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Unit Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Goals of the Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Developing Students’ Mathematical Habits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Mathematics of the Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Summary of Investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Mathematics Background. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Content Connections to Other Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Planning for the Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Pacing Suggestions and Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Pacing for Block Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Vocabulary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Program Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Assessment Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Ongoing Informal Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Formal Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Correlation to Standardized Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Launching the Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Introducing Your Students to Looking for Pythagoras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Using the Unit Opener . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Using the Mathematical Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1 Coordinate Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Mathematical and Problem-Solving Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Summary of Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.1 Driving Around Euclid: Locating Points and Finding Distances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.2 Planning Parks: Shapes on a Coordinate Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.3 Finding Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Answers to Applications—Connections—Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Possible Answers to Mathematical Reflections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2 Squaring Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Mathematical and Problem-Solving Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Summary of Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.1 Looking for Squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.2 Square Roots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.3 Using Squares to Find Lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Answers to Applications—Connections—Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Possible Answers to Mathematical Reflections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Blackline Masters
Labsheets for Students
Dot Paper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Centimeter Grid Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1ACE Exercises 15–25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
2.1, 2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.2A–C, 3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
4.1, 4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
At a Glance Teacher Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Table of Contents ix
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INTRODUCTION
Overview Investigation 3
In Looking for Pythagoras, students explore two The Pythagorean Theorem
important ideas: the Pythagorean Theorem and Students develop and explore the Pythagorean
square roots. They also review and make Theorem. They then investigate a geometric puzzle
connections among the concepts of area, distance, that verifies the theorem, and they use the
and irrational numbers. theorem to find the distance between two points
Students begin the unit by finding the distance on a grid. In the last problem, they explore and
between points on a coordinate grid. They learn apply the converse of the Pythagorean Theorem.
that the positive square root of a number is the
side length of a square whose area is that number.
Then, students discover the Pythagorean Investigation 4
relationship through an exploration of squares
drawn on the sides of a right triangle. In the last Using the Pythagorean Theorem
investigation of the unit, students apply the For students to appreciate the mathematical power
Pythagorean Theorem to a variety of problems. of the Pythagorean Theorem, they need to
encounter situations that can be illuminated by the
theorem. Students explore an interesting pattern
Summary of Investigations among right triangles, apply the Pythagorean
Theorem to find distances on a baseball diamond,
Investigation 1 investigate properties of 30-60-90 triangles, and
Coordinate Grids find missing lengths and angle measures of a
triangle composed of smaller triangles.
Students review coordinate grids as they analyze a
map in which streets are laid out on a grid. They
make the connection between the coordinates of Mathematics Background
two points and the driving distance between them.
Students’ work in this unit develops an important
This sets the stage for finding the distance between
relationship connecting geometry and algebra: the
two points on a grid without measuring. Students
Pythagorean Theorem. The presentation of ideas
investigate geometric figures on coordinate grids.
reflects the historical development of the concept
Given two vertices, they find other vertices that
of irrational numbers. Early Greek mathematicians
define a square, a non-square rectangle, a right
searched for ratios of integers to represent side
triangle, and a non-rectangular parallelogram.
lengths of squares with certain given areas such as
And, they calculate areas of several figures drawn
2 square units. The square root of 2 is an irrational
on a dot grid.
number, which means that it cannot be written as a
ratio of two integers.
Investigation 2
Finding Area and Distance
Squaring Off Students find areas of plane figures drawn on dot
Students explore the relationship between the area grids. This reviews some concepts developed in the
of a square drawn on a dot grid and the length of grade 6 unit Covering and Surrounding. One
its sides. This provides an introduction to the common method for calculating the area of a
concept of square root. They find the distance figure is to subdivide it and add the areas of the
between two points by analyzing the line segment component shapes. A second common method is
between them: they draw a square using the to enclose the shape in a rectangle and subtract
segment as one side, find the area of the square, the areas of the shapes that lie outside the figure
and then find the positive square root of that area.
Unit Introduction 3
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from the area of the rectangle. Below, the area of Square Roots
the shape is found with each method. If the area of a square is known, its side length is
easy to determine: it is the number whose square
is the area. The fact that some of these lengths
are not whole numbers prompts the introduction
of the " symbol. The lengths of the sides of the
2 1
5
ⴚ3 ⴚ2 ⴚ1 0 1 2 3
INTRODUCTION
square. 5 4
To use this method to find all the different
lengths of line segments that can be drawn on a
5 dot-by-5 dot grid, the grid must be extended to 1
fit the squares associated with those lengths. For
example, the bold line segment below is the side
of a square (shaded) with an area of 25 square
units, so the segment has length "25 units, or 16
5 units.
4
3
3
4 8 8
4
The observation that the square on the
hypotenuse has an area equal to the sum of the
areas of the squares on the legs leads students to
3
the Pythagorean Theorem: If a and b are the
To draw the square with the given side length, lengths of the legs of a right triangle and c is the
many students will use an “up and over” or “down length of the hypotenuse, then a2 + b2 = c2.
and over” method to go from one point to the
next. For example, to get from the lower endpoint
of the segment above to the other endpoint, you
go up 4 units and right 3 units. These endpoints
are two vertices of the square. To get the third c2
vertex, go right 4 units and down 3. To get the a2 a2 ⴙ b 2 ⴝ c 2
fourth, go down 4 units and to the left 3. In this
way, they are developing intuition about the
b2
Pythagorean Theorem.
Unit Introduction 5
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A Proof of the Pythagorean Theorem Once the shapes are arranged, you can reason
Students solve a puzzle that gives a geometric as follows:
proof of the Pythagorean Theorem. The puzzle • The areas of the frames are equal. They are
pieces consist of eight congruent right triangles squares with side lengths of a 1 b.
and three squares.
• Each frame contains four identical right
triangles. The other shapes are squares with area
a2, b2, and c 2.
• If the four right triangles are removed from
each frame, the area remaining in the two
frames must be equal. That is, the sum of the
areas of the squares in one frame must equal
the area of the square in the other frame.
Geometrically, the diagram shows that if the
lengths of the legs of a right triangle are a and b,
and the length of the hypotenuse is c, then
a2 + b2 = c2. You can make similar puzzle pieces
starting with any right triangle and then arrange
Puzzle frames Puzzle pieces the shapes in the same way. Therefore, this
statement is true for any right triangle.
The side lengths of the squares are the lengths In later courses, students may see this geometric
of the three triangle sides. argument presented algebraically. The sum of the
areas of the two squares and the four triangles in
the left frame equals the sum of the areas of the
square and the four triangles in the right frame:
a2 + b2 + 4 Q 2 R = c2 + 4 Q 2 R
ab ab
a2 + b2 = c2
The Pythagorean Theorem has many
applications that connect the concepts of line
To solve the puzzle, students must arrange the segment lengths, squares, and right angles.
pieces to fit into two square puzzle frames.
Students’ arrangements of the 11 shapes may Using the Pythagorean Theorem
differ slightly, but all arrangements lead to the to Find Lengths
same conclusion. Students use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the
One possible arrangement is shown below. The distance between two dots on a dot grid. The
sides’ lengths of the right triangle have been length of a horizontal or vertical line segment
labeled a, b, and c. drawn on a dot grid can be found by counting the
units directly. If the segment is not vertical or
a horizontal, it is always possible to treat it as the
c
a 2
a
c c2
b2 b
b
hypotenuse of a right triangle with vertical and Students are asked to explain why their
horizontal legs. The length of the conjecture is true. One explanation is: “Suppose
INTRODUCTION
hypotenuse—and thus the distance between the we know that Triangle 1 has sides a, b, and c, that
dots—can then be found with the Pythagorean satisfy the relationship a2 + b2 = c2. Suppose
Theorem. Triangle 2 has sides a, b, and d and we know that
In high school, students will see the following Triangle 2 is a right triangle with leg lengths of
formula for finding the distance between two a and b. Then a2 + b2 = d2. From the first
points, (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) in the plane: statement we know that a2 + b2 = c2. Logically,
this gives us that c2 = d2, and, therefore, c = d
d = " (x1 2 x2) 2 1 (y1 2 y2) 2 (because they must both be positive numbers).
This is simply the Pythagorean Theorem where Now Triangle 1 and Triangle 2 have the same
a = x1 - x2 (the horizontal distance between two three measures for their sides. In Shapes and
points), b = y1 - y2 (the vertical distance Designs, students learned that once you know all
between two points), and c = d. three sides of a triangle, it is uniquely identified.
To find the length of line segment AB below, They will investigate this idea more formally when
draw a right triangle with segment AB as the they study congruence of triangles in Hubcaps,
hypotenuse. Calculate the areas of the squares on Kaleidoscopes, and Mirrors. So these two triangles
the legs of the triangle (4 square units each), add are identical, right-angled triangles. In other words
these areas (8 square units, which is the area of it is impossible for a triangle whose sides fit the
the square drawn on the hypotenuse), and take relationship a2 + b2 = c2 to not be a right-angled
the square root. The length of AB is"8 units.
triangle.
An interesting byproduct of the converse of the
A Pythagorean Theorem is the concept of
Pythagorean triples, sets of numbers that satisfy
4
the relationship a2 + b2 = c2. Students discover
that finding Pythagorean triples means finding
B two square numbers whose sum is also a square
4
number. Multiples of one triple will generate
countless others. For example, once you establish
that 3-4-5 is a Pythagorean triple, you know that
6-8-10, 9-12-15, and so on, are also Pythagorean
The Converse of the Pythagorean Theorem triples.
The converse of a statement of the form “If p
then q” is “If q then p.” The converse of the Special Right Triangles
Pythagorean Theorem states: If a, b, and c are the In Investigation 4, students learn about 30-60-90
lengths of the sides of a triangle and a2 + b2 = c2, triangles by starting with an equilateral triangle
then the triangle is a right triangle. The converse of (a 60-60-60 triangle). They use the line of
a true statement is not always true. However, the symmetry to show the reflection line forms two
converse of the Pythagorean Theorem is true and congruent 30-60-90 triangles. For each of these
can be used to show that a given triangle is a right triangles, they deduce that the leg opposite the
triangle. For example, if you know the side lengths 308 angle is half the length of the side of the
of a triangle are 6 in., 8 in., and 10 in., then original triangle. They then use the Pythagorean
because 62 + 82 = 102, you can conclude that the Theorem to find the length of the other leg.
triangle is a right triangle. The Pythagorean Theorem can be used to show
Students do not formally prove the converse of some special relationships among side lengths of
the Pythagorean Theorem in this unit. Rather, 30-60-90 triangles (that is, triangles with 308, 608,
they build triangles with a variety of different side and 908 angles).
lengths and determine whether they are right
triangles. Based on their findings, they conjecture
that triangles whose side lengths satisfy
a2 + b2 = c2 are right triangles.
Unit Introduction 7
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to leave numbers in a square root form. For some idea of where they fit on the number line or
example, rather than give an exact answer of "3, between what two rational numbers they occur.
INTRODUCTION
they give a decimal approximation, such as 1.732.
Some students are not comfortable thinking about Number Systems
square roots as numbers. Although it is important New number systems are created when a problem
to know the approximate size of an answer, arises that cannot be answered within the system
especially in a practical problem, it is sometimes currently in use, or when inconsistencies arise that
better to give an exact answer, and this often can be taken care of only by expanding the
means using square root form. For example, in the domain of numbers in the system.
study of 30-60-90 triangles, The historical “discoveries” of new number
systems in response to needs are reflected in the
length of leg opposite the 608 angle "3
length of the hypotenuse
5 2 number sets students use in grades K–12.
