Pharmacology 2 (LAB)

Rationale:
 This course deals with the basic pharmacokinetic,
pharmacodynamic, and pharmacotherapeutic principles about
drugs.
 It also deals with basic concepts and skills on using animal models in
testing for pharmacologic activity of a substance.
Coarse Objective:
 At the end of the course, the students are expected to demonstrate
familiarity and knowledge on the applications of drugs.
 Students are also expected to be knowledgeable on how to
properly conduct experimentation using animal models.
Online Activities
Grouping: Pcol2 and PharRes1

G1 Bacho Andrea Janisah Mae

G2 Baing Bethany Jenny lou Mahal
G3 Castro Camille Rej Myra
G4 David Cheselle Jericho Roezl
G5 Delfin Cristine joy Jirah Ruth kathleen
G6 Palec Coleen Jeroe Ruth/ Xyrah
G7 Pinggoy Ella Joseph Shawn
G8 Zyren Ivan Justin Sophia
 Simulation
1. Provide your own material at home. Innovate!
2. Record data using computer
3. Upload outputs and activities (PDF) thru moodle
4. Promptness and neatness of presentation is a must
 Vlogs of activities,. Ex.Vital signs taking, Proper laboratory animal
handling.etc.
BIOSTATISTICS
OBJECTIVE
DESCRIBE BASIC STATISTICAL METHODOLOGY
AND CONCEPTS
 Biostatistics
 (a portmanteau word made from biology and statistics)
 The application of statistics to a wide range of topics in
biology
 It is the science which deals with development and
application of the most appropriate methods for the:
 Collection of data.
 Presentation of the collected data.
 Analysis and interpretation of the results.
 Making decisions on the basis of such analysis
Role of statisticians
 To guide the design of an experiment or survey prior to data
collection

 To analyze data using proper statistical procedures and techniques

 To present and interpret the results to researchers and other decision

makers

 Karl Pearson-statistician who first to use SD in 1893

 Sources of data

Records Surveys Experiments

Comprehensive Sample
Variables any characteristics, number, or quantity that can be
measured or counted. A variable may also be called a data item.

TYPES
 Random variable – observed values are outcomes of an
experiment; not anticipated
 Independent variable – intervention or what is being
manipulated in order to observe the effect on
a dependent variable, sometimes called an outcome variable.
“cause”
 Dependent variable - a variable that is dependent on an
independent variable(s)- the outcome of interest within the
study “effect”
 Types of Data
 Nonparametric
 Nominal data – numbers are
purely arbitrary (random) or
without regard to any order.
 For example, the variable gender is
nominal because there is no order in the
levels female/male. Eye color is
another example of a nominal variable
because there is no order among blue,
brown or green eyes. A nominal
variable can have between two levels
(e.g., do you smoke? Yes/No or what is
your gender? Female/Male
 Ordinal data - is a
categorical, statistical data
type where the variables
have natural, ordered
categories
 For instance, the variable
“severity of road accidents” is
ordinal because there is a
clear order in the levels
light/moderate/fatal.
 Parametric
 Also known as continuous or measuring data or variable
 There is order and consistent level of magnitude of
difference in data units
2 types:
1. Interval
2. Ratio
Ex. Tmax, AUC, T½
 Methods of presentation of data
Numerical presentation (tables)
1. Numerical presentation
Blood group Frequency %
2. Graphical presentation
A 12 24
3. Mathematical presentation B 18 36
(using formula) AB 5 10
O 15 30

Total 50 100

Table (I): Distribution of 50 patients at the surgical

department of Alexandria hospital in May 2008
according to their ABO blood groups
 2. Graphical presentation

Graphs drawn using Cartesian coordinates

• Line graph
• Frequency polygon
• Frequency curve
• Histogram
• Bar graph
• Scatter plot
• Pie chart
• Statistical maps
Line Graph

MMR/1000
60 Year MMR
50 1960 50
40
30 1970 45
20 1980 26
10
0 1990 15
Year
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2000 12

Figure (1): Maternal mortality rate of (country), 1960-2000

 Frequency polygon

Males Females Sex

% Age M-P
40 M F
35
20- (12%) (10%) 25
30
25
20 30- (36%) (30%) 35
15
10 40- (8%) (25%) 45
5
0
Age 50- (16%) (15%) 55
25 35 45 55 65

