‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜـــﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴــــﺔ اﻟﺴــــﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬

‫اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ وﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎهﺞ‬

‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬

‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬
 ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﻤﺪ ﷲ وﺣﺪﻩ‪ ،‬واﻟﺼﻼة واﻟﺴﻼم ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻻ ﻧﺒﻲ ﺑﻌﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ وﻋﻠﻰ ﺁﻟﻪ وﺻﺤﺒﻪ‪ ،‬وﺑﻌﺪ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺴﻌﻰ اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ ﻟﺘﺄهﻴﻞ اﻟﻜﻮادر اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺪرﺑﺔ اﻟﻘﺎدرة ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺷﻐﻞ اﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ واﻟﻔﻨﻴﺔ واﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻓﺮة ﻓﻲ ﺳﻮق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬وﻳﺄﺗﻲ هﺬا اﻻهﺘﻤﺎم ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻮﺟﻬﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺴﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﻦ ﻟﺪن ﻗﺎدة هﺬا اﻟﻮﻃﻦ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﺐ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻧﺤﻮ إﻳﺠﺎد وﻃﻦ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ذاﺗﻴًﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮاردﻩ‬
‫وﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻮة ﺷﺒﺎﺑﻪ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺢ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻠﻢ واﻹﻳﻤﺎن ﻣﻦ أﺟﻞ اﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﻗﺪﻣًﺎ ﻓﻲ دﻓﻊ ﻋﺠﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﺪم اﻟﺘﻨﻤﻮي؛ ﻟﺘﺼﻞ‬
‫ﺑﻌﻮن اﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ ﻟﻤﺼﺎف اﻟﺪول اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴًﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وﻗﺪ ﺧﻄﺖ اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ وﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎهﺞ ﺧﻄﻮة إﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻔﻖ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب اﻟﺪوﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻓﻖ أﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺗﺤﺎآﻲ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت ﺳﻮق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﺎﺗﻪ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻠﺒﻲ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬وﻗﺪ ﺗﻤﺜﻠﺖ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺨﻄﻮة ﻓﻲ ﻣﺸﺮوع إﻋﺪاد اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﺮآﻴﺰة‬
‫اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﺒﺮاﻣﺞ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬إذ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻟﺠﺎن ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻴﺔ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺳﻮق‬
‫اﻟﻌﻤﻞ واﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻮاﻓﻖ اﻟﺮؤﻳﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺬي ﺗﻔﺮﺿﻪ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت ﺳﻮق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺨﺮج هﺬﻩ اﻟﻠﺠﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﻨﻈﺮة ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺗﺪرﻳﺒﻲ أآﺜﺮ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺼﺎﻗًﺎ ﺑﺴﻮق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬وأآﺜﺮ واﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺗﻪ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﺘﻨﺎول هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺒﻴﺔ " أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ " ﻟﻤﺘﺪرﺑﻲ ﺗﺨﺼﺺ " اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت "‬
‫ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎول آﻴﻔﻴﺔ اآﺘﺴﺎب اﻟﻤﻬﺎرات اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‪.‬‬
‫واﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ وﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎهﺞ وهﻲ ﺗﻀﻊ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻳﺪﻳﻚ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺒﻴﺔ ﺗﺄﻣﻞ ﻣﻦ اﷲ ﻋﺰ‬
‫وﺟﻞ أن ﺗﺴﻬﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺄﺻﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﻬﺎرات اﻟﻀﺮورﻳﺔ اﻟﻼزﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻮب ﻣﺒﺴﻂ ﻳﺨﻠﻮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ‪،‬‬
‫وﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎت واﻷﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اآﺘﺴﺎب هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻬﺎرات‪.‬‬
‫واﷲ ﻧﺴﺄل أن ﻳﻮﻓﻖ اﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﻴﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ إﻋﺪادهﺎ واﻟﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻳﺤﺒﻪ وﻳﺮﺿﺎﻩ‪ ،‬إﻧﻪ ﺳﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﺠﻴﺐ‬
‫اﻟﺪﻋﺎء‪.‬‬

‫اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ وﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎهﺞ‬

 ‫ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪ‬

‫إن اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺗﺼﻨﻊ ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ اﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﻘﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﻌﻴﺸﻬﺎ وﺑﻤﻌﺪل ﻳﻔﻮق اﻟﺘﺼﻮر‪ .‬إن اﻟﺘﻘ ﺪم‬
‫اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﺣﻮﻟﺖ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ إﻟﻰ ﻗﺮﻳﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ أﺻﺒﺢ اﻟﺨﺒﺮ اﻟﺬي آﺎن ﻳﺴﺘﻐﺮق ﻧﻘﻠﻪ‬
‫ﻣ ﻦ ﻗ ﺎرة ﻷﺧ ﺮى ﺷ ﻬﻮرًا‪ ،‬أﺻ ﺒﺢ ﻳﻨﻘ ﻞ اﻵن أﺛﻨ ﺎء وﻗﻮﻋ ﻪ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺘ ﻮ واﻟﻠﺤﻈ ﺔ‪ .‬اﺣﺘ ﺎج ﺧﺒ ﺮ وﻓ ﺎة ﻧ ﺎﺑﻠﻴﻮن‬
‫ﺑﻮﻧﺎﺑﺮت ﻓﻲ ﺟﺰﻳﺮة ﺳﻨﺖ هﻴﻼﻧﺔ ﻋﺎم ‪١٨٢١‬م إﻟﻰ ﺷﻬﺮ آﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻴﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ أوروﺑﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﻮرة اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻧﻌﻴﺸﻬﺎ ﻧﺘﺎج إﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﻤﻴﺰت وﺳﺘﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺑﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﺑﻤﻌﺪل ‪ ١٨٠‬درﺟ ﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ آﻞ اﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻت‪ :‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ اﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺤﺮوب وﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ إﻟﻰ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد‪.‬‬
‫أﺻ ﺒﺢ ﻓ ﻲ ﻣﻘ ﺪور ﻣﺴﺘ ﺸﻔﻰ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺮﻳ ﺎض أن ﻳﺠ ﺮي ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ ﺟﺮاﺣﻴ ﺔ ﻟﻤ ﺮﻳﺾ ﺑﻤ ﺸﺎرآﺔ وإﺷ ﺮاف‬
‫أﺷﻬﺮ ﺑﺮوﻓﻴﺴﻮر ﻓﻲ هﻴﻮﺳﺘﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟ ﻢ ﺗﻌ ﺪ هﻨ ﺎك ﺿ ﺮورة ﻟﻨﻘ ﻞ ذﻟ ﻚ اﻟﻤ ﺮﻳﺾ‬
‫إﻟ ﻰ هﻨ ﺎك‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻄ ﺐ اﻻﺗ ﺼﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬أﺻ ﺒﺢ ﻓﺮﻋ ًﺎ ﻣ ﻦ ﺗﺨﺼ ﺼﺎت اﻟﻄ ﺐ اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜ ﺔ‪ .‬واﻟﻤﻌ ﺎرك اﻟﻌ ﺴﻜﺮﻳﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻲ‬
‫وﻗﻌﺖ ﻓﻲ أرض اﻟﻌﺮاق‪ ،‬أو ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻤﺎء ﺻﺮﺑﻴﺎ أدﻳﺮت ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ ‪ ١٥‬أﻟﻒ آﻴﻠﻮ ﻣﺘﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪة اﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ إن ﺟﻨﻮد اﻟﻤ ﺸﺎة أو ﻃ ﺎﻗﻢ اﻟﺪﺑﺎﺑ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻘﺎﺗﻠ ﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﺘ ﺼﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷ ﺮة ﻋﺒ ﺮ اﻷﻗﻤ ﺎر اﻟ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻘﻴﺎدﺗﻪ اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮة أو اﻟﻤﺮآﺰﻳﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ أي ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﻤﻮرة‪.‬‬
‫واﻟﻤﺪرﺳ ﺔ ﺑﻤﻔﻬﻮﻣﻬ ﺎ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴ ﺪي‪ :‬ﻃ ﻼب وﻓ ﺼﻞ ودرس ﻋﻠ ﻰ وﺷ ﻚ أن ﺗ ﺼﺒﺢ ﺟ ﺰءًا ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﺘ ﺎرﻳﺦ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋ ﺼﺮ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎت اﻟ ﺬي أﺣﺪﺛﺘ ﻪ ﺛ ﻮرة اﻻﺗ ﺼﺎﻻت ﻳ ﺰﻳﺢ اﻟﻤﺪرﺳ ﺔ ﻋ ﻦ ﻋﺮﺷ ﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴ ﺪي آﻤ ﺼﺪر أول‬
‫ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ‪ ،‬وﻳﺤﻮل اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ آﻠﻪ إﻟ ﻰ ﻣﺪرﺳ ﺔ واﺣ ﺪة ﻟﺘﺒ ﺎدل اﻟﻤﻌ ﺎرف واﻟﺨﺒ ﺮات واﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺎت‪ ،‬ﺑ ﻞ إن اﻟﻜﺘ ﺎب‬
‫اﻟﻮرﻗﻲ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﺜ ﻞ ﻋﻤ ﺎد اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴ ﺔ واﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴ ﺔ ﻣﻨ ﺬ اﺧﺘ ﺮاع ﺟ ﻮﺗﻨﺒﺮغ ﻟﻠﻤﻄﺒﻌ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻘ ﺮن اﻟﺨ ﺎﻣﺲ‬
‫ﻋﺸﺮ ﻟﻦ ﻳﺼﻤﺪ أآﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻘﺪ أﻣﺎم اﻟﻜﺘﺎب اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻲ‪.‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺑﺪأت ﺗﺘ ﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻼﻣ ﺢ ﻣ ﺎ ﻳ ﺴﻤﻰ ﺑﺎﻻﻗﺘ ﺼﺎد اﻟﺮﻗﻤ ﻲ )‪ (Digital Economy‬اﻟﻘ ﺎﺋﻢ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻨﻴ ﺔ اﻻﺗ ﺼﺎل‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺣ ﺼﺎءات ﺑﺮﻧ ﺎﻣﺞ اﻷﻣ ﻢ اﻟﻤﺘﺤ ﺪة ﻟﻠﺘﺠ ﺎرة واﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴ ﺔ )اﻻﺗﺘﻜ ﺎد( ﺗ ﺸﻴﺮ إﻟ ﻰ أن ﻗﻴﻤ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﺘﺠﺎرﻳﺔ واﻻﻗﺘ ﺼﺎدﻳﺔ اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴ ﺔ ﺑﻠﻐ ﺖ ‪ ١٢٠٠‬ﻣﻠﻴ ﺎر دوﻻر ﻓ ﻲ ﻋ ﺎم ‪ ٢٠٠٠‬أي أﻧﻬ ﺎ زادت‬
‫ﺑﻤﻌﺪل ‪ %١٢٣٤‬ﺧﻼل ﺳﺒﻊ ﺳﻨﻮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺒﻘﺖ ﻋﺎم ‪ ٢٠٠٠‬وهﻲ ﻣﺪة ﻻ ﺗ ﺴﺎوي ﺷ ﻴﺌًﺎ ﻓ ﻲ ﻋﻤ ﺮ اﻟﺘ ﺎرﻳﺦ‬
‫وهﻲ ﻓﻲ ازدﻳﺎد رهﻴﺐ‪.‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻮاﻃﻦ واﻟﻤﻘﻴﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ اﻟ ﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ ﻣ ﻊ اﻟﺠﻬ ﺎت اﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴ ﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻢ اﺳ ﺘﺤﺪاث ﻣ ﺎ ﻳ ﺴﻤﻰ "اﻻﺳ ﺘﻤﺎرة اﻟﺬآﻴ ﺔ" ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﻳ ﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻳ ﻞ "ﺣﻘ ﻮق" اﻟﻤﻌ ﺎﻣﻼت ﻋ ﻦ ﻃﺮﻳ ﻖ اﻟ ﺼﺮاﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻵﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة إﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﻬ ﺎت اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴ ﺔ ﻣﻤ ﺎ ﻳ ﺴﺎﻋﺪ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﺠﻬ ﺎت ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺗﻘ ﺪﻳﻢ ﺧ ﺪﻣﺎت ﺳ ﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻟﻸﺷ ﺨﺎص ﻣﻤ ﺎ‬
‫ﻳﺠﻨﺒﻬﻢ اﻟﻄﻮاﺑﻴﺮ اﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ وهﺬا آﻠﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺗﻘﺪم اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت واﺳﺘﻐﻼل اﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ اﻹﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫أﻋﺘﻘﺪ أن اﻟﺴﺆال اﻟﺬي ﻳﻄﺮح ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻘﺪم اﻟﻬﺎﺋ ﻞ واﻟﺨ ﺪﻣﺎت اﻟﺮاﺋﻌ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻳﻘ ﺪﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻴ ﺪان‬
‫اﻻﺗ ﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﺒ ﺸﺮﻳﺔ ه ﻮ‪ :‬ﻣ ﺎ ه ﻲ اﻵﻓ ﺎق اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺗ ﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﻼﺳ ﻠﻜﻴﺔ؟ ﻻ ﺷ ﻚ أن اﻷﺑﺤ ﺎث ﺟﺎرﻳ ﺔ‬
‫واﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﺪهﺸﺔ ﻷن هﻨﺎك أﻓﻜﺎر ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻣﻄﺮوﺣﺔ اﻵن‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﻬﻮاﺗﻒ اﻟﺠﻮاﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺰوﻳﺪهﺎ ﺑﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻮاﻗﻊ ﺷﺒﻴﻬﺔ ﺑـ ‪ GPS‬وهﺬا ﺑﻜﻞ ﺑﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ اﻧﺘﻬﺎء ﻣ ﺸﺎآﻞ اﻟ ﻀﻴﺎع ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺸﻮارع‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺼﻐﺎر واﻟﻜﺒﺎر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺳﻮاء ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺮاﺋﻂ ﺁﻧﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ‪ .‬آ ﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ اﺳ ﺘﺨﺪام ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﺨﺪﻣ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ أﺟ ﻞ ﻣﻼﺣﻘ ﺔ اﻷﻃﻔ ﺎل ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺸﺎرع ﻣ ﻦ ﻃ ﺮف أﺳ ﺮهﻢ وﺗ ﺴﻠﻴﻂ ﻋﻠ ﻴﻬﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮاﻗﺒﺔ واﻟﻤﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻻ ﻳﺪرون‪.‬‬
‫آﻤ ﺎ ﺳ ﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﻄ ﻮﻳﺮ ﺗﻘﻨﻴ ﺎت ﺗ ﺴﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﺴﺘ ﺸﻌﺮات اﻟﻼﺳ ﻠﻜﻴﺔ )‪ (Sensors‬ﻟﻤﺘﺎﺑﻌ ﺔ ﻧ ﺸﺎﻃﺎت أﺟ ﺴﺎم‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺿﻰ وآﺒﺎر اﻟﺴﻦ‪ ،‬وإرﺳﺎل ﺗﻨﺒﻴﻬﺎت ﻻﺳﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻓﻮرﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﺮاآﺰ اﻹﺳﻌﺎف ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺼﻮل أي ﻃﺎرئ‪.‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫ﻧﺤﻦ إذن إزاء ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﻌﺎد ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻓﺎﺋﻘ ﺔ ﻏﻴ ﺮ ﻣ ﺴﺒﻮﻗﺔ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺘ ﺎرﻳﺦ وﻣ ﻦ ﺛ ﻢ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻔ ﻲ أن‬
‫ﻧﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻮﻗﻒ اﻟﻤﺘﻔﺮج اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﻞ اﻟﻤﺸﺎرك واﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ واﻟﺨﻄﻮة اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ذﻟ ﻚ أن ﻧﻔﻬ ﻢ‬
‫ﺻﻴﺮورة اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ وهﺬا ﻟﻦ ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ إﻻ ﺑﻮاﺳ ﻄﺔ اﻟﻌﻤ ﻞ اﻟﺠ ﺎد و اﻟﻤﺘﻮاﺻ ﻞ ﻟﻘﻮﻟ ﻪ ﻋ ﺰ‬
‫وﺟﻞ "وﻗﻞ اﻋﻤﻠﻮا ﻓﺴﻴﺮى اﷲ ﻋﻤﻠﻜﻢ ورﺳﻮﻟﻪ واﻟﻤﺆﻣﻨﻮن" وآﺬﻟﻚ إﺗﻘﺎن اﻟﻌﻤ ﻞ ﻟﻘ ﻮل اﻟﺤﺒﻴ ﺐ اﻟﻤ ﺼﻄﻔﻰ‬
‫ﻼ أن ﻳﺘﻘﻨﻪ"‪.‬‬
‫ﺻﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺳﻠﻢ "إن اﷲ ﻳﺤﺐ أﺣﺪآﻢ إذا ﻋﻤﻞ ﻋﻤ ً‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻬ ﺔ إﻟ ﻰ ﻃﻠﺒ ﺔ آﻠﻴ ﺎت اﻻﺗ ﺼﺎﻻت ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜ ﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ اﻟ ﺴﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺪم ﻣﻘﺮر أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ ﺑﺄﺳﻠﻮب ﻣﺒ ﺴﻂ وﻣﻨﻬﺠ ﻲ ﻣ ﻊ ﻣﺮاﻋ ﺎة اﻟﺘﻮﺿ ﻴﺤﺎت اﻟﻼزﻣ ﺔ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼل اﺗﺒﺎع ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ إﻋﻄﺎء أﻣﺜﻠﺔ آﻞ ﺑﻨﺪ وهﺬا ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ اﻟﻤﺘﺪرب ﺑ ﺸﻜﻞ إﻳﺠ ﺎﺑﻲ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﺳ ﺘﻴﻌﺎب ه ﺬا اﻟﻤﻘ ﺮر‬
‫ﺑ ﺈذن اﷲ وآ ﺬﻟﻚ اﻟﻠﺠ ﻮء إﻟ ﻰ اﻷﺷ ﻜﺎل ﻟﺘﻘﺮﻳ ﺐ اﻟﻤ ﺪﻟﻮل أآﺜ ﺮ ﻣ ﻊ ﺗﺒﻴ ﺎن اﻟﻤﻴ ﺪان اﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘ ﻰ وذﻟ ﻚ ﻹﺟ ﺮاء‬
‫اﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻄﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮات واﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ إﻟ ﻰ اﻻﺗ ﺼﺎﻻت اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺛ ﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺘ ﻀﻤﻦ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒ ﺔ ﺧﻤ ﺴﺔ ﻓ ﺼﻮل‪ .‬ﻳﻘ ﺪم اﻟﻔ ﺼﻞ اﻷول ﻣﻨﻬ ﺎ ﻣ ﺪﺧ ً‬
‫ﻳﻌﻄ ﻲ اﻟﻔ ﺼﻞ اﻟﺜ ﺎﻧﻲ واﻟﺜﺎﻟ ﺚ اﻟﺘ ﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟ ﺴﻌﺔ )اﻻﺗ ﺴﺎع( اﺳ ﺘﻘﺒﺎل وإرﺳ ﺎل‪ .‬أﻣ ﺎ اﻟﻔ ﺼﻞ اﻟﺮاﺑ ﻊ ﻳﺘﻨ ﺎول‬
‫اﻷﻧﻈﻤ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﺔ ﻟﺘ ﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟ ﺴﻌﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟ ﺰاري‪ .‬وﻧﺨ ﺘﻢ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒ ﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻔ ﺼﻞ اﻟﺨ ﺎﻣﺲ اﻟ ﺬي ﻳ ﺸﻤﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد وﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﻄﻮر‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻷﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﻠﻮﻟﺔ ﺧﻼل آﻞ ﺑﺎب ﻣﻦ أﺑﻮاب هﺬﻩ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒﺔ ‪ ،‬هﻨ ﺎك ﺗﻤ ﺎرﻳﻦ ﻓ ﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳ ﺔ آ ﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎب أﻋﺪت ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺗﻐﻄﻲ ﺑﺼﻮرة ﺷﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻣﺤﺘ ﻮى آ ﻞ ﻓ ﺼﻞ واﻟﺘ ﻲ ﺑ ﺪون ﺷ ﻚ أﻧﻬ ﺎ ﺳ ﺘﻌﺰز ﻓﻬ ﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘ ﺪرب ﻟﻠﻤﻮﺿ ﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳ ﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﺮوﺣ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻗ ﺪ ﺟ ﺮى وﺿ ﻊ آﺘﻴ ﺐ ﺧ ﺎص ﻳﺘ ﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﺠ ﺎرب اﻟﻌﻤﻠ ﻲ‪.‬‬
‫وﺗ ﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﺤﻘﻴﺒ ﺔ أﻳ ﻀًﺎ ﻗﺎﺋﻤ ﺔ ﺑ ﺒﻌﺾ اﻟﻤﺮاﺟ ﻊ اﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﻴﺔ ﺑ ﺎﻟﻠﻐﺘﻴﻦ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴ ﺔ واﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﻌﺠﻤ ًﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎت اﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ وﺗﺮﺟﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿ ﺎﻓﺔ إﻟ ﻰ آﺘﻴ ﺐ ﻳ ﺸﻤﻞ ﺣ ﻞ اﻟﺘﻤ ﺎرﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺣ ﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ آﻞ ﺑﺎب وهﺬا ﻣﻮﺟﻪ ﻟﻤﺪرب اﻟﻤﻘﺮر‪.‬‬
‫واﷲ ﻧﺴﺄل أن ﻳﻜﻮن هﺬا اﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﻣﻨﻔﻌﺔ ﻷﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ وﻗﻮة ﻟﻬﻢ ‪.‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜـــﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴــــﺔ اﻟﺴــــﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ وﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎهﺞ‬

‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫‪١‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻹﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻷوﻟﻰ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫‪١‬‬ ‫رﻗﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪COM3LAB‬‬ ‫اﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬

‫• اﻟﻬﺪف ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ )‪ (COM3LAB‬وآﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﺧﻮل ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪.‬‬

‫• اﻟﺸﺮح‪:‬‬
‫ﺧﻼل هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺳﻮف ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬آﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪.COM3LAB‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ أﺟﺰاء ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪.COM3LAB‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬آﻴﻔﻴﺔ إﻧﻬﺎء ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪.COM3LAB‬‬

‫• ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﻄﺢ اﻟﻤﻜﺘ ﺐ اﺿ ﻐﻂ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﺧﺘ ﺼﺎر اﻟﺒﺮﻧ ﺎﻣﺞ‪ ،‬وه ﻮ ﺑﺎﺳ ﻢ ‪ DETICTIVE‬اﻧﻈ ﺮ اﻟ ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫)‪.(١-١‬‬

‫)‪(١ -١‬‬

‫‪ .٢‬ﺑﻌﺪهﺎ ﺳﻮف ﺗﺘﺤﻮل اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﺤﺚ آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٢-١‬‬

‫‪-١-‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻹﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫)‪(٢-١‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬أدﺧﻞ اﻻﺳﻢ واﺳﻢ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‪ ،‬آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٣-١‬‬

‫)‪(٣-١‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ زر )‪ (continue‬آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٤-١‬‬

‫)‪(٤-١‬‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ زر ‪ continue‬آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٦-١)،(٥-١‬‬

‫‪-٢-‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻹﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫)‪(٥-١‬‬

‫)‪(٦-١‬‬
‫‪ .٦‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺰر '‪ 'Feel free to experiment around‬آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٧-١‬‬

‫)‪(٧ -١‬‬
‫‪ .٧‬وﺑﻌﺪهﺎ ﺳﻮف ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻚ اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻮف ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ إﺟﺮاء اﻟﺘﺠﺎرب آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪(٨-١‬‬

‫‪-٣-‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻹﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫)‪(٨ -١‬‬
‫• و ﻳﺤﺘﻮي اﻟﺸﺮﻳﻂ اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫ﺷﺮﻳﻂ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﺎرت‬

‫ﺷﺮﻳﻂ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة‬

‫ﺷﺮﻳﻂ اﻷدوات‬

‫‪-٤-‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻹﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫• اﻟﺨﻄﻮات ﻹﻧﻬﺎء اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ هﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .١‬اﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ زر ﺧﺮوج آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٩-١‬‬

‫)‪(٩-١‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬اﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ زر ﺧﺮوج أﻳﻀﺎ‪ ،‬آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١٠-١‬‬

‫) ‪( ١٠-١‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﺛﻢ اﺿﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ زر ﻧﻌﻢ آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١٠-١‬ﻹآﻤﺎل اﻟﺨﺮوج ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺈﻏﻼق وﺣﺪة ‪ COM3LAB‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻜﺎرت‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺈﻏﻼق ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ‪.‬‬

‫‪-٥-‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻹﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫‪٢‬‬ ‫رﻗﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة‬ ‫اﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬

‫• اﻟﻬﺪف ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻮف ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل هﺬا اﻟﻤﻘﺮر‪.‬‬

‫• اﻟﺸﺮح‪:‬‬
‫ﺧﻼل هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺳﻮف ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻵﺗﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫أوﻻ‪ :‬ﺟﻬﺎز)‪( Oscilloscope‬‬
‫‪ -‬وﻇﻴﻔﺔ هﺬا اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‪ :‬إﻇﻬﺎر اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻹﺷﺎرة وﻣﺤﻮر اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‪ ،‬ﺳﻮف ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻟﻨﺎ أﻧﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺟﺰأﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫اﻷول‪ :‬ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﻹﻇﻬﺎر اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪:‬ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻹﻋﺪادات اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻤﺤﻮري اﻟﺮﺳﻢ )‪ (Y‬و)‪ ،(X‬واﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫)‪ (١-٢‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺟﻬﺎز)‪.( Oscilloscope‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪ (٢-٢‬ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺷﺮح ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻠﻲ ﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ آﻞ زر ﻓﻲ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(١-٢‬‬

‫‪-٦-‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻹﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫‪Setting the‬‬ ‫‪To Shift the‬‬ ‫‪Setting the‬‬

‫‪Y-axis‬‬ ‫‪X-axis on‬‬ ‫‪X-axis‬‬
‫‪the Y-axis‬‬
‫‪Starting the‬‬ ‫‪Selecting‬‬
‫‪Oscilloscope‬‬ ‫‪the signal to‬‬
‫‪be shown‬‬
‫‪Zoom‬‬

‫‪Copy‬‬

‫)‪(٢-٢‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ :‬ﺟﻬﺎز)‪( Frequency Counter‬‬

‫‪ -‬وﻇﻴﻔﺔ هﺬا اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‪ :‬ﻗﻴﺎس ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺮدد أو اﻟﺘﻴﺎر‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻠﻪ ﺳﻮف ﻳﺘﺒﻴﻦ أﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰأﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫اﻷول‪ :‬ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺷﺎﺷﺔ ﺗﻌﺮض ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺮدد أو اﻟﺘﻴﺎر‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ‪:‬ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋ ﻦ ﻟﻮﺣ ﺔ ﺗﺤﻜ ﻢ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴ ﺘﻢ اﻟ ﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻹﻋ ﺪادات ﻹﻇﻬ ﺎر اﻟﻘ ﻴﻢ ﺑ ﺸﻜﻞ ﺻ ﺤﻴﺢ‪ ،‬وه ﺬا اﻟﺠﻬ ﺎز‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٣-٢‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪ :‬ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﻘﻴﺎس ﺑﻬﺬا اﻟﺠﻬﺎز إﻻ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺟﻌﻞ)‪ (trigger‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﻨﺎة اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ اﻟﺘﻮﺻ ﻴﻞ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﻟﻮ ﺗﻢ اﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﻨﺎة )‪ (Y1‬ﻟﻴﺘﻢ اﻟﻘﻴ ﺎس ﻳﺠ ﺐ ﺟﻌ ﻞ )‪ (trigger‬ﻋﻠ ﻰ )‪ ،(trigger Y1‬آﻤ ﺎ‬
‫هﻮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٤-٢‬‬

‫) ‪( ٣-٢‬‬

‫‪-٧-‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻹﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫)‪(٤-٢‬‬

‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ‪ :‬ﺟﻬﺎز)‪(FFT‬‬
‫وﻇﻴﻔﺔ هﺬا اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‪ :‬ﻗﻴﺎس ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻹﺷﺎرة ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﺮدد‪.‬‬
‫وﺷﺮح هﺬا اﻟﺠﻬﺎز ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٥-٢‬‬

‫‪Marker‬‬ ‫‪Result of‬‬

‫‪measurement‬‬

‫‪Moving‬‬
‫‪the marker‬‬

‫‪Starting‬‬
‫‪the FFT‬‬

‫)‪(٥-٢‬‬

‫‪-٨-‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻹﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫راﺑﻌﺎ‪ :‬ﺟﻬﺎز)‪(BODE‬‬
‫هﺬا اﻟﺠﻬﺎز ﻻ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم إﻻ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ وﺟﻮد ﻓﻠﺘﺮ‪.‬‬
‫وﻇﻴﻔﺔ هﺬا اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‪ :‬هﻮ رﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻠﺘﺮ‪ ،‬وﺣﺴﺎب ﻧﻘﻄﺔ) ‪(CUT-OFF‬اﻧﻈﺮ اﻟ ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫)‪.(٦-٢‬‬

‫‪Starting the‬‬
‫‪measurement‬‬

‫)‪(٦-٢‬‬

‫ﺧﺎﻣﺴﺎ‪ :‬ﺟﻬﺎز)‪(Function Generator‬‬

‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم هﺬا اﻟﺠﻬﺎز ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ إﺷﺎرة‪:‬‬
‫‪ ، sine wave, triangular wave, square wave and DC signal‬واﻟ ﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٧-٢‬ﻳﻮﺿ ﺢ ه ﺬا‬
‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز‪.‬‬
‫‪Controlling the‬‬
‫‪value of‬‬
‫‪Functions you‬‬ ‫‪frequency,‬‬
‫‪can generate by‬‬ ‫‪amplitude and‬‬
‫‪selecting using‬‬ ‫‪DC voltage‬‬
‫‪the mouse‬‬

‫)‪(٧-٢‬‬

‫‪٣‬‬ ‫رﻗﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬ ‫اﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬

‫• اﻟﻬﺪف ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺳﻮف ﻳﺘﻢ دراﺳﺔ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل و اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺘﺮددات‪.‬‬
‫‪-٩-‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻹﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫• اﻟﺸﺮح‪:‬‬
‫ﻹﺟﺮاء أي ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﺗﺼﺎل أو ﻧﻘﻞ أﻳﺔ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻓﺈن هﺬﻩ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧ ﻼل ﺳ ﺒﻊ ﻣﺮاﺣ ﻞ آﻤ ﺎ ه ﻮ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪.(١-٣‬‬
‫‪Transmission‬‬
‫‪medium‬‬

‫‪Information‬‬ ‫‪Transmitter‬‬ ‫‪Receiver‬‬ ‫‪Information‬‬

‫‪source‬‬ ‫‪destination‬‬

‫)‪(١ -٣‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‪ :‬وﺟﻮد ﻣﺼﺪر ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻮف ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺻﻮت اﻹﻧ ﺴﺎن ﻟﻨﻘ ﻞ اﻟﻤﻜﺎﻟﻤ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻬﺎﺗﻔﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ اﻷﺻﻠﻲ إﻟﻰ إﺷﺎرة آﻬﺮ وﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴ ﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وذﻟ ﻚ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮوﻧﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠ ﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜ ﺔ‪ :‬ﺗ ﺴﻤﻰ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠ ﺔ ﻣﺮﺣﻠ ﺔ اﻹرﺳ ﺎل ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﻳ ﺘﻢ إرﺳ ﺎل اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺔ إﻟ ﻰ اﻟﺠﻬ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮادة ﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‪ .‬وﻓﻲ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠ ﺔ ﺗﻜ ﻮن إﺷ ﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻬ ﺎ ﺻ ﻐﻴﺮة ﻓﻴ ﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻠﻬ ﺎ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬
‫إﺷﺎرة ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺮدد ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ أن ﻳﺘﻢ إرﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﻬﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‪ :‬وهﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻮﺳ ﻂ اﻟﻨﺎﻗ ﻞ اﻟ ﺬي ﺳ ﻮف ﻳ ﺘﻢ ﻣ ﻦ ﺧﻼﻟ ﻪ ﻧﻘ ﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺔ إﻟ ﻰ اﻟﺠﻬ ﺔ‬
‫اﻷﺧﺮى‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠ ﺔ اﻟﺨﺎﻣ ﺴﺔ‪ :‬وه ﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ ﻋﻜ ﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺣﻠ ﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗ ﺴﻤﻰ ﻣﺮﺣﻠ ﺔ اﻻﺳ ﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﻳ ﺘﻢ‬
‫اﺳ ﺘﻘﺒﺎل إﺷ ﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺔ و ﻓ ﺼﻞ اﻹﺷ ﺎرة اﻟﻜﻬﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴ ﺴﻴﺔ ﻋ ﻦ اﻹﺷ ﺎرة ذات اﻟﺘ ﺮدد اﻟﻌ ﺎﻟﻲ اﻟ ﺬي ﺗ ﻢ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠ ﺔ اﻟ ﺴﺎدﺳﺔ‪ :‬وه ﻲ ﻋﻜ ﺲ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠ ﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﺳ ﻮف ﻳ ﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﻮﻳ ﻞ اﻹﺷ ﺎرة ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫آﻬﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ وﺿﻌﻬﺎ اﻷﺻﻠﻲ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﻮﺿﻌﻬﺎ اﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻬﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪.‬‬
‫واﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٢-٣‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺮاﺣﻞ‬