Here, "3 is much easier to remember than a
Elementary students begin with the counting
numbers, also called natural numbers. Then, zero
multi-digit decimal approximation, and the
is added to the system to create the set of whole
expression using the square root gives the exact
numbers. Later, students learn that negative
result. Similarly, in a right triangle, if the
numbers are needed to give meaning in certain
hypotenuse has a length of 9 units and one leg has
contexts, such as temperature. Now they have the
a length of 8 units, then the length of the other leg
number system called the integers.
is "81 2 64 = "17 units. This answer is exact, In elementary and middle school, students
while the calculator answer, 4.123105626, is an learn about fractions and situations in which
approximation. This is not to say that all answers fractions are useful, as in many division problems.
should be left in square root form—context needs Students’ number world has been expanded to the
to be considered. Heights of buildings are more set of rational numbers.
easily comprehended in whole-number or decimal In this unit, students encounter contexts in
form, even if that form does not give the precise which the need for irrational numbers arises.
answer. Students should be encouraged to leave an Specifically, they need irrational numbers to
answer in square root form when there is no express the exact lengths of tilted segments on a
practical reason to express it as a decimal grid. The set of rational numbers and the set of
approximation. The hope is that all students will irrational numbers compose the set of real
become comfortable with square roots as numbers numbers. The diagram in Figure 1 is one way to
in contexts where expressing an answer as a square represent these sets of numbers.
root is appropriate. In this unit, we want students to
have a “sense” of square roots as numbers and
Whole Irrational
numbers numbers
Counting
numbers
Unit Introduction 9
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Finding areas of Measuring areas of polygons Studying transformations and symmetries of plane
figures drawn on a and irregular figures (Bits figures (Kaleidoscopes, Hubcaps, and Mirrors)
coordinate grid with and Pieces I; Covering and
whole-number Surrounding) and surface
vertices areas of three-dimensional
shapes (Filling and Wrapping)
Understanding Applying the formula for Looking for patterns in square numbers (Frogs, Fleas,
square roots as area of a square (Covering and Painted Cubes); looking for patterns in exponents
lengths of sides of and Surrounding) (Growing, Growing, Growing)
squares
Understanding Formulating, reading, and Formulating and using symbolic rules and the syntax for
the Pythagorean interpreting symbolic rules manipulating symbols (Frogs, Fleas, and Painted Cubes;
Theorem and how it (Variables and Patterns; Say It With Symbols; Shapes of Algebra)
relates the areas of Moving Straight Ahead;
the squares on the Thinking With Mathematical
sides of a right Models; Covering and
triangle Surrounding); working with
the triangle inequality
(Shapes and Designs)
Using the Solving problems in Solving geometric and algebraic problems (Growing,
Pythagorean geometric and algebraic Growing, Growing; Frogs, Fleas, and Painted Cubes; Say
Theorem to solve contexts (Shapes and It With Symbols; Kaleidoscopes, Hubcaps, and Mirrors)
problems Designs; Moving Straight
Ahead; Thinking With
Mathematical Models;
Covering and Surrounding)
Investigating rational Understanding fractions and Exploring sampling and approximations (Growing,
numbers written as decimals (Bits and Pieces I, II, Growing, Growing; Samples and Populations; Frogs,
decimals and III) Fleas, and Painted Cubes)
Understanding slope Finding slopes of lines and Investigating symmetry (Kaleidoscopes, Hubcaps, and
relationships of investigating parallel lines Mirrors); finding the equation of a circle (Shapes of
perpendicular and (Variables and Patterns; Algebra)
parallel lines Moving Straight Ahead)
INTRODUCTION
Pacing Suggestions and Materials
2 Squaring Off 31 days Labsheets 2.1 and 2.3, Transparencies 2.1, 2.2, and
2
geoboards (optional) 2.3A–C
1
Mathematical Reflections 2
day
3 The Pythagorean Theorem 5 1 days Labsheets 3.2A–C and 3.3; scissors; Transparencies 3.1, 3.2A,
2
string; straws or polystrips 3.2B, 3.3, and 3.4
(optional); markers, tape;
angle ruler or protractor
1
Mathematical Reflections 2 day
4 Using the Pythagorean 4 1 days Labsheets 4.1 and 4.4, dot paper, Transparencies 4.1A, 4.1B,
2
Theorem scissors 4.2, 4.3A, 4.3B, and 4.4
1
Mathematical Reflections 2 day
1
Looking Back and Looking day
2
Ahead
Unit Introduction 11
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Suggested Suggested
Investigation Investigation
Pacing Pacing
1 1
Investigation 1 2 2 days Investigation 3 3 2 days
Vocabulary
Essential Terms Useful Terms Terms Developed
Developed in This Unit Referenced in This Unit in Previous Units
INTRODUCTION
Components
Use the chart below to quickly see which components are available for each Investigation.
Unit Introduction 13
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INTRODUCTION
Introducing Your Students to Using the Mathematical
Looking for Pythagoras Highlights
One way to introduce Looking for Pythagoras is The Mathematical Highlights page in the student
to ask your students to brainstorm about the ways edition provides information to students, parents,
they can measure something they cannot reach. and other family members. It gives students a
They should remember some principles of indirect preview of the mathematics and some of the
measurement from their work in the grade 7 unit overarching questions that they should ask
Stretching and Shrinking. Tell your students that, themselves while studying Looking for
in Looking for Pythagoras, they will study right Pythagoras.
triangles, distances, and indirect measurement. As they work through the unit, students can
refer back to the Mathematical Highlights page to
review what they have learned and to preview
Using the Unit Opener what is still to come. This page also tells students’
Discuss the questions posed on the opening page families what mathematical ideas and activities
of the Student Edition, which are designed to start will be covered as the class works through
students thinking about the kinds of questions and Looking for Pythagoras.
mathematics in the unit. Don’t look for “correct”
answers at this time. Do, however, present an
opportunity for the class to discuss the questions
and to start to think about what is needed to
answer them. You may want to revisit these
questions as students learn the mathematical ideas
and techniques necessary to find the answers.
Problems in contexts are used to help students
informally reason about the mathematics of the
unit. The problems are deliberately sequenced to
develop understanding of concepts and skills.
Unit Introduction 15
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1 Coordinate Grids
Suggested
Pacing Materials for Students Materials for Teachers ACE Assignments
I N V E S T I G AT I O N
of finding distances between points. Students find Avenue. Note that, if we measure the distance
two types of distances: distance along grid lines in blocks, these blocks are not the same
(represented by driving distances along city length as the north-south or the east-west
streets) and straight-line distance (represented by blocks. Students may have a range of
flying distance). suggestions, and many students may struggle
with this question.)
• Find the intersection of G Street and 8th Street
1
SE and the intersection of G Street and 8th
Launch 1.1 Street NW. How are these locations related to
To launch this investigation, have students look at the Capitol building? (Possible answer: SE
indicates that the location is southeast of the
the map of Washington, D.C. in their books. Tell
Capitol building. NW indicates that the
students that the system of streets is based on a
location is northwest of the Capitol building. In
coordinate grid. Discuss the features of the grid, addition, by counting the letters up to G and
which are listed in the student book. adding this to 8, we can determine that these
Ask students to locate the intersection of 3rd places are each about 15 blocks from the
Street and D Street and then share the location Capitol. )
they found with the students sitting near them.
Next, talk about the map of the fictitious city of
Students should realize that there is more than
Euclid, which is also shown on Transparency 1.1B.
one intersection fitting this description. In fact,
Point out the origin (the location of City Hall), and
there are four, one in each quadrant.
discuss the meaning of the coordinates. Help
Suggested Question Ask: students understand that a coordinate system is
convenient for locating points, but only if we know
• What additional information could I give you
so you know which intersection I am referring where to count from and what scale is being used.
to? (the quadrant the intersection is in) Suggested Questions Some questions might
Suggested Questions Discuss the Getting Ready include:
questions. These questions can help you • What are the coordinates of City Hall? (0, 0)
informally assess your students’ understanding of
coordinate grids. • What are the coordinates of the art museum?
(6, 1)
• Describe the location of each of these • What do the 6 and the 1 mean? [They indicate
landmarks:
that the art museum is 6 blocks to the right of
George Washington University (Answers (east of) and 1 block up from (north of) the
may vary slightly. Possible answer: 21st and origin, or City Hall.]
H St. NW)
• Is there more than one way to travel from City
Dupont Circle (19th and P St. NW) Hall to the art museum? (Yes.)
Benjamin Banneker Park (Answers may vary • What is the shortest distance, along the streets
slightly. Possible answer: 10th and G St. SW) of Euclid, from City Hall to the art museum?
(7 blocks)
Suggested Questions These questions might help Verify that everyone understands that to
clear up confusion: precisely locate a position on the grid, a vertical
distance, a horizontal distance, and the direction
• To go from the art museum to the gas station,
how many blocks do you travel in a of each must be given. A coordinate pair gives all
horizontal direction? (2 blocks) of this information in a concise way.
In Question D, students should recognize that
• How is this distance related to the coordinates the flying distance is the length of the line
of the points? (It is the positive difference, or
segment connecting the points.
the absolute value of the difference, between
the x-coordinates.) For Question E, review with the class why the
helicopter distance is always shorter than or equal
• To go from the art museum to the gas station,
I N V E S T I G AT I O N
to the driving distance. This is an application of
how many blocks do you travel in a vertical the triangle inequality, which students
direction? (3 blocks) encountered in the grade 6 unit Shapes and
• How is this distance related to the coordinates Designs. The triangle inequality states that the
of the points? (It is the positive difference, or sum of the lengths of any two sides of a triangle is
the absolute value of the difference, between greater than the length of the third side. The car
the y-coordinates.) distance is the sum of the lengths of two sides of a
1
To help students think about direction, ask: triangle; the helicopter distance is the length of
the third side.
• Suppose you are in Euclid and you are trying This is an opportunity to verify that students
to find the library. Someone tells you it is
connect directions on a coordinate grid with map
3 blocks from the stadium. Is this enough
information for you to know how to get there? directions. Going left is traveling west; going up is
(No.) traveling north, and so on.
At a Glance
1.1 Driving Around Euclid
PACING 112 days
Mathematical Goals
• Review the coordinate system
• Explore distances on a coordinate grid
Launch
Materials
Have students look at the map of Washington, D.C. in their books. Discuss
the features of the street system, which are listed in the student book.
• Centimeter rulers
• Transparencies 1.1A
Discuss the Getting Ready questions. and 1.1B
Discuss the map of Euclid. Point out the origin (the location of City • Labsheet 1.1
Hall), and discuss the meaning of the coordinates. Help students understand
that a coordinate system is convenient for locating points.
• What are the coordinates of City Hall?
• What are the coordinates of the art museum? What do the 6 and the 1
mean?
• What is the shortest distance, along the streets of Euclid, from City Hall
to the art museum?
• Is there more than one shortest path from City Hall to the art museum?
• A helicopter can fly directly from one location to another; it doesn’t have
to travel along the city streets. How can you determine the distance a
helicopter travels to get from one point to another in Euclid?
Explain that because each centimeter on the map represents one block, a
centimeter ruler could be used to find the straight-line distance, in blocks,
between two points.
Have students work individually or in pairs on the problem.
Explore
As students work, encourage them to look for connections between the
coordinates of two points and the driving distance between them.
• What do the first coordinates of the two points tell you about the
distance between the points? What do the second coordinates tell you
about the distance between the points?
• How can you find the total driving distance?
Check how students are measuring the distance a helicopter travels.
Summarize
Materials
Talk with the class about finding the distance between two points given
their coordinates.
• Student notebooks
• To go from the art museum to the gas station, how many blocks do you
travel in a horizontal direction? How is this distance related to the
coordinates of the points? continued on next page
Summarize
continued
• To go from the art museum to the gas station, how many blocks do
you travel in a vertical direction? How is this distance related to the
coordinates of the points?
Help students think about direction. Verify that everyone
understands that to precisely locate a position on the grid, a vertical
distance, a horizontal distance, and the direction of each must be given.
A coordinate pair gives all of this information in a concise way.
I N V E S T I G AT I O N
In this problem, students review the properties more successful using simple grid paper instead of
of quadrilaterals and right triangles. Given the Labsheet 1.2. You may find this provides less
coordinates of two vertices of a polygon, they find visual “noise” for some students.
the coordinates of other vertices so that the
resulting shape will be a square, a non-square
rectangle, a right triangle, or a non-rectangular Explore 1.2
1
parallelogram.
Suggested Questions As students work, ask
questions about the reasoning they are applying.
Launch 1.2 • How did you figure out where to put the
vertices so this park’s sides would all be the
Introduce the context of planning parks in Euclid. same length?
Discuss the idea of describing the shapes of the • How did you determine where to put the
parks by giving the vertices of their borders. Make vertices so opposite sides would be parallel?
sure students know what properties define a
square, a right triangle, a rectangle, and a • How did you decide where these vertices had
to be to create right angles?
parallelogram.
Encourage students to discuss with the others
Suggested Questions You may want to display a in their group how they are finding the vertices of
transparent grid of the Euclid map. Plot two each shape so each student should be able to
points on the grid and ask questions like these: explain the group’s strategies.
• Suppose we want to draw a right triangle with If students are struggling to find a square,
these points as two of the vertices. Locate such suggest that they turn their papers slightly to
a right triangle and tell us the coordinates of make the given segment horizontal. It is
the third vertex. How do you know that this is sometimes easier for students to imagine an
a right triangle? upright square on a tilted grid than a tilted square
• Now locate a rectangle that has one of its on an upright grid.
vertices at the origin. Tell us the coordinates of
its vertices. How do you know that this is a
rectangle? Summarize 1.2
Ask similar questions about a square and a
Ask students to share their strategies for finding
non-rectangular parallelogram. Take this
the vertices for each park shape. Here are some
opportunity to assess what students know about
strategies students might have used:
the properties of these polygons. Do they know
that squares have sides of equal length and four • Use the concept of slope to check that opposite
right angles? Do they know that parallelograms sides are parallel. Recall (from the grade 7 unit
have two pairs of parallel sides? Do they know Moving Straight Ahead) that parallel lines have
that a figure’s orientation does not matter? (For the same slope, and then use this fact to
example, a square is still a square even if it is establish parallel sides.
rotated to look like a “diamond.”) • To find the slope of a line, students can count
units up and units over to match the slope of an
existing segment.
