Chapter 9 (Senses)

1. Illustrate how sound is transmitted into the inner ear.

2. Explain visual disorders myopia and hyperopia and their corrections by specific
lenses.
=Myopia disorders is nearsightedness. Distant images are brought to a point of focus
in front of retina. The image will appear blurry. Near images is brought into focus on
retina without accommodation. They with Myopia has better near vision than far
vision. Its often due to an elongated eyeball. It can be corrected by concave lenses in
eyeglasses.

Hyperopia disorder is farsightedness. Near images are focused behind retina even
with accommodation which image will appear blurry. They has better far vision than
near vision. Its often due to a short eyeball. It can be corrected by lenses that are
convex.

3. List three layers of the eye with respective structures.

-Outermost: Sclera, cornea
-Middle: Choroid, ciliary body, iris.
-Innermost: Retina

4. Describe two types of photoreceptor on the retina of human eyes.

The two types of photoreceptors are rods and cones. Rods allow black and white
vision in low light. It numerous , far sensitive to light, but do not provide sharp
images or color vision. Contain the pigment rhodopsin. Absorption causes rhodopsin
to dissociate into retinaldehyde and opsin.
Cones is receptor for bright light and provide high-resolution color vision.Light pass
through the ganglion and bipolar layers before reaching the photoreceptors in all
areas in retina except fovea (most distinct vision).

5. Explain pathway of the light as it passes into the eyes.

When light passes from one medium to another, it bends. Curvature at the point of
refraction can also bend light. Changing the curvature of the lens allows fine control
of focus. The image is flipped upside down in this process.
6. Compare the accommodation by eyes when focusing near and distant object.
Near Far
Ciliary muscle Contract, pulling border Relax
of choroid toward the
lens
Suspensory ligaments Relax Pulls on the suspensory
ligament
Lens Thicker and rounder Thin, not so curvature

7. Explain the structures and functions of the parts in human ear.

External part- transmit airborne sound waves to middle ear (amplify sound) and to
fluid-filled inner ear.
Inner- houses 2 different sensory system:
The cochlea: receptors for conversion of sound waves into nerve impulses.
Vestibular apparatus: for sense of equilibrium
Middle ear- contains three bones called ossicle which is malleus, incus and stapes.
Vibrations are transmitted and amplified along the bones. The stapes is attached to
the oval window which transfers the vibrations into the inner ear.