‫‪Information‬‬ ‫‪Information signal‬‬ ‫‪Message‬‬

‫‪signal in‬‬ ‫‪in‬‬ ‫‪signal‬‬
‫‪Source‬‬ ‫‪Converter‬‬ ‫‪Transmitter‬‬
‫‪Original form‬‬ ‫‪Electromagnetic‬‬
‫‪form‬‬

‫‪Transmitting‬‬
‫‪channel‬‬

‫‪Information‬‬ ‫‪Information signal‬‬

‫‪signal in‬‬ ‫‪in‬‬
‫‪Sink‬‬ ‫‪Converter‬‬ ‫‪Receiver‬‬
‫)‪(٢ -٣‬‬ ‫‪Message‬‬
‫‪Original form‬‬ ‫‪Electromagnetic‬‬ ‫‪signal‬‬
‫‪- ١٠ - form‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻷوﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻹﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺘﺮددات‪:‬‬
‫هﻨﺎك ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻲ ﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺘﺮددات‪ ،‬وﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ آﻞ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ هﺬا اﻟﻨﻄﺎق ﺑﺎﺳﻢ ﻣﻌ ﻴﻦ وﻳ ﺘﻢ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻪ إﺟﺮاء ﻧﻮع ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺎت اﻻﺗ ﺼﺎل‪ ،‬ﻓﻤ ﺜﻼ هﻨ ﺎك ﺟ ﺰء ﻳ ﺘﻢ ﻣ ﻦ ﺧﻼﻟ ﻪ إذاﻋ ﺔ ﻣﻮﺟ ﺎت اﻟﺮادﻳ ﻮ و‬
‫أﺧﺮى ﻟﺘﻠﻔﺎز وهﻜﺬا واﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٣-٣‬ﻳﺒﻴﻦ هﺬا اﻟﺘﻘﺴﻴﻢ‪.‬‬
‫‪Radio frequency band‬‬ ‫‪Optical fiber band‬‬

‫‪AM‬‬ ‫‪TV‬‬ ‫‪Satellite and‬‬ ‫‪Infrared visible ultraviolet‬‬

‫‪radio‬‬ ‫‪FM‬‬ ‫‪radar‬‬

‫‪105‬‬ ‫‪106‬‬ ‫‪107‬‬ ‫‪108‬‬ ‫‪109‬‬ ‫‪1010Frequency‬‬

‫‪1011‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫) ‪(H‬‬ ‫‪1013‬‬ ‫‪1014‬‬ ‫‪1015‬‬ ‫‪1016‬‬ ‫‪1017‬‬
‫‪z‬‬

‫)‪(٣-٣‬‬

‫‪- ١١ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜـــﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴــــﺔ اﻟﺴــــﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ وﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎهﺞ‬

‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬

‫دراﺳﺔ اﻹﺷﺎرات‬
‫دراﺳﺔ اﻹﺷﺎرات‬

‫‪٢‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫دراﺳﺔ اﻹﺷﺎرات‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬دراﺳﺔ اﻹﺷﺎرات‬

‫‪٤‬‬ ‫رﻗﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻹﺷﺎرات‬ ‫اﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬

‫• اﻟﻬﺪف ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻼت ﻓﻮرﻳﺮ‪.‬‬

‫• اﻟﺸﺮح‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻬﺪف ﻣﻦ إﺟﺮاء ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻼت ﻓﻮرﻳﺮ هﻮ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﻠﺤﻈﻴﺔ إﻟﻰ إﺷﺎرة ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﺮدد‪.‬‬
‫وآﻤ ﺎ ه ﻮ ﻇ ﺎهﺮ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟ ﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١-٤‬ﻓﻌﻨ ﺪ ﺟﻤ ﻊ ﻋ ﺪد ﻣ ﻦ إﺷ ﺎرات )‪ (sinusoidal‬ﻟﻬ ﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺮددات وﺟﻬﻮد ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺟ ﺔ ﺷ ﺒﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻌ ﺔ‪ .‬وه ﺬا ﻳﺒ ﻴﻦ أن اﻟﻤﻮﺟ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌ ﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪد ﻻ ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﺔ )‪.(sinusoidal‬‬

‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫=‬

‫)‪(١-٤‬‬

‫• رﺳﻤﺔ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة‪:‬‬

‫)‪(٢-٤‬‬

‫• ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬وﺻﻞ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة آﻤﺎ هﻮ ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٢-٤‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬اﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل) ‪ (function generator‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪sine, f = 1 kHz, V p-p = 20V, V DC = 0V.‬‬
‫‪- ١٣ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫دراﺳﺔ اﻹﺷﺎرات‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫‪ .٣‬اﻓﺘﺢ ﺟﻬﺎز )‪.(FFT Module‬‬

‫‪ .٤‬اﺿﺒﻂ إﻋﺪادات ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪Y1/div = 5V, X/div = 200µs, f min = 0 kHz, f max = 10 kHz‬‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺨﺮج ﻟﻺﺷﺎرة ﻣﻊ ﻣﺤﻮر اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬وآﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺤ ﻮر اﻟﺘ ﺮدد‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺸﻜﻞ )‪،(٣-٤‬‬
‫وأآﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﺪول )‪.(١-٤‬‬
‫‪ .٦‬اﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل) ‪ (function generator‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪triangular, f = 1 kHz, V p-p = 20V, V DC = 0V.‬‬
‫‪ .٧‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺨﺮج ﻟﻺﺷﺎرة ﻣﻊ ﻣﺤﻮر اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬وآﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺤﻮر اﻟﺘﺮدد‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺸﻜﻞ )‪،(٤-٤‬‬
‫وأآﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﺪول )‪.(٢-٤‬‬
‫‪ .٨‬اﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل) ‪ (function generator‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪f = 1 kHz, V p-p = 20V, V DC = 0V. square,‬‬
‫‪ .٩‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺨﺮج ﻟﻺﺷﺎرة ﻣﻊ ﻣﺤﻮر اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬وآﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺤﻮر اﻟﺘﺮدد‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺸﻜﻞ )‪،(٥-٤‬‬
‫وأآﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﺪول )‪.(٣-٤‬‬

‫‪- ١٤ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫دراﺳﺔ اﻹﺷﺎرات‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫• اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(٣-٤‬‬

‫)‪(٤-٤‬‬

‫‪- ١٥ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫دراﺳﺔ اﻹﺷﺎرات‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫)‪(٥-٤‬‬

‫ﺟﺪول ‪١-٤‬‬
‫‪Harmonic Frequency Amplitude‬‬
‫‪1‬‬

‫ﺟﺪول‪٢-٤‬‬
‫‪Harmonic Frequency Amplitude‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪4‬‬

‫ﺟﺪول ‪٣-٤‬‬
‫‪Harmonic Frequency Amplitude‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫• أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻟﺪرس‪:‬‬
‫‪- ١٦ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫دراﺳﺔ اﻹﺷﺎرات‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫‪ -١‬ﻣﺎ هﻲ اﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻮﻓﺮهﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻹﺷﺎرة‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ إﺟﺮاء ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻓﻮرﻳﺮ؟‬
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‫‪ -٢‬أوﺟﺪ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻗﻴﻢ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺔ ؟‬
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‫‪ -٣‬إذا آﺎﻧﺖ أول ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻌﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮآﺒﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻌﺔ ﺗﺴﺎوي ) ‪ ،( ١‬ﻣﺎ هﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻷول ﺛ ﻼث‬
‫ﻣﺮآﺒﺎت؟‬
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‫• اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‪:‬‬
‫_______________________________________________________‬
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‫‪- ١٧ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫دراﺳﺔ اﻹﺷﺎرات‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫‪٥‬‬ ‫رﻗﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺬﺑﺬﺑﺎت‬ ‫اﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬

‫• اﻟﻬﺪف ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﺬﺑﺬب‪.‬‬

‫• اﻟﺸﺮح‪:‬‬
‫آﻤﺎ ﻻﺣﻈﻨ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺪروس اﻟﻤﺎﺿ ﻴﺔ إﺷ ﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺔ ﻳﻜ ﻮن ﺗﺮدده ﺎ ﻣﻨﺨﻔ ﻀًﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻬ ﺬا ﻳﺠ ﺐ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻠﻬ ﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ إﺷﺎرة ذات ﺗﺮدد ﻋﺎل‪ ،‬وﻟﻜﻦ اﻟﺴﺆال آﻴﻒ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ هﺬﻩ اﻹﺷﺎرة ذات اﻟﺘﺮدد اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ؟‬
‫ﻳ ﺘﻢ ذﻟ ﻚ ﻋ ﻦ ﻃﺮﻳ ﻖ اﻟﻤﺬﺑ ﺬب‪ ،‬ووﻇﻴﻔ ﺔ ه ﺬا اﻟﻤﺬﺑ ﺬب ه ﻮ ﺗﻮﻟﻴ ﺪ إﺷ ﺎرة ذات ﺗ ﺮدد ﻣﻌ ﻴﻦ ﺑ ﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪ .‬وأﺷﻬﺮ ﺻﻮرة أﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﺒﺮ وﻣﻘﺎرن‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻤﻜﺒ ﺮ ﺗﻮﻟﻴ ﺪ إﺷ ﺎرة ذات ﺗ ﺮدد‬
‫وآﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ‪ ،‬واﻟﻤﻘﺎرن ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻟﺨﺮج اﻟﻤﻜﺒﺮ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻄﻠ ﻮب‬
‫أن ﺗﺼﻞ إﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ إذا وﺻ ﻠﺖ إﻟ ﻰ اﻟﻘﻴﻤ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻏﻮﺑ ﺔ ﻳ ﺘﻢ ﺗﺜﺒﻴ ﺖ ﺧ ﺮج اﻟﻤﻜﺒ ﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬ ﺎ‪ ،‬آﻤ ﺎ ه ﻮ ﻣﻮﺿ ﺢ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪.(١-٥‬‬
‫‪Closed-loop feedback amplifier‬‬
‫‪Input = V1‬‬ ‫‪Subtractor‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪Voltage‬‬ ‫‪V3‬‬ ‫‪V out‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪amplifier‬‬
‫‪-‬‬

‫‪V4‬‬ ‫‪Feedback network‬‬

‫)‪(١-٥‬‬
‫وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ‪ :‬داﺋﺮة ‪ ، RC‬وداﺋﺮة ‪ ،LC‬وﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ‪ Quartz oscillators‬آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪(٢-٥‬‬

‫)‪(٢-٥‬‬
‫واﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﺮاﻋﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ أي ﻣﺬﺑﺬب‪:‬‬
‫‰ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﺘﺮدد اﻟﺬي ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪﻩ‪.‬‬
‫‰ ﻧﻘﺎء اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﺘﻮﻟﺪة‪.‬‬
‫‰ ﺟﻮدة اﻟﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ‪.‬‬

‫• رﺳﻤﺔ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة‪:‬‬

‫‪- ١٨ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫دراﺳﺔ اﻹﺷﺎرات‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫)‪(٣-٥‬‬

‫ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬

‫وﺻﻞ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة آﻤﺎ هﻮ ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٣-٥‬‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫اﻓﺘﺢ ﺟﻬﺎز )‪.(FFT Module‬‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫ﻟﺤﺴﺎب إﺷﺎرة اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﻤﻦ ‪ ،AM‬اﺿﺒﻂ إﻋﺪادات ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫‪Y1/div = 5V, X/div = 200µs, curve=Y1‬‬
‫ﻗﻢ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺨﺮج ﻟﻺﺷﺎرة ﻣﻊ ﻣﺤﻮر اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٤-٥‬‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﻗﻢ ﺑﺤﺴﺎب ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺮدد و اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫ﻟﺤﺴﺎب إﺷﺎرة اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﻤﻦ ‪ ،FM‬اﺿﺒﻂ إﻋﺪادات ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.٦‬‬
‫‪Y1/div = 5V, X/div = 200µs, curve=Y2‬‬
‫ﻗﻢ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺨﺮج ﻟﻺﺷﺎرة ﻣﻊ ﻣﺤﻮر اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٥-٥‬‬ ‫‪.٧‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ إﺷ ﺎرة اﻟﺤﺎﻣ ﻞ ﻟﻠﻤ ﻀﻤﻦ ‪) FM‬اﻟ ﺴﻌﺔ واﻟﺘ ﺮدد(ﻋ ﻦ ﻃﺮﻳ ﻖ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫‪.٨‬‬
‫‪f=10kHz, Vp-p=7V‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮة اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻪ‪ .‬اﺿﺒﻂ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬

‫• اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‪:‬‬

‫‪- ١٩ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫دراﺳﺔ اﻹﺷﺎرات‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫)‪(٤-٥‬‬

‫)‪(٥-٥‬‬

‫‪- ٢٠ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫دراﺳﺔ اﻹﺷﺎرات‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫• أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻟﺪرس‪:‬‬

‫‪ .١‬ﻓﻲ أي ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎل ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪم اﻟﻤﺬﺑﺬب ؟‬
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‫‪ .٢‬اذآﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺬﺑﺬﺑﺎت ؟‬

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‫‪ .٣‬ﻣﺎ هﻲ أهﻢ اﻟﻤﻮاﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﺮاﻋﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ أي ﻣﺬﺑﺬب؟‬

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‫________________________‬

‫• اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‪:‬‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫________________________‬
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‫_________________________________________________________‬
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‫________________________‬
‫‪- ٢١ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫دراﺳﺔ اﻹﺷﺎرات‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫‪٦‬‬ ‫رﻗﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬

‫ﺟﻤﻊ اﻹﺷﺎرات‬ ‫اﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬

‫• اﻟﻬﺪف ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﻮف ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ دراﺳﺔ وﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺟﻤﻊ أو ﺿﺮب إﺷﺎرﺗﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫• اﻟﺸﺮح ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻟﺤﺴﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻹﺷﺎرﺗﻴﻦ‪:‬‬
‫‪ω1 + ω 2‬‬ ‫‪ω1 − ω 2‬‬
‫‪1.‬‬ ‫‪cos ω1 + cos ω 2 = 2 × cos‬‬ ‫‪× cos‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪2.‬‬ ‫) ‪cos ω1 × cos ω 2 = cos(ω1 + ω 2 ) + cos(ω1 − ω 2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ω + ω2‬‬ ‫‪ω − ω2‬‬
‫‪3.‬‬ ‫‪sin ω1 + sin ω 2 = 2 × sin 1‬‬ ‫‪× cos 1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ω + ω2‬‬ ‫‪ω − ω2‬‬
‫‪4.‬‬ ‫‪sin ω1 − sin ω 2 = 2 × cos 1‬‬ ‫‪× sin 1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪( f1 > f 2 and ω = 2πf‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ إن) ‪ ( ω‬ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻻت‪) :‬‬
‫وآﺬﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻟﻜﻞ إﺷﺎرة ﺗﺮدد ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‪ ،‬وﺳﻮف ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﺮج إﺷﺎرة ﺟﺪﻳﺪة ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺮددﻳﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻦ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ، f H = f1 + f 2 , f L = f1 − f 2‬آﻤﺎ هﻮ ﻇﺎهﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪.(١-٦‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫)‪(١-٦‬‬

‫• رﺳﻤﺔ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة ‪:‬‬

‫‪- ٢٢ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫دراﺳﺔ اﻹﺷﺎرات‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫)‪(٢-٦‬‬

‫• ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬وﺻﻞ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة آﻤﺎ هﻮ ﻣﺒﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٢-٦‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬اﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺰر اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ )‪.(AM‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬اﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل) ‪ (function generator‬ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪Sine-wave, f = 1 kHz, V p-p = ٧٫٥V, V DC = 0V.‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬اﻓﺘﺢ ﺟﻬﺎز )‪.(FFT Module‬‬
‫‪ .٥‬اﺿﺒﻂ إﻋﺪادات ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪Y1/div = 5V, X/div = 200µs, curve = Y1, and in the spectrum analyzer set:‬‬
‫‪f min = 0 kHz, f max = 20 kHz.‬‬
‫‪ .٦‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺨﺮج ﻟﻺﺷﺎرة ﻣﻊ ﻣﺤﻮر اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬وآﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺤﻮر اﻟﺘﺮدد‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٣-٦‬‬
‫‪ .٧‬اﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل) ‪ (function generator‬ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪Sine-wave, f = 9.5 kHz, V p-p = 7.5V, V DC = 0V.‬‬
‫‪ .٨‬اﻓﺘﺢ ﺟﻬﺎز )‪.(FFT Module‬‬

‫‪- ٢٣ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫دراﺳﺔ اﻹﺷﺎرات‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫‪ .٩‬اﺿﺒﻂ إﻋﺪادات ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪:‬‬

‫‪Y1/div = ٢V, X/div = ٥00µs, curve = Y1, and in the spectrum analyzer set:‬‬
‫‪f min = 0 kHz, f max = 20 kHz.‬‬
‫ﻗﻢ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﺨﺮج ﻟﻺﺷﺎرة ﻣﻊ ﻣﺤﻮر اﻟ ﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬وآ ﺬﻟﻚ ﻣ ﻊ ﻣﺤ ﻮر اﻟﺘ ﺮدد‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫‪.١٠‬‬
‫)‪.(٤-٦‬‬