Investigation 1 Coordinate Grids 23
8cmp06te_LP1.qxd 2/7/06 3:32 PM Page 24
• Use the corner of a piece of paper to check for Ask students to explain what is special about
right angles. each figure. For example, a parallelogram is a
trapezoid and it may be a square or a rectangle. A
• Use the fact that vertical and horizontal lines rhombus is a parallelogram and it could be a
are perpendicular (they may recall that the
slopes of perpendicular lines are negative square or a rectangle. You may want to organize
reciprocals). the relationships in a Venn diagram.
At a Glance
1.2 Planning Parks
PACING 1 day
Mathematical Goals
• Review properties of quadrilaterals
• Connect properties of figures to coordinate representations
• Draw shapes on a coordinate grid
Launch
Materials
Introduce the context of planning parks in Euclid. Discuss the idea of
describing the shapes of the parks by giving the vertices of their borders.
• Centimeter rulers
Make sure students know what properties define a square, a right triangle, a
• Transparencies 1.2A
and 1.2B
rectangle, and a parallelogram. • Labsheet 1.2
Display a coordinate grid on the overhead and discuss a few examples: • Grid paper (optional)
• Suppose we want to draw a right triangle with these points as two of the
vertices. Locate such a right triangle and tell us the coordinates of the
third vertex. How do you know that this is a right triangle?
Assess what students know about the properties of squares, rectangles,
right triangles, and parallelograms.
Describe Problem 1.2. Distribute Labsheet 1.2 or centimeter grid paper,
and have students work in groups of three or four on the problem.
Explore
Ask questions about the reasoning students are applying.
• How did you figure out where to put the vertices so this park’s sides
would all be the same length?
• How did you determine where to put the vertices so opposite sides would
be parallel?
• How did you decide where these vertices had to be to create right
angles?
Encourage students to discuss their reasoning with others in their group.
If students are struggling to find a square, suggest that they turn their
papers slightly to make the given segment horizontal.
Summarize
Materials
Ask students to share their strategies for finding the vertices for each park
shape. For Questions A, B, and D, if no one suggests a park in which the line
• Student notebooks
Core 8–10, 14 y
Other Applications 11–13; Connections 29, 31;
Extensions 37; unassigned choices from earlier 2
problems x
Adapted For suggestions about adapting O 2
Exercises 8–10 and other ACE exercises, see the 2
CMP Special Needs Handbook.
Connecting to Prior Units 29, 31: Moving Straight 4
Ahead, Thinking With Mathematical Models
4
x
2
2 O 4
x
O 2 4
2
2
x
O 2 4 6
2
4
I N V E S T I G AT I O N
coordinate plane to find the area of one of the and add these areas to get the total area.
square parks from Problem 1.2. They will begin to
see that, for some figures, it is easy to find areas The area of this part
by subdividing them and adding the areas of the is 2 square units.
component parts; other figures seem to need The area of this part
another approach. is 8 square units.
Note: Many activities in this unit are classic The total area is
1
geoboard problems. If you have access to 10 square units.
geoboards, use them; students will enjoy exploring
area with them. If your students have had
Strategy 2:
experience with geoboards, this will go quickly. If
not, spend time familiarizing students with them. Enclose the figure in a rectangle. Find the areas of
Demonstrate how to form shapes and how to use the pieces surrounding the original shape. Then,
extra rubber bands to subdivide a figure or to subtract these areas from the area of the
surround it with a rectangle. You might have rectangle. This strategy is more efficient for
students pair up and create figures for each other certain figures such as the triangle in
to find the area of irregular figures. An overhead ACE Exercise 19.
geoboard would also be helpful in this problem.
The area of each triangle
is 1 square unit.
Launch 1.3 The area of the rectangle
is 12 square units.
Conduct the following short activity to introduce
the idea of finding areas of figures drawn on a dot The area of the figure is
grid: 12 2(1) 10 square units.
Draw a figure on a dot grid on the board, an
overhead geoboard, or transparent dot paper. Have students explore the problem in pairs.
Choose a shape simple enough that students can Labsheet 1.3 contains the figures for Question A.
easily find its area by subdividing it or by Students may work on the labsheet, redraw the
enclosing it in a rectangle. For example: figures on dot paper, or construct them on
geoboards.
Explore 1.3
In their work, students will review how to find
areas of rectangles and triangles. Look for
Ask students how they could find the area of students who are actively applying this
the figure. Let students share their ideas. The two knowledge; they can share their strategies in the
strategies students tend to use are outlined here. summary. Have some students put their work on
Students may have variations on these two large poster paper or a transparent grid. Students
strategies. It is not necessary to bring both of can count the number of units that cover the
figure, or they can apply the rules for finding • We can find areas of some figures by
areas of rectangles and triangles. Some students enclosing them in a rectangle and subtracting
may need help applying the rule for the area of a the areas of the unwanted parts from the
1
triangle, A = 2 bh. Help them to see that a rectangle’s area. For which figures in this
problem is using this method easy? (Students’
triangle is half of a rectangle. This approach was ideas will vary. Figure 5, for example, can be
used in the grade 6 unit Covering and enclosed in a 2-by-3 rectangle. The areas of
Surrounding. 1
four triangles—two with area 2 square unit
For additional practice and challenge, you may
also want to have students work on ACE and two with area 1 square unit—can then be
Exercises 15–20 at this time. subtracted from the rectangle’s area, leaving
3 square units.)
• Did you use different strategies for finding the
Summarize 1.3 area of the park on the coordinate grid?
Some students may use the strategy of
As students share answers and strategies, help
rearranging parts of a figure to form a rectangle
them generalize their methods for finding area.
or a triangle with an easy-to-find area. For
Suggested Questions Ask: example, see the answer given for Figure 3.
Students will need to be able to apply these
• We can find areas of some figures by
subdividing them and adding the areas of the methods for their future work in this unit, so
smaller figures. For which figures in this make sure everyone can use at least one of them
problem is using this method easy? (Students and explain why it works.
will probably mention Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4,
although students may also use this strategy
on other figures.)
At a Glance
1.3 Finding Areas
PACING 1 day
Mathematical Goal
• Develop strategies for finding areas of irregular figures on a grid
Launch
Materials
Draw a simple figure on a dot grid. Ask students how they could find the area
of the figure. Let students share their ideas. There are two main strategies
• Transparency 1.3
students tend to use: subdividing the figure and finding the areas of the
• Labsheet 1.3
pieces; and enclosing the figure in a rectangle and subtracting the areas of the
• Geoboards (optional)
pieces outside the figure from the area of the rectangle. It is not necessary to
• Centimeter rulers
discuss both strategies now, but you will want to address both in the summary.
Have students explore the problem in pairs. Students may work on
Labsheet 1.3, redraw the figures on dot paper, or construct them on
geoboards.
Explore
In their work, students will review how to find areas of rectangles and
triangles. Look for students who are actively applying this knowledge; they
can share their strategies in the summary. Some students may need help
1
applying the rule for the area of a triangle A = 2 bh. Help them to see that
a triangle is half of a rectangle.
You may want to have students work on ACE Exercises 15–20 at this
time.
Summarize
Materials
As students share answers and strategies, help them generalize their
methods for finding area.
• Student notebooks
• We can find areas of some figures by subdividing them and adding the
areas of the smaller figures. For which figures in this problem is using
this method easy?
• We can find areas of some figures by enclosing them in a rectangle and
subtracting the areas of the unwanted parts from the rectangle’s area. For
which figures in this problem is using this method easy?
• Did you use different strategies for finding the area of the park on the
coordinate grid?
Some students may use the strategy of rearranging parts of a figure to
form a rectangle or a triangle with an easy-to-find area.
Students will need to be able to apply these methods for their future
work in this unit, so make sure everyone can use at least one of them and
explain why it works.
Answers
Investigation 1
ACE ANSWERS
Core 1–7 (4, 0), (5, 1), (6, 2), (7, 3), and (7, 5).
Other Connections 26–28, 30; Extensions 35, 36
b.
Problem 1.2 School Flying Distance
Location (blocks)
Core 8–10, 14
Other Applications 11–13; Connections 29, 31; (1, 5) 艐 3.2
1
Extensions 37; unassigned choices from earlier (0, 4) 4
problems
(1, 3) 艐 3.2
Problem 1.3 (2, 2) 艐 2.8
Core 15–25 (3, 1) 艐 3.2
Other Connections 32–34; Extensions 38, 39;
unassigned choices from earlier problems (4, 0) 4
(5, 1) 艐 3.2
Adapted For suggestions about adapting
(6, 2) 艐 2.8
Exercises 1–6, 8–10, and other ACE exercises, see
the CMP Special Needs Handbook. (7, 3) 艐 3.2
Connecting to Prior Units 29, 31: Moving Straight (7, 5) 艐 3.2
Ahead, Thinking With Mathematical Models;
32: Bits and Pieces II; 33, 38, 39: Covering and
8. (-2, 3) and (1, 5); (5, -1) and (2, -3). There is a
Surrounding; 34: Accentuate the Negative
third possibility with non-integer coordinates,
but students do not need to find this one.
Applications 9. There are infinitely many possible pairs,
1. a. (6, 1) b. (-6, -4) c. (-6, 0) including (2, 0) and (5, 2); (0, 2) and (3, 4);
(0, -2) and (3, 0); and (2, -1) and (5, 1).
2. 13 blocks 3. 18 blocks
10. There are infinitely many possible vertices,
4. There are many 10-block routes, but there
including (0, 2), (3, 0), (4, -6) and (5, -1). Any
are exactly five possible halfway points:
one of the vertices in Question 8 will work.
(-5, 0), (-4, -1), (-3, -2), (-2, -3), and
(-1, -4). 11. B
5. Because there is only one possible route, 12. There are many possible vertices, including
there is only one possible halfway point: (2, 3), (3, 6), (5, 7), (1, 4), (4, 5), (0, 2), (6, 4).
(-3, -2). (See the answer to Exercise 13.)
6. a. The art museum and the cemetery
b. Possible answer: To get to the art museum,
drive 6 blocks east, turn left, and go north
1 block. To get to the cemetery, drive
3 blocks east, turn right, and drive
4 blocks south.
34. a. (6, 0). It has the greatest x-coordinate. 38. Each triangle has an area of 1 unit2. They all
b. (-5, -5). It has the least x-coordinate. have base length 1 unit and height 2 units.
c. (-4, 6). It has the greatest y-coordinate. 39. Each triangle has an area of 3 units2 because
d. (0, -6). It has the least y-coordinate. they all have base 3 units and height 2 units.
ACE ANSWERS
along the sides of the map and consecutive than flying distances. If the two places do not
numbers running along the top and bottom. lie on the same vertical or horizontal line, the
This system is similar to a coordinate grid flying distance is shorter because the car can’t
system, but the letters and numbers do not travel in a straight line between them, but the
refer to points; they refer to regions. For helicopter can.
example, anything in the top-left square might 2. Note that “distance” is intentionally vague.
1
be in region A-1. Students encountered two types of distances
36. Answers will vary. Students should include in Euclid: driving and flying. The flying
compass directions as well as distances and distance corresponds to straight-line distance
will need to decide where the distances are to on the plane. Flying distances can be
be measured from, such as airports or city estimated with a ruler. Calculating flying
centers. For example: Starting at the airport at distances exactly requires using the
Grand Rapids, go south 47 mi to the airport at Pythagorean Theorem, which students do not
Kalamazoo. From Kalamazoo, go northeast yet know.
60 mi to the airport at Lansing. From Lansing, The driving distance between two landmarks
go southeast 80 mi to the airport at Detroit. is the sum of the positive differences of the
x- and y-coordinates. In other words, the
For the Teacher You may want to point out that driving distance is the sum of the absolute
pilots need more exact directions than north, value of the differences between the x- and
south, east, or west because the actual direction y-coordinates.
may be a few degrees east or west of due north. 3. Sometimes I just counted the units of area.
