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Modeling Loads and Load Combinations - TRNC03271 PDF
Modeling Loads and Load Combinations - TRNC03271 PDF
This workbook is designed for use in Live instructor-led training and for OnDemand selfstudy.
The explanations and demonstrations are provided by the instructor in the classroom, or in the OnDemand
eLectures of this course available on the Bentley LEARN Server (learn.bentley.com).
This practice workbook is formatted for on-screen viewing using a PDF reader.
It is also available as a PDF document in the dataset for this course.
TRNC03271-1/0001
Section Description
In this section, you will learn how to model loads in STAAD.Pro.
Skills Taught
Defining Load Cases
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Define New Load Cases
In this exercise, you will learn how to create a new primary load case in STAAD.Pro. Each primary load case should be defined with
the following information:
Loading Type: Used to associate the load case with the code definitions of dead, live, wind, etc. This type of association needs to
be done in order to make use of STAAD.Pro’s facility for automatically generating load combinations in according with the code.
Reducible per UBC/IBC: Used to define a live load as reducible.
5. In the Create New Definitions / Load Cases / Load Items dialog, enter the following parameters:
Number: 2
6. In the Create New Definitions / Load Cases / Load Items dialog, enter the following parameters:
Number: 3
7. In the Create New Definitions / Load Cases / Load Items dialog, click Close.
8. In the Quick Access Toolbar, click on the Save icon.
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Apply the Self-Weight
In this exercise, you will learn how to add the following load items to the dead load case:
Self-Weight: Used to apply the self-weight of the structure as a load. The self-weight of all active components of the structure are
calculated and applied as a uniformly distributed load.
Direction: Y
Factor: -1
The default vertical axis in STAAD.Pro is the Y Axis.
Click Add. Then, click Close. A factor of negative 1 indicates that the self-weight is
acting downwards (in the direction of the negative
global Y axis).
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5. In the Load & Definition dialog, highlight the SELFWEIGHT Y -1 load item and select the Assign To View radio button. Then, click
Assign.
6. In the STAAD.Pro dialog, click Yes to confirm the assignment.
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Model Nodal Loads
In this exercise, you will learn how to model nodal loads:
5. In the Load & Definition dialog, highlight the FY -5 kip {FY -22 kN} load item.
6. In the Ribbon toolbar, click on the Select tab and then click on the Node Cursor icon.
7. In the Ribbon toolbar, click on the Select tab and then click on the Parallel > To XZ icon within the Geometry tools.
8. In the Select by Range XZ dialog, enter the following information:
Y Minimum: 17 ft {1.5 m}
Y Maximum: 18 ft {1.75 m}
9. In the Load & Definition dialog, click on the Assign to Selected Nodes radio button and then click on the Assign button.
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10. In the STAAD.Pro dialog, click Yes to confirm the assignment.
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Model Member Loads
In this exercise, you will learn how to model member loads in STAAD.Pro, which can be defined as one of the following:
Uniform Force/Moment: Used to specify a uniformly distributed force or moment along the length of a member.
Linear Varying: Used to specify a linearly varying load on a member. The load is applied over the entire length of the member.
d1: 0 ft {0 m}
d2: 0 ft {0 m}
d3: 0 ft {0 m}
Direction: GY
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5. In the Create New Definitions / Load Cases / Load Items dialog, select the Member Load > Trapezoidal Force item in the left pane.
Then, enter the following parameters:
W1: -0.04 kip/ft {-0.88 kN/m}
Direction: GY
6. In the Load & Definition dialog, highlight the UNI GY -0.03 kip/ft {UNI GY -0.44 kN/m} load item.
7. In the Main Window, hold down the Ctrl key and use the Beams Cursor to select the members indicated in the following figure:
8. In the Load & Definition dialog, click on the Assign to Selected Beams radio button and then click on the Assign button.
9. In the STAAD.Pro dialog, click Yes to confirm the assignment.
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10. In the Load & Definition dialog, highlight the TRAP GY -0.06 -0.03 kip/ft {TRAP GY -0.88 -0.44 kN/m} load item.
11. In the Main Window, hold down the Ctrl key and use the Beams Cursor to select the members indicated in the following figure:
12. In the Load & Definition dialog, click on the Assign to Selected Beams radio button and then click on the Assign button.
13. In the STAAD.Pro dialog, click Yes to confirm the assignment.
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14. In the Ribbon toolbar, select the Loading tab and then click on the View Loading Diagram icon.
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Model Hydrostatic Member Loads
In this exercise, you will learn how to model the following types of hydrostatic loads:
Hydrostatic Member Load: Used to specify loads due to hydrostatic pressure on one or more adjacent beams. The hydrostatic
load is converted to trapezoidal loads on the beams and the load is applied over the entire length of the members.
