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A SUMMARY OF CONJUNCTIVE LINKING ITEMS

Item Grammatical Conjunctive Example

Function Relation
ACCORDINGLY adv cause-effect There was no breach of the rules; accordingly, there will be no disciplinary inquiry. N
ADDITIONALLY adv amplification You can pay bills over the Internet. Additionally, you can check your balance. F
AFTER conj/sub sequence Marina cared for him after he was seriously injured. N
prep sequence After breakfast Amy ordered a taxi. N
adv sequence My mother died soon after and left me the house. N
AFTERWARDS adv sequence Let’s go and see a film and afterwards we could go for a dinner. N
AGAIN adv amplification The law on copyright is still unclear. And again, it’s a complex issue. N
ALBEIT adv contrast He was making progress, albeit rather slowly. F
ALONG THE SAME LINE adv combination Never click on attachments from unknown senders. Along the same line, it is N
important not to download software from unverified websites.
ALSO adv amplification I'd like a motorcycle for my birthday; also, I'd like a new CD player N
ALTERNATIVELY adv alternative We could drive all the way. Alternatively, we could fly. N
ALTHOUGH conj/sub contrast Although she was ill, she kept working. N
AND conj/co combination I'm 59 and ready to retire. N
APART FROM prep exclusion Apart from that, everything's fine. N
prep amplification Apart from his salary, he also has a private income. N
AS conj/sub cause-effect As it was getting late, we decided to go home. N
conj/sub sequence All the jury's eyes were on him as he continued. N
AS A CONSEQUENCE/IN CONSEQUENCE adv cause-effect He will as a consequence be fired. F
AS A CONSEQUENCE OF prep cause-effect Many were laid off as a consequence of government policies F
AS A RESULT adv cause-effect York Road will be closed and delays are likely as a result. N
AS A RESULT OF prep cause-effect The house was damaged as a result of the fire. N
AS FAR AS conj/sub amplification Cowling is a difficult village as far as ideal places to house a community centre go. N
AS LONG AS conj/sub condition My parents don’t care what job I do as long as I’m happy. N
AS OPPOSED TO prep exclusion We ate in the restaurant, as opposed to the bistro. N
AS WELL adv amplification Andy's face paled with disappointment; perhaps with anger as well. N
ASIDE FROM prep exclusion Aside from hanging about in the street, there’s nothing for kids to do here. N
prep amplification He has money aside from his possessions. N
AT FIRST adv sequence At first, he seemed surprised by my questions. N
AT THE SAME TIME adv contrast I don't think I set out to come up with a different sound for each album. At the same N
time, I do have a sense of what is right for the moment.

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BARRING prep condition Barring rain, the match will be held tomorrow N
prep exclusion No one, barring the magician himself, knows how the trick is done. N
BECAUSE conj/sub cause-effect We went by bus because it was cheaper. N
prep cause-effect Of course evolution is true, because science. I
BECAUSE OF prep cause-effect The game was cancelled because of the snow. N
BEFORE conj/sub sequence They lived rough for four days before they were arrested. N
prep sequence Annie was born a few weeks before Christmas. N
adv sequence The war had ended only a month or so before. N
BEFOREHAND adv sequence If you do most of the cooking beforehand, you’ll enjoy the evening more. N
BESIDE prep amplification You should learn other languages beside French and English. N
prep exclusion My has no contact with other children beside his sister. N
BESIDES adv amplification The house was too expensive. Besides, I'd grown fond of our rented condo. N
prep amplification I think she has many good qualities besides being very beautiful. N
prep exclusion Nothing besides a miracle could help them. N
BETTER YET/BETTER STILL adv alternative Come for a weekend or, better still, come for a whole week. N
BUT conj/co contrast He was called but he did not answer. N
prep exclusion They saved all but one of the pigs. N
BUT FOR prep condition The figure would've been higher but for delays in the delivery of the planes. F
prep exclusion The work was now complete, but for a final coat of paint. F
BY REASON OF prep cause-effect He pleaded innocent by reason of insanity. F
BY THE SAME TOKEN adv combination Show respect for your colleagues. By the same token they have to respect you. N
BY VIRTUE OF prep cause-effect She succeeded by virtue of her tenacity rather than her talent. F
BY WAY OF ILLUSTRATION adv exemplification By way of illustration, let us examine this poem. F
CONCURRENTLY adv sequence Students are required to engage in an approved cooperative education experience F
for a minimum of ten weeks. Concurrently, they are required to do a two-credit
Work Portfolio course online.
