(a) Explaining all terms and symbols used, define the following.

Sherwood number
Schmidt number

Sherwood number
It is defined as follows

Kl L
Sh=
D

where

L is a characteristic length (m)

D is mass diffusivity (m2.s−1)

Kl is the convective mass transfer film coefficient (m.s−1)

Schmidt number

Sc is defined as
v
Sc=
DB

Where
V is the kinematic air viscosity
DB is the diffusivity  of particles.

(a) What are the units of kinematic viscosity (ν)? Calculate the kinematic
viscosity of the liquid electrolyte at 293 K, providing your answer in the
units you have previously given.

Kinematic viscosity unit is m2/s

 1.002∗10−3 −6 2
v= =1.003∗10 m /s
998.2

(b) If the equivalent diameter (de) of the laboratory reactor is given by

equation (1),

de= 4 × cross-sectional area cross-sectional /perimeter (Equation 1) 3

calculate the value of the equivalent diameter of the reactor, and give its
units.

de= 4*(cross section area/cross section perimeter)

Hence, cross section area of a cuboid also laboratory reactor= 2*(lb+bh)

cross section parameter= 4(l+b+h)

Given, l=30 cm, b= 3 cm, h= 0.5 cm ( Note: In the question l, b, h are

respectively mentioned as L, B and s)

Hence after putting the values we get de= 5.463 cm

(c) Noting th1at the Reynolds number (Re) of the reactor is given by
equation (2),
Re =( de u)/ ν
(Equation 2) in which u is the mean electrolyte velocity, use the data
provided to calculate, at 293 K, both the Reynolds number and the
Schmidt number as a function of the volume flow rate. Comment on
your results.

Reynolds no= (de*u/kinematic viscocity)

And we know, kinematic viscocity= dyanamic viscocity/density

And Volume flow rate = Area of cross section* velocity

=( πde2) /4 * u= Q

=> u= 4Q/πde2 ... Put the value in the Re = (de* 4Q) /(πde2)

Similarly, Schmidt No = kinematic viscocity/mass diffusivity(D)

(d) Use the data provided to calculate the Sherwood number (Sh) as a
function of the volume flow rate at 293 K, and then plot lg(Sh) against
lg(Re) and comment on your plot.
1
logSh=log ( a S c ) +b log Nre
3

Plot between log sh v/s log Nre

This table get from given data as follows
(e) For Re < 2000, the Sherwood number is predicted to be related to the
Reynolds number and the Schmidt number by equation (3) Sh = aReb Sc
1 3 (Equation 3) where a and b are constants. Use your answers to parts
(d) and (e) to calculate the values of a and b. Comment on your findings
1
(
logSh=log a S c 3 +b log Nre )
From the above graph
Where b is slope

2.473−2.28
b= =0.323=0.4
2.87−2.27

1
( )
log a S c 3 is intercept

1
( )
log a S c 3 =1.71
1
1.003∗10−6 3
a∗( 2.67∗10 −9 )
=101.71

a∗7.2=51.3
a= 7.125
b= 0.4

(g) For Re > 2000, the Sherwood number is predicted to be related to

the Reynolds number and the Schmidt number by equation (4) Sh = cRed
Sc 1 3 (Equation 4) where c and d are constants. Use your answers to
parts (d) and (e) to calculate the values of c and d. Comment on your
findings.
1
(
logSh=log c S c 3 + d log Nre )
From the above graph

3.96−3.17
d= =1.2=1.2
4.14−3.47
1
( )
log c S c 3 is intercept

1
log (a S c )=3.17
3

1
1.003∗10−6 3
c∗( 2.67∗10 −9 )
=103.17

c∗7.2=103.17=1479.1

c = 205
d=1.2

(a) Write down the reaction between chlorine and water?

 When chlorine gas (Cl2) is added to the water (H2O), it hydrolyzes
rapidly to produce hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and the hypochlorous
acid will then dissociate into hypochlorite ions (OCl-) and hydrogen
ions (H+).
CL2 + H2O -> HOCL +H+ + OCL-

(b) If the reaction between chlorine gas and water occurs as a single
step, explain why the reaction you have written in part (a) can be
considered to be overall pseudo-first order.

A Pseudo first-order reaction can be defined as a second-order or

bimolecular reaction that is made to behave like a first-order reaction.
This reaction occurs when one reacting material is present in great
excess or is maintained at a constant concentration compared with the
other substance.

