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Activated Sludge Mathod PDF
Activated Sludge Mathod PDF
Figu
ure 4.3.1. Acctivated slu
udge processs
(a) Equations
E ussed for desig
gn of aeratiion tank
VX
C
QW Xr
1 QY S0 S
kd
C VX X
(b) Mass
M balance around clarifier
XQ Qr Q QW X e QW Qr X r
For Xe =0
X Q Qr Qr QW Xr
QX Q W X r
Qr
Xr X
Qr
Recycle
R ratio =
Q
Problem 4.3.1: An activated-sludge system is to be used for secondary treatment of 15,000 m3/d
of municipal wastewater. After primary clarification, the BOD is 170 mg/L, and it is desired to
have not more than 25 mg/L of soluble BOD in the effluent. A completely mixed reactor is to be
used, and pilot-plant analysis has established the following values: hydraulic detention time
( θC )=10 d yield coefficient (Y)=0.5 kg/kg, kd=0.05 d-1. Assuming an MLSS concentration of
4500 mg/L and an underflow concentration of 12,000 mg/L from the secondary clarifier,
determine (1) the volume of the reactor, (2) the mass and volume of solids that must be wasted
each day, and (3) the recycle ratio.
0.1 d 1
15, 000 m3 /d 0.17 kg/m3 0.025 kg/m3 0.05 d -1
V 4.5 kg/m 3
V=1611 m3
VX
Using C =10
QW Xr
Qr 8903.34
Recycle ratio 0.59
Q 15,000
PONDS AND LAGOONS
Other than activated sludge processes, ponds and lagoons are most common suspended-
culture biological systems used for the treatment of wastewater.
A wastewater pond, alternatively known as a stabilization pond, oxidation pond, and
sewage lagoon, consists of a large, shallow earthen basin in which wastewater is retained long
enough for natural purification processes.
Classification of lagoons is based on degree of mechanical mixing provided.
Aerobic lagoon: The reactor is called an aerobic lagoon, when sufficient energy is supplied to
keep the entire contents, including the sewage solids, mixed and aerated. To meet suspended-
solids effluent standards, solids are removed from the effluent coming from an aerobic lagoon.
Facultative lagoon: In facultative lagoon, only enough energy is supplied to mix the liquid
portion of the lagoon, solids settle to the bottom in areas of low velocity gradients and proceed to
degrade anaerobically and this process is different from facultative pond only in the method by
which oxygen is supplied. Facultative lagoons are assumed to be completely mixed reactors
without biomass recycle [5].
Aerobic lagoons with solid recycle: The aerobic lagoon with solids recycle is same as extended
aeration activated-sludge process, but an earthen (typically lined) basin is used in place of a
reinforced-concrete reactor basin. It is necessary that the aeration requirement for an aerobic
lagoon with recycle must be higher than the values for an aerobic flow-through lagoon to
maintain the solids in suspension.
DESIGN OF LAGOONS
Process design considerations for flow-through lagoons [6]
BOD removal
Effluent characteristics
Temperature effect
Oxygen requirement
Energy requirement for mixing
Solids separation
Applying
A mass balance on lagoon giv
ven in abovee figure
BOD
B in = BOD
Dout + BODcoonsumed
Q 0 QS V kS
QS
S 1 1
S0 1 k V Q 1 k
Where,
W S/S0=fraction
= of soluble BOD
B remainning, k=reaaction rate coefficient (d-1),
ulic detention time (d-1), V= reactor volume (m3)), and Q= floow rate (m3//d).
θ=hydrau
Iff several reactors are arrranged in serries, the effluuent of one ppond becom
mes the influeent to
the next. A substrate balance wriitten across a series of n reactors resuults in follow
wing equatioon:
Sn 1
1 k n
n
S0
A wide rang
ge of values for k is av
vailable in tthe literaturre. Althoughh many variiables
relating to
t both the reeactor and wastewater
w afffect the valuue of k, wateer temperatuure affects it most
significan
ntly. k valuee at any temp
perature can be find out bby followingg equation:
k T k 20 T-200
Where,
W a 20°C (rannges from 0..2 to1.0) andd =temperrature
k20 = reaction ratte constant at
coefficien
nt ranges fro
om 1.03 to 1.12.
k25 0.231.06
3020
Summer: 0.411 d-1
Winter: 20 1
200 1 0.128 V 3400
V=239062 m3
(c) Estimation of dimensions of three square lagoons in series
Q, S0 Q,S1 Q,S2 Q,S3
Vi Vi Vi
Sn 1
S0 Vi
n
1 k
n Q
3
200 0.411 Vi
Summer : 1
20 3 6600
Vi 55607.13 m 3
3
200 0.128 Vi
Winter: 1
20 3 3400
Vi 91980.8 m 3
REFERENCES
[1] http://dnr.wi.gov/org/es/science/opcert/doc/Activated_Sludge_intro.pdf
[2] http://www.ragsdaleandassociates.com/WastewaterSystemOperatorsManual/Chapter%20
8%20-%20Activated%20Sludge.pdf
[3] http://www.wastewaterhandbook.com/documents/11_introduction.pdf
[4] http://www.lenntech.com/wwtp/wwtp-activated-sludge-process.htm
1985.
[6] Tchobanoglous, G., burton, F. L., stensel, H.D. “Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and