37. Possible answer: For each parallelogram, all Sometimes I subdivided the figure into
four sides are the same length. A rhombus is smaller shapes like right triangles and
the only parallelogram with perpendicular rectangles, found the areas of the smaller
diagonals. Students may only say that shapes, and added them to get the large
squares—rhombi with right angles—have figure’s area. Sometimes I enclosed the figure
perpendicular diagonals. You may want to in a rectangle, found the area of the rectangle,
encourage them to look for non-square and subtracted the areas of the figures that
rhombi. were not part of the enclosed figure.
2 Squaring Off
Suggested
Pacing Materials for Students Materials for Teachers ACE Assignments
2.1 1 day Labsheet 2.1 Transparency 2.1 (optional) 1–3, 42, 47, 48
2.3 1 day Labsheet 2.3, geoboards (optional) Transparencies 2.3A–C 35–41, 43–46, 49–53
(optional)
MR 11 day
2
Summarize 2.1
Launch 2.1 Ask students to share the various squares they
Display Transparency 2.1 or draw a 5 dot-by-5 dot found. Ask them to draw them on Transparency
grid on the board. Draw a unit square on the grid 2.1. Continue until all eight squares are displayed.
and label it with the numeral 1. (If students do not offer all eight, suggest the
I N V E S T I G AT I O N
missing ones yourself.) Discuss the strategies
Suggested Question Ask: students used to find the squares.
• I have drawn a square with an area of Suggested Questions Ask:
1 square unit on this 5 dot-by-5 dot grid. Can
someone come up and draw a square with a • Which squares were easy to find? Why?
different area? (Upright squares, because their sides align
with the horizontal and vertical lines of dots
2
Explain that students are to search for all the in the grid)
different sizes (areas) of squares that will fit on a
5 dot-by-5 dot grid. Distribute Labsheet 2.1 and • Which squares were not easy to find? Why?
(Tilted squares, because their sides must meet
have students work on the problem in groups of
at right angles, but they do not align with
two or three.
horizontal and vertical lines of dots in the
grid)
Explore 2.1 • How do you know that the figures you drew
were squares? (I checked that the side lengths
Some students may find “upright” squares easily were equal and all angles were right angles or
(such as a square with an area of 9 square units) determined that the sides were
perpendicular.)
but have difficulty finding “tilted” squares (such
as a square with an area of 10 square units).
9 units2 10 units2
At a Glance
2.1 Looking for Squares
PACING 1 day
Mathematical Goal
• Draw squares on 5 dot-by-5 dot grids and find their areas
Launch
Materials
Display Transparency 2.1 or draw a 5 dot-by-5 dot grid on the board. Draw
a unit square on the grid and label it with the numeral 1.
• Transparency 2.1
• Labsheet 2.1
• I have drawn a square with an area of 1 square unit on this • Centimeter rulers or
5 dot-by-5 dot grid. Can someone come up and draw a square with a other straightedges
different area?
Explain that students are to search for all the different sizes (areas) of
squares that will fit on a 5 dot-by-5 dot grid. Distribute Labsheet 2.1 and
have students work on the problem in groups of two or three.
Explore
If students have difficulty identifying tilted squares, display one on the
board or overhead. Start with a square of area 2.
Remind students to check the area of each square they draw to verify
that the areas are all different.
Summarize
Materials
Ask students to share the various squares they found as you draw them on
Transparency 2.1. Continue until all eight squares are displayed. (If students
• Student notebooks
do not offer all eight, suggest the missing ones yourself.) Discuss the
strategies students used to find the squares.
• Which squares were easy to find? Why?
• Which squares were not easy to find? Why?
• How did you determine that your figure was a square?
ACE Assignment Guide B. For the examples in this problem, all the
for Problem 2.1 upright squares have whole-number side
lengths. Some tilted squares also have
Core 1, 2, 42 whole-number side lengths. An example of
Other Applications 3; Extensions 47, 48 this (a tilted square with area 25 units2) will
Adapted For suggestions about adapting ACE be seen in Problem 2.3.
exercises, see the CMP Special Needs Handbook.
Connecting to Prior Units 42: Shapes and Designs,
Covering and Surrounding, Moving Straight Ahead
1 unit2
4 units2
9 units2
2 units2
16 units2
5 units2
8 units2 10 units2
I N V E S T I G AT I O N
or overhead. • Is this length greater than 1 unit? Is it greater
Suggested Questions than 2 units? (It is between 1 and 2 units.
Students may not be able to answer the first
• This square has an area of 4 square units. question yet because 12 = 1 and 22 = 4.)
• Is 1.5 a good estimate for "2 ? Explain.
What is the length of a side? (2 units)
• How do you know your answer is correct? (It depends on how much accuracy we want.
2
(You can easily count 2 units along any side, 1.5 ? 1.5 = 2.25, which is not that close to 2,
and 2 ? 2 = 4, or 22 = 4.) so one could say it is not a good estimate.)
Introduce the concept of square root. • Can you find a better estimate for "2? (1.4 is
a better estimate because 1.4 ? 1.4 = 1.96,
• What number multiplied by itself is 4? (2) We which is closer to 2.)
can say this another way: The square root of
4 is 2. When students have some understanding of the
• A square root of a number is a number that concept of a square root, have them work on the
when squared, or multiplied by itself, equals problem in groups of two or three. Remind them
the number. 2 is a square root of 4 because that they should use a calculator only when the
2 ? 2 = 4. text asks them to do so. There is some important
estimation work that would be trivialized by
• Is there another number you can multiply by premature use of a calculator.
itself to get 4? (Yes, -2)
Write "4 on the board.
• This notation means the positive square root Explore 2.2
of 4.
Add to the text on the board to get "4 = 2.
Ask students how they know their answers for
Questions A and B are correct. Ask them how
• If we want to denote the negative square root, they could check their answers.
we need to add a negative symbol. As the groups finish Questions A and B, ask
Write -"4 = -2 on the board. them to find the negative square roots of 1, 9, 16,
and 25 as well. Check their work to see if they are
• Because we are working with lengths, we will using the square root symbol correctly.
be using only the positive square roots of
numbers.
At a Glance
2.2 Square Roots
PACING 112 days
Mathematical Goals
• Introduce the concept of square root
• Understand square root geometrically, as the side length of a square with
known area
Launch
Materials
Discuss the side length of the square with an area of 4 square units.
• Transparency 2.2
• What is the length of each side? How do you know your answer is
correct? Vocabulary
Introduce the concept of square root. • square root
• What number multiplied by itself is 4? We say the square root of 4 is 2.
• A square root of a number is a number that when squared, or multiplied
by itself, equals the number. 2 is a square root of 4 because 2 ? 2 = 4.
• Is there another number you can multiply by itself to get 4?
Introduce square root notation. Write "4 = 2 and -"4 = -2 on the
board.
Draw a square with an area of 2 square units on a dot grid. Ask:
• What is the side length of this square? Is it greater than 1? Is it greater
than 2? Is 1.5 a good estimate for "2? Can you find a better estimate?
When students understand the concept of square root, have them work
on the problem in groups of two or three. Remind students that they should
use a calculator only when the text asks them to do so.
Explore
Ask students how they know their answers for Questions A and B are
correct. Ask them how they could check their answers.
Ask students to find the negative square roots of 1, 9, 16, and 25 as well.
Check their work to see if they are using the square root symbol correctly.
Summarize
Materials
Talk about the side length of the square with an area of 2 square units.
• Student notebooks
• How can you prove that the area of this square is 2 square units?
• What is the exact length of a side of this square?
• You estimated "2 by measuring a side of the square. What did you get?
Is this the exact value of "2?
• You also found "2 by using the square root key on your calculator.
What value did your calculator give? Enter this number into your
calculator and square it. Is the result exactly equal to 2?
continued on next page
Summarize
continued
Emphasize that the results found by measuring and with a calculator
are only approximate values for "2.
Ask students for decimal approximations for "5. As a class, use a
calculator to square each approximation to check whether the result is 5.
Discuss Question E.
• What are the side lengths of all the squares you found in Problem
2.1? Which is the least side length? Which is the greatest?
You could have the students write the lengths on a number line.
Launch 2.3
As a class, list all the side lengths (in units)
I N V E S T I G AT I O N
students have found so far in their work with
5 dot-by-5 dot grids: 1, "2, 2, "5, "8, 3, "10,
and 4.
Suggested Question Ask:
When students understand the process,
• Can you draw a line segment on a distribute Labsheet 2.3 and have students explore
5 dot-by-5 dot grid with a length that is the problem in groups of three or four. If
2
different from these? geoboards are available, students can put two or
On Transparency 2.3A, draw the segment the more of them together to work on this problem.
class suggests, or draw one of your own. Here is
an example:
Explore 2.3
Groups do not need to find all 14 possible lengths.
However, be sure every student is able to draw a
square on a line segment and find the length of
the segment. You may want to have some groups
put their work on poster paper for discussion.
Going Further
Suggested Questions Ask:
Ask students who finish to count the different
• How do you know the length of this segment lengths that can be drawn on a 2 dot-by-2 dot
is different from others you have found? grid, a 3 dot-by-3 dot grid, and a 4 dot-by-4 dot
Students might mention ways to informally grid. Have them look for a pattern that will help
measure the length of the segment, or they might them to predict the number of possible lengths on
suggest comparing the segment to others that are a 6 dot-by-6 dot and 7 dot-by-7 dot grid. For an
a bit shorter or longer. n dot-by-n dot grid, there are all of the lengths
that were in an (n - 1) dot-by-(n - 1) dot grid,
• How might we find the actual length of this plus n more. Therefore, a 6 dot-by-6 dot grid has
line segment?
the 14 lengths from the 5 dot-by-5 dot grid, plus
Some students might suggest drawing a square 6 more, for a total of 20. The 7 dot-by-7 dot grid
using this segment as a side and then calculating has 20 + 7, or 27 lengths.
the segment’s length from the square’s area. If no
E O K M I
• Between what two whole numbers does "32
lie? (5 and 6)
Á32, or 4 Á2
expressed in more than one way. For example,
3"2 = "18 and 2"5 = "20.
AI
AJ Á5
• Are there lengths that cannot be expressed in
AK Á20, or 2 Á5 more than one way? (Yes, "2, "5 . . .)
AL Á13
Check for Understanding
AM 5 Draw another segment on a dot grid. Ask the
AN Á10 class to express its exact length using a "5
Á17
symbol and then to tell which two whole numbers
AO
the length is between.
• Which whole number is it closer to? How do
Discuss the strategies students used to find the you know?
lengths. In some cases, students may have used
• Is there another way to express this length?
(For example, "8 = 2"2)
relationships between line segments rather than
drawing a square. For example, the length of
At a Glance
2.3 Using Squares to Find Lengths
PACING 1 day
Mathematical Goal
• Use geometric understanding of square roots to find lengths of line
segments on a dot grid
Launch
Materials
List all the side lengths that students have found so far in their work with
•
5 dot-by-5 dot grids: 1, "2, 2, "5, "8, 3, "10, and 4.
Transparency 2.3A
• Labsheet 2.3
• Can you draw a line segment on a 5 dot-by-5 dot grid with a length that • Centimeter rulers
is different from these? • Geoboards (optional)
On Transparency 2.3A, draw the segment the class suggests, or draw one
of your own.
• How do you know the length of this segment is different from others you
have found? How might we find the actual length of this line segment?
Explain to students that the squares they draw in the problem will
extend beyond the 5 dot-by-5 dot grid. Have students explore the problem
in groups of three or four.
Explore
Materials
Groups do not need to find all 14 possible lengths. However, be sure every
• Transparencies 2.3B
student is able to draw a square on a line segment and find the length of the and 2.3C
segment.
Summarize
Materials
Ask students to share the lengths they found. Draw the lengths on
Transparency 2.3 or show them on an overhead geoboard. Continue until all
• Student notebooks
14 line segment lengths are displayed. Ask the class for strategies they used
to make sure they had all the lengths.
Discuss the strategies that students used to find the lengths. If your class
is ready, talk about equivalence: "8 = "4 ? 2 = "4 ? "2 = 2"2.
Part (3) of Question A asks students for approximations of some of the
square roots they have found. To test their understanding, ask the following:
• Between what two whole numbers does "17 lie? Which whole number
is it closer to?
• Between what two whole numbers does "32 lie?
• How many of the lengths we have listed would you have found on a
4 dot-by-4 dot grid? What is "2 ?"2? What is "5 ?"5? Why?
If Question C has not been discussed, be sure students share their
strategies. Share Transparencies 2.3B and 2.3C with your students.
continued on next page
Summarize
continued
Check for Understanding
Draw another segment on a dot grid. Ask the class to express its exact
length using a "5 symbol and then to tell which two whole numbers the
length is between.
3.
