UNIDAD 11

TO LOAD TO EXCHANGE
TO OFFER BARGAIN
RESULT CAMERA
AUTOMATIC CORRECTLY
INSTRUCTIONS THUMBS UP
ANNOYED DISAPPOINTED
EMBARRASSED SURPRISING
IRRATATING EXCELLENT
CHEAP THIS IS A REAL BARGAIN
REJECTS INDEED
I PRESSED LET ME HAVE A LOOK
ATTITUDE I WAS AMAZED
WORRYING PLEASED
THRILLING I WAS ON EDGE AND TENSE ALL THE TIME
AMUSED FAULTY CONNECTION
REFUND ANNOED
ASSISTANT THE MANAGER
EXCHANGE THRILLED
EMBARRASSED TO COMPLAIN
THIS SOUP IS COLD I CAN’T AFFORD ONE JUST NOW
SUGGESTED GOING TO… QUEUEING FOR
INDEED DAMAGED
LOOKT AT THIS MESS IT’S GOING TO TAKE AGES TO PUT THINGS
RIGHT
LET’S GET TO WORK I’M NOT IN HIS SHOES
SHALL WE GO IN? IT’S NOT WORTH IT
DO YOU THINK IT’S WORTH BUYING A MAJOR
TICKET?

Amanda had used the camera wrongly.

Adjectives ending in '-ed' or '-ing'

In English we can form adjectives by adding a suffix to a verb. Two of the most common
suffixes are “-ing” and “-ed”:

Adjectives ending in “-ed”: indicate that the object or person referred to receives or feels
certain feeling (passive agent).

To interest → interested: “feel” interest.

I’m very interested in computers.

Adjectives ending in “-ing”: indicate that the object or person referred to causes or
provokes certain feelings (active agent).
To interest → interesting: causes or provokes interest.

Computers are very interesting.

Other adjective pairs that are formed in a similar way are:

· Tired / Tiring

Tired: feeling that you want to rest or sleep.

Example: He is tired because he works very hard.

Tiring: making you feel tired.

Example: His job is very tiring.

· Bored / Boring

Bored: feeling tired and/or annoyed because something is uninteresting or because you are
not doing anything.
Example: He is bored with the book.

Boring: not interesting or exciting.

Example: The book is boring.

· Amazed / Amazing

Amazed: very surprised

Example: He had an amazed expression on his face.

Amazing: extremely good.

Example: It was an amazing solution.

· Disappointed / Disappointing

Disappointed: feeling sad because something is not as good as expected, or because

something didn't happen at all.

Example: She is disappointed because her exam results were bad.

Disappointing: making you feel disappointed.

Example: Her exam results are disappointing.

· Surprised / Surprising

Surprised: feeling surprise because something that you did not expect happened.
Example: I was surprised by her reaction.

Surprising: making someone feel surprised.

Example: Her reaction was surprising.

· Annoyed / Annoying

Annoyed: feeling a bit angry.

Example: Her answer made me feel annoyed.

Annoying: making you feel a bit angry.

Example: Stop that noise! It’s very annoying.

· Worried / Worrying

Worried: feeling anxious because you are thinking the bad things that may happen.
Example: I’m worried about the situation.

Worrying: making you feel anxious.

Example: The situation is worrying.

· Embarrassed / Embarrassing

Embarrassed: feeling ashamed or shy.

Example: She was embarrassed by her boyfriend.

Embarrassing: making you feel ashamed or shy.

Example: His behaviour was embarrassing.

· Depressed / Depressing

Depressed: feeling sad.

Example: I feel depressed after watching the news.

Depressing: making you feel sad.

Example: The news is always depressing.

· Irritated / Irritating

Irritated: feeling annoyed.

Example: She is irritated by the fly.

Irritating: making you feel annoyed.

Example: Flies are very irritating.

· Thrilled / Thrilling
Thrilled: feeling very excited and pleased.
Example: I was thrilled to hear you were coming.

Thrilling: very exciting.

Example: That was a really thrilling film!

· Amused / Amusing

Amused: feeling that something is funny and, consequently, smiling or laughing.

Example: I was amused by the article.

Amusing: funny and entertaining.

Example: This TV programme is very amusing.

· Excited / Exciting
Excited: feeling happy, interested, or hopeful because something good has happened or
will happen.
Example: He is very excited about the safari.