CONSEQUENTLY adv cause-effect Their relations had, consequently, never been close. F
CONSIDERING prep cause-effect Considering her lack of experience, it is surprising she has achieved so much. A
CONSIDERING THAT conj/sub cause-effect Considering that you are no longer his friend, your response is a little extreme. A
CONTEMPORANEOUSLY adv sequence Almost contemporaneously, another similar movement was taking place in the F
south.
CONVERSELY adv contrast Neither team deserved to win, and conversely neither team then deserved to lose. F
EARLIER adv sequence A few days earlier, he had assured me that he didn’t want to come. N
EITHER adv combination 'I've never been there.' 'Well, I haven't myself either.' N
conj/co alternative Sightseeing is best done either by tour bus or by bicycles. N
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ERGO adv cause-effect Neither side would have an incentive to start a war. Ergo, peace would reign. F
ESPECIALLY adv amplification Millions of wild flowers color the valleys, especially in April and May. N
EVEN THOUGH conj/sub contrast Most of us ignore this good advice, even though we know it to be true. N
EXCEPT conj/sub exclusion Our berets were the same except mine was blue I
prep exclusion I don't take any drugs whatsoever, except aspirin for colds. N
EXCEPT THAT conj/sub exclusion I don't know what that means except that it upsets his wife. N
EXCEPT WHEN/WHERE/WHAT The log cabin stayed empty except when we came.
EXCEPT FOR prep exclusion He hadn't eaten a thing except for one forkful of salad. N
DESPITE prep contrast He still loves her, despite the fact that she left him. N
DITTO adv combination Lister's dead. Ditto three other drug dealers. I
DUE TO prep cause-effect He almost died due to lack of oxygen. N
FIRST adv sequence When he first came home he looked rather tired. I
FOR conj/co cause-effect He felt guilty, for he bore a share of responsibility for her death. L
FOR EXAMPLE/AS AN EXAMPLE/TO TAKE adv exemplification Some people, students for example, can get cheaper tickets. N
AN EXAMPLE
FOR FEAR OF prep condition No one dared shoot for fear of hitting Pete. N
FOR FEAR THAT conj/sub condition Players were afraid to take risks for fear that no one would help out. N
FOR INSTANCE adv exemplification Many teenagers earn money, for instance by babysitting or cleaning cars. N
FURTHER adv amplification Dodd made no appeal of his death sentence and, further, instructed his attorney to F
sue anyone who succeeds in delaying his execution.
FURTHERMORE adv amplification The house is beautiful. Furthermore, it's in a great location. F
GIVEN prep cause-effect Given the complexity of the task, they did a good job A
GIVEN THAT conj/sub cause-effect Usually, I am sensible with money, given that I don't earn that much. A
HENCE adv cause-effect Crime is on the increase; hence the need for more police. F
HOWEVER adv contrast This is one possible solution to the problem. However, there are others. N
IF conj/sub condition If we miss the last bus, we’ll have to walk home. N
IF IT WERE NOT FOR/WERE IT NOT FOR prep condition If it weren’t for the traffic, I’d have been here an hour ago. F
IN A NUTSHELL/ALL IN ALL adv summary And that, in a nutshell, is my explanation. I
IN ADDITION adv amplification English classes are offered. In addition, students can take classes in computing. N
IN ADDITION TO prep amplification There's a postage and packing fee in addition to the repair charge. N
IN CASE/JUST IN CASE adv condition I’ll make some sandwiches, just in case we get hungry later on. N
IN CASE OF prep condition In case of bad weather, the wedding will be held indoors. N
IN CONTRAST/BY CONTRAST adv contrast The technology sector is doing badly. Old economy stocks, by contrast, are N
performing well.
IN CONTRAST TO/BY CONTRAST WITH prep contrast Johnny’s friendliness was in marked contrast to his brother’s rude behavior. N
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IN FACT/IN ACTUAL FACT/IN POINT OF adv amplification We've had a bad time while you were away. In fact, we nearly split up this time. N
FACT adv contrast I looked down at his hand and realized he was in fact telling the truth. N
IN LIEU adv exclusion He worked on Sunday and took Monday off in lieu. F
IN LIEU OF prep exclusion extra holiday in lieu of overtime pay F
IN ORDER THAT conj/sub cause-effect Regular checks are required in order that safety standards are maintained. F
IN ORDER TO prep inf cause-effect To eat in order to live N
IN OTHER WORDS adv paraphrase These were people who fought for money – mercenaries, in other words. N
IN PLACE OF prep exclusion In place of ordinary light bulbs, you could use fluorescent lamps. N
IN SPITE OF prep contrast In spite of feeling tired, we decided to go out. N
IN SUM adv summary In sum, alternative policies were not considered. F
IN SUMMARY/IN CONCLUSION/IN adv summary In summary, we need to take better care of the poor in our city. N
SHORT/ TO CONCLUDE/TO SUM UP
IN THE BEGINNING adv sequence In the beginning, computers were only used for the organization of information. N
IN THE EVENT OF prep condition In the event of rain the race will be cancelled. N
IN THE SAME VEIN adv combination We still debate prostitution and public health. In the same vein, we still ask the N
same questions about prostitution and women's rights.