Exact Decimal
Length Approximation
Á2 1.4
Á5 2.2
Á8 2.8
Á10 3.2
Á13 3.6
Á17 4.1
Á18 4.2
Á20 4.5
Á32 5.7
Answers
Investigation 2
Problem 2.2
Core 4–6, 10, 14–18
Other Applications 7–9, 11–13, 19–34; unassigned
choices from earlier problems Note: Ask students to draw the square above
inside an upright square with an area of
Problem 2.3 4 units2. Then, ask how the larger square can
ACE ANSWERS
Core 35–37, 41 be used to find the area of the smaller square.
Other Applications 38–40; Connections 43–46; Because each triangle formed has an area
Extensions 49–53; unassigned choices from earlier 1
of 2 unit2, the area of the smaller square is
problems 1
4 – (4 ? 2) = 2 units2.
Adapted For suggestions about adapting
2
Exercise 41 and other ACE exercises, see the
CMP Special Needs Handbook.
Connecting to Prior Units 42: Shapes and Designs;
43: Covering and Surrounding; 45: Bits and
Pieces III; 46: Stretching and Shrinking 4. a. 2 units2 b. About 1.414 units
B
Applications
A
1. 1, 2, and 4 units2
C
2. Possible answer:
10. B 11. 12 12. 0.6 13. 31 39. AB = "5 units; BC = "5 units;
14. 5 and 6. Because 27 is between 52 and 62, "27 CD = "2 units, DA = "2 units
40. EF = "13 units; FG = 1 unit;
is between 5 and 6.
Á2 2 4Á2 5.66
4 8
36. a. "29 units 5 4Á5 8.94
b. 5 and 6. 52 is 25 and 62 is 36, and 29 is
8 4Á8 11.31
between 25 and 36.
37. First way: The area of a square with side AB 9 12
is 5 length of AB is "5 units.
units2. So, the 10 4Á10 12.65
The length of AC is twice the length of AB.
So, the length of AC is 2"5 units.
16 16
38. G
Á2 Á5 2.3
Figure 1
ⴚ2.3 ⴚ2 14
Á4
ⴚ3 ⴚ2 ⴚ1 0 1 2 3 4
4 5
(ⴚ 42 ) ()
2 2
2.09
2 14
ⴚ6
b. Q or S
c. Eight possibilities are shown.
y
6
ACE ANSWERS
4 48. Possible answers:
2 S
(0, 1) (2, 1)
x
ⴚ6 ⴚ4 O 2 6
(1, ⴚ2) Q (4, ⴚ1)
(ⴚ2, ⴚ1) ⴚ2
2
P (4, ⴚ3)
(ⴚ2, ⴚ3) ⴚ4
(2, ⴚ5)
ⴚ6 (0, ⴚ5)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
I N V E S T I G AT I O N
Theorem: If a, b, and c are the lengths of the sides
of a triangle and a2 + b2 = c2, then the triangle is
a right triangle.
Suggested
Pacing Materials for Students Materials for Teachers ACE Assignments
3
All 6 days Calculators, centimeter rulers
Draw and label a right triangle as shown below. Suggested Questions Ask:
• We have shown that this triangle is not a right
triangle. What are the areas of the squares on
c
a its sides? (5, 10, and 25 square units)
• Is the sum of the areas of the squares on the
b shorter sides equal to the area of the square on
the longest side? (No; 5 + 10 2 25)
• Suppose a right triangle has legs of lengths a Next, ask the class this question:
and b and a hypotenuse of length c. Using these
letters, can you state the Pythagorean Theorem • Do you think the Pythagorean Theorem is
in a general way? (If a and b are the lengths of true for all right triangles, even if the sides are
the legs of a right triangle and c is the length of not whole numbers?
the hypotenuse, then a2 + b2 = c2.) The theorem is true for all right triangles. To
help the class explore this, you may want to do
• Do you think the Pythagorean Theorem will
work for triangles that are not right triangles? ACE Exercises 13 and 14 as a class. The triangle
in Exercise 14 has leg lengths "5 units and "5
units, and hypotenuse length"10. The squares of
To help the class explore this question, draw the
triangle shown below on the board or overhead
(or have the class try this example on their own). these side lengths are 5, 5, and 10 and 5 + 5 = 10.
Use a corner of a sheet of paper to verify that the This shows that the Pythagorean Theorem applies
triangle does not contain a right angle. to a right triangle with side lengths that are not
whole numbers. A proof that shows the theorem is
true for all right triangles is developed in the next
problem.
The Pythagorean Theorem is useful for finding
unknown side lengths in a right triangle. In this
spirit, you could wrap up by having students add a
column to their tables, labeled “Length of
I N V E S T I G AT I O N
Hypotenuse.” Fill in this column together, or give
Then, draw squares on each side of the triangle.
students a short period of time to complete it
themselves and then check the results as a class.
Suggested Question Choose one of the right
triangles in the table, list the lengths of the three
sides, and ask students what the Pythagorean
3
Theorem says about these lengths.
• The lengths of the sides of a right triangle are
2, 3, and "13. What does the Pythagorean
Theorem say about these lengths?
(22 + 32 = ("13) 2, or 4 + 9 = 13)
Repeat the question for lengths 5, 12, and 13.
At a Glance
3.1 The Pythagorean Theorem
PACING 2 days
Mathematical Goals
• Deduce the Pythagorean Theorem through exploration
• Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find unknown side lengths of right
triangles
Launch
Materials
Draw a tilted line segment on a dot grid at the board or overhead. Ask:
• Dot paper
• How can we find the length of this line segment? • Centimeter rulers
Using the original line segment as a hypotenuse, draw two line segments
to make a right triangle. Vocabulary
• What kind of triangle have I drawn? • hypotenuse
Explain that in a right triangle, the two sides that form the right angle are
• legs
called the legs of the right triangle. The side opposite the right angle is
called the hypotenuse.
• What are the lengths of the two legs of this triangle?
• What are the areas of the squares on the legs? What is the area of the
square on the hypotenuse?
Have students work in groups of three or four on the problem.
Explore
Ask that each student complete a table. Encourage the students in each
group to share the work, with each student finding the areas for two or
three of the right triangles.
As you circulate, check to see that students are correctly drawing the
squares on the right triangles.
Discuss the patterns in the table.
• What conjecture can you make about your results? This pattern is called
the Pythagorean Theorem.
• Suppose a right triangle has legs of lengths a and b and a hypotenuse of
length c. Using these letters, can you state the Pythagorean Theorem in a
general way?
• Do you think the Pythagorean Theorem will work for triangles that are
not right triangles?
Help the class explore this question by drawing a non-right triangle and
then drawing squares on the sides. Then ask:
Summarize
Materials
• Do you think the Pythagorean Theorem is true for all right triangles, • Student notebooks
even if the sides are not whole numbers?
The theorem is true for all right triangles. To help the class explore Vocabulary
this, you may want to do ACE Exercises 13 and 14 as a class. • conjecture
You could wrap up by having students add a column to their tables, • Pythagorean
Theorem
labeled “Length of Hypotenuse.” Fill in this column together, or give
students time to complete it themselves and then check the results
as a class.
Choose one of the right triangles in the table, list the lengths of the
three sides, and ask students what the Pythagorean Theorem says about
these lengths.
1
Answers to Problem 3.1
A. (Figure 1) 16
B. The area of the square on the hypotenuse is
equal to the sum of the areas of the squares
on the legs.
Figure 1
Launch 3.2
Summarize 3.2
We have seen many examples of right triangles
When groups have finished the problem, ask
that satisfy the Pythagorean Theorem. While these
about any general patterns they noticed. Some
examples are convincing, we can never be sure
may mention the relationship between the squares
that this theorem works for all right triangles. To
and the sides of the right triangle. Others may
be sure, we need a mathematical proof which uses
notice that a side length of a puzzle frame is equal
reasoning to show that a conjecture is always true.
to the sum of the lengths of the two legs of each
Explain that there are many proofs of the
triangle. Demonstrate these relationships at the
I N V E S T I G AT I O N
Pythagorean Theorem. One of the proofs is based
overhead.
on the puzzle they will explore in this problem.
Have a couple of groups show how they
Display a set of puzzle pieces on the overhead.
arranged their puzzle pieces. The arrangements
Ask students if they see any relationships among
may differ slightly, but they all lead to the same
the puzzle pieces. Some may notice that the
conclusion. One arrangement is shown below.
square pieces fit on the sides of the right triangle.
• The areas of the frames are equal. • How can you use the Pythagorean Theorem to
find the length of the hypotenuse of a right
• Each frame contains four identical right triangle? (If we know the lengths of the legs,
triangles. we can find the areas of the squares on those
• The shapes exactly fit the frame, making straight two sides and add them. This total area is
edges where needed, and matching the “a 1 b” equal to the area of the square on the
dimensions. hypotenuse. Taking the square root of that
amount will give us the length of the
• If the four right triangles are removed from hypotenuse.)
each frame, the area of the shapes remaining in
the frames must be equal. That is, the sum of the Check for Understanding
areas of the squares in one frame must equal Draw these triangles on the board or overhead:
the area of the square in the other frame.
Label a diagram of one of the arrangements
suggested by the class as shown below.
6 units ? 7 units
a 4 units
2 units ?
a 2
a
• How might we find the unknown side lengths
in these right triangles?
2 b
b Students will likely suggest finding the areas of
b the squares on the labeled sides. For the triangle
on the left, the areas of the squares on the legs are
36 and 4. The sum, 40, is the area of the square on
c
the hypotenuse. The length of the hypotenuse is
"40. For the triangle on the right, the area of the
square on the hypotenuse is 49, which is equal to
c2
c the sum of the areas of the squares on the legs.
The area of the square on the unlabeled leg is
thus 49 - 16 = 33. The missing leg length must
be "33.
The diagram shows that if the lengths of the
legs of a right triangle are a and b and the length
of the hypotenuse is c, then a2 + b2 = c2.
At a Glance
3.2 A Proof of the Pythagorean Theorem
PACING 1 day
Mathematical Goal
• Reason through a geometric proof of the Pythagorean Theorem
Launch
Materials
Explain to the class that there are many proofs of the Pythagorean
Theorem. One is based on the puzzle they will explore in this problem.
• Transparency 3.2A
• Labsheets 3.2A
Display a set of puzzle pieces on the overhead. Ask students if they see
• Scissors
any relationships among the puzzle pieces.
• Your task is to arrange the puzzle pieces in the two frames and to look
for a relationship among the areas of the three square pieces.
Have students work in groups of four on the problem. Give each student
scissors and a copy of Labsheet 3.2A.
Explore
Materials
Encourage each group to find more than one way to fit the puzzle pieces
into the two frames.
• Labsheets 3.2B–C
• Transparency 3.2B
Make sure each group compares its results with those of another group.
Pass out a new set of puzzle pieces (Labsheets 3.2B and 3.2C) for some
groups to explore.
Summarize
Materials
When groups have finished the problem, ask about any general patterns
they noticed. Demonstrate these relationships at the overhead.
• Student notebooks
ACE Assignment Guide 2. The sum of the areas of the two smaller
for Problem 3.2 squares is equal to the area of the largest
square.
Core 23, 26
3. The sum of the squares of the lengths of
Other Connections 18–22, unassigned choices from
the legs of a right triangle is equal to the
earlier problems
square of the length of the hypotenuse.
Adapted For suggestions about adapting ACE 4. Because the procedure for arranging the
exercises, see the CMP Special Needs Handbook. triangles and squares for this problem can
Connecting to Prior Units 23: Accentuate the be applied to any right triangle, the
Negative; 26: Filling and Wrapping conclusion is true for all right triangles.
C. 1. 32 + 52 = 34 cm2
Answers to Problem 3.2 2. "34 cm, or approximately 5.83 cm
A. Each side length of the triangle is equal to the D. For a right triangle with legs of lengths a and b
lengths of the sides of one of the three and hypotenuse of length c, a2 + b2 = c2.
squares.
B. 1. Possible arrangement:
I N V E S T I G AT I O N
Draw line segment KL and ask: • Why not? (Vertical and horizontal segments
• How can we use the Pythagorean Theorem to have whole-number lengths on dot grids.)
find the length of this line segment? • If it is a tilted line segment, can it be the
Some students will probably suggest using the hypotenuse of a right triangle? (Yes)
segment as the side of a square; others may suggest • Assume this segment is the hypotenuse of a
using it as the hypotenuse of a right triangle. right triangle. What will the area of the square
on the hypotenuse be? [("13) , or 13 square
3
2
• What right triangle has this hypotenuse?
units]
Sketch students’ suggestions, which may be
either of the triangles shown here: • What is the sum of the areas of the squares on
the legs of this right triangle? (13)
L • What are two square numbers whose sum is
13? (4 and 9) So, what are the lengths of the
legs? ("4 units and "9 units, or 2 units and
K 3 units)
Students should draw a right triangle with legs
L of length 2 units and 3 units. The hypotenuse has
length "13 units.