Exciting: making you feel excited.

Example: Going on safari is very exciting.

Emphasising with so / such (a)

“So” and “such” can be used to add emphasis to a sentence. Compare:

This ice cream is good.

This ice cream is so good. (more emphatic)

We had a good time at the party.

We had such a good time at the party. (more emphatic)

SO + ADJECTIVE or ADVERB (+ that + clause)

I'm so happy today. (so + adjective)

He speaks so quietly. (so + adverb)

He speaks so quietly that nobody can understand what he's saying. (so + adjective + that
+ clause)

SUCH + NOUN (+ that + clause)

He's such an idiot.

They are such idiots.

I didn't realise you were Note that the article after "such" changes according to the
in such a hurry. noun (singular countable, plural countable, uncountable, etc.)

They treated me
with such patience.

SUCH + ADJECTIVE + NOUN (+ that + clause)

It's going to be such a big surprise.

It's going to be such a big surprise that she won't believe it.

It was such an exciting film.

It was such an exciting film that I saw it five times.

They were such friendly people.

They were such friendly people that we didn't want to say goodbye.

The DJ plays such good music.

The DJ plays such good music that the bar has extended its opening hours.

Past perfect simple vs. Past perfect continuous

a) Forms:

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

"had" + past participle "had" + "been" + "-ing" verb

Affirmative He had already accepted the They had been discussing for two
(+) conditions when the lawyer arrived. hours when we arrived.

Negative She had not been studying for more

He had not been to Italy before our
than ten minutes when her friend
(-) honeymoon last year.
phoned.

Interrogative Had the concert started by the time How long had they been going out
(?) you arrived? when they got married?

b) Use:

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
Expresses an action in progress up to
Expresses a completed action that happened
another action in the past:
before another action in the past:
His eyes were red because he had been
He returned to his car because he had
crying.
forgotten to lock it.
(First he was crying. Then his eyes were
(First he forgot to lock his car. Then he returned.)
red.)

SALE GOODS – CARROS DE COMPRA

PACKAGE WHAT CAN IT BE?
ZIP – CIERRE IMPATIENTLY
CAREFULLY WET
IN UNUSUAL SITUATIONS FOR YOUNGER READERS
FROM THE BEGINNING TO END TO PUT THINGS RIGHT
THAT I WENT HOME EARLY WE TALKED FOR HOURS

He is tired at the end of the day.

His job is tiring.
She is disappointed.
Her exam results are disappointing.

I'm feeling depressed.

The news is always depressing.

he is embarrassed by her boyfriend.

His behaviour is embarrassing.

DON’T WORRY, IT WON’T SHOW MY GOODNES, YOU’VE GROWN SINCE I

LAST SAW YOU
THANK YOU VERY MUCH INDEED, YOU EXCHANGE IT, YOU MUST BRING THE
HAVE BEEN SO HELPFUL RECEIPT
SECOND HAND IN POOR CONDITION
TO BUMP INTO EACH OTHER A BIT CHEAPER
BARGAIN LOOK AT THE PRICE
I HAVE GOT A DATE LATER

I had been
driving (to drive) for about three hours when I had (to have) a strange experience.

I had been travelling (to travel) on a fast road and I had just passed (to pass) another car.

Suddenly, I saw (to see) a light in the sky which was moving (to move) very quickly.

After I parked (to park) I remembered (to remember) my camera.

But before I had (to have) time to take a photograph, the light disappeared. (to disappear)

The temperature went down (to go down) and there was (to be) a strange smell in the air.
I’m interested in buying a camera.
UNIDAD 12

TO REFUSE TO BE KIDDING
TO SPOIL STUBBORN
CHEERFUL SELF CENTRED
TALKATIVE GOOD LOOKING
ACCENT TO ARGUE
YOU GOTTA BE KIDDING ME WE COULD GET TOGETHER DURING THE
WEEK
STRANGERS MUSNDERSTANDING
CHAIN OUTGOING
GENTLY DID I MENTION
GENTLY IN FACT
STUBBORN MESSAGE
THE AUTUMN CALMLY
TO GET TO KNOW LET ME DOWN (THE BABYSITTER’S LET ME
DOWN AT THE LAST MOMENT)
TRUST BEHAVING BADLY

Adjectives for describing personality

Common personality adjectives and opposites

clever stupid

shy extrovert

quiet talkative

mature childish

lazy hard-working

insecure self-confident

Prefixes for making opposites

friendly unfriendly

organised disorganised

patient impatient

responsible irresponsible

sensitive insensitive

reliable unreliable

tidy untidy
Reported speech: characteristics

When we report what has been said, we can use direct or reported speech.
In direct speech, we quote the exact phrase word for word using quotation marks:

"I am hungry." said Katie.

