A. What are the differences between the English and Ukrainian systems of phonemes?

The vowel system.

Differences :
1. The number of vowels (20 vowels in English and 6 vowels in Ukrainian)
2. All English vowel sounds differ in length. However, Ukrainian vowels do not have length
3. The most frequently occurring vowel in English is schwa, having no equivalents in Ukrainian.
4. There are no monophthongs and diphthongs in Ukrainian vowel system.

  English  Ukrainian 
stability of articulation  monophthong i:, ɜ:, ɔ:, u:, ɑ:, e, æ, ɒ, ɪ, ʊ, ə, ʌ -
s
diphthongs  eɪ, aɪ, əʊ, aʊ, ɔɪ, ɪə, eə, ʊə -
according to the horizontal position of the tongue  front  i:, e, æ і, е, и
central  ɜ:, ə, ʌ -
back  ɒ, ɔ:, u: а, о, у 
.
according to the vertical position of the tongue  high i:, ɪ, ʊ, u: і, и, у
mid  e, ɜ:, ə, ɔ: e, o
low  ʌ, æ, ɑ:, ɒ a
.
according to lip rounding  rounded  ʊ - u:, ɒ - ɔ: о, у
unrounded   і, ɪ, e, ɛ,æ, ɑ, ʌ, ə е, и, і, 
.
according to length  long i:, ɜ:, ɔ:, u:, ɑ: -
short  e, æ, ɒ, ɪ, ʊ, ə, ʌ -

The consonant system.

Differences :
1. The number of consonants (24 consonants in English and 32 – in Ukrainian)
2. All consonants that are always hard in English and have no palatalized oppositions while the similar
Ukrainian consonants have.
3. The English voiceless plosives pronounce with aspiration. Aspiration is not typical for Ukrainian language.
4. There are no corresponding Ukrainian consonants for/ ŋ/, /θ/, /ʃ/.

Ukrainian  English 
according to the vocal cords  voiceless   п, т, т', с, с', ц, ц', ш, ч, к, p, t, k, f, θ, s,ʃ, h, tʃ
х
voiced б, д, д', з, з', дз, дз‘, ж, дж, b, d, g, v, ð, z, dʒ
г, ґ

according to way of passing
obstruction 
Ukrainian  English 
plosive б, п, д, д‘, т, т‘, ґ, к p, t, k, b, d, g
fricative  в, ф, з, з‘, с, с‘, ж, ш, г, х f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʒ, h, j
affricative  дж, дз, ч, ц, ц‘, дз‘ tʃ, dʒ

Ukrainian  English 
bilabials  б, п, в, м b, p, m, w 
labiodentals  ф v, f
according to place of alveolar  д‘, т‘, н‘ , ц, ц‘, ч, ш, з, з‘, d, t, z, s, n,l, tʃ, dʒ
obstruction  дз‘, дз, с, ж
median  й, р, р‘ j
back-lingual  ґ, к, х k, h, ŋ
glottal  г h
B.

Syllabication is the art of forming or dividing words into syllables. There are some rules that English and Ukrainian
language have. There are some common rules of syllable decision that are common for Ukrainian and English. The
main common feature in syllabic structure of English and Ukrainian is the following: consonants with a strong-end
begin a new syllable. Consonants with a strong-beginning end a syllable.
In Ukrainian and English words with a consonant between two vowels, the consonant usually joins the following
vowel (CV:CV) and thus, an open syllable is formed. In English words, when a vowel is followed by two or more
consonant the point of syllable division is often between the consonant. However, a syllable division in Ukrainian
occurs between the preceding vocalic center and the following consonant.
English and Ukrainian syllables have the main principles of syllable formation and division are the same in the two
languages. There are some differences that depend on phonemic structure of the language.

References :
Brovchenko T.O., Korolova T.M. “Contractive analysis of syllables in English and Ukrainian” , 2018.

C.
 uncovered open (V) - or
 uncovered closed (VC) - odd
 covered open (CV) - no
 covered closed (CVC) - cat