Summarize 3.3 Typically, two lengths or two areas are known, and
we must find the third length or area. Once we
Ask students to demonstrate and explain how know the missing area, we can take its square root
they found the answers to Questions A–C. Then, to find the length. Conversely, once we know the
go over Question D carefully. After someone has missing length, we can square it to find the area.
explained how he or she found two points that The following visual explanation will help some
were "13 units apart, offer a similar problem. students understand the essence of the
Pythagorean Theorem:
• How would you find a line segment with a
length of "40 units?
Ask one or two students to describe their
method. They will likely use a guess-and-check c2
procedure to find the two square numbers with a c a a2 a2 ⴙ b 2 ⴝ c 2
sum of 40, which are 36 and 4. From this they can
b
determine that leg lengths 6 units and 2 units will
give a right triangle with a hypotenuse of length b2
"40 units. Students should verify their results:
22 1 62 5 40, so "40 is the length.You can The essential strategy for finding a tilted line
challenge students to find a few more lengths in with a certain length depends on finding two
this way, such as "50 units, "61 units, and squares whose sum is equal to the square of that
"72 units. length. In Exercise 27, students create a table of
If you want your students to have more sums of square numbers. This table will help them
practice with this idea, you could have them work find the two upright squares whose areas add to
on ACE Exercises 27–33, either as a final the square of the given length. They can use this
summary activity or as homework after this information to draw a right triangle with the given
problem. length as the hypotenuse. As a final check, ask this
Students should be able to focus on the areas question:
of the three squares on the sides of a right triangle • Can 7 be the length of a tilted line segment
and their relationship to the lengths of the sides. drawn between two dots on a dot grid? (No,
because 49 does not equal the sum of two
square numbers.)
At a Glance
3.3 Finding Distances
PACING 1 day
Mathematical Goals
• Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the distance between two points on
a grid
• Relate areas of squares to the lengths of the sides
Launch
Materials
Display Transparency 3.3, or a transparent grid, and indicate or label points
K and L as shown in the Student Edition.
• Transparency 3.3
• Labsheet 3.3
• How can you find the distance between these two points?
Draw line segment KL and ask:
• How can we use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the length of this line
segment? What right triangle has this hypotenuse?
Sketch students’ suggestions.
• What are the lengths of the legs? How can you use this information to
find the length of the hypotenuse? So, what is the distance between
points K and L?
Distribute Labsheet 3.3 to each student and have the class work in pairs
on the rest of the problem.
Explore
Students should find the problem a review of what they have learned so far.
However, Question D is a bit difficult, so you may need to help guide their
thinking.
• Can the "13-unit line segment be a vertical or a horizontal segment?
• Assume this segment is the hypotenuse of a right triangle. What will the
area of the square on the hypotenuse be?
• What is the sum of the areas of the squares on the legs of this right triangle?
• What are two square numbers whose sum is 13? So, what are the lengths
of the legs?
Students should draw a right triangle with legs of lengths 2 units and
3 units. The hypotenuse has a length of "13 units.
Summarize
Materials
Ask students to demonstrate and explain how they found the answers to
Questions A–C. Then, go over Question D carefully. Offer a similar problem.
• Student notebooks
Summarize
continued
Ask one or two students to describe their method. If you want your
students to have more practice with this idea, you could have them work
on ACE Exercises 27–33, either as a final summary activity or as
homework after this problem.
Students should be able to focus on the areas of the three squares on
the sides of a right triangle and their relationship to the lengths of the sides.
ACE Assignment Guide C. "45 units, 3"5 units, or about 6.71 units.
for Problem 3.3 Draw a right triangle with hypotenuse PQ.
Since 32 + 62 = 45, the hypotenuse has
a length of "45 units. This can also be
Core 24
Other Extensions 27–35; unassigned choices from
earlier problems written as 3"5.
Q
Adapted For suggestions about adapting ACE
exercises, see the CMP Special Needs Handbook.
Y
Á13
K W 2
X
2. 2 and 5 3
I N V E S T I G AT I O N
that can easily be divided into 12 equal intervals so they have the same angle measure.)
(for example, 48 cm). (If students miscalculate and You could also challenge some students to find
have string left over, they can just cut off the different sets of whole-number side lengths that
excess.) Emphasize that students should tape the make a right triangle. Ask them to explain why.
ends of the string together so there is no overlap.
Suggested Questions After most students have
3
successfully formed a right triangle with Summarize 3.4
whole-number side lengths, discuss the questions. Have someone demonstrate at the overhead how
• What are the side lengths of the right triangle to arrange the string, straws, or polystrips to form
you formed? (3 units, 4 units, and 5 units) a triangle with side lengths 3 units, 4 units, and
• Do the side lengths satisfy the relationship 5 units. Ask the student how he or she knows it is
a2 + b2 = c2? (Yes) a right triangle. Explain that this triangle is
sometimes called a “3-4-5 right triangle.” Other
• How do you think the Egyptians used the right triangles are referred to in a similar way.
knotted rope? (Possible answer: They formed
a triangle with side lengths 3 units, 4 units, Suggested Questions Ask:
and 5 units. This triangle is a right triangle.
They used the right angle of the triangle to • Are multiples of a 3-4-5 triangle, such as 6-8-10
and 9-12-15 triangles, also right triangles? (Yes,
mark the corners of the rectangular plots.)
they are all similar triangles, so the measures of
Distribute straws, string, or polystrips, and have corresponding angles are equal. Students might
the class work in pairs on the problem. (Note: use the language of scale factors or ratios of
Students used polystrips in the grade 6 unit Shapes corresponding sides from their work with the
and Designs to explore the triangle inequality and Stretching and Shrinking unit to answer this
to investigate the rigidity of triangles and question.)
Have students check these triangles. • What about the multiples of 5-12-13? Do these
lengths form a right triangle? (Yes,
102 + 242 = 262, 152 + 362 = 392, and so on.)
5
3
Tell students that sets of three numbers that
satisfy the Pythagorean relationship are called
4
Pythagorean triples. Other whole-number triples
3 ⴙ 42 ⴝ 52
2
are 7-24-25 and 9-40-41.
Spend some time discussing the side lengths
that did not form a right triangle.
At a Glance
3.4 Measuring the Egyptian Way
PACING 112 days
Mathematical Goals
• Determine whether a triangle is a right triangle based on its side lengths
• Relate areas of squares to the lengths of the sides
Launch
Materials
Discuss the two questions in the introduction to Problem 3.4. Remind
students that, so far, they have learned that if a triangle is a right triangle,
• Transparency 3.4
then its side lengths satisfy the relationship a2 + b2 = c2. However, they do
• String
not yet know whether a triangle whose side lengths satisfy this relationship
• Straws or polystrips
Explore
If necessary, help students form one of the triangles in Question A.
If you have students who need more practice checking whether three side
lengths form a right triangle, you might make up a few examples for them.
Challenge some students to think about the multiples of side lengths of
3-4-5 and 5-12-13, such as 6-8-10 and 10-24-26.
• Do triangles whose sides have these lengths form a right triangle as well?
How do you know?
You could also challenge some students to find different sets of
whole-number side lengths that make a right triangle.
Summarize
Materials
Have someone demonstrate how to arrange the string, straws, or polystrips
to form a triangle with side lengths 3 units, 4 units, and 5 units and to
• Student notebooks
explain how he or she knows it is a right triangle. Explain that this triangle
is sometimes called a “3-4-5 right triangle.”
• Are multiples of a 3-4-5 triangle, such as 6-8-10 and 9-12-15 triangles,
also right triangles?
Have students demonstrate each set of lengths on a grid at the overhead,
checking for right angles with an angle ruler or a corner of a piece of paper.
• What about the multiples of 5-12-13? Do these lengths form a right
triangle?
Also, discuss the side lengths that did not form a right triangle.
• Which of these sets of side lengths did not form a right triangle? Does
a2 + b2 = c2 for these sets?
Answers
Investigation 3
ACE ANSWERS
y2 = 212 - 42 = 425, so y = "425 m < 20.6 m.
Adapted For suggestions about adapting
Exercises 8–11 and other ACE exercises, see the
CMP Special Needs Handbook. 8. Because 42 + 32 = 25, the distance is
Connecting to Prior Units 18–22, 25, 26: Filling and 5 blocks.
Wrapping; 23: Accentuate the Negative 9. Because 62 + 52 = 61, the distance is
"61 blocks < 7.8 blocks.
3
Applications 10. The distance is 4 blocks.
11. Because 42 + 42 = 32, the distance is
1. a. 52 + 122 = 169 in.2
"32 < 5.7 blocks.
b. 13 in.
2. c2 = 32 + 62 = 45, c = "45 cm, or about
12. D
6.7 cm. 13. a. 2 units, 2 units, 4 units
3. WX is the hypotenuse of a right triangle with b. The side lengths are "2 units, "2 units, and
legs of length 4 units and 1 unit. Because 2 units, and ("2)2 + ("2)2 = 22 (that is,
42 + 12 = 17, the length of segment WX is 2 + 2 = 4), so the side lengths satisfy the
"17 units. Therefore, W and X are "17 units Pythagorean Theorem.
apart. 14. The sides have lengths "5 units, "5 units, and
X "10 units and, because
Á17 1 ("5) 2 + ("5) 2 = ("10) 2 (that is,
W
4 5 + 5 = 10), the triangle
satisfies the Pythagorean Theorem.
f. 36 + 64 = 100, so a triangle with leg 30. Yes. "4 = 2, so just draw a horizontal or
lengths of 6 units and 8 units has a vertical segment with length 2 units.
hypotenuse of length 10 units. 31. Yes. "5 units is the length of the hypotenuse
of a right triangle with leg lengths of 2 units
and 1 unit.
32. No. 6 is not the sum of two square numbers.
33. No. 7 is not the sum of two square numbers.
10
6 34. a. Possible answer: Draw a right triangle as
shown below, and use the Pythagorean
Theorem to find the hypotenuse, which is
the radius.
8 y
ACE ANSWERS
of 3 units and 1 unit has a hypotenuse of
4
length "10 units.
x
3
Á10 1
3
3
b. 5 units
Figure 2
ⴙ 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64
1 2 5 10 17 26 37 50 65
4 5 8 13 20 29 40 53 68
9 10 13 18 25 34 45 58 73
16 17 20 25 32 41 52 65 80
25 26 29 34 41 50 61 74 89
36 37 40 45 52 61 72 85 100
49 50 53 58 65 74 85 98 113
64 65 68 73 80 89 100 113 128
Suggested
Pacing Materials for Students Materials for Teachers ACE Assignments
I N V E S T I G AT I O N
All 5 days Centimeter rulers, student notebooks
4.1 1 day Labsheet 4.1, scissors Transparencies 4.1A and 4.1B 1, 2, 13–16
4.2 1 day Transparency 4.2 3–9, 17–25, 36–46
4.3 1 12 days Transparencies 4.3A and 4.3B 10, 11, 26–34, 47–52
4.4 1 day Labsheet 4.4, scissors Transparency 4.4 12, 35, 53–58
4
1
MR day
2
I N V E S T I G AT I O N
4
At a Glance
4.1 Analyzing the Wheel of Theodorus
PACING 1 day
Mathematical Goals
• Learn the meanings of rational number and irrational number
• Estimate the values of square roots that are irrational numbers
• Estimate lengths of hypotenuses of right triangles
Launch
Materials
Introduce the problem by discussing how to find a decimal approximation
for a square root.
• Transparency 4.1A
• Labsheet 4.1
On a dot grid, draw a square with an area of 2 square units on a number
• Scissors
line, with the “bottom vertex” at point 0.
• What is the length of a side of this square? If we mark off a segment on the
number line with the same length as the side, where will the segment end?
• So, "2 is approximately equal to 1.4. Is 1.4 exactly equal to "2?
Suppose we try 1.41. Does 1.41 = "2 ? Try 1.42. Does it equal "2?
Can you find a number that is closer to "2 than 1.41 and 1.42 are?
Display the Wheel of Theodorus. Explore with the class how the wheel
was constructed and ask for the lengths of the second and third
hypotenuses. Cut out the number-line ruler and demonstrate how to
transfer these lengths to the ruler.
Distribute Labsheet 4.1 and scissors to each student and have students
work in groups of two to four on the problem.
Explore
Ask that each student label his or her own number-line ruler. Check on
students’ understanding of measuring lengths and writing decimals.