‫‪-١١‬اﻵن أﻋﺪ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﺮدد اﻟﺪﺧﻞ إﻟﻰ‪1 kHz:‬‬

‫‪-١٢‬اﺑﺪأ ﺑﺰﻳﺎدة ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺮدد ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﻄﻲء إﻟﻰ أن ﺗﺼﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺮدد إﻟ ﻰ‪ 1 kHz :‬وراﻗ ﺐ اﻟﺘﻐﻴ ﺮ اﻟ ﺬي‬
‫ﻳﺤﺪث ﻟﻺﺷﺎرة ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺟﻬﺎز)‪.(FFT‬‬

‫• اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(٣-٦‬‬

‫‪- ٢٤ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫دراﺳﺔ اﻹﺷﺎرات‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫)‪(٤-٦‬‬

‫• أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻟﺪرس‪:‬‬

‫‪ .١‬اآﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺟﻤﻊ اﻹﺷﺎرﺗﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻄﻮة)‪ ،(٣‬وﻗﻢ ﺑﺤﺴﺎب‪ fH ,fL:‬؟‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫________________________‬

‫‪ .٢‬اآﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺟﻤﻊ اﻹﺷﺎرﺗﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﻄﻮة)‪ ،(٧‬وﻗﻢ ﺑﺤﺴﺎب‪ fH ,fL :‬؟‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫________________________‬

‫‪ .٣‬ﻣﺎذا ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺟﻤﻊ إﺷﺎرﺗﻴﻦ؟‬

‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫________________________‬

‫‪- ٢٥ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫دراﺳﺔ اﻹﺷﺎرات‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫• اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‪:‬‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫________________________‬

‫‪- ٢٦ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜـــﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴــــﺔ اﻟﺴــــﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ وﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎهﺞ‬

‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬

‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬

‫‪٣‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬

‫‪٧‬‬ ‫رﻗﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫)‪AM (DSBSC‬‬ ‫اﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬

‫• اﻟﻬﺪف ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﻮف ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ دراﺳﺔ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ )‪.(AM DSBSC‬‬

‫• اﻟﺸﺮح‪:‬‬
‫ﺗ ﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟ ﺴﻌﺔ ﻳﻌ ﺮف ﺑ ـ‪ :‬أﻧ ﻪ ﺗﻐﻴ ﺮ اﻟ ﺴﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻣ ﻞ ﺗﺒﻌ ﺎ ﻟﺘﻐﻴ ﺮ اﻟ ﺴﻌﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨ ﺴﺒﺔ ﻹﺷ ﺎرة‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ هﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺑـ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻗﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻜﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﺟﻮدة ﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻬﺬا ﻓﻬﻮ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت اﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﻨﺎس‪ .‬واﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻋﺒﺎرة‬
‫ﻋﻦ إﺷﺎرﺗﻴﻦ‪:‬‬
‫أ‪ -‬إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺮاد ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ب‪ -‬إﺷﺎرة ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺮدد ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وأﻧﻮاع ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ هﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪DSBSC, DSBFC and SSB‬‬
‫واﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١-٧‬ﻳﻈﻬﺮ إﺷﺎرة ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ وﺣﺎﻣﻞ وﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪.‬‬

‫‪f c (t ) = Vc cos(2πf c t ) Carrier signal‬‬

‫‪f m (t ) = Vm cos(2πf mt ) Information signal‬‬

‫)‪(١-٧‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٢-٧‬رﺳﻢ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻧ ﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻟ ﺴﻌﺔ ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل ﻧﻄ ﺎق اﻟﺘ ﺮدد‪ .‬وﻳﻈﻬ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﻇﻬﻮر ﻣﺮآﺒﺘﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ آﻞ ﻣﺮآﺒﺔ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‪ .‬وﻳﻜﻮن ﺗﺮدد اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺘﻴﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ‪:‬‬
‫)‪ f c - f m (max‬و )‪ ، f c + f m (max‬ﺣﻴﺚ إن ) ‪ ( f c‬ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﺮدد اﻟﺤﺎﻣ ﻞ‪ ،‬و ))‪ ( f m (max‬ﺗ ﺮدد اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺔ ﻋﻨ ﺪ‬
‫أﻗﺼﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺮدد‪ .‬وﺗﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ ) )‪ ( f c - f m (max‬ﺑـ )‪ ،(LSB‬واﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ ) ‪ ( f m (max) + f c‬ﺑ ـ )‪.(USB‬‬
‫وﻋﺮض اﻟﻨﻄﺎق ﻓﻲ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻳﺴﺎوي اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮددﻳﻦ ) ‪ ( USB‬و ) ‪ ( LSB‬أو‪:‬‬
‫‪B = 2 f m (max).‬‬
‫‪- ٢٧ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬- ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺼﻞ‬١٣١ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬
Amplitude

Lower Sideband Upper Sideband

Lower side frequencies Upper side frequencies

Frequency
f c - f m (max) fc f c + f m (max)

AM DSBSC

(٢-٧)
:‫• رﺳﻤﺔ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة‬

(٣-٧)

- ٢٨ -
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫• ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬وﺻﻞ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٣-٧‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻓﻌﻞ ) ‪ ( AM‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺷﺮﻳﻂ اﻟﻤﻬﺎم‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﺿﺒﻂ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪DC signal, V DC = 1 V‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬اﻓﺘﺢ ﺟﻬﺎز )‪ ( oscilloscope‬واﺿﺒﻂ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪Y1/div = 2 V, Y2/div = 2 V, X/div = 200 µs, curve = DUAL‬‬
‫‪ .٥‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ )‪.( modulation coefficient k M‬‬
‫‪ .٦‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﺿﺒﻂ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪Sine-wave, f m = 200 Hz, V p-p = 10 V, V DC = 0 V‬‬
‫‪ .٧‬اﻓﺘﺢ ﺟﻬﺎز )‪ ( oscilloscope‬واﺿﺒﻂ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪Y1/div = 5 V, X/div = 500 µs, curve = Y1‬‬
‫‪ .٨‬ارﺳﻢ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٤-٧‬‬
‫‪ .٩‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﺿﺒﻂ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪Triangular-wave, f m = 200 Hz, V p-p = 10 V, V DC = 0 V‬‬
‫اﻓﺘﺢ ﺟﻬﺎز )‪ ( oscilloscope‬واﺿﺒﻂ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.١٠‬‬
‫‪Y1/div = 5 V, X/div = 500 µs, curve = Y1‬‬
‫ارﺳﻢ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺰﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٥-٧‬‬ ‫‪.١١‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﺿﺒﻂ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.١٢‬‬
‫‪Sine-wave, f m = 1 kHz, V p-p = 10 V, V DC = 0 V‬‬
‫اﻓﺘﺢ ﺟﻬﺎز )‪ ( FFT‬واﺿﺒﻂ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.١٣‬‬
‫‪Y1/div = 5 V, X/div = 200 µs, curve = Y1‬‬
‫ارﺳﻢ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺘﺮدد‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٦-٧‬‬ ‫‪.١٤‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺮدد ﻟـ )‪ ( lower sideband‬و )‪.( upper sideband‬‬ ‫‪.١٥‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺮض اﻟﻨﻄﺎق ﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.١٦‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﺿﺒﻂ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.١٧‬‬
‫‪Square-wave, f m = 1 kHz, V p-p = 10 V, V DC = 0 V‬‬
‫اﻓﺘﺢ ﺟﻬﺎز )‪ ( FFT‬واﺿﺒﻂ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.١٨‬‬
‫‪Y1/div = 5 V, X/div = 200 µs, curve = Y1‬‬
‫ارﺳﻢ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺘﺮدد‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٧-٧‬‬ ‫‪.١٩‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪:‬‬
‫إﺷﺎرة اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ هﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪Sine-wave‬‬
‫‪f c = 10 kHz‬‬
‫‪V p-p ≈ 7.5 V‬‬
‫) ‪Fc (t ) = 7.5 sin (2 πf c t‬‬
‫• اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‪:‬‬
‫‪- ٢٩ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫‪VY1‬‬
‫= ‪kM‬‬
‫‪VY2‬‬

‫)‪(٥-٧‬‬ ‫)‪(٤-٧‬‬

‫)‪(٧-٧‬‬ ‫)‪(٦-٧‬‬
‫‪f LSB = f c − f m‬‬

‫‪fUSB = f c + f m‬‬

‫‪BW = 2 × f m‬‬
‫• أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻟﺪرس‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻣﺎ هﻮ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ هﺬﻩ اﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎرات‪:‬‬
‫‪a.‬‬ ‫‪RF‬‬ ‫_______________‬ ‫_______________‬
‫‪b.‬‬ ‫‪LF‬‬ ‫_______________‬ ‫_______________‬
‫‪c.‬‬ ‫‪HF‬‬ ‫_______________‬ ‫_______________‬
‫‪d.‬‬ ‫‪LSB‬‬ ‫_______________‬ ‫_______________‬
‫‪e.‬‬ ‫‪USB‬‬ ‫_______________‬ ‫_______________‬
‫‪f.‬‬ ‫‪DSB‬‬ ‫_______________‬ ‫_______________‬

‫‪ .٢‬ﻓﻲ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‪ ،‬آﻢ ﻋﺪد إﺷﺎرات اﻟﺪﺧﻞ؟‬

‫‪- ٣٠ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫_________________________________________________________‬
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‫‪ .٣‬هﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﺸﺎهﺪة إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل رﺳﻤﺔ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ؟‬
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‫• اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‪:‬‬
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‫_________________________________________________________‬
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‫‪- ٣١ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫‪٨‬‬ ‫رﻗﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬

‫)‪AM (DSBFC‬‬ ‫اﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬

‫• اﻟﻬﺪف ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﻮف ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ دراﺳﺔ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ )‪.(AM DSBFC‬‬

‫• اﻟﺸﺮح‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﺒﻖ دراﺳﺔ )‪ ( AM DSBSC‬وﻟﻜﻦ آﺎن ﻓﻲ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻋﻴ ﺐ‪ ،‬وه ﻮ ﻋ ﺪم ﻇﻬ ﻮر‬
‫ﻣﺮآﺒﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ‪ .‬وذﻟﻚ ﻷن اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺣﺘ ﻰ ﻳ ﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﻓ ﻚ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻀﻤﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠ ﺐ ﻣﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ ﻗﻴﻤ ﺔ ﺗ ﺮدد‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﺪرس ﺳﻮف ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ آﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ هﺬا اﻟﻌﻴﺐ‪ ،‬وﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ) ‪ ( AM DSBSC‬إﻟﻰ )‪ .( AM DSBFC‬وهﻨﺎك ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﺎن ﻹﻇﻬﺎر ﻣﺮآﺒﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻧ ﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻀﻤﻴﻦ )‪ ( AM DSBSC‬ﻳ ﺘﻢ إدﺧﺎﻟ ﻪ ﻋﻠ ﻰ ﺟ ﺎﻣﻊ‪،‬‬
‫وﻳﻮﺻ ﻞ أﻳ ﻀﺎ ﺑﻬ ﺬا اﻟﺠ ﺎﻣﻊ إﺷ ﺎرة اﻟﺤﺎﻣ ﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺘﺤ ﻮل اﻹﺷ ﺎرة إﻟ ﻰ‬
‫)‪ ( AM DSBFC‬آﻤﺎ هﻮ ﻣﻮﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١-٨‬‬
‫‪Source‬‬ ‫‪Information‬‬ ‫‪AM‬‬ ‫‪DSBSC‬‬ ‫‪Summation‬‬ ‫‪DSBFC‬‬
‫‪Modulator‬‬ ‫‪Stage‬‬
‫‪Signal‬‬

‫‪Oscillator‬‬ ‫‪Carrier‬‬ ‫‪Carrier‬‬

‫‪Signal‬‬ ‫‪Signal‬‬

‫)‪(١-٨‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻳﺘﻢ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ) ‪ ( DC‬إﻟﻰ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ ،‬آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٢-٨‬‬

‫‪Source‬‬ ‫‪Information‬‬ ‫‪AM‬‬ ‫‪DSBSC‬‬ ‫‪Summation‬‬ ‫‪DSBFC‬‬

‫‪Modulator‬‬ ‫‪Stage‬‬
‫‪Signal‬‬

‫‪Oscillator‬‬ ‫‪Carrier‬‬ ‫‪Carrier‬‬

‫‪Signal‬‬ ‫‪Signal‬‬

‫)‪(٢-٨‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٣-٨‬ﻳﻤﺜﻞ )‪ ،( AM DSBFC‬وهﻮ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼث ﻣﺮآﺒﺎت‪:‬‬
‫) ‪ ( f c - f m‬و) ‪ ( f c + f m,‬و ) ‪ ، ( f c‬ﺣﻴﺚ إن ) ‪ ( f c‬ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﺮدد اﻟﺤﺎﻣ ﻞ‪ ،‬و ))‪( f m (max‬‬
‫ﺗﺮدد اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ أﻗﺼﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺮدد‪.‬‬
‫وﺗ ﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒ ﺔ ) )‪ ( f c - f m (max‬ﺑ ـ )‪ ،(LSB‬واﻟﻤﺮآﺒ ﺔ ) ‪ ( f m (max) + f c‬ﺑ ـ )‪ .(USB‬وﻋ ﺮض اﻟﻨﻄ ﺎق‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻳﺴﺎوي اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮددﻳﻦ ) ‪ ( USB‬و ) ‪ ( LSB‬أو‪:‬‬
‫‪B = 2 f m (max).‬‬

‫‪- ٣٢ -‬‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬- ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺼﻞ‬١٣١ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

Amplitude Carrier AM
DSBFC
LSB USB

Lower side frequencies Upper side frequencies

Frequency
fc - fm fc fc + fm

(٣-٨)
:‫• رﺳﻤﺔ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة‬

(٤-٨)

(٥-٨)
:‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‬

- ٣٣ -
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫إﺷﺎرة اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ هﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪Sine-wave‬‬
‫‪f c = 10 kHz‬‬
‫‪V p-p ≈ 7.5 V‬‬
‫) ‪Fc (t ) = 7.5 sin (2 πf c t‬‬
‫ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬
‫وﺻﻞ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٤-٨‬‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ ) ‪ ( AM‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺷﺮﻳﻂ اﻟﻤﻬﺎم‪.‬‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﺿﺒﻂ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫‪Sine-wave, f m = 1 kHz, V p-p = 2 V, V DC = 1.7 V‬‬
‫اﻓﺘﺢ ﺟﻬﺎز )‪ ( FFT‬واﺿﺒﻂ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫‪Y1/div = 5 V, X/div = 500 µs, curve = Y1‬‬
‫ارﺳﻢ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺰﻣﻦ و اﻟﺘﺮدد ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٦-٨‬‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺮدد ﻟـ )‪ ( lower sideband‬و )‪.( upper sideband‬‬ ‫‪.٦‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺮض اﻟﻨﻄﺎق ﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.٧‬‬
‫أﻋﺪ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٥-٨‬‬ ‫‪.٨‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﺿﺒﻂ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.٩‬‬
‫‪Sine-wave, f m = 1 kHz, V p-p = 2.5 V, V DC = 0 V‬‬

‫اﻓﺘﺢ ﺟﻬﺎز )‪ ( FFT‬واﺿﺒﻂ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.١٠‬‬

‫‪Y1/div = 5 V, X/div = 500 µs, curve = Y1‬‬
‫ارﺳﻢ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺰﻣﻦ و اﻟﺘﺮدد ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٧-٨‬‬ ‫‪.١١‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺮدد ﻟـ )‪ ( lower sideband‬و )‪.( upper sideband‬‬ ‫‪.١٢‬‬
‫اﺣﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺮض اﻟﻨﻄﺎق ﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.١٣‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﺿﺒﻂ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.١٤‬‬
‫‪Triangular-wave, f m = 1 kHz, V p-p = 2.5 V, V DC = 0 V‬‬
‫اﻓﺘﺢ ﺟﻬﺎز )‪ ( FFT‬واﺿﺒﻂ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.١٥‬‬
‫‪Y1/div = 5 V, X/div = 500 µs, curve = Y1‬‬
‫ارﺳﻢ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺰﻣﻦ و اﻟﺘﺮدد ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٨-٨‬‬ ‫‪.١٦‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﺿﺒﻂ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.١٧‬‬
‫‪Square-wave, f m = 1 kHz, V p-p = 2.5 V, V DC = 0 V‬‬
‫اﻓﺘﺢ ﺟﻬﺎز )‪ ( FFT‬واﺿﺒﻂ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.١٨‬‬
‫‪Y1/div = 5 V, X/div = 500 µs, curve = Y1‬‬
‫ارﺳﻢ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺰﻣﻦ و اﻟﺘﺮدد ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٩-٨‬‬ ‫‪.١٩‬‬