In reported speech, we make changes to the original sentence:

Katie said that she was hungry.

Statements in reported speech

When we report speech, the context of when, where, who, etc. all has to be taken into
account. When the time of reporting changes, often the tense and time adverbials change
too. Compare:
"I'm going home. I have to work tomorrow." Alex (on Friday night).

"Alex says he's going home. He has to work tomorrow." Bill (on Friday night).

"Alex said he was going home. He had to work today." Bill (on Saturday morning).

"Alex said he was going home. He had to work the next day." Bill (on Sunday).

As a general rule, we often "shift" the tense of the original statement back in time. See the
table below for common tense changes after reporting verbs.

DIRECT INDIRECT

Present simple Past simple

He studies maths He said he studied maths

Present continuous Past continuous

He is studying maths He said he was studying maths

Present perfect Past perfect

He has studied maths He said he had studied maths

Past simple Past perfect

He studied maths He said he had studied maths

Past continuous Past perfect continuous

He was studying mathsHe said he had been studying maths

Past perfect No change

He had studied maths He said he had studied maths

Will Would
He will study maths He said he would study maths

Where the reporter is in relation to the original speaker can also affect words like "here"
and "there":

"My sister is here." Alex (at the party).

"Alex says his sister is here." Bill (at the party).

"Alex said his sister was there." Bill (at home).

DIRECT INDIRECT

Time adverbials

now then

today that day

yesterday the day before

tomorrow the following day / the day after / the next day

next week / month / year the following week / month / year

last week / month / year the week / month / year before

a week / month / year agothe week / month / year before

Other changes

this that

these those

here there

Reported questions

When we report questions that require a "Yes" or "No" answer, we use "if" or "whether".
The order is subject + verb:

“Do you like swimming?” she asked me. (direct)

She asked me if I liked swimming. (indirect / reported)

"Are you coming to the beach or not?" I asked her. (direct)

I asked her whether or not she was going to the beach. (indirect / reported)

For questions with interrogative pronouns (where, who, which, etc.), the order is also
subject + verb:

“Where did you buy this shirt?” Anne asked Peter.

Anne asked Peter where he had bought that shirt. (NOT Anne asked Peter where had he
bought that shirt.)
“Who came with you yesterday?” I asked Anne.

I asked Anne who had gone with her the day before.

“What have you eaten?” I asked her.

I asked her what she had eaten.

Commands in reported speech

For commands, we often use the verb "to tell" followed by "(not) to + infinitive".

“Open the door.”

Anne told me to open the door.

“Be quiet!”

She told him to be quiet.

“Don’t do that!”

I told Susan not to do that.

“Don’t play with that!”

She told me not to play with that.

Reporting verbs

Reporting verbs can be used to paraphrase direct speech. Compare:

“Do you want to come to my house?” he asked Cathy. (direct)

He asked Cathy if she wanted to go to his house. (reported / indirect)

He invited Cathy to go to his house. (reporting verb)

The structure for the reporting verb here is:

INVITE + object + infinitive with “to”

Below are some common reporting verbs and examples:

OFFER + infinitive with “to”

“I’ll do that for you.” Anne said to Peter.

Anne offered to do it for him.

PROMISE + infinitive with “to”

“I’ll write to you every day.” Anne said to Peter.

Anne promised to write to him every day.

REFUSE + infinitive with “to”

“I won’t do it.” Anne said to Peter.

Anne refused to do it.

SUGGEST + verb + -ing

“Why don’t we give her a present for her birthday?” Anne said to Peter.

Anne suggested giving her a present for her birthday.

DENY + verb + -ing

“I didn't throw the ball.” he said.

He denied throwing the ball that had broken the window.

ADMIT + (TO) + verb + -ing

“I lied. I’m sorry.” Anne said.

She admitted lying to him.