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5. In the Main Window, hold down the Ctrl key and use the Beams Cursor to select the beams indicated in the figure below:
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7. In the Add New: Load Items dialog, enter the following parameters:
W1 (Min Global Axis): -0.08 kip/ft {-1.2 kN/m}
Direction: GY
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Model Floor Loads
In this exercise, you will learn how to model floor loads:
Floor Load: Used to apply a panel load which will be distributed on surrounding beams based on a two way distribution.
YRANGE: (selected)
Direction: Global Y
Define Y Range:
Minimum: 17 ft {1.5 m}
Maximum: 18 ft {1.75 m}
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5. In the Ribbon toolbar, select the View tab and then click on the Label Settings icon.
6. In the Diagrams dialog, click on the Labels tab and modify the following parameter:
Load Values (V): (checked)
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Section 2: Creating Load Combinations
Section Description
In this section, you will learn how create load combinations in STAAD.Pro.
Skills Taught
Create Traditional Load Combinations
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Create a Traditional Load Combination
In this exercise, you will learn how to create a traditional load combination manually:
Traditional Load Combinations: A load combination is a set of load results which are combined algebraically to produce a
superimposed set of results for post-processing.
A traditional load combination does not incorporate second order effects and should be used in a linear elastic analysis. This type of
load combinations is not appropriate for a P-Delta analysis.
PDL
PWL DL + WL
RDL
Dead Load Wind Load
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4. In the Create New Definitions / Load Cases / Load Items dialog, enter the following information:
Number: 1111
Title: DL + EQ Combo
5. In the Available Load Cases Window, hold down the Ctrl key and highlight the following load cases:
1: SEISMIC LOAD +X
9: DEAD LOAD
Then, click on the Single Right Arrow button to move the load cases to the Load Combination Definition Window.
6. In the Load Combination Definition Window, modify the load factors as follows:
Load Case 1: 1.0
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Create a Repeat Load Combination
In this exercise, you will learn how to create a repeat load combination manually:
Repeat Load Cases: Used to create a primary load case using combinations of previously defined primary load cases.
A repeat load is treated as a new primary load and a second order analysis (such as a P-Delta analysis) will reflect correct second
order effects.
PDL
DL + WL
PWL
In a repeat load combination, STAAD.Pro will apply
h the load cases on the structure simultaneously and
M = PDL*h
then calculate their combined result. When DL + WL
RWL are combined, the second order effects caused by the
lateral load combinations being applied with the
gravity load combinations will be captured and
RDL additional moments may be created.
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4. In the Load & Definition dialog, highlight the 12: DL + EQ Repeat Load case.
5. In the Ribbon toolbar, select the Loading tab and then click on the Load Items icon.
6. In the Create New Definitions / Load Cases / Load Items dialog, select the Repeat Load > Repeat Load item in the left pane.
7. In the Available Load Cases Window, hold down the Ctrl key and highlight the following load cases:
1: SEISMIC LOAD +X
9: DEAD LOAD
Then, click on the Single Right Arrow button to move the load cases to the Repeat Load Definition Window.
8. In the Repeat Load Definition Window, modify the load factors as follows:
Load Case 1: 1.0
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Generate the Load Combinations
In this exercise, you will learn how to generate load combinations. In STAAD.Pro, load combinations can be generated according to
one of the following methods:
Traditional Load Combinations: A load combination is a set of load results which are combined algebraically to produce a
superimposed set of results for post-processing.
Repeat Load Cases: A repeat load is a primary load case that can be used to combine other primary load cases. This is different
than a load combination since it is able to obtain the results of more than one load case acting in tandem.
4. In the Create New Definitions / Load Cases / Load Items dialog, click the Add button. Then, click Close.
5. In the Quick Access Toolbar, click on the Save icon.
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Review the Auto Load Combination Generator
In this exercise, you will learn how to review/modify the load combination tables that are supplied in STAAD.Pro:
Close the Edit Load Rules for Auto Load Combination Generation dialog.
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Section 3: Creating Reference Loads
Section Description
In this section, you will learn how to create reference loads in STAAD.Pro.
Skills Taught
Creating a Reference Load Case
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Model the Reference Loads
In this exercise, you will learn how to model reference loads using the following command:
A Reference Load Case is solved only when it is later called in a Primary Load Case. The benefit is that it enables you to define as
many load case as you which, but instruct the program to actually solve only a limited number of “real” load cases, thus limiting the
amount of results to be examined.
Title: Reference DL
5. In the Load & Definition dialog, highlight the R1: Reference DL item.
6. In the Ribbon toolbar, select the Loading tab and then click on the Load Items icon.
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7. In the Create New Definitions / Load Cases / Load Items dialog, select the Selfweight > Selfweight Load item in the left pane.
Then, enter the following parameters:
Direction: Y
Factor: -1
8. In the Create New Definitions / Load Cases / Load Items dialog, select the Member Load > Uniform Force item in the left pane.