Summarize
Materials
Display the Wheel of Theodorus. Ask for the lengths of the hypotenuses
and write them on the wheel. Then, have students come to the front and
• Student notebooks
Figure 1
0 1 Á2 Á3 2 Á5 Á7 3 4 5 6
Á4 Á6 Á8 Á9 Á10 Á11 Á12
• Does anyone know the distance between bases 3rd base 101 ft 1st base
on a standard baseball field? (90 ft)
• How far do you think a catcher would need to 90 ft
throw the ball to get a runner out at second
base?
home plate
Let students offer a few estimates, and then
have them work in pairs on the problem.
Summarize 4.2
Explore 4.2 Have several students share their strategies for
solving the problem. Look for specific references
Suggested Questions Some students may need
to the Pythagorean Theorem.
help in recognizing the right triangles that are the
There are a couple of common misconceptions
key to solving the problem.
I N V E S T I G AT I O N
that may arise during this discussion. First, students
• Suppose you draw a line segment from home may add the lengths of the legs and then square the
plate to second base. What is special about the sum to find the square of the hypotenuse. If this
line segment? (It is the hypotenuse of a right happens, you may need to demonstrate with actual
triangle whose legs are the segments from
numbers that (a + b)2 2 a2 + b2:
home plate to first base and from first base to
second base.) (90 + 90)2 0 902 + 902
4
90 ft
A second misconception involves taking square Students should square each leg length first, add
roots: some students will try to find the length of the squares, and then take the square root of the
the hypotenuse by calculating "a2 + "b2 rather sum. For some students, the symbolic expression,
than "a2 1 b2. Again, offer numerical examples "a2 1 b2, will be an aid to memory. For some, it
to help students understand that these expressions may be confusing.
are not equivalent. Stress the correct procedure:
At a Glance
4.2 Stopping Sneaky Sally
PACING 1 day
Mathematical Goals
• Estimate lengths of hypotenuses of right triangles
• Apply the Pythagorean Theorem to a problem situation
Launch
Materials
Introduce the baseball scenario described in the Student Edition.
Talk about the layout of a baseball diamond, which is pictured on
• Transparency 4.2
Explore
Some students may need help in recognizing the right triangles that are the
key to solving the problem.
• Suppose you draw a line segment from home plate to second base. What
is special about the line segment?
• What do you know about the side lengths of this right triangle? How can
you find the length of the hypotenuse?
Repeat these questions, if necessary, for Question B.
Summarize
Materials
Have several students share their strategies for solving the problem. Look
for specific references to the Pythagorean Theorem.
• Student notebooks
Stress the correct procedure: Square each leg length first, add the
squares, and then take the square root of the sum to get the length of the
hypotenuse.
ACE Assignment Guide To find the distance to first base, you need to
for Problem 4.2 find the halfway point between home and
second base, which is about 127.28 4 2, or
Core 3–5, 24, 25 about 63.64 ft from home plate. Then, draw a
Other Applications 6–9; Connections 17–23, 36, 37; right triangle with vertices at the halfway
Extensions 38–46; unassigned choices from earlier point, the pitcher’s mound, and first base.
problems
Adapted For suggestions about adapting halfway point between
Exercise 8 and other ACE exercises, see the home plate and 2nd base
CMP Special Needs Handbook. 63.64 ft
3.14 ft 1st base
Connecting to Prior Units 17–18: Moving Straight
Ahead
pitcher’s mound
Answers to Problem 4.2 The lengths of the legs are 63.64 ft and 3.14 ft.
(3.14 ft is the distance between the pitcher’s
A. Because 902 + 902 = 16,200, the distance mound and the halfway point between home
from home plate to second base is "16,200 ft, plate and second base. 63.64 ft is half of the
or about, 127.28 ft. distance between first and third bases, which
is the same as the distance between home
B. The shortstop is standing on the baseline at a
plate and second base.)
distance of 90 4 2 = 45 ft from third base.
Because 902 + 452 = 10,125, the distance from Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the
home plate to the shortstop is "10,125 ft, or
distance between the pitcher’s mound and
first base:
about 100.62 ft.
"(3.14) 2 1 (63.64) 2 < 63.72 ft. The distance
C. The pitcher’s mound is not exactly halfway
between the pitcher’s mound and third base is
between home plate and second base. The
also about 63.72 ft.
distance from the pitcher’s mound to second
base is 127.28 - 60.5 < 66.78 ft.
Launch 4.3 • What can you say about the measures of angles
CAP, BAP, CPA, and BPA? (Angles CAP and
Show a transparency of the Getting Ready for BAP are equal. So each has a measure of 30°.
Problem 4.3. Angles CPA and BPA are also equal. Since
the two angles form a straight angle and they
A are equal, they must each be 90°.)
• What can you say about line segments CP and
PB? (These segments have equal lengths or
each of them is half of the length of a side of
the equilateral triangle.)
• What can you say about triangles ACP and
ABP? (The triangles are congruent or have
identical shapes. Each is a right triangle.)
I N V E S T I G AT I O N
in any triangle is 1808, so each angle must
measure 608.) • We have just explored some interesting
Tell the class that AP is a reflection line of relationships in an equilateral triangle that
symmetry. occur when a line of reflection is drawn. In
Problem 4.3, you will continue to explore these
• What is a reflection line of symmetry? (It is a relationships about angles and side lengths.
line that divides a triangle into two identical
4
shapes.)
Some students may need to be reminded about Explore 4.3
reflection line symmetries. Cut out a copy of
triangle ABC and fold it along the reflection line. If students are having trouble, ask questions to
Ask the students what they observe about the two help them see that two right triangles were
shapes (smaller triangles) that are created. Students formed by the line of symmetry. Then, ask what
should discover that line segment AP divides else they know about these right triangles.
triangle ABC into two congruent triangles. You may
Make sure students are determining the side which is approximately the square root of 3. The
lengths by using the Pythagorean Theorem, not by conclusion is that the longer leg is 1.732 times
measuring. (or the square root of 3 times) the length of the
shorter leg.
Approach 2: Scale factor Have students find the
Summarize 4.3
scale factor from the original 30-60-90 triangle,
Let several pairs share their reasoning about each whose hypotenuse is 1 unit, to each of the others in
question, demonstrating their work at the board this problem. For instance, the scale factor from the
or overhead. original triangle to the 30-60-90 triangle whose
For Question A, students should be able to hypotenuse is 4. Therefore, the length of the longer
reason that both triangles have angles of measure leg in the 30-60-90 triangle with hypotenuse of
30°, 60°, and 90°. The reflection line (also called 4 units is 2 ? "3. For a general 30-60-90 right
the median or midpoint line) forms two congruent triangle with hypotenuse of s units, the legs of the
angles along the base of the original equilateral triangle are 2 and 2 ? "3.
s s
triangle. As the sum of the angles along a straight
line is 180°, the two congruent angles both Suggested Questions Ask:
measure 90°. In each triangle, the larger acute • Suppose you had started with a larger
angle measures 60°, so the smaller acute angle equilateral triangle. Would your rule have been
measures 30°. different? What if you had started with a
smaller equilateral triangle? (If students are
Suggested Questions Students should also
still having difficulties, give them another
discover that the length of the side opposite the equilateral triangle with side lengths of 5 or
30° angle is half the length of the hypotenuse. If 6 units to try.)
not, ask:
• Would your rule be true of any 30-60-90
• What is the length of segment CP? (Since it is triangle?
half the length of segment BC, it has a length
of 2.) You may need to cut out several 30-60-90
triangles to demonstrate that two copies can
• What is the length of the hypotenuse of right always be placed back to back to make an
triangle ACP? (4)
equilateral triangle. This is an opportunity to
• What is the relationship between the side review the properties of similar triangles. Students
opposite the 30° angle and the hypotenuse? may need to review that all 60-60-60 triangles are
(The side opposite the 30° angle is half the equilateral and are similar. In similar triangles, the
length of the hypotenuse.) ratios of the lengths of corresponding sides are
In Question B, for an equilateral triangle with equal. So, in a 30-60-90 triangle, the ratio of the
side lengths s, all students should be able to find length of the side opposite the 30° angle to the
the length of the third side of the right triangle 1
length of the hypotenuse is also 1 to 2, or 2. If
(or the reflection line in this example) using the necessary, use other lengths for the sides of the
Pythagorean Theorem. Many students will struggle equilateral triangle so students can see that the
to see that the length of the longer leg is "3 times relationship among the sides remains the same.
the length of the shorter leg (see answers for Question C of the problems reviews the
calculations). Depending on time, interest, and your relationship in a 30-60-90 triangle.
students’ sophistication with these ideas, you can
help them to see this. Check for Understanding
There are two common approaches, which refer As a final summary, you might have students look
back to ideas from the seventh-grade unit for the same kinds of relationships in the triangles
Stretching and Shrinking. formed by drawing one diagonal in a square.
At a Glance
4.3 Analyzing Triangles
PACING 112 days
Mathematical Goal
• Investigate the special properties of a 30-60-90 triangle
Launch
Materials
Show a transparency of the Getting Ready for Problem 4.3. Tell the class
that triangle ABC is an equilateral triangle and discuss reflection line of
• Transparency 4.3A
symmetry.
• Scissors
• What is true about the lengths of the sides of an equilateral triangle? Vocabulary
• What is true about the sum and measures of the angles of an equilateral • 30-60-90 triangle
triangle?
Students should discover that line segment AP divides triangle ABC into
two congruent triangles. Remind students of the formal and informal
meaning of congruent triangles.
• What can you say about the measures of angles and segments of the two
congruent triangles?
• What can you say about triangles ACP and ABP?
In Problem 4.3, students will continue to explore these relationships
about angles and side lengths. Students can work on this problem in pairs.
Explore
If students are having trouble, ask questions to help them see that two right
triangles were formed by the line of symmetry. Then, ask what else they
know about these right triangles.
Make sure students are determining the side lengths by using the
Pythagorean Theorem, not by measuring.
Summarize
Materials
Let several pairs share their reasoning about each question, demonstrating
their work at the board or overhead.
• Student notebooks
• Transparency 4.3B
Students should also discover that the length of the side opposite the
30° angle is half the length of the hypotenuse. If not, ask:
• What is the length of segment CP? Segment AC?
In Question B, all students should be able to find the length of the third
side of the right triangle using the Pythagorean Theorem. Use one of the two
possible approaches to help clarify student confusion related to Question B.
Question C reviews the relationships in a 30-60-90 triangle.
ACE Assignment Guide B. The same pattern will hold for any triangle
for Problem 4.3 ABC with side length s: There are two
congruent triangles for each case; angle
Core 10, 11 measures of the triangles obtained by a line of
Other Connections 26–34; Extensions 47–52; reflection are again 30-60-90 degrees.
unassigned choices from earlier problems
1. Angle CAP measures 30º.
Adapted For suggestions about adapting ACE 2. Angle BAP measures 30º.
exercises, see the CMP Special Needs Handbook.
3. Angle CPA measures 90°.
Connecting to Prior Units 26: Filling and
Wrapping; 28: Stretching and Shrinking; 4. Angle BPA measures 90°.
29–31: Bits and Pieces I 1
5. Length of CP is 2 s units.
1
6. Length of PB is 2 s units.
7. Length of AP is 2 "3; The ratio of the
Answers to Problem 4.3 s
30ⴗ
90ⴗ 60ⴗ
P B
2 units
30ⴗ 60ⴗ
Launch 4.4
Display Transparency 4.4 on the overhead.
60ⴗ 30ⴗ
C A D B
8 units D
30ⴗ
A B
8 units D
60ⴗ 30ⴗ
A B
Suggested Questions Ask:
• Look at triangle ABC. What do you need to Students may have different strategies for
know to find its perimeter? (The lengths of determining the missing measures. Some may start
the sides) with triangle BCD, some with triangle ABC.
• How can we find those lengths? Suggested Questions Ask:
Let students offer their ideas. They may notice • How can you find the measure of angle BCD?
that the length of the side opposite the 308 angle in [This is a right triangle, so the measure is
triangle ABC must be half the length of the 1808 -(908 + 308) = 608.]
hypotenuse but that neither of those two lengths is • How can you find the measure of angle CAD?
I N V E S T I G AT I O N
given. Some may notice that the measure of angle (You can use triangle ABC or triangle ACD.
CAB must be 608, because the sum of the measures In the latter case, you will need to find the
of the other two angles in triangle ABC is 1208. measure of angle ACD first.)
• The challenge for you in this problem is to Encourage groups to keep track of their
reason about the relationships in 30-60-90 calculations in an orderly way so they will be
triangles and the measures that are given to able to explain their reasoning to the class.
find the side lengths of triangle ABC and
4
At a Glance
4.4 Finding the Perimeter
PACING 1 day
Mathematical Goal
• Use the properties of special right triangles to solve problems
Launch
Materials
Display Transparency 4.4 on the overhead.