‫‪- ٣٤ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫• اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(٦-٨‬‬
‫‪f LSB = f c − f m‬‬

‫‪fUSB = f c + f m‬‬

‫‪BW = 2 × f m‬‬

‫)‪(٧-٨‬‬
‫‪f LSB = f c − f m‬‬

‫‪fUSB = f c + f m‬‬

‫‪BW = 2 × f m‬‬

‫‪- ٣٥ -‬‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫)‪(٨-٨‬‬

‫)‪(٩-٨‬‬

‫‪- ٣٦ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫• أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻟﺪرس‪:‬‬

‫‪ .١‬ﻣﺎ هﻲ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺘﺎن اﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ )‪( AM DSBFC‬؟‬
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‫‪ .٢‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﻮع إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ هﻮ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﺬي ﺣﺼﻞ؟‬

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‫• اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‪:‬‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
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‫‪- ٣٧ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫‪٩‬‬ ‫رﻗﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬

‫ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ‪AM‬‬ ‫اﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬

‫• اﻟﻬﺪف ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﻮف ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ آﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ‪ ،‬وﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫• اﻟﺸﺮح‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ‪ :‬ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺗﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ )‪( AM‬‬
‫وﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ‪ :‬هﻮ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ )‪.(%١٠٠‬‬

‫‪Em‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬
‫‪Ec‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪Em‬‬ ‫) ‪(Vmax − Vmin‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫) ‪E c = (Vmax + Vmin‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫) ‪(V − Vmin‬‬
‫‪m = max‬‬
‫) ‪(Vmax + Vmin‬‬
‫‪M = m × 100‬‬

‫)‪(m=0‬‬ ‫إﺷﺎرة اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ)‪(٢-٩‬‬ ‫إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ)‪(١-٩‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ‪m=1‬‬ ‫)‪ (٤-٩‬ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪m<1‬‬ ‫)‪ (٣-٩‬ﻧﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬

‫‪- ٣٨ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫‪V max‬‬
‫‪V min‬‬

‫‪YT MODE‬‬ ‫)‪ (٦-٩‬ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫‪m>1‬‬ ‫)‪ (٥-٩‬ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬

‫اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ) ‪( YT‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ) ‪ (١-٩‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ واﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ( ٢-٩‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ‪ .‬و ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻳﻜ ﻮن‬
‫ﻟﻪ أرﺑﻊ ﺣﺎﻻت‪:‬‬
‫‪a. No-modulation‬‬ ‫‪m=0‬‬ ‫اﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪٩‬ـ‪(٢‬‬
‫‪b. Under-modulation‬‬ ‫‪m<1‬‬ ‫اﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪٩‬ـ‪(٣‬‬
‫‪c. Full-modulation‬‬ ‫‪m=1‬‬ ‫اﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪٩‬ـ‪(٤‬‬
‫‪d. Over modulation‬‬ ‫‪m>1‬‬ ‫اﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪٩‬ـ‪(٥‬‬

‫وﺗﺴﻤﻰ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻣ ﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬ ﺎ ﻳﻈﻬ ﺮ اﻟﺮﺳ ﻢ ﻟﻴ ﺘﻢ ﺣ ﺴﺎب ﻣﻌﺎﻣ ﻞ اﻟﺘ ﻀﻤﻴﻦ ) ‪YT‬‬
‫‪ .( mode‬واﻟﺸﻜﻞ) ‪ (٦-٩‬ﻳﻮﺿﺢ آﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ‪.‬‬

‫وهﻨﺎك ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ أﺧﺮى ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﻟﻴﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ) ‪modulation‬‬
‫‪ (trapezoid or XY mode‬واﻧﻈﺮ آﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻇﻬﻮر اﻟﺮﺳﻢ ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺸﻜﻞ‪، ٧-٩ ):‬‬
‫‪ .(٩-٩ ،٨-٩‬واﻧﻈ ﺮ آﻴﻔﻴ ﺔ ﺣ ﺴﺎب ﻣﻌﺎﻣ ﻞ اﻟﺘ ﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل اﻟ ﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(١٠-٩‬وﻳﻄﺒ ﻖ ﻧﻔ ﺲ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺬي اﺳﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‪m=1‬‬ ‫)‪ (٨-٩‬ﻧﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‪m<1‬‬ ‫)‪ (٧-٩‬ﻧﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ‬

‫‪- ٣٩ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫‪V max‬‬

‫‪V min‬‬

‫‪XY MODE‬‬ ‫)‪ (١٠-٩‬ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫)‪ (٩-٩‬ﻧﺎﺗﺞ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‪m>1‬‬

‫اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ) ‪( YT‬‬
‫• رﺳﻤﺔ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة‪:‬‬

‫)‪(١١-٩‬‬
‫ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬
‫وﺻﻞ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١١-٩‬‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ ) ‪ ( AM‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺷﺮﻳﻂ اﻟﻤﻬﺎم‪.‬‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﺿﺒﻂ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫‪Sine-wave, f m = 1 kHz, V p-p = 2.5 V, V DC = 0 V‬‬
‫اﻓﺘﺢ ﺟﻬﺎز ) ‪ (oscilloscope‬واﺿﺒﻂ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.٤‬‬
‫‪Y1/div = 5 V, X/div = 500 µs, curve = Y٢‬‬
‫ارﺳﻢ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١٢-٩‬‬ ‫‪.٥‬‬
‫اﺣ ﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻤ ﺔ اﻟ ـ ) ‪ (coefficient of modulation‬و )‪(percent modulation‬‬ ‫‪.٦‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ )‪.(YT mode‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﺿﺒﻂ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.٧‬‬
‫‪Sine-wave, f m = 1 kHz, V p-p = 3.4 V, V DC = 0 V‬‬
‫اﻓﺘﺢ ﺟﻬﺎز ) ‪ (oscilloscope‬واﺿﺒﻂ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.٨‬‬
‫‪Y1/div = 5 V, X/div = 200 µs, curve = Y٢‬‬
‫‪- ٤٠ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫‪ .٩‬ارﺳﻢ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١٣-٩‬‬

‫اﺣ ﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻤ ﺔ اﻟ ـ ) ‪ (coefficient of modulation‬و )‪(percent modulation‬‬ ‫‪.١٠‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ )‪.(YT mode‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﺿﺒﻂ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.١١‬‬
‫‪Sine-wave, f m = 1 kHz, V p-p = 5.5 V, V DC = 0 V‬‬
‫اﻓﺘﺢ ﺟﻬﺎز ) ‪ (oscilloscope‬واﺿﺒﻂ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.١٢‬‬
‫‪Y1/div = 5 V, X/div = 200 µs, curve = Y٢‬‬
‫ارﺳﻢ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١٤-٩‬‬ ‫‪.١٣‬‬
‫اﺣ ﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻤ ﺔ اﻟ ـ ) ‪ (coefficient of modulation‬و )‪(percent modulation‬‬ ‫‪.١٤‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ )‪.(YT mode‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﺿﺒﻂ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.١٥‬‬
‫‪Sine-wave, f m = 200 Hz, V p-p = 2.5 V, V DC = 0 V‬‬
‫اﻓﺘﺢ ﺟﻬﺎز ) ‪ (oscilloscope‬واﺿﺒﻂ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.١٦‬‬
‫‪Y1/div = 500 mV, Y2/div = 2 V, X/div = 500 µs, curve = XY‬‬
‫ارﺳﻢ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١٥-٩‬‬ ‫‪.١٧‬‬
‫اﺣ ﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻤ ﺔ اﻟ ـ ) ‪ (coefficient of modulation‬و )‪(percent modulation‬‬ ‫‪.١٨‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ )‪.(XT mode‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﺿﺒﻂ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.١٩‬‬
‫‪Sine-wave, f m = 200 Hz, V p-p = 3.4V, V DC = 0 V‬‬
‫اﻓﺘﺢ ﺟﻬﺎز ) ‪ (oscilloscope‬واﺿﺒﻂ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.٢٠‬‬
‫‪Y1/div = 500 mV, Y2/div = 2 V, X/div = 500 µs, curve = XY‬‬
‫ارﺳﻢ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١٦-٩‬‬ ‫‪.٢١‬‬
‫اﺣ ﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻤ ﺔ اﻟ ـ ) ‪ (coefficient of modulation‬و )‪(percent modulation‬‬ ‫‪.٢٢‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ )‪.(XT mode‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﺿﺒﻂ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.٢٣‬‬
‫‪Sine-wave, f m = 200 Hz, V p-p = 5.5 V, V DC = 0 V‬‬
‫اﻓﺘﺢ ﺟﻬﺎز ) ‪ (oscilloscope‬واﺿﺒﻂ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.٢٤‬‬
‫‪Y1/div = 500 mV, Y2/div = 2 V, X/div = 500 µs, curve = XY‬‬
‫ارﺳﻢ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺰﻣﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١٧-٩‬‬ ‫‪.٢٥‬‬
‫اﺣ ﺴﺐ ﻗﻴﻤ ﺔ اﻟ ـ ) ‪ (coefficient of modulation‬و )‪(percent modulation‬‬ ‫‪.٢٦‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ )‪.(XT mode‬‬

‫‪- ٤١ -‬‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫• اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(١٣-٩‬‬ ‫)‪(١٢-٩‬‬

‫)‪(١٥-٩‬‬ ‫)‪(١٤-٩‬‬

‫‪- ٤٢ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬- ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺼﻞ‬١٣١ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

(١٧-٩) (١٦-٩)
(V − Vmin )
m = max
(Vmax + Vmin )
M = m × 100
Modulation
V max V min m M
condition
Step-06
Step-10
Step-14
Step-18
Step-22
Step-26
(١-٩) ‫ﺟﺪول‬

- ٤٣ -
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫• أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻟﺪرس‪:‬‬

‫‪ .١‬ﺿﻊ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ) ‪ ( 9‬أﻣﺎم اﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫• ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻳﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‪:‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫أ‪ .‬اﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ‪.‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫ب‪ .‬اﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٢‬هﻞ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ إذا ﻟﻢ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ إﺷﺎرة ﺣﺎﻣﻞ؟‬
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‫• اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‪:‬‬
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‫‪- ٤٤ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫________________________‬

‫‪- ٤٥ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫رﻗﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬

‫)‪AM (SSB‬‬ ‫اﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬

‫• اﻟﻬﺪف ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﻮف ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ دراﺳﺔ )‪.((AM-SSB) single sideband AM‬‬

‫• اﻟﺸﺮح‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﺒﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪرس اﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ دراﺳﺔ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟ ﺴﻌﺔ‪ ،‬وآﻴﻔﻴ ﺔ ﺣ ﺴﺎب ﻣﻌﺎﻣ ﻞ اﻟﺘ ﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻟ ﻪ‪،‬‬
‫وﻟﻜﻦ ﺗ ﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟ ﺴﻌﺔ )‪ (AM-DSB‬ﻳﻮﺟ ﺪ ﻟ ﻪ ﻋﻴﺒ ﺎن ﺗﻘﻠ ﻞ ﻣ ﻦ اﻻﺳ ﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻨ ﻪ ﺑ ﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴ ﺪ‪،‬‬
‫وهﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬آﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻬﻠﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻻﺗ ﺼﺎل ﻣ ﻦ اﻷﻣ ﻮر اﻟﻤﻬﻤ ﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺘ ﻲ ﻳﺠ ﺐ أﺧ ﺬهﺎ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﺤ ﺴﺒﺎن‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‪ .‬وﻧﺠﺪ اﻹﺷﺎرة ﻓﻲ )‪(AM-DSB‬ﺗﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻃﺎﻗﺔ آﺒﻴﺮة وذﻟﻚ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﻮﺟ ﻮد ﺛ ﻼث ﻣﺮآﺒ ﺎت‪ ،‬ﻣ ﺮآﺒﺘﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﺟ ﺪ ﻓﻴﻬﻤ ﺎ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺔ ﻣﻜ ﺮرة‪ ،‬وﻣﺮآﺒ ﺔ ﻹﻇﻬ ﺎر ﻗﻴﻤ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻣ ﻞ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤ ﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ وﺗ ﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﺛﻠﺜ ﻲ اﻟﻄﺎﻗ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣ ﻊ أﻧﻨ ﺎ ﻻ ﻧﺤﺘ ﺎج إﻻ إﻟ ﻰ ﺗ ﺮدد اﻟﺤﺎﻣ ﻞ وﻻ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺮض اﻟﻨﻄﺎق اﻟﻤﺤﺠﻮزة آﺒﻴﺮة‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ إﻧﻬﺎ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ )‪ (LSB‬و )‪ ،( USB‬وهﺬا ﻳﻌﻨ ﻲ‬
‫أن اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺔ ﺳ ﻮف ﺗﺤﺠ ﺰ ﻋ ﺮض ﻧﻄ ﺎق آﺒﻴ ﺮ ﻣ ﻦ اﻟﻘﻨ ﺎة‪ .‬ﻣ ﻊ أن ) ‪ (LSB‬و )‪ ( USB‬آﻼهﻤ ﺎ‬
‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻤﻜﻦ اﻻﺳﺘﻐﻨﺎء ﻋﻦ أﺣﺪ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺘﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫‪Source‬‬ ‫‪Information‬‬ ‫‪AM‬‬ ‫‪DSB‬‬ ‫‪Filter‬‬ ‫‪SSB‬‬

‫‪signal‬‬ ‫‪Modulator‬‬ ‫‪Signal‬‬ ‫‪Signal‬‬

‫‪Oscillator‬‬ ‫‪Carrier‬‬
‫‪signal‬‬
‫)‪ (١-١٠‬ﻧﻈﺎم اﺗﺼﺎﻻت ﻳﻤﺜﻞ )‪(SSB‬‬

‫وﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻔﻠﺘﺮ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺳﻮف ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣ ﻦ ه ﺬﻳﻦ اﻟﻌﻴﺒ ﻴﻦ‪ .‬ﺣﻴ ﺚ ﻳ ﺘﻢ اﺳ ﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻪ ﺑﻌ ﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺘﺤﻮل اﻹﺷﺎرة ﻣﻦ )‪ ( AM-DSB‬إﻟﻰ ) ‪.( AM-SSB‬‬
‫) ‪ ( AM-SSB‬ﻟ ﻪ اﻟﻌﺪﻳ ﺪ ﻣ ﻦ اﻷﻧ ﻮاع ﻓ ﻲ أﻧﻈﻤ ﺔ اﻻﺗ ﺼﺎﻻت‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻄ ﻲ ﻋ ﺮض ﻧﻄ ﺎق ﻣﺨﺘﻠ ﻒ‪،‬‬
‫وآﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ آﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬وﻣﻦ أهﻢ أﻧﻮاﻋﻪ‪:‬‬
‫أ‪:AM single sideband full carrier (SSBFC) -‬‬
‫ﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬا اﻟﻨ ﻮع ﻳ ﺘﻢ إرﺳ ﺎل أﺣ ﺪ اﻟﻤ ﺮآﺒﺘﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺔ ﻓﻘ ﻂ‪ ،‬ﻣ ﻊ إﻇﻬ ﺎر ﻣﺮآﺒ ﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻣ ﻞ‬
‫واﺳﺘﻬﻼآﻬﺎ آﺎﻣﻞ ﻃﺎﻗﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ب‪:AM single sideband suppressed carrier (SSBSC) -‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻳﺘﻢ إرﺳﺎل ﻣﺮآﺒﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪم ﻇﻬﻮر ﻣﺮآﺒﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪- ٤٦ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫ج‪:AM single sideband reduced carrier (SSBRC) -‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻳﺘﻢ إرﺳﺎل ﻣﺮآﺒﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮآﺒﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫د‪:AM independent sideband (ISB) -‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ هﺬا اﻟﻨﻮع ﻳﺘﻢ إرﺳﺎل ﻣﺮآﺒﺘﻴﻦ ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮآﺒﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫هـ‪:AM vestigial sideband (VSB) -‬‬
‫ﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬا اﻟﻨ ﻮع ﻳ ﺘﻢ إرﺳ ﺎل ﻣﺮآﺒ ﺔ واﺣ ﺪة آﺎﻣﻠ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣ ﻊ ﺟ ﺰء ﻣ ﻦ ﻣﺮآﺒ ﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻣ ﻞ‬
‫وﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺔ اﻷﺧﺮى ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﺗﺠﺪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪ (٢-١٠‬اﻟﺮﺳﻮﻣﺎت اﻟﻤﻮﺿﺤﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ اﻷﻧﻮاع‪:‬‬
‫‪Carrier‬‬ ‫‪Carrier‬‬
‫‪DSB‬‬ ‫‪SSBFC‬‬
‫‪Amplitude‬‬

‫‪Amplitude‬‬
‫‪LSB‬‬ ‫‪USB‬‬ ‫‪USB‬‬
‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬
‫‪fc‬‬ ‫‪fc‬‬
‫‪SSBSC‬‬ ‫‪SSBRC‬‬
‫‪Amplitude‬‬