Then, enter the following parameters:
Direction: GY
9. In the Load & Definition dialog, highlight the SELFWEIGHT Y -1 reference load item and select the Assign to View radio button.
Then, click Assign.
10. In the STAAD.Pro dialog, click Yes to confirm the assignment.
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11. In the Load & Definition dialog, highlight the UNI GY -0.05 kip/ft {UNI GY -0.73 kN/m} reference load item.
12. In the Ribbon toolbar, click on the Select tab and then click on the Parallel > To Z icon within the Beams tools.
13. In the Load & Definition dialog, click on the Assign to Selected Beams radio button and then click on the Assign button.
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14. In the STAAD.Pro dialog, click Yes to confirm the assignment.
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Incorporate the Reference Loads
In this exercise, you will learn how to incorporate a reference load case into the following:
Seismic Load Definition: Reference Loads can be used within a Seismic Definition to define the effective seismic weight of the
structure that will be considered to contribute to the seismic base shear.
Primary Load Case: Reference Loads can be incorporated into a Primary Load Case.
A Reference Load Case is solved only when it is later called in a Primary Load Case.
Along: Y
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5. In the Load & Definition dialog, expand the Load Case Details section and highlight the Dead Load item. Then, click on the Add...
button.
6. In the Add New: Load Items dialog, select the Repeat Load > Reference Load item in the left pane.
7. In the Available Load Cases Window, click on the Double-Right Arrow button to move the Reference Load to the Referenced
Load window. (Keep the Load Factor set to 1.0.)
8. In the Add New: Load Items dialog, click on the Add button. Then, click Close.
9. In the Quick Access Toolbar, click on the Save icon.
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Section 4: Modeling Moving Loads
Section Description
In this section, you will learn how to generate moving/crane loads in STAAD.Pro.
Skills Taught
Creating the Vehicle Definition
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Create the Vehicle Load Definition
In this exercise, you will learn how to create a Vehicle Load Definition using the following command:
The Vehicle Load Definition is used to define the load magnitudes of different types of moving loads, including cranes and vehicles.
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3. In the Load & Definition dialog, expand the Definitions group and highlight the Vehicle Definitions item. Then, click Add...
4. In the Add New: Vehicle Definitions dialog, select the Define Load item in the left pane. Then, enter the following parameters:
Vehicle Type Ref: 1
Width: 0 Load 2
Load Distance
Load 3 Load 1
1 0.5 kips {2.22 kN}
2 1.0 kips {4.44 kN} 1 ft {0.3 m}
3 0.5 kips {2.22 kN} 1 ft {0.3 m}
Distance Distance
Click on the Add button. Then, click Close. at Load 3 at Load 2
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Create the Moving Load Case
In this exercise, you will learn how to create a moving load using the following command:
The Moving Load Generation command is used to specify the direction and path for a moving load that was defined in the Vehicle
Load Definition.
Note: The moving load is derived into a number of positions of the vehicle along the direction of movement. Each position
represents a distinct load case whose loads are evaluated from the corresponding position of the vehicle on the structure.
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4. In the Load & Definition dialog, highlight the 2 - 41: GENERATE LOAD item and then click on the Add... button.
5. In the Add New: Load Cases dialog, enter the following information:
Type: 1
Y Coordinate: 10 ft {3 m}
Z Coordinate: 0 ft {0 m}
Load Increment:
X Increment: 1 ft {0.3 m}
Node #2: (0, 10, 0)
Y Increment: 0 ft {0 m}
Z Increment: 0 ft {0 m}
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Analyze the Model
In this exercise, you will learn how to analyze the model using the following command:
During the analysis, STAAD.Pro will all of the moving load cases. After the analysis, you will be able to view the loads and results for
each load case (describing each load location).
Note: Next, we will review the results of the moving load cases to determine the critical load cases that will lead to the largest
deflection, shear, and moment in the frame beam supporting the crane load.
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5. In the Workflow Page Control, select the Displacements page.
6. In the Ribbon toolbar, select the Results tab and then click on the View Loading Diagram icon.
7. In the Ribbon toolbar, click on the Load pull down menu and then select the load cases within the Generation option to review the
load location that was generated for each position.
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8. In the Node Displacements Table, select the Summary tab to review the following information:
Maximum Vertical Displacement (You can review the node that deflects the most and the location for the load that causes this
deflection.)
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9. In the Workflow Page Control, select the Beam Results page.
10. In the Beam End Forces Table, select the Summary tab and notice the following results:
Maximum Shear (Max Fy): Occurs in member 2 for load case 2.
Maximum Moment (Max Mz): Occurs in member 6 for load case 21.
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Creating Load Combinations
In this exercise, you will learn how to create load combinations containing one of the generated load cases in the STAAD.Pro Input
File.
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