• Transparency 4.4
• Look at triangle ABC. What do you need to know to find its perimeter? • Labsheet 4.4
How can we find those lengths?
Let students offer their ideas.
• The challenge for you in this problem is to reason about the
relationships in 30-60-90 triangles and about the measures that are given
to find the side lengths of triangle ABC and then to calculate the
perimeter.
Have the class work in groups of four on the problem.
Explore
Circulate as groups explore the problem. Some may need help identifying
the three 30-60-90 triangles embedded in the figure. Suggest they draw the
three triangles separately.
• How can you find the measure of angle BCD? How can you find the
measure of angle CAD?
Encourage groups to keep track of their calculations in an orderly way so
they will be able to explain their reasoning to the class.
Summarize
Materials
Ask one of the groups to describe how they found the perimeter of ABC.
• Student notebooks
Move on to the rest of the questions. Once students have discussed how
they found the areas of the triangles, ask:
• What is the relationship between the areas of the two smaller triangles
and the area of the largest triangle?
Answers
Investigation 4
ACE ANSWERS
is larger than the original by a scale factor
Applications of 5; thus, the diagonal must be 5 times as
1. 12 cm long, or 5"2 units.)
2. a. The 12th triangle has leg lengths 1 unit 7. a. All 45-45-90 triangles are similar to each
8. 1012.4 m. The first segment along the opposite the 608 angle is "3 times the length
ground is the leg of an isosceles right triangle. of the side opposite the 308 angle, which is
Because the other leg is 15 m long, this leg AC. AC has length 2 units, so BC has length
2" 3
2"3 units. So, AC = 2 = " 3. The
also has a length of 15 m. The same argument BC
holds for the last segment along the ground.
Therefore, the horizontal portion of cable corresponding ratio for the other two
is 1,000 - (2 ? 15) = 970 m long. Each angled triangles must be the same because the
part of the cable is the hypotenuse of an triangles are similar.
isosceles right triangle with legs of length BC 2" 3 "3
d. AB = = 2 . The corresponding
15 units. Because 152 + 152 = 450, each 4
17. See Figure 2. The distance between the cars 26. a."32 < 5.66 cm
increases by 78.1 mi each hour. (Note:
Students will probably calculate the distance b.
apart by adding the sum of the squares and
taking the square root of that sum.)
18. After 2 hr, the northbound car has traveled
80 mi. Use this distance as one leg of a right
triangle and the distance apart (100 mi) as the
hypotenuse. Using the Pythagorean Theorem,
1002 - 802 = 3,600, so the distance the
c. About 37.9
eastbound car has traveled must be
"3,600 = 60 mi. This distance was traveled
27. B
in 2 hr, so the eastbound car is traveling at 28. a. Two pairs of corresponding angles are
30 mph. (Note: This is a 3-4-5 right triangle equal, so the triangles are similar.
with a scale factor of 20.) b. Because the triangles are similar, the
corresponding sides are proportional. The
given side length of the smaller triangle is a
third of the corresponding side length of
80 mi 100 mi
the larger triangle, so the other two side
lengths of the smaller triangle must also be
a third the length of the corresponding
60 mi sides of the larger triangle. The sides of the
larger triangle are 6 units, 3 units, and
3 #3 or "27 units (or about 5.2 units), so
2
19. 5 = 0.4; terminating
3 the sides of the smaller triangle are 2 units,
20. 8 = 0.375; terminating
1 unit, and "3 or 3"27 units (or about
1
5
21. 6 = 0.8333. . .; 3 repeats 1.7 units).
35 c. The larger triangle’s area is 9 times the
22. 10 = 3.5; terminating
smaller triangle’s area.
8 35 7
23. 99 = 0.08080808. . .; 08 repeats 29. Possible answers: 100 or 20
24. Right triangle. 52 + 72 = ( "74) 2
25. Right triangle.
("2) 2 + ("7) 2 = 2 + 7 = 9 = 32
ACE ANSWERS
Figure 2
Distance Traveled Distance Traveled Distance
Hours by Northbound Car (mi) by Eastbound Car (mi) Between Cars (mi)
1 60 50
49. a. (3.54, 3.54). Draw a vertical segment from has an area of about
B down to the x-axis to create a 45-45-90 1
2
? 4 ? 3.46 = 6.9 units2. The equilateral
triangle ABC. triangle on the hypotenuse is composed of
two right triangles, each with a leg of length
y 2.5 units and a hypotenuse of length 5 units.
4 B
Because 52 - 2.52 = 18.75, the longer leg
has length "18.75 < 4.3 units. This
2
equilateral triangle has an area of about
A 458 x 1
2
? 5 ? 4.3 = 10.8 units2.
O C 5
b. The sum of the areas of the equilateral
triangles on the legs is equal to the area of
the equilateral triangle on the hypotenuse:
As observed in Exercise 7, in 45-45-90
3.9 + 6.9 = 10.8.
triangles, the length of the hypotenuse is
"2 times the length of the leg. So
52. a. Each hexagon can be divided into six
5
equilateral triangles, the areas of which
BC = AC = units, which is
"2
were found in ACE Exercise 51. The
approximately 3.54 units. So, the hexagon on the leg of length 3 units has
coordinates of B are (3.54, 3.54). an area of about 6 ? 3.9 = 23.4 units2. The
b. 1 hexagon on the leg of length 4 has an area
of about 6 ? 6.9 = 41.4 units2. The hexagon
50. a. The half-circle on the leg of length 3 units on the hypotenuse has an area of about
1
has area 2 ? p ? 1.52 < 3.5 units2. The 6 ? 10.8 = 64.8 units2.
half-circle on the leg of length 4 units has b. The sum of the areas of the hexagons on
1
area ? p ?
2
22 < 6.3 units2. The half-circle the legs is equal to the area of the hexagon
on the hypotenuse has area on the hypotenuse: 23.4 + 41.4 = 64.8.
1
? p ? 2.52 < 9.8 units2. 53. Possible answers: "39, "40, and 2p.
2
b. The sum of the areas of the half-circles on 54. a. 100x = 15.15151515 . . .
the legs is equal to the area of the – x = 0.15151515 . . .
half-circle on the hypotenuse:
99x = 15
3.5 + 6.3 = 9.8. 15 5
x = 99 or 33
51. a. Each equilateral triangle can be divided
into two 30-60-90 triangles. The equilateral b. 10x = 7.7777 . . .
triangle on the leg of length 3 units is
– x = 0.7777 . . .
composed of two right triangles, each with a
ACE ANSWERS
leg of length 1.5 units and a hypotenuse of 9x = 7
7
length 3 units. Because 32 - 1.52 = 6.75, x=9
the longer leg (which is the height of the
equilateral triangle) has length c. 1,000x = 123.123123123123 . . .
"6.75 <2.6 units. This equilateral triangle – x = 0.123123123123 . . .
1 999x = 123
has an area of about 2 ? 3 ? 2.6 = 3.9 sq.
4
123 41
x = 999 or 333
units. The equilateral triangle on the leg of
length 4 units is composed of two right 55. a. " 100 2 36 = " 64 = 8 ft
triangles, each with a leg of length 2 units
b. The farmer is saying that the barn is not
and a hypotenuse of length 4 units. Because
42 - 22 = 12, the longer leg has length perpendicular to the ground.
"12 < 3.46 units. This equilateral triangle c. "225 2 144 = "81 = 9 ft
2. a. The length of the side opposite a 30° angle 6. a. The length of the diagonal of a square is
in a 30-60-90 triangle is half the length of the square root of the sum of the squares of
the hypotenuse. Thus the wire is attached to two of the side lengths. If d is the length of
the ground 30 ft from the base of the tower. the diagonal and s is the side length, then
b. Use the Pythagorean Theorem to find the d = "s2 1 s2 = "2s2 = s"2.
length of the other leg. The height of the
b. The length of the diagonal of a rectangle is
tower is 30"3 or approximately 52 ft. the square root of the sum of the squares of
3. You can determine the length of a side of any the length and width. If d is the length of
sq uare by finding the square root of its area. the diagonal and s and t are the width and
Students may have used this strategy to find length, then d = "s2 1 t2.
the side length of Square E in part (a) of
Problem 1. c. The length of the hypotenuse of a right
triangle is the square root of the sum of the
4. Possible answer: Form a right triangle whose squares of the lengths of the legs. If c is the
hypotenuse is the line segment. The lengths of length of the hypotenuse and s and t are
the lengths of the legs, then c = "s2 1 t2.
the legs are the positive difference in the
x-coordinates of the endpoints and positive
difference in the y-coordinates of the d. The height of an equilateral triangle is the
endpoints. Once you know the lengths of the square root of the difference of the square
legs, apply the Pythagorean Theorem to find of a side length and the square of half a
the length of the hypotenuse, which is the line side length. If d is the height and s is the
segment. If you forget the Pythagorean side length, then d = "s2 2 (2) 2 (or
s
Theorem, you can build a square whose
d 5 2 #3 based on 30-60-90 triangle
s
length is the given line segment. Find the area
of the square and then take the square root of properties).
the area to find the length of the line e. The length of one side of a right triangle is
segment. the square root of the difference of the
5. a. The triangle is a right triangle. Therefore, squares of the hypotenuse and the other
the Pythagorean relationship applies: The side length. If a is unknown leg length, t is
sum of the area of the squares on the legs the known leg length, and h is the length of
is equal to the area of the square on the the hypotenuse, then a = "h2 2 t2.
hypotenuse.
For the Teacher In Problem 6, students
b. Because the triangle in Figure 2 is not a may describe each process as three steps.
right triangle, the Pythagorean Theorem For example in part (a), they may say:
does not apply.
• Take the square of two side lengths of
ACE ANSWERS
the square.
• Add these two squares.
• Take the square root of the sum.
4
Dot Paper
Looking for Pythagoras
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Labsheet 1.1
Looking for Pythagoras
Maps of Euclid
5 y
N
4
Gas station
3
Stadium
1
Art museum
Greenhouse City Hall x
᎐7 ᎐6 ᎐5 ᎐4 ᎐3 ᎐2 ᎐1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
᎐1
᎐2
Animal shelter
᎐3
᎐4
Hospital Police station Cemetery
᎐5
© Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
5 y
N
4
Gas station
3
Stadium
1
Art museum
Greenhouse City Hall x
᎐7 ᎐6 ᎐5 ᎐4 ᎐3 ᎐2 ᎐1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
᎐1
᎐2
Animal shelter
᎐3
᎐4
Hospital Police station Cemetery
᎐5
101
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Labsheet 1.2
Looking for Pythagoras
Planning Parks
5 y
N
4
Gas station
3
Stadium
(4, 2)
2
(1, 1)
1
Art museum
Greenhouse City Hall x
!7 !6 !5 !4 !3 !2 !1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
!1
!2
Animal shelter
!3
!4
Hospital Police station Cemetery
!5
© Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
5 y
N
4
Gas station
3
Stadium
(4, 2)
2
(1, 1)
1
Art museum
Greenhouse City Hall x
!7 !6 !5 !4 !3 !2 !1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
!1
!2
Animal shelter
!3
!4
Hospital Police station Cemetery
!5
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Labsheet 1.3
Looking for Pythagoras
5. 6.
7.
10.
8.
9.
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19. 20.
18.
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24. 25.
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Labsheet 2.1
Looking for Pythagoras
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Labsheet 2.3
Looking for Pythagoras
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Labsheet 3.2A
Looking for Pythagoras
Puzzle Pieces
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Labsheet 3.2B
Looking for Pythagoras
Puzzle Pieces
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Labsheet 3.2C
Looking for Pythagoras
Puzzle Pieces
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Labsheet 3.3
Looking for Pythagoras
Points on a Grid
L N
K
M
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Labsheet 4.1
Looking for Pythagoras
1
1
1 1
1 1
1
1
1
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Á2
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Labsheet 4.4
Looking for Pythagoras
Questions A–C
30°
A B
8 units D
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At a Glance
PACING:
Mathematical Goals
Launch
Materials
Explore
Materials
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Summarize
Materials
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C R
conjecture A guess about a pattern or relationship rational number A number that can be written as a
based on observations. fraction with a numerator and a denominator that
are integers. The decimal representation of a rational
H number either ends or repeats. Examples of rational
hypotenuse The side of a right triangle that is 1 78
numbers are 2, 91, 7, 0.2, and 0.191919. . . .
opposite the right angle. The hypotenuse is the
longest side of a right triangle. In the triangle below, real numbers The set of all rational numbers and
the side labeled c is the hypotenuse. all irrational numbers. The number line represents
GLOSSARY
the set of real numbers.
Glossary 115
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Acknowledgments 117