Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Age Frequency %
(years)
20-<30 12 24
30- 18 36
40- 5 10
50+ 15 30
Total 50 100
Complex frequency distribution Table
Lung cancer
Total
Smoking positive negative
No. % No. % No. %
Smoker 15 65.2 8 34.8 23 100
Non
smoker 5 13.5 32 86.5 37 100
• Line graph
• Frequency polygon
• Frequency curve
• Histogram
• Bar graph
• Scatter plot
Pie chart
8 Female
7 Male
6
Frequency
5
4
0
20- 30- 40- 50- 60-69
Age in ye ars
Histogram
• For continuous variables like age
Distribution of a group of cholera patients by age
30
20
10
0
Single Married Divorced Widowed
Marital status
Bar charts
120
100
80
%
60 frequency
40
20
0
a b c d total
Pie chart
Deletion
Inversion
3%
18%
Translocation
79%
Doughnut chart
Hospital B
DM
Hospital A IHD
Renal
Graphs
• Both SPSS and EXCEL can be used to create the
graphs
Bar graph
120
100
100
80
60 Frequency
%
50
40 36
30
24
20 18
15
12
10
5
0
A B AB O Total
Bar graph
160
140
120
100 100
80 %
Frequency
60
40
36
30
24 50
20
18 10 15
12
0 5
A B AB O Total
Bar graph
100 100
90
80
70
60
50 36
Frequency
40 24 50 %
30
30
20 18 10
12
10
15
0 5
A %
B
AB
Frequency
O
Total
Line
120
100 100
80
60 Frequency
%
50
40
36
30
24
20
18
15
12
10
5
0
A B AB O Total
Line
120
100 100
80
60 Frequency
%
50
40
36
30
24
20
18
15
12
10
5
0
A B AB O Total
Line
100
100
90
80
70
60
50
Frequency
40 36
%
24
30
50
30
20
10 12 18 10
0
A 15
5 %
B
AB
Frequency
O
Total
Pie
12
18
A
B
50 AB
O
Total
15
Pie
A
B
AB
O
Pie
24%
30%
A B AB O
10%
36%
Pie
24%
30%
A
B
AB
O
10%
36%
Area
40 Frequency
20 12 %
0
A
18 %
5
AB Frequency
15
O
Scatter
40
35
30
25
20 Frequency
18 %
15 15
12
10
5 5
0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Rader
A
40
20
12
15 18 Frequency
O 0 B
5 %
AB
3-Mathematical presentation
Summery statistics
Measures of location
1- Measures of central tendency
2- Measures of non central locations
(Quartiles, Percentiles )
Measures of dispersion
Summery statistics
1- Measures of central tendency (averages)
Midrange
Smallest observation + Largest observation
2
Mode
the value which occurs with the greatest
frequency i.e. the most common value
Summery statistics
1- Measures of central tendency (cont.)
Median
the observation which lies in the middle of the
ordered observation.
“Standard error”
Standard deviation SD
7 8
7 7
7 77
7 77
6 3 2
7
7 8 13
Mean = 7 9
Mean = 7 SD=0.63
SD=0
Mean = 7
SD=4.04
Standard error of mean SE
A measure of variability among means of samples
selected from certain population (mean1, mean2,
mean3 etc)
S
SE (Mean) = n
Exercise
1. standard deviation is 4.5 and the
sample size is 16 calculate the
standard error
2. the standard deviation and
standard error are 6 and 1.5
respectively. Calculate sample size for
this data
Frequency distributions