(c) Write down the time-dependent reaction-diffusion equation relevant

to this problem in extractive reaction.

Simple model
The chloride concentration can be described as a function of time and
distance under non-steady state conditions by Fick’s second law

∂C ∂ ∂C
∂t
+ R1=D ( )
∂x ∂ x

Where
R1 is the pseudo first order rate of reaction
C is the concentration ,
D is the diffusion constant.
with initial and boundary conditions given by
IC : C(x,0) = Co
BC : C(0,tm) = Cs

(d) What is meant by the term steady-state?

 In chemistry, thermodynamics, and other chemical engineering,
a steady state is a situation in which all state variables are constant
in spite of ongoing processes that strive to change them.

(e) Using your answers to parts (c) and (d) and showing all of your steps,
demonstrate that the steady-state concentration profile of chlorine in
water is given by equation (5):

Kr
C
C0 ( √ )
exp −x
D
We know that
∂C ∂ ∂C
∂t
+ R1=D
∂x ∂ x( )
Assume that at steady state
∂C
=0
∂t

Then
∂ ∂C
R1=D ( )
∂x ∂x
Or

d2 C
D −R 1=0
d x2

d2C R1
− =0
d x2 D
R1is pseudo first order rate of reaction
R1=KrC
d2C K r
− C=0
d x2 D

It is a second order differential equation

2 Kr
M − =0
D
 Kr
M =±
√ D

Then by complementary solution of differential equation we got

concentration profile
Kr Kr

C= A e
−x (√ )+ B e ( √ )
D
x
D

By the boundary condition B=0

At X=0, C=Co then from this we got A= Co

The final concentration profile is

Kr

C=C o e
−x (√ )
D

where: c is the concentration of chlorine in water,

c0 is the concentration of chlorine in water at the water/gas
interface,
x is the distance in the water from the water/gas interface,
kr is the pseudo-first order rate constant for the reaction of chlorine
with water, and
D is the diffusion coefficient of chlorine in water.

i. Explain what is meant by the term wetted-wall absorption column,

and describe how they differ from packed tower absorption columns.

A falling-film column (or wetted-wall column) is a particular chemical

equipment used to achieve mass and heat transfer between
two fluid phases (in general one gas phase and one liquid phase).

ii. What advantages do wetted-wall columns have over packed

towers?
As packed columns show disadvantages like maldistribution following
diminished efficiency, other technologies have to close this gap.
The pressure drop of the wetted‐wall column was significantly lower
compared to the packed column. While the packed column reaches
the well‐known effect of increased pressure drops at the loading
point, the wetted‐wall column shows nearly no dependency on the
gas load . The analysis of the wetting behavior of the wetted‐wall
column showed that the liquid falling film tends to breakup at
increasing F factors of the counter‐current vapor stream. Thus, it can
be expected that at F factors higher than 1.5 Pa0.5, the effective mass
transfer area is decreasing as the surface of the wetting‐wall column
is not completely wetted.

iii. Given the diffusion coefficient of chlorine in water is 1.25 x 10-5

cm2 s-1 , determine the pseudo-first order rate constant for the
reaction between chlorine and water.

When chlorine gas (Cl2) is added to the water (H2O), it hydrolyzes

rapidly to produce hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and the
hypochlorous acid will then dissociate into hypochlorite ions (OCl-)
and hydrogen ions (H+).

CL2 + H2O -> HOCL +H+ + OCL-

To examine the effect of temperature on the second-order rate

constant,it can be rewritten by taking Arrhenius equation into
consideration,
( RTEa )
−
K=αβ k o∗exp

where Ko frequency factor, αβ it is known as PH value

Ea activation energy,
R universal gas constant (8.314 J /mol k and
T absolute temperature (K).
This kinetic equation can be used to predict the k value when the pH
and temperature conditions are known.

The values of A
K and Ea were then calculated to be
Ko = 1.44 * 10^9 M-1S-1
and Ea = 15.14 kJ /mol these data taken from reference paper for
chlorine water reaction
where the term “αβ ” reflects the effect of pH, and the term “
( RTEa )
−
K=αβ k o∗exp
” reflects the effect of temperature. This kinetic equation can be used
to predict the k value when the pH and temperature conditions are
known

At 25 degree celcius
PH =7.4
3
15.14∗10

K=7.4∗1.44∗10 ∗exp
(
9 8.314∗298 )
−

K=6.1∗10−19 S−1