IN VIEW OF prep cause-effect In view of the shortage of time, each person may only speak for five minutes. A
INASMUCH AS conj/sub amplification This made my task easier, inasmuch as I do not have to make further inquiries. F
conj/sub amplification A work of art is good inasmuch as it reflects the person who created it. F
INDEED adv amplification For such creatures speed is not important, indeed it is counterproductive. F
INITIALLY adv sequence Initially, most people approved of the new plan. N
INSOFAR AS conj/sub amplification We agree only insofar as the budget is concerned F
INSTEAD adv exclusion He asked why I couldn't just forget about dieting and eat normally instead. N
INSTEAD OF prep exclusion They raised prices and cut production, instead of cutting costs. N
LATER adv sequence A few days earlier, he had assured me that he didn’t want to come. N
LATER ON adv sequence This is only going to cause me more problems later on. N
LEST conj/sub condition He is wearing headphones lest he disturb anyone. F
LET ALONE adv amplification He was incapable of leading a bowling team, let alone a country. N
LIKE prep exemplification It eats small animals like birds and mice. I
LIKEWISE adv combination The V2 was not an ordinary weapon and could only be used against cities. Likewise F
the atom bomb.
MEANWHILE/IN THE MEANWHILE adv sequence She spent four years studying for her law degree. In the meantime, she continued to N
MEANTIME/IN THE MEANTIME work at the bank.
MOREOVER adv amplification The whole report is badly written. Moreover, it's inaccurate. A
MUCH LESS/STILL LESS/EVEN LESS adv amplification They are always short of water to drink, much less to bathe in. N
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NAMELY adv amplification Two groups, namely students and pensioners, will benefit from the new tax. N
NEITHER conj/co combination I never learned to swim and neither did they. F
NEVERTHELESS adv contrast It’s a difficult race. Nevertheless, about 1,000 runners participate every year. N
NONETHELESS adv contrast His face is serious but nonetheless very friendly. F
NOR conj/co combination They weren't talented — nor were they particularly funny. N
NOT TO MENTION adv amplification I'm amazed you find the time, not to mention the energy, to do any work at all. N
NOT TO MENTION THAT conj/sub amplification I felt drained, not to mention that my brain was filled with the desire of sleep. N
NOTWITHSTANDING prep contrast Notwithstanding his love of luxury, his house was simple inside. F
adv contrast She tells us she is an intellectual; notwithstanding, she is a beauty queen. F
NOW THAT conj/sub cause-effect They spent a lot of time together now that he had retired. N
ON ACCOUNT OF prep cause-effect They should be newly-weds on account of their walking so close together. N
ON/UPON CONDITION THAT conj/sub condition They spoke on condition that their names would not be used in the article. F
ON THE CONTRARY adv exclusion The risk of infection hasn’t diminished – on the contrary, it has increased. N
ON THE ONE HAND adv contrast On the one hand, expansion would be good. On the other hand it would be sad to N
ON THE OTHER HAND lose the family atmosphere.