60-70 (8%) (20%) 65

Figure (2): Distribution of 45 patients at (place) , in (time) by age and sex

 Histogram
% 35
30 Distribution of a group of cholera patients by age

25 Age (years) Frequency %

20 25- 3 14.3
30- 5 23.8
15
40- 7 33.3
10 45- 4 19.0
60-65 2 9.5
5
Total 21 100
0
25

30

40

45

60

65
0

Age (years)

Figure (2): Distribution of 100 cholera patients at (place) , in (time) by age

Bar chart

%
45
40
35
30
%
25 50
20 Male
15 40 Female
10
30
5
0 20
Single Married Divorced Widowed
Marital status 10
0
Single Married Divorced Widowed
Marital status
 Pie chart  Doughnut chart

Deletion Hos pital B

Inversion
3%
18%
DM
Hos pital A IHD
Renal

Translocation
79%
Distribution
 The distribution of a statistical data set (or a
population) is a listing or function showing all the
possible values (or intervals) of the data and how
often they occur.
Normal Distributions
 Symmetrical on both sides of the mean

 aka: Bell-shaped curve, Gaussian curve, Curve of error,

normal probability curve.
 ex. popu T ½ vs. normal T ½
 Skewness refers to the asymmetry of the
distribution, such that a symmetrical distribution
exhibits no skewness.
Kurtosis
 from Greek: κσρτός, kyrtos or kurtos, meaning
"curved, arching"
 It is a measure that describes the shape of a
distribution's tails in relation to its overall shape
3 main Measures of Central Tendency

1. mode
2. median
3. mean

 Each of these measures describes

a different indication of the typical
or central value in the distribution.
Mean

 is the most popular and well known measure of

central tendency.
 is equal to the sum of all the values in the data set
divided by the number of values in the data set.
 Median
 It is the middle score for a set of data that has been
arranged in order of magnitude
 In order to calculate the median, suppose we have the
data below:
65 55 89 56 35 14 56 55 87 45 92
 We first need to rearrange that data into order of
magnitude (smallest first):
 14 35 45 55 55 56 56 65 87 89 92
Mode
 it is the most frequent score in our data set.
 On a histogram it represents the highest bar in a
bar chart or histogram
 Measures of variability

 Statisticians use summary measures to describe the

amount of variability or spread in a set of data.
 The most common measures of variability:
 Range – interval between lowest and highest values
 Variance- deviation from the mean, expressed as the
square of the units used.
 standard deviation (SD)-square root of variance
Example-1
Find the Range: 1,5,4,2
Find the variance
----------------------------------
Example-2
Find the range: 3,7,9,0
Find the variance: 3,7,9,1
Coefficient of variation (CV) or relative SD

 It is the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean

(SD/mean x 100)
 It is expressed as the percentage of the mean.
 Ex., the expression “The standard deviation is 15%
of the mean” is a CV.
Example-1
 Find the CV (For same measurements)
 CV = SD/Mean *100
Per test Random
Mean 54.9 46.9
SD 12.1 10.8
CV
Example-2
 Find the CV (For diff measurements)
 CV = SD/Mean *100
Extraversion IQ

Mean 50 100
SD 10 15
CV
Standard Error of the Mean (SEM)
 It is a measure of precision
SD - Measures the spread of the data (how far data are), and lot of spread
can mean large standard error.
S = SD
n = sample size, or the number of trials
Hypothesis Testing
 Hypothesis is an assumption about a population parameter.
This assumption may or may not be true.
 Hypothesis testing refers to the formal procedures used by
statisticians to accept or reject statistical hypotheses.
H0 – Null hypothesis, no difference exists between studied populations
H1 – alternative hypothesis, a difference does exist between studied
populations
Error types
 Type I error is the incorrect rejection of a true
null hypothesis (a "false positive")
 happen when we reject a true null hypothesis.
 Type II error is incorrectly retaining a false
null hypothesis (a "false negative")
 happen when we fail to reject a false null hypothesis
Parametric and Non-Parametric Statistical Test
 Parametric test is one that makes assumptions about
the parameters (defining properties) of the
population distribution(s) from which one's data are
drawn
 A non-parametric test is one that makes no such
assumptions.
Type of test- Comparison of Means: look for the
difference between the means of variables
Type of Test Use

Paired T-test Tests for the difference between two related variables

Independent T-test Tests for the difference between two independent variables

ANOVA(Analysis of Tests the difference between group means after any other variance
variance) in the outcome variable is accounted for