‫‪Amplitude‬‬

‫‪USB‬‬ ‫‪USB‬‬
‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬
‫‪fc‬‬ ‫‪fc‬‬
‫‪Carrier‬‬
‫‪ISB‬‬ ‫‪VSB‬‬
‫‪Amplitude‬‬

‫‪Amplitude‬‬

‫)‪Ch A (f m1‬‬ ‫)‪Ch B (f m2‬‬ ‫‪LSB‬‬ ‫‪USB‬‬

‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬
‫‪fc‬‬ ‫‪fc‬‬

‫)‪(٢ -١٠‬‬

‫‪- ٤٧ -‬‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫• رﺳﻤﺔ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة‪:‬‬

‫)‪(٣-١٠‬‬

‫)‪(٤-١٠‬‬

‫‪- ٤٨ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫• ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬وﺻﻞ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٣-١٠‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻓﻌﻞ ) ‪ ( AM‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺷﺮﻳﻂ اﻟﻤﻬﺎم‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬اﻓﺘﺢ ﺟﻬﺎز )‪ (bode module‬واﺿﺒﻂ اﻹﻋﺪادات ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪f min = 5000 Hz, f max = 25000 Hz, steps = 40, V p-p = 12 V, and deactivate the phase.‬‬
‫)‪(on‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬اﺑﺪأ ﺑﺈﺟﺮاء اﻟﻘﻴﺎس ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻧﻘﻄﺔ )‪.(cut-off‬‬
‫‪ .٥‬ارﺳﻢ اﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟﺨﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻠﺘﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٦‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺤﺴﺎب ﻧﻘﻄﺔ اﻟـ )‪ (cut-off‬ﻟﻠﻔﻠﺘﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٧‬وﺻﻞ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٤-١٠‬‬
‫‪ .٨‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﺿﺒﻂ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Sine-wave, f m = 2.5 kHz, V p-p = 1 V, V DC = 1.7 V‬‬
‫‪ .٩‬اﻓﺘﺢ ﺟﻬﺎز ) ‪ (FFT‬واﺿﺒﻂ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪Y1/div = 5 V, X/div = 200 µs, curve = Y٢, T source = OFF‬‬
‫ارﺳ ﻢ ﻧ ﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻓ ﻲ ﻧﻄ ﺎق اﻟﺘ ﺮدد‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(٦-١٠‬وأآﻤ ﻞ اﻟﺠ ﺪول‬ ‫‪.١٠‬‬
‫)‪.(١-١٠‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﺿﺒﻂ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.١١‬‬
‫‪Sine-wave, f m = 2.5 kHz, V p-p = 1 V, V DC = 0 V‬‬
‫اﻓﺘﺢ ﺟﻬﺎز ) ‪ (FFT‬واﺿﺒﻂ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.١٢‬‬
‫‪Y1/div = 5 V, X/div = 200 µs, curve = Y٢‬‬
‫ارﺳ ﻢ ﻧ ﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻓ ﻲ ﻧﻄ ﺎق اﻟﺘ ﺮدد‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(٧-١٠‬وأآﻤ ﻞ اﻟﺠ ﺪول‬ ‫‪.١٣‬‬
‫)‪.(١-١٠‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﺿﺒﻂ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.١٤‬‬
‫‪Sine-wave, f m = 3.5 kHz, V p-p = 3.4 V, V DC = 1.7 V‬‬
‫اﻓﺘﺢ ﺟﻬﺎز ) ‪ (FFT‬واﺿﺒﻂ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.١٥‬‬
‫‪Y1/div = 5 V, X/div = 200 µs, curve = Y٢‬‬
‫ارﺳ ﻢ ﻧ ﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻓ ﻲ ﻧﻄ ﺎق اﻟﺘ ﺮدد ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(٨-١٠‬وأآﻤ ﻞ اﻟﺠ ﺪول‬ ‫‪.١٦‬‬
‫)‪.(١-١٠‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﺿﺒﻂ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.١٧‬‬
‫‪Sine-wave, f m = 2 kHz, V p-p = 3.4 V, V DC = 1.7 V‬‬
‫اﻓﺘﺢ ﺟﻬﺎز ) ‪ (FFT‬واﺿﺒﻂ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.١٨‬‬
‫‪Y1/div = 5 V, X/div = 200 µs, curve = Y١‬‬
‫ا‬ ‫‪.١٩‬‬
‫رﺳﻢ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺘﺮدد‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(٩-١٠‬وأآﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﺪول )‪.(١-١٠‬‬
‫ﻋ‬ ‫‪.٢٠‬‬
‫ن ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﺿﺒﻂ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Sine-wave, f m = 2.5 kHz, V p-p = 1 V, V DC = 1.7 V‬‬
‫‪- ٤٩ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫ا‬ ‫‪.٢١‬‬
‫ﻓﺘﺢ ﺟﻬﺎز ) ‪ (FFT‬واﺿﺒﻂ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪Y1/div = 5 V, X/div = 200 µs, curve = Y٢‬‬
‫ا‬ ‫‪.٢٢‬‬
‫رﺳﻢ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺘﺮدد‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(١٠-١٠‬وأآﻤﻞ اﻟﺠﺪول )‪.(١-١٠‬‬

‫‪- ٥٠ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫• اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(٥ -١٠‬‬
‫‪f cut −off = ___________ in - 3dB‬‬

‫)‪(٧-١٠‬‬ ‫)‪(٦-١٠‬‬

‫)‪(٩-١٠‬‬ ‫)‪(٨-١٠‬‬

‫‪- ٥١ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬- ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﺼﻞ‬١٣١ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

(١٠-١٠)

Step-10 Frequency Amplitude Step-13 Frequency Amplitude

LSB LSB
Carrier Carrier
USB USB
Step-16 Frequency Amplitude Step-19 Frequency Amplitude
LSB LSB
Carrier Carrier
USB USB
Step-22 Frequency Amplitude
LSB
١-١٠ ‫ﺟﺪول‬
Carrier
USB

- ٥٢ -
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫• أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻟﺪرس‪:‬‬

‫‪ .١‬آﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ إرﺳﺎل ﻣﺮآﺒﺔ واﺣﺪة ﻣﻦ )‪( DSB-AM‬؟‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
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‫_________________________________________________________‬
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‫________________________‬

‫‪ .٢‬هﻞ ﻣﺮآﺒﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻹرﺳﺎل إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‪:‬‬

‫(‬ ‫أ‪ -‬ﻧﻌﻢ‪ ،‬إذا ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ هﻨﺎك ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻼ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ إرﺳﺎل إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‪).‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫ب‪ -‬ﻻ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ إرﺳﺎل اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﺪون وﺟﻮد ﺣﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬

‫• اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‪:‬‬

‫_________________________________________________________‬
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‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
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‫________________________‬

‫‪- ٥٣ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫______‬

‫‪- ٥٤ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜـــﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴــــﺔ اﻟﺴــــﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ وﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎهﺞ‬

‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬

‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد‬

‫‪٤‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد‬

‫‪١١‬‬ ‫رﻗﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫‪FM‬‬ ‫اﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬

‫• اﻟﻬﺪف ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﻮف ﻳ ﺘﻢ ﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑ ﺔ دراﺳ ﺔ اﻟﻤﺬﺑ ﺬب )‪ (VCO‬وآﻴﻔﻴ ﺔ اﻻﺳ ﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻨ ﻪ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗ ﻀﻤﻴﻦ‬
‫اﻟﺘﺮدد )‪.( FM‬‬

‫• اﻟﺸﺮح‪:‬‬
‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ )‪ (VCO‬ﻣﻦ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺬﺑﺬﺑﺎت‪ ،‬وﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻓﻜﺮة هﺬا اﻟﻤﺬﺑﺬب ﻋﻠﻰ أن اﻟ ﺪﺧﻞ ﻳﻜ ﻮن ﻟ ﻪ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﺟﻬﺪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﺨ ﺮج اﻟﻤﺬﺑ ﺬب واﻟ ﺬي ﻳﻜ ﻮن ﻋﺒ ﺎرة ﻋ ﻦ ﺗ ﺮدد‪ .‬وﻳﻮﺿ ﺢ‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪ (١-١١‬ﻣﺜﺎﻻ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺻﻔﺮ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟﺨﺮج ﺳﻮف ﻳﻜﻮن ﺗﺮددﻩ ﺻﻔﺮًا‪.‬‬
‫‪Input‬‬ ‫‪Voltage‬‬ ‫‪Change‬‬
‫‪Signal‬‬ ‫‪Control‬‬ ‫‪in‬‬
‫)‪(١-١١‬‬
‫وﻋﻨﺪ زﻳﺎدة ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﺳﻮف ﻧﺠﺪ أن ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﺗﺮدد اﻟﺨ ﺮج ﺳ ﻮف ﺗﺰﻳ ﺪ ﺑﻌﻼﻗ ﺔ ﻃﺮدﻳ ﺔ‪ .‬آﻤ ﺎ‬
‫هﻮ ﻇﺎهﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٢-١١‬‬
‫وﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﺨﺎﺻ ﻴﺔ ﻟﻬ ﺬا اﻟﻤﺬﺑ ﺬب‪ ،‬ﺗ ﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﻻﺳ ﺘﻔﺎدة ﻣﻨ ﻪ ﻟﻌﻤ ﻞ ﻣ ﻀﻤﻦ اﻟﺘ ﺮدد‬
‫)‪ (FM‬وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﺑﻘﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﺮدد ﻟﻠﺨﺮج ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﻬﺪ اﻟﺪﺧﻞ‪ .‬وﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺠﻌﻞ اﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻟﻠﻤﺬﺑ ﺬب‬
‫)‪ (VCO‬ﻋﺒ ﺎرة ﻋ ﻦ ﻣﻮﺟ ﺔ ﺟﻴﺒﻴ ﺔ أو ﻣﺮﺑﻌ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺈن إﺷ ﺎرة اﻟﺨ ﺮج ﺳ ﻮف ﺗﻜ ﻮن ﻣﻮﺟ ﺔ ﺟﻴﺒﻴ ﺔ أو‬
‫ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺑﻘﻲ ﺳﺆال ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ اﻟﻌﻼﻗ ﺔ ﺑ ﻴﻦ اﻟﺘ ﺮدد ﻟﻠﺨ ﺎرج وﺟﻬ ﺪ اﻟ ﺪﺧﻞ‪ ،‬وه ﻮ ﻣ ﺎ ﻣﻘ ﺪار اﻟﺰﻳ ﺎدة‬
‫اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻮف ﺗﻄﺮأ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﺮدد ﻋﻨﺪ زﻳﺎدة اﻟﺠﻬﺪ؟‬

‫‪- ٥٥ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫وﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ ذﻟ ﻚ ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل ﺣ ﺴﺎب ﻧ ﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺘ ﻀﻤﻴﻦ )‪coefficient modulator‬‬

‫)‪((K‬ﻟﻠﻤﺬﺑﺬب )‪ (VCO‬وذﻟ ﻚ أن ﻧ ﻮع )‪ (VCO‬ﻳﺤ ﺪد ﻣﻘ ﺪار ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﺰﻳ ﺎدة‪ ،‬وﻳﻜ ﻮن ﺣ ﺴﺎب ه ﺬﻩ‬
‫اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺠﻬﺪ و ﺗﺮدد اﻟﺨﺮج‪ ،‬وﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﻧﺴﺒﺔ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ‪:‬‬
‫‪f/Hz‬‬

‫‪f2‬‬

‫‪f 2 − f1 Hz‬‬
‫=‪k‬‬
‫‪V2 − V1‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬
‫‪f1‬‬

‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪V1‬‬ ‫‪V2‬‬ ‫‪(٢ -١١) V/V‬‬

‫‪- ٥٦ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫• رﺳﻤﺔ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة‪:‬‬

‫) ‪( ٣-١١‬‬

‫• ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬وﺻﻞ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٣-١١‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻓﻌﻞ ) ‪ ( FM‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺷﺮﻳﻂ اﻟﻤﻬﺎم‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﺿﺒﻂ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪DC, V DC = 0 V‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬اﻓﺘﺢ ﺟﻬﺎز ) ‪ (frequency counter‬واﺿﺒﻂ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‪trigger = +Y1.:‬‬
‫‪ .٥‬اﺟﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮة ﻟﻠﺴﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٦‬اﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮة ﻟﻠﺘﺮدد ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮن ﺗﺮدد اﻟﺨﺮج ﻟﻠﻤﺬﺑﺬب )‪(10kHz‬‬
‫‪ .٧‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﺿﺒﻂ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Sine-wave, DC, V DC = - 10 V‬‬
‫‪ .٨‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺘﺮدد ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺟﻬﺎز )‪.(frequency counter‬‬
‫‪ .٩‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺰﻳﺎدة اﻟﺠﻬﺪ ﺑﻤﻘ ﺪار )‪ ،( 2.5V‬وأﻋ ﺪ اﻟﺨﻄ ﻮة رﻗ ﻢ )‪ (٨‬ﺣﺘ ﻰ ﺗ ﺼﻞ ﻗﻴﻤ ﺔ اﻟﺠﻬ ﺪ إﻟ ﻰ )‪.(10V‬‬
‫وﻗﻢ ﺑﺈآﻤﺎل اﻟﺠﺪول )‪.(١-١١‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﺠﺪول )‪ (١-١١‬اﻟﺮﺳﻢ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻬﺪ اﻟﺪﺧﻞ وﺗﺮدد اﻟﺨﺮج‪.‬‬ ‫‪.١٠‬‬
‫ﻗﻢ ﺑﺤﺴﺎب )‪ ( modulation coefficient k‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻧﻘﻄﺘﻴﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ) ‪.(V IN = 0V‬‬ ‫‪.١١‬‬

‫‪- ٥٧ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫• اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‪:‬‬

‫)‪IN (V‬‬ ‫‪-10‬‬ ‫‪-7.5‬‬ ‫‪-5‬‬ ‫‪-2.5‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪2.5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪7.5‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫‪OUT‬‬
‫)‪(Hz‬‬

‫‪Fig. 1-3‬‬

‫_____ = ‪V1 = ___ ⇒ f1‬‬

‫_____ = ‪V2 = ___ ⇒ f 2‬‬
‫‪f1 − f 2‬‬
‫=‪k‬‬
‫‪V1 − V2‬‬
‫=‪k‬‬

‫• أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻟﺪرس‪:‬‬

‫‪ .١‬ﺿﻊ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ) ‪ ( 9‬أﻣﺎم اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪ ،‬و ) ‪ ( 8‬أﻣﺎم اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪:‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫أ‪ -‬ﺟﻬﺪ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺪ ﺧﺮج )‪.(VCO‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫ب‪ (VCO) -‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻲ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫(‬ ‫ج‪ (Modulator coefficient) -‬ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺗﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﺘﺮدد ﻟـ )‪) .(VCO‬‬

‫‪- ٥٨ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫‪ .٢‬ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل اﻟﺠ ﺪول )‪ (١-١١‬واﻟﺮﺳ ﻤﺔ )‪ ،(٢-١١‬ﻣ ﺎ ه ﻲ اﻟﻌﻼﻗ ﺔ ﺑ ﻴﻦ ﺟﻬ ﺪ اﻟ ﺪﺧﻞ وﺗ ﺮدد‬

‫اﻟﺨﺮج؟‬
‫_______________________________________________________‬
‫_______________________________________________________‬
‫_______________________________________________________‬
‫_______________________________________________________‬
‫________________________‬

‫‪ .٣‬ﻣﺎ هﻲ اﻟﻔﺎﺋﺪة ﻣﻦ دراﺳﺔ ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ )‪(Modulator coefficient‬؟‬

‫_______________________________________________________‬
‫_______________________________________________________‬
‫_______________________________________________________‬
‫_______________________________________________________‬
‫________________________‬

‫• اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‪:‬‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫____________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫____________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫____________________________________‬

‫‪- ٥٩ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫رﻗﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬

‫ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ‪FM‬‬ ‫اﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬

‫• اﻟﻬﺪف ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﻮف ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ دراﺳﺔ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد )‪ ،(FM‬وآﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﻟﻪ‪.‬‬

‫• اﻟﺸﺮح‪:‬‬
‫ﺗ ﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘ ﺮدد واﻟﻄ ﻮر آﻼهﻤ ﺎ ﻳﻤ ﺜﻼن )‪ ،(angle modulation‬ﻓﻔ ﻲ ﺗ ﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﻄ ﻮر‬
‫)‪ (PM‬ﺳﻮف ﺗﺆﺛﺮ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮر اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ .‬وﻓﻲ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد ) ‪ ( FM‬ﻓﺈن‬
‫إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﺳﻮف ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻓ ﻲ ﺗ ﺮدد اﻟﺤﺎﻣ ﻞ‪ .‬واﻟ ﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (١-١٢‬ﻳﻮﺿ ﺢ ﺗ ﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘ ﺮدد )‪( FM‬‬
‫وآﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪A/V‬‬ ‫‪Modulating Signal‬‬