ON TOP OF prep amplification On top of all his financial problems, his wife left him. N
OR conj/co alternative She had to have the operation, or she would die. N
OR ELSE adv condition You have to leave or else you will be arrested for trespassing. N
OTHER THAN conj/sub exclusion They had no choice other than to surrender. N
prep exclusion She makes no reference to any feminist work other than her own. N
prep amplification Are you studying any science subjects other than chemistry? N
OTHER THAN THAT conj/sub exclusion My arm was a bit sore - other than that I was fine. I
OTHERWISE adv condition Go home — otherwise your mother will worry. N
OTHERWISE THAN conj/sub exclusion You are not allowed to use the building otherwise than as a private dwelling. F
OWING TO prep cause-effect Owing to the rising cost of fuel, more people use public transport. N
PARTICULARLY/IN PARTICULAR adv amplification They want us, you and Al in particular, to search the building for evidence. N
PLUS conj/co amplification Cleaning the old engines is a difficult task, plus it wouldn’t be worth the effort. I
prep amplification He has a good job, plus a new car. N
PREVIOUSLY adv sequence She was previously employed as a research scientist. N
PRIOR TO prep sequence The questions had been asked prior to my arrival. F
PROVIDED/PROVIDED THAT conj/sub condition Provided you pay me back by Friday, I’ll lend you the money. F
PROVIDING/PROVIDING THAT conj/sub condition I'll play, providing you pay me. N
RATHER adv exclusion There is no shortage of resources. Rather, the problem is poor management. N
RATHER THAN adv exclusion Doug chose to quit rather than admit that he’d made a mistake. N

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SAVE prep exclusion Everyone save me is going to the party. F

SAVE FOR prep exclusion The room was completely dark, save for one candle burning in the corner. F
SAVE THAT conj/sub exclusion We know little about his childhood, save that his family was poor. F
SAY adv exemplification To understand the problem, let's examine a different planet, say, the Mars. S
SHORT OF prep exclusion I don’t see any solution, short of selling our house. N
SIMILARLY adv combination High inflation usually leads to high interest rates. Similarly, interest rates decline N
when inflation is low.
SINCE conj/sub cause-effect Since you have no money, you can't come. N
SO conj/co cause-effect She wasn't needed, so she left. N
SO AS TO prep inf cause-effect She had put her hair up so as to look older. N
SO LONG AS conj/sub condition I would still support them, as long as they didn't break the rules. N
SO THAT conj/sub cause-effect He was standing in the shadow so that I could not see his face clearly. N
conj/sub cause-effect She sat down and leant towards me so that her face almost touched mine. N
SPECIFICALLY adv amplification Censorship, or more specifically the banning of books, is a threat to the freedom of N
speech
STILL adv contrast Those who take the greatest care still make mistakes. N
SUBSEQUENTLY adv sequence The disease subsequently spread to the rest of the country. N
SUCH AS prep exemplification He was keen on sporting pursuits such as golf, skiing and shooting. N
THANKS TO prep cause-effect Thanks to him we lost the match. N
THAT MEANS adv paraphrase It turns out the suspect didn't do it. That means the killer is still on the loose. N
THAT IS TO SAY adv amplification I’ll deal with the second point first, that is to say the change to the club’s rules. F
THEN adv sequence Add the numbers together first – then multiply. N
adv amplification I’m paid a generous salary, and then there’s the money I’ve made at the races. N
adv cause-effect ‘He won’t resign.’ ‘Then we must force him to leave.’ N
THEREAFTER adv sequence Inflation will fall and thereafter so will interest rates. F
THEREBY adv cause-effect The diet makes the blood less sticky, thereby helping to prevent heart disease. F
THEREFORE adv cause-effect I no longer have their support. I therefore decided to resign. N
THEREUPON adv cause-effect He was condemned by a priest, and was thereupon murdered by an angry mob. F
THOUGH conj/sub contrast Though we are only a small country, we have a long and glorious history. I
adv contrast He can't dance. He sings well, though. I
THUS adv cause-effect We have failed. Thus we have to take the consequences. F
TO BE MORE SPECIFIC adv amplification It was a tooth, a shark's tooth, to be more specific. N
TO EXEMPLIFY THIS POINT adv exemplification To exemplify this point, let's take another look at our data. N
TO MAKE MATTERS WORSE adv amplification The parcel arrived late. To make matters worse, it wasn’t what we had ordered. N
TO THE DEGREE THAT conj/sub amplification A law is good just to the degree that it serves these moral ends. N
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TOO adv amplification She is a grown woman, and a strong one too. N
UNLESS conj/sub condition I'm not happy unless I ride or drive every day. N
WHAT'S MORE adv amplification Roses are such beautiful flowers, and what’s more they are very easy to grow. S
WHAT'S WORSE adv amplification I was lost in a new city. What's worse, my wallet got stolen. S
WHEREAS conj/sub contrast Doctors’ salaries have risen substantially, whereas nurses’ pay has fallen. N
WHILE conj/sub sequence Could you look after the children while I cook lunch? N
conj/sub contrast While most children learn to read easily, some need extra help. N
WITH THE EXCEPTION OF prep exclusion Yesterday was a day off for everybody, with the exception of Lawrence. N
WORSE YET/WORSE STILL/EVEN WORSE adv amplification I woke up late. Worse still, I was stuck in a traffic jam for nearly two hours. N
YET conj/co contrast Her advice seems strange, yet I believe she’s right. N