2˝ 2˝
L
ÔÓ s + 4 a Ô˛ 2 ÓÔ (s + a ) + a ˛Ô 2
2
ÔÓ (s - a ) + a ˛Ô
2

1 - at 1
= - e cos at + e at cos at
2 2
Êe -e ˆ
at - at
= cos at Á ˜
Ë 2 ¯
= cos at sinh at

ÏÔ s3 - 3 s2 + 6 s - 4 ¸Ô
Example 51 Find L-1 Ì 2 ˝
.
ÓÔ (s - 2 s + 2) ˛Ô
2

s3 - 3s2 + 6 s - 4 As + B Cs + D
Solution = +
(s - 2 s + 2)
2 2
(s - 2 s + 2)
2 2
(s - 2 s + 2)
2

3 2 2
s – 3 s + 6 s – 4 = (As + B) + (Cs + D) (s – 2s + 2)
= Cs3 + (D – 2 C)s2 + (A + 2C –2D)s + B + 2D
Equating the corresponding coefficients and solving,
A = 2, B = –2, C = 1, D = –1
Now, s2 – 2s + 2 = (s – 1)2 + 1