‫‪t/s‬‬

‫‪A/V‬‬ ‫‪Carrier Signal‬‬

‫‪t/s‬‬

‫‪A/V‬‬
‫‪A/V‬‬ ‫‪Modulated Signal‬‬

‫‪t/s‬‬
‫)‪(١-١٢‬‬

‫‪- ٦٠ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد رﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‪:‬‬

‫]) ‪m(t ) = Vc cos[ωc t + θ (t‬‬
‫]) ‪m(t ) = Vc cos[ωc t + m cos(ω m t‬‬

‫واﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٢-١٢‬ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﻷﺣﺪ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻤﺬﺑﺬب )‪ (VCO‬اﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ )‪ (diode‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺳﻌﺔ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ إﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺮدد اﻟﺨﺮج‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٢-١٢‬‬
‫وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب أﻗﺼﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻟﺘﺮدد اﻟﻤﺬﺑﺬب ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل هﺬا اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن‪:‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= ‪fc‬‬
‫‪2π LC‬‬
‫وﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ وﻣﻘﺪار أﻗﺼﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﺮدد ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‪:‬‬
‫‪k × Vm ∆f‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪fm‬‬ ‫‪fm‬‬
‫‪∆f = k × Vm‬‬

‫‪- ٦١ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫• رﺳﻤﺔ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة‪:‬‬

‫)‪(٣-١٢‬‬

‫• ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬وﺻﻞ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٣-١٢‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻓﻌﻞ ) ‪ ( FM‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺷﺮﻳﻂ اﻟﻤﻬﺎم‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﺿﺒﻂ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪DC, V DC = 0 V‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬اﻓﺘﺢ ﺟﻬﺎز ) ‪ (frequency counter‬واﺿﺒﻂ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪trigger = +Y1‬‬
‫‪ .٥‬اﺟﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮة ﻟﻠﺴﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٦‬اﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮة ﻟﻠﺘﺮدد ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮن ﺗﺮدد اﻟﺨﺮج ﻟﻠﻤﺬﺑﺬب )‪(10kHz‬‬
‫‪ .٧‬اﺿﺒﻂ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‪trigger = OFF :‬‬
‫‪ .٨‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﺿﺒﻂ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Sine-wave, V p-p = 20 V, fm = 1 kHz, V DC = 0 V.‬‬
‫‪ .٩‬اﻓﺘﺢ ﺟﻬﺎز ) ‪ (FFT‬واﺿﺒﻂ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪curve = Y1, f min = 0 kHz, f max = 20 kHz, Y1/div = 5V, X/div = 200µs.‬‬
‫ارﺳﻢ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺘﺮدد‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(٤-١٢‬‬ ‫‪.١٠‬‬
‫ﻗﻢ ﺑﺤﺴﺎب ‪ .∆F ، BFM ، µ :‬واﺟﻌﻞ‪k = 280 Hz / V :‬‬ ‫‪.١١‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﺿﺒﻂ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.١٢‬‬
‫‪Sine-wave, V p-p = 10 V, fm = 1.5 kHz, V DC = 0 V.‬‬
‫اﻓﺘﺢ ﺟﻬﺎز ) ‪ (FFT‬واﺿﺒﻂ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.١٣‬‬
‫‪curve = Y1, f min = 0 kHz, f max = 20 kHz, Y1/div = 5V, X/div = 200µs.‬‬
‫ارﺳﻢ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺘﺮدد‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(٥-١٢‬‬ ‫‪.١٤‬‬
‫ﻗﻢ ﺑﺤﺴﺎب ‪ .∆F ، BFM ، µ :‬واﺟﻌﻞ‪k = 280 Hz / V :‬‬ ‫‪.١٥‬‬
‫‪- ٦٢ -‬‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫• اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(٤-١٢‬‬

‫)‪(٥-١٢‬‬
‫‪k × Vm‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬ ‫‪, use Vm = V p‬‬ ‫= ‪BFM = 2 × (m + 1) × f m‬‬ ‫= ‪∆ f = k × Vm‬‬
‫‪fm‬‬

‫)‪(٦-١٢‬‬
‫‪k × Vm‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬ ‫‪, use Vm = V p‬‬ ‫= ‪BFM = 2 × (m + 1) × f m‬‬ ‫= ‪∆ f = k × Vm‬‬
‫‪fm‬‬

‫• أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻟﺪرس‪:‬‬

‫‪- ٦٣ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫‪ .١‬ﻓﻲ )‪ (angle modulation‬ﻣﺎ هﻲ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﻮف ﻳﺘﻢ اﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ؟‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫أ‪ .‬اﻟﺴﻌﺔ و اﻟﻄﻮر‪.‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫ب‪ .‬اﻟﺘﺮدد و اﻟﺴﻌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫ج‪ .‬اﻟﺘﺮدد و اﻟﻄﻮر‪.‬‬

‫‪ .٢‬ﺿﻊ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ ) ‪ ( 9‬أﻣﺎم اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪ ،‬و ) ‪ ( 8‬أﻣﺎم اﻟﻌﺒﺎرة ﻏﻴﺮ اﻟﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪:‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫أ‪ .‬إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻄﻮر ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ )‪.(PM‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫ب‪ (FM modulators) .‬ﻳﺼﻤﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻤﺬﺑﺬب )‪.(VCO‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﺟﻬﺪ اﻟﺪﺧﻞ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻬﺪ اﻟـ )‪.(VCO‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫د‪ (Modulator coefficient) .‬ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮع اﻟـ )‪(VCO‬‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬ ‫هـ‪ .‬إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ )‪(FM‬‬

‫‪ .٣‬ﻣﺎ هﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد )‪(FM‬؟‬

‫أ‪_________________________________________________ .‬‬
‫_____‬
‫ب‪_________________________________________________ .‬‬
‫_____‬
‫ج‪_________________________________________________ .‬‬
‫_____‬

‫‪ .٤‬ﻓﻲ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد )‪ (FM‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺮض اﻟﻨﻄﺎق ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ) ‪Carson‬‬
‫‪ ،(bandwidth‬هﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺮآﺒﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد ﺧﺎرج ﻋﺮض اﻟﻨﻄﺎق اﻟﻤﺤﺴﻮب‬
‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ )‪(Carson bandwidth‬؟‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫________________________‬

‫• اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‪:‬‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫____________________________________‬

‫‪- ٦٤ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫______‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫____________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫______‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫____________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫______‬

‫‪- ٦٥ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫‪١٣‬‬ ‫رﻗﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬

‫ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ‪FM‬‬ ‫اﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬

‫• اﻟﻬﺪف ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﻮف ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ إآﻤ ﺎل دراﺳ ﺔ ﺗ ﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘ ﺮدد )‪ .( FM‬وذﻟ ﻚ ﺑﺪراﺳ ﺔ ﻃﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ‬
‫أﺧﺮى ﻟﺤﺴﺎب ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ )‪.(3-line method‬‬
‫• اﻟﺸﺮح‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪرس اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ آﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ وذﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻌﺮﻓ ﺔ ﻗﻴﻤ ﺔ إﺷ ﺎرة‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ ه ﺬا اﻟ ﺪرس ﺳ ﻮف ﻧﺄﺧ ﺬ ﻃﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ ﺟﺪﻳ ﺪة ﻟﺤ ﺴﺎب ﻣﻌﺎﻣ ﻞ اﻟﺘ ﻀﻤﻴﻦ وﻟﻜﻨﻬ ﺎ ﺗﻌﺘﻤ ﺪ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‬
‫رﺳﻤﺔ اﻟﺨﺮج‪ ،‬آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪.(١-١٣‬‬
‫‪Bessel functions of the first kind‬‬

‫‪1.0‬‬

‫‪0.9‬‬ ‫‪J0‬‬

‫‪0.8‬‬

‫‪0.7‬‬

‫‪0.6‬‬ ‫‪J1‬‬
‫‪J2‬‬
‫‪0.5‬‬
‫‪J3‬‬
‫‪J4‬‬
‫‪0.4‬‬

‫‪0.3‬‬
‫)‪Jn(m‬‬

‫‪0.2‬‬

‫‪0.1‬‬

‫‪0.0‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪-0.1‬‬

‫‪-0.2‬‬

‫‪-0.3‬‬

‫‪-0.4‬‬

‫‪-0.5‬‬
‫‪Modulation index m‬‬

‫)‪(١-١٣‬‬
‫) ‪2 × n × J n (µ‬‬
‫=‪µ‬‬
‫) ‪J n+1 (µ ) + J n−1 (µ‬‬

‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪ (١-١٣‬ﺗﺒﻴﻦ اﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﻤﻄﺒ ﻖ ﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬﻩ اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ‪ ،‬وه ﻮ ﻳﻌﺘﻤ ﺪ ﻋﻠ ﻰ اﺧ ﺬ ﺛ ﻼث ﻗ ﻴﻢ ﻟ ﺴﻌﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺎت ﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜﻼ ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (n = 2‬ﻓﻬﺬا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أﻧﻨﺎ ﺳ ﻮف ﻧﺄﺧ ﺬ أول ﺛ ﻼث‬
‫ﻣﺮآﺒﺎت ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴﻤﻴﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫) ‪ ( LSL1, LSL2 , LSL3‬آﻤ ﺎ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺸﻜﻞ )‪ ،(٢-١٣‬وﻋﻨ ﺪ اﻟﺘﻌ ﻮﻳﺾ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻘ ﺎﻧﻮن ﻓ ﺈن اﻟﻨ ﺎﺗﺞ‬
‫ﺳﻮف ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪:(٢-١٣‬‬
‫‪4 × LSL2‬‬
‫=‪µ‬‬ ‫)‪١٣‬ـ‪(٢‬‬
‫‪LSL1 + LSL3‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻇﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪- ٦٦ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬- ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫ ﺗﺼﻞ‬١٣١ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

LSL: mains Lower Side Line.

A/V

LSL 1

Carrier
LSL 2
LSL 3

fm

f c – 2f m fc (f c٢+-2f
١٣m ) f/Hz

f c – 3f m fc– fm fc+ fm f c – 3f m

- ٦٧ -
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫• رﺳﻤﺔ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة‪:‬‬

‫)‪(٣-١٣‬‬

‫ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫•‬

‫وﺻﻞ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٣-١٣‬‬ ‫‪.١‬‬
‫ﻓﻌﻞ ) ‪ ( FM‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺷﺮﻳﻂ اﻟﻤﻬﺎم‪.‬‬ ‫‪.٢‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﺿﺒﻂ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.٣‬‬
‫‪DC, V DC = 0 V‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬اﻓ ﺘﺢ ﺟﻬ ﺎز ) ‪ (frequency counter‬واﺿ ﺒﻂ ﻟﻮﺣ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠ ﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪trigger= +Y1‬‬
‫‪ .٥‬اﺟﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮة ﻟﻠﺴﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٦‬اﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮة ﻟﻠﺘﺮدد ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮن ﺗﺮدد اﻟﺨﺮج ﻟﻠﻤﺬﺑﺬب )‪(10kHz‬‬
‫‪ .٧‬اﺿﺒﻂ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‪trigger = OFF :‬‬
‫‪ .٨‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﺿﺒﻂ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Sine-wave, V p-p = 20 V, fm = 1 kHz, V DC = 0 V‬‬
‫‪ .٩‬اﻓﺘﺢ ﺟﻬﺎز ) ‪ (FFT‬واﺿﺒﻂ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪curve = Y1, f min = 0 kHz, f max = 20 kHz, Y1/div = 5V, X/div = 200µs‬‬
‫ارﺳﻢ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺘﺮدد‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(٤-١٣‬‬ ‫‪.١٠‬‬
‫ﻗﻢ ﺑﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﺘﺮددات واﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮآﺒﺎت ‪ ( LSL ):‬وﺗﻌﺒﺌﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول )‪.(١-١٣‬‬ ‫‪.١١‬‬
‫ﻗﻢ ﺑﺤ ﺴﺎب ‪ ، ∆F ، µ :‬وﻋ ﺮض اﻟﻨﻄ ﺎق ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ )‪ (Carson bandwidth‬و‬ ‫‪.١٢‬‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ )‪.(Bessel‬‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﺿﺒﻂ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.١٣‬‬
‫‪Sine-wave, V p-p = 10 V, fm = 1.5 kHz, V DC = 0 V‬‬
‫اﻓﺘﺢ ﺟﻬﺎز ) ‪ (FFT‬واﺿﺒﻂ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.١٤‬‬
‫‪curve = Y1, f min = 0 kHz, f max = 20 kHz, Y1/div = 5V, X/div = 200µs‬‬
‫‪- ٦٨ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫ارﺳﻢ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺘﺮدد‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪(٥-١٣‬‬ ‫‪.١٥‬‬
‫ﻗﻢ ﺑﺤﺴﺎب اﻟﺘﺮددات واﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮآﺒﺎت ‪ ( LSL ):‬وﺗﻌﺒﺌﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول )‪.(٢-١٣‬‬ ‫‪.١٦‬‬
‫ﻗﻢ ﺑﺤﺴﺎب ‪ ، ∆F ، µ :‬وﻋ ﺮض اﻟﻨﻄ ﺎق ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ )‪ (Carson bandwidth‬و ﻃﺮﻳﻘ ﺔ‬ ‫‪.١٧‬‬
‫)‪.(Bessel‬‬

‫• اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(٤-١٣‬‬
‫‪Freque‬‬ ‫‪Amplit‬‬
‫‪ncy‬‬ ‫‪ude‬‬
‫‪LSL1‬‬
‫‪LSL2‬‬
‫‪LSL3‬‬
‫)‪(١-١٣‬‬
‫‪∆f = kVm‬‬
‫‪4 LSL2‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬
‫‪LSL1 + LSL3‬‬

‫‪B = 2(n × f m ), n = 3‬‬ ‫) ‪B = 2(∆f + f m‬‬

‫)‪(٥ -١٣‬‬
‫‪Freque‬‬ ‫‪Amplit‬‬
‫‪ncy‬‬ ‫‪ude‬‬
‫‪LSL1‬‬

‫‪- ٦٩ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫‪LSL2‬‬
‫)‪(٢-١٣‬‬
‫‪∆f = kVm‬‬
‫‪4 LSL2‬‬
‫=‪m‬‬
‫‪LSL1 + LSL3‬‬
‫) ‪B = 2(∆f + f m‬‬ ‫‪B = 2(n × f m ), n = 2‬‬

‫• أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻟﺪرس‪:‬‬

‫‪ .١‬هﻞ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ رﺳﻤﺔ ﺗﺮددات اﻟﺨﺮج؟‬
‫_______________________________________________________‬
‫_______________________________________________________‬
‫_______________________________________________________‬
‫_______________________________________________________‬
‫________________________‬

‫‪ .٢‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺮض اﻟﻨﻄﺎق ﻣﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮن )‪ (Carson bandwidth‬هﻞ ﻳﻜ ﻮن هﻨ ﺎك ﻣﺮآﺒ ﺎت‬

‫ﺧﺎرج ﻋﺮض اﻟﻨﻄﺎق؟‬
‫_______________________________________________________‬
‫_______________________________________________________‬
‫_______________________________________________________‬
‫_______________________________________________________‬
‫________________________‬

‫‪- ٧٠ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫‪ .٣‬ﻣﺎ هﻮ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻋﺮض اﻟﻨﻄﺎق ﺑﻘﺎﻧﻮن )‪ (Carson bandwidth‬و )‪(Bessel‬؟‬
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‫• اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‪:‬‬
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‫‪- ٧١ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜـــﺔ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴــــﺔ اﻟﺴــــﻌﻮدﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ‬
‫اﻹدارة اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ وﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﺎهﺞ‬

‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬

‫آﺸﻒ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ‬
‫آﺸﻒ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ‬

‫‪٥‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻹﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫آﺸﻒ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ‪ :‬آﺸﻒ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ‬

‫‪١٤‬‬ ‫رﻗﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫آﺸﻒ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ )‪AM demodulation‬‬ ‫اﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬
‫‪(DSBfc‬‬

‫• اﻟﻬﺪف ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﻮف ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ دراﺳﺔ آﻴﻔﻴﺔ آﺸﻒ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ )‪.(AM DSBfc‬‬

‫• اﻟﺸﺮح‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﺒﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ دراﺳ ﺔ )‪ ( AM DSBfc‬واﻟﻤﻮﺿ ﺢ داﺋﺮﺗ ﻪ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(١-١٤‬وﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬا‬
‫اﻟﺪرس إن ﺷﺎء اﷲ ﺳﻮف ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ أﻻ وهﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ آﺸﻒ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ (‬
‫)‪.AM demodulation‬‬