AGREE + infinitive with “to”

“OK. I’ll talk to the troublemakers.” Peter said.

He agreed to talk to the troublemakers.

THREATEN + infinitive with “to”

“If you don’t behave yourself, I’ll punish you.” her teacher said.

Her teacher threatened to punish her if she didn't behave herself.

INSIST + on + gerund

“We need to take her to the doctor. I insist.” he said.

He insisted on taking her to the doctor.

CLAIM + infinitive with “to”

“I’m the person who invented this system.” he said.

He claimed to be the inventor of the system.

ORDER + person + infinitive with “to”

“Don’t eat in class!” the teacher shouted to Jim.

The teacher ordered Jim not to eat in class.

Tell and say

TELL + person + “that” + clause

“You are wrong”, he told me.

He told me (that) I was wrong.

When “tell” is used in this context, it is similar to the verb “say”. However, “tell” is followed
by an indirect object, while “say” doesn't require an indirect object:

She told me that she was tired.

She said that she was tired.

She said to me that she was tired.

NOT

She told that she was tired.

She told to me that she was tired.

She said me that she was tired.

Modal verbs / other verbs in reported speech

In the table below, we see some common modal verbs / other structures that do not
change in reported / indirect speech:

VERB DIRECT / INDIRECT

“Would you mind opening the door?”

would
He asked me if I would mind opening the door.

“You should / ought to buy a new house.”

should / ought to
She said (that) I should / ought to buy a new house.

“Could you come to my house?”

could
She asked me if I could come to her house.

“It might rain.”

might
She said (that) it might rain.

“You needn't do the washing up.”

needn't
She told me (that) I needn't do the washing up.

“I used to go swimming as a child.”

used to
He said (that) he used to go swimming as a child.
 “We had better call the police.”
had better
She said (that) they had better call the police.

However, there are some modals that change in reported speech:

DIRECT INDIRECT

may might

“I may go to the theatre.” She said (that) she might go to the theatre.

must had to

“You must wear a uniform.”She said (that) I had to wear a uniform.

can could

“I can’t hear very well.” She said (that) she couldn't hear very well.

shall should
“Shall I call your sister?” She asked if she should call my sister.

EASY GOING MEAN

PATIENT SENSITIVE
SHY UNTIDY
SOCIABLE TO BLAME
TO SMILE SYUBBORN
TALKATIVE CHEERFUL
COWDED SHE MET MY GAZE
AND THAT WAS IT YOU WILL NEVER GUESS WHO I BUMBED
INTO JUST NOW…
TO SHOUT TO SUGGEST
TO WHISPER ADEQUATE
HARD RUDELY
GENTLY SHYLY
POLITELY ANGRILY
KINDLY PATIENTLY
LAZILY CHEERFULLY
CALMLY RUDELY
FAST CORRECTLY
HARD IMPATIENTLY
IT SOUNDS LIKE SHE’S REALLY LIVING IT UP I HAD NO IDEA
YOU GET USED TO IT

The father was blaming his son for breaking the vase. He was furious.

He always avoids my eyes, like this.

He is shy, isn’t he?

She told me she wouldn't see him until the following day. (tomorrow)

Linda said she and Alf had bumped into Joe the day before. (yesterday)

Ian said to his boss that he didn't expect to be back before the following month (next
mont).

Janice said to her mother she was planning to go abroad the following year.

I'm not used to meeting famous people.

I'm getting used to arguing every time we come to the cinema.

It's not worth coming to the cinema to argue.

Oh, no. I can't stand seeing violent films.

OK. I wouldn't mind watching an action film.

I suggest going into the cinema.

Tom invited me to celebrate his birthday with his friends.

He asked me: "Do you want to come to my birthday party tonight?"

Did you accept or refuse to go?

Adverbs of manner

Manner adverbs

Adverbs can be used to modify a verb. They say how something is done or how something
happens. Many adverbs are formed by using the adjective as the base and adding –ly.

slow + -ly slowly

quiet + -ly quietly

quick+ -ly quickly

clear + -ly clearly

The adverb is usually placed after the verb.

He eats slowly.

He ran quickly to the supermarket.

It is also possible to place manner adverbs in the mid-position when the adverb is not the
most important part of what is being communicated, or in passive constructions:

I slowly opened the door.

The victim was quickly taken to hospital.