‫‪Source‬‬ ‫‪Informati‬‬ ‫‪AM‬‬ ‫‪DSBSC‬‬ ‫‪Summation‬‬ ‫‪DSBFC‬‬

‫‪Modulator‬‬ ‫‪Stage‬‬
‫‪on‬‬

‫‪Oscillator‬‬ ‫‪Carrier‬‬ ‫‪Carrier‬‬

‫‪Signal‬‬ ‫‪Signal‬‬

‫)‪(١-١٤‬‬
‫اﻹﺷﺎرة ﺑﻌﺪ أﺟﺮاء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ إرﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ذات ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼل اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ‪ ،‬وﺑﻌﺪ هﺬا ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻀﻤﻨﺔ وﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ آﺸﻒ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ‪ ،‬واﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٢-١٤‬ﻳﻤﺜﻞ داﺋﺮة آﺸﻒ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٢-١٤‬‬
‫وإذا أﺧﺬﻧﺎ اﻟﻘﻴﺎس ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪ (y1‬ﻓﺈن اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ ﺳﻮف ﺗﻜﻮن ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ) ‪AM‬‬
‫‪ ( DSBFC‬آﻤﺎ هﻮ ﻇﺎهﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪ ،(٣-١٤‬وﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻣﻦ آﺸﻒ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺠﺐ‬
‫أن ﻳﻜﻮن ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻠﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ اﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﻬﺬا ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬
‫)‪ (Band-pass filter‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮن وﻇﻴﻔﺔ هﺬا اﻟﻔﻠﺘﺮ هﻲ إﻟﻐﺎء ﻣﺮآﺒﺔ )‪ (LSB‬و)‪ (USB‬وﺗﺒﻘﻰ إﺷﺎرة‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ)‪ ،(fc‬ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ إدﺧﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﺒﺮ ﻟﻠﺮﻓﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻓﺈذا أﺧﺬﻧﺎ ﻗﻴﺎﺳًﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ )‪ (y2‬اﻟﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪- ٧٢ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻹﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫آﺸﻒ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪ (٢-١٤‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺳﻮف ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻣﺮآﺒﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻘﻂ آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪ ،(٤-١٤‬وهﺬا اﻟﺬي ﻧﺤﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﺣﺘﻰ‬
‫ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ آﺸﻒ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ إدﺧﺎل هﺬﻩ اﻹﺷﺎرة ﻋﻠﻰ )‪ (detector‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺳﻮف ﻳﻘﻮم ﺑﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ‬
‫)‪ ( AM DSBFC‬وﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ إزاﻟﺔ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪.(٥-١٤‬‬
‫وﺑﻌﺪ هﺬا ﻳﺘﻢ إدﺧﺎل اﻹﺷﺎرة ﺑﻌﺪ إزاﻟﺔ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻠﺘﺮ)‪ (Low-pass filter‬وذﻟﻚ ﺣﺘﻰ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻢ إزاﻟﺔ إﺣﺪى اﻟﻤﺮآﺒﺘﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ اﻧﻈﺮ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪ .(٦-١٤‬وﺑﻌﺪ هﺬا ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ إﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺷﻜﻠﻬﺎ اﻷﺻﻠﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪Carrier‬‬ ‫‪AM‬‬
‫‪Amplitude‬‬

‫‪DSBFC‬‬
‫‪LSB‬‬ ‫‪USB‬‬

‫‪Lower side frequencies‬‬ ‫‪Upper side frequencies‬‬

‫‪Frequency‬‬
‫‪fc - fm‬‬ ‫‪fc‬‬ ‫‪fc + fm‬‬

‫)‪(٣-١٤‬‬

‫)‪(٤-١٤‬‬

‫)‪(٥-١٤‬‬

‫)‪(٦-١٤‬‬

‫‪- ٧٣ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻹﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫آﺸﻒ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫• ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻹرﺳﺎل‪ ،‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺎﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬وﺻﻞ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١-١٤‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻓﻌﻞ ) ‪ ( AM‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺷﺮﻳﻂ اﻟﻤﻬﺎم‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﺿﺒﻂ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪Sine-wave, f m = 2 kHz, V p-p = 5 V‬‬
‫‪ .٥‬اﻓﺘﺢ ﺟﻬﺎز )‪ ( FFT‬واﺿﺒﻂ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪Y1/div = 5 V, X/div = 500 µs, curve = Y1‬‬
‫‪ .٦‬ارﺳﻢ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺰﻣﻦ و اﻟﺘﺮدد ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٧-١٤‬‬
‫‪ .٧‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺤﺴﺎب ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ و)‪ (LSB‬و )‪.(USB‬‬
‫‪ .٨‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل‪ ،‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺎﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .٩‬وﺻﻞ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٢-١٤‬‬
‫ﻗﻢ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ اﻹﺷﺎرة ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (y1‬ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺰﻣﻦ و اﻟﺘﺮدد ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٨-١٤‬‬ ‫‪.١٠‬‬
‫ﻗﻢ ﺑﺤﺴﺎب ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ و)‪ (LSB‬و )‪.(USB‬‬ ‫‪.١١‬‬
‫ﻗﻢ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ اﻹﺷﺎرة ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (y2‬ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺰﻣﻦ و اﻟﺘﺮدد ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٩-١٤‬‬ ‫‪.١٢‬‬
‫ﻗﻢ ﺑﺤﺴﺎب ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻹﺷﺎرة‪.‬‬ ‫‪.١٣‬‬
‫ﻗﻢ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ اﻹﺷﺎرة ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (y3‬ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺰﻣﻦ و اﻟﺘﺮدد ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١٠-١٤‬‬ ‫‪.١٤‬‬
‫ﻗﻢ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ اﻹﺷﺎرة ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (y4‬ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺰﻣﻦ و اﻟﺘﺮدد ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١١-١٤‬‬ ‫‪.١٥‬‬
‫ﻗﻢ ﺑﺤﺴﺎب ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻹﺷﺎرة‪.‬‬ ‫‪.١٦‬‬
‫ﻣ ﻦ ﺧ ﻼل اﻟﺨﻄ ﻮة رﻗ ﻢ )‪ (٣‬ﻗ ﻢ ﺑﺘﻐﻴﻴ ﺮ اﻟﺪاﻟ ﺔ إﻟ ﻰ ﻣﺜﻠﺜ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺛ ﻢ ﻧﻔ ﺬ ﺑ ﺎﻗﻲ اﻟﺨﻄ ﻮات‬ ‫‪.١٧‬‬
‫واﻧﻈﺮ إﻟﻰ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮهﺎ‪.‬‬

‫• اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪( ٨-١٤‬‬ ‫) ‪( ٧-١٤‬‬
‫‪- ٧٤ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻹﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫آﺸﻒ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫=‪LSB‬‬ ‫=‪,USB‬‬ ‫=‪,fc‬‬

‫)‪(٩-١٤‬‬

‫)‪(١٠-١٤‬‬

‫‪- ٧٥ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻹﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫آﺸﻒ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫)‪(١١-١٤‬‬
‫• أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻟﺪرس‪:‬‬

‫‪ .١‬ﻣﺎ هﻮ اﻟﺘﺮدد اﻟﺬي ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﻳﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ آﺸﻒ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ؟‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫________________________‬

‫‪- ٧٦ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻹﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫آﺸﻒ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫‪ .٢‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﻮع إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎ هﻮ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺤﺼﻞ؟‬

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‫________________________‬

‫‪ .٣‬ﻣﺎ هﻲ وﻇﻴﻔﺔ )‪ (detector‬ﻓﻲ داﺋﺮة اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل؟‬

‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫________________________‬

‫• اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‪:‬‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
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‫‪- ٧٧ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻹﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫آﺸﻒ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫________________________‬

‫‪١٥‬‬ ‫رﻗﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬

‫آﺸﻒ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد )‪(FM demodulation‬‬ ‫اﺳﻢ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‬

‫• اﻟﻬﺪف ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﻮف ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ دراﺳﺔ آﻴﻔﻴﺔ آﺸﻒ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد )‪.(FM‬‬
‫• اﻟﺸﺮح‪:‬‬
‫ﺳﺒﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ دراﺳﺔ )‪ ( FM‬واﻟﻤﻮﺿﺢ داﺋﺮﺗﻪ آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ)‪ .(١-١٥‬وﻓ ﻲ ه ﺬا اﻟ ﺪرس‬
‫إن ﺷﺎء اﷲ ﺳﻮف ﻳﻜﻮن اﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻋﻦ اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻌﻜﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘ ﻀﻤﻴﻦ أﻻ وه ﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ﺔ آ ﺸﻒ اﻟﺘ ﻀﻤﻴﻦ ‪( FM‬‬
‫)‪.demodulation‬‬

‫)‪(١-١٥‬‬
‫و ﺳﺒﻖ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ أﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد رﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‪:‬‬
‫]) ‪m(t ) = Vc cos[ω c t + θ (t‬‬
‫]) ‪m(t ) = Vc cos[ω c t + m cos(ω m t‬‬
‫اﻹﺷﺎرة ﺑﻌﺪ إﺟﺮاء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ إرﺳﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ أﺻﺒﺤﺖ ذات ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺧﻼل اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ‪ ،‬وﺑﻌﺪ هﺬا ﻳﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻀﻤﻨﺔ وﻓﻲ هﺬﻩ اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ آﺸﻒ‬
‫اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ‪،‬‬
‫واﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪ (٢-١٥‬ﻳﻤﺜﻞ داﺋﺮة آﺸﻒ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ‪:‬‬

‫)‪(٢-١٥‬‬

‫‪- ٧٨ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻹﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫آﺸﻒ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻜﻮن داﺋﺮة آﺸﻒ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ)‪:(FM‬‬

‫)‪(VCO),(phase detector),(Low-pass filter‬‬
‫وﺳﻮف ﺗﻜﻮن اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ )‪ (y1‬ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻀﻤﻨﺔ)‪ (FM‬آﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻓ ﻲ اﻟ ﺸﻜﻞ )‪ .(٣-١٥‬وﻣ ﻦ ﺛ ﻢ ﺳ ﻮف ﻳﻘ ﻮم )‪ (phase detector‬ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧ ﺔ ﻓ ﻲ ﺧﻄ ﺄ اﻹزاﺣ ﺔ ﺑ ﻴﻦ‬
‫اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﺔ و ﺧﺮج )‪ .(VCO‬وﻳﻘﻮم اﻟﻔﻠﺘﺮ ﺑﺄﺧﺬ أﺣﺪ ﻣﺮآﺒﺎت إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ‪ .‬وﻣ ﻦ ﺛ ﻢ ﻳﻤﻜ ﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻹﺷﺎرة إﻟﻰ وﺿﻌﻬﺎ اﻷﺻﻠﻲ‪.‬‬

‫)‪(٣-١٥‬‬

‫• ﺧﻄﻮات اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻹرﺳﺎل‪ ،‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺎﻷﺗﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬وﺻﻞ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(١-١٥‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬ﻓﻌﻞ ) ‪ ( FM‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺷﺮﻳﻂ اﻟﻤﻬﺎم‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٤‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﺿﺒﻂ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪DC, V DC = 0 V‬‬
‫‪ .٥‬اﻓﺘﺢ ﺟﻬﺎز ) ‪ (frequency counter‬واﺿﺒﻂ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‪trigger = +Y1 :‬‬
‫‪ .٦‬اﺟﻌﻞ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮة ﻟﻠﺴﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٧‬اﺿﺒﻂ اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮة ﻟﻠﺘﺮدد ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮن ﺗﺮدد اﻟﺨﺮج ﻟﻠﻤﺬﺑﺬب )‪(10kHz‬‬
‫‪ .٨‬اﺿﺒﻂ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‪trigger = OFF :‬‬
‫‪ .٩‬ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻮﻟﺪ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﺿﺒﻂ إﺷﺎرة اﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫‪Sine-wave, V p-p = 20 V, fm = 1 kHz, V DC = 0 V‬‬
‫اﻓﺘﺢ ﺟﻬﺎز ) ‪ (FFT‬واﺿﺒﻂ ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.١٠‬‬
‫‪curve = Y1, f min = 0 kHz, f max = 20 kHz, Y1/div = 5V, X/div = 200µs.‬‬
‫ارﺳﻢ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺰﻣﻦ واﻟﺘﺮدد‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٤-١٥‬‬ ‫‪.١١‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل‪ ،‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺎﻷﺗﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.١٢‬‬
‫وﺻﻞ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة آﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٢-١٥‬‬ ‫‪.١٣‬‬
‫ﻗﻢ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ اﻹﺷﺎرة ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (y1‬ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺰﻣﻦ و اﻟﺘﺮدد ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٥-١٥‬‬ ‫‪.١٤‬‬
‫‪- ٧٩ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻹﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫آﺸﻒ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫ﻗﻢ ﺑﺮﺳﻢ اﻹﺷﺎرة ﻋﻨﺪ )‪ (y2‬ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎق اﻟﺰﻣﻦ و اﻟﺘﺮدد ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ )‪.(٦-١٥‬‬ ‫‪.١٥‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺨﻄﻮة رﻗﻢ )‪ (٣‬ﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ اﻟﺪاﻟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺜﻠﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﺛ ﻢ ﻧﻔ ﺬ ﺑ ﺎﻗﻲ اﻟﺨﻄ ﻮات وأﻧﻈ ﺮ إﻟ ﻰ‬ ‫‪.١٦‬‬
‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮهﺎ‪.‬‬

‫• اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪( ٥-١٥‬‬ ‫)‪(٤-١٥‬‬

‫)‪(٦-١٥‬‬

‫• أﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﺣﻮل اﻟﺪرس‪:‬‬

‫‪ .١‬هﻞ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ ﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل؟‬
‫‪- ٨٠ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ‬ ‫اﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻹﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫آﺸﻒ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫__________________‬

‫‪ .٢‬ﻣﺎ هﻲ وﻇﻴﻔﺔ )‪ (phase detector‬ﻓﻲ داﺋﺮة اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل؟‬

‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫__________________‬

‫• اﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج‪:‬‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫__________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫__________________‬
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‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫_________________________________________________________‬
‫__________________‬

‫‪- ٨١ -‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ‬ ‫ ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬- ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ ﺗﺼﻞ‬١٣١ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ‬
Wayane Tomasi `` Electronic communication systems fundamental through advanced `` .

Schaum’s outlines `` Analog and digital communications`` McGraw Hill (1993).

Horld B. Killen `` Communication techniques`` Macmilan publishing company New

York (1985).

Louis E. Frenzel `` Communication electronics principles and applications`` McGraw

Hill 3 rd edition (2000).

Gary M. Miller`` Modern electronic communications`` Prentice Hall International Inc

(1996).

Dornhofer G. and Nies A. ``STE 6.1.6 High frequency circuits using plug in system
electrical engineering and electronics`` Lybold Didactic GMBH (1990).

Lathi B.P. `` Modern digital communication systems`` second edition, Rinehart and
Winston Inc., Orlando 32887 (1989). The translated copy by. Dr. Ibrahim El khadi, Dr.
Abdelaziz El rouisi amd Dr. Adel Ali `` King Saoud University``.

Saad Ali El Haj Bakri and Mohamad abderhman El harbi`` Intoduction to

communication`` King Saoud university (1988).

- ٨٢ -
 ‫اﻟﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت‬ ‫أﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎت اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫‪ ١٣١‬ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬

‫اﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎت‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ‪...........................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﻬﻴﺪ ‪............................................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻷوﻟﻰ‪ :‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪١ ..................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪١ .................................................................................... COM3LAB‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة ‪٦ .....................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﻢ اﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻت ‪٩ ................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬دراﺳﺔ اﻹﺷﺎرات ‪١٣ ...........................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ اﻹﺷﺎرات ‪١٣ .........................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺬﺑﺬﺑﺎت ‪١٨ ................................................................................................................‬‬
‫ﺟﻤﻊ اﻹﺷﺎرات ‪٢٢ ..........................................................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ ‪٢٧ ..............................................................................................‬‬
‫)‪٢٧ ...................................................................................................... AM (DSBSC‬‬
‫)‪٣٢ ...................................................................................................... AM (DSBFC‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ‪٣٨ ............................................................................................AM‬‬
‫)‪٤٦ ........................................................................................................... AM (SSB‬‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﺔ‪ :‬ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد ‪٥٥ ............................................................................................‬‬
‫‪٥٥ ..................................................................................................................... FM‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ‪٦٠ ............................................................................................ FM‬‬
‫ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ ‪٦٦ ............................................................................................ FM‬‬
‫اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ‪ :‬آﺸﻒ اﻟﺘﻀﻤﻴﻦ ‪٧٢ ..........................................................................................‬‬
‫آﺸﻒ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﻌﺔ )‪٧٢ ............................................................ (AM DSBfc demodulation‬‬
‫آﺸﻒ ﺗﻀﻤﻴﻦ اﻟﺘﺮدد )‪٧٨ ...................................................................... (FM demodulation‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ ‪٨٢ .....................................................................................................................‬‬

‫‪- ٨٣ -‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻘﺪر اﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ اﻟﻔﻨﻲ واﻟﺘﺪرﻳﺐ اﻟﻤﻬﻨﻲ اﻟﺪﻋﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺪم ﻣﻦ ﺷﺮآﺔ ﺑﻲ ﺁﻳﻪ إي ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺰ )اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت( اﻟﻤﺤﺪودة‬
‫‪GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS‬‬