Design of Activated Sludge Process

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Category: Question Banks Published: Thursday, 16 June 2016 Written by Super User

1. The aeration tank volume in an activated sludge plant was calculated to be

5184 m3, to be provided in four parallel units. The depth of the tanks will be 3
m. Aerators are available with power of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50 KW and their areas of
influence are 25 m2 for 1, 2, and 5 KW, and 36 m2 for 10, 25 and 50 KW aerators
respectively. The expected maximum oxygen requirement for the process was
calculated to be 13700 Kg/d. Manufacturers specify that the oxygen transfer
capacity of these aerators is 2.0 Kg O2/kW-h under standard conditions. Based
on this information, design an adequate aerator arrangement for each aeration
tank. The operating temperature of the aeration tank is expected to be 30oC.
The steady state dissolved oxygen concentration in the aeration tank should be
1 mg/L. Saturation concentration of oxygen in water at 20oC is 9.1 mg/L and at
30oC is 7.5 mg/L.

2. 1 MLD of 400mg/L Glucose solution (C6H12O6) is to be treated by a

completely-mixed activated sludge process (ASP). Hydraulic detention time in
the aeration tank is 4 hours. The effluent from the process should have 20mg/L
glucose. Biological solids retention time (BSRT) of the ASP is 6 days. Based on
this information, calculate the oxygen requirement in the aeration tank in Kg/d.
Assume all necessary nutrients that are required for bio-mass growth are
present in excess. Also assume that BODu = 1.5 x BOD5. YT and Kd values for
microbial degradation of glucose are 0.5 mg/mg and 0.05 /d respectively
(calculated based on BOD5 values).

3. The volume of an aeration tank in an activated sludge plant is 4700 m3. The
oxygen requirement for the process was calculated to be 5400 Kg/d. It was
decided that 50 kW surface aerators should be used for aeration purposes.
Manufacturers of such aerators specify that the oxygen transfer capacity of
these aerators is 2.0 Kg O2/kW-h under standard conditions. Based on this
information, calculate the total power requirement for satisfying oxygen
requirements in the aeration tank, and hence calculate the number of aerators
required. The operating temperature of the aeration tank is expected to be
30oC. The steady state dissolved oxygen concentration in the aeration tank
should be 1 mg/L. Saturation concentration of oxygen in water at 20oC is 9.1
mg/L and at 30oC is 7.5 mg/L.

4. Activated sludge plant is to be designed to treat 5 mld of city sewage having

BOD5 of 300 mg/l to achieve effluent BOD5 of 20 mg/l. Consider MLVSS as
3500mg/l and mean cell residence time as 10 days. Determine sludge wasting
rate, aeration tank volume and oxygen requirement. Assume all necessary
data.
5. Calculate oxygen requirement of a complete - mix activated sludge process
treating domestic wastewater having flowrate of 20 mld. BOD5 concentration of
settled wastewater is 250 mg/L. The effluent soluble BOD5 is 6.2 mg/L. Excess
sludge produced is 1500 kg/day. Assume that the temperature is 20 °C and the
conversion factor, BOD5 / BODL is 0.68

esign of Trickling Filter

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Category: Question Banks Published: Thursday, 16 June 2016 Written by Super User

1. A tricking filter with the following dimensions is available. Depth: 2 m,

Surface area: 150 m2. The media consists of stones of 7-10 cm diameter. This
filter will be used to treat 0.6 MLD wastewater with BOD5 = 300 mg/L. The
trickling filter will be operated in the high-rate mode, i.e., OLR: 0.48 – 0.96
Kg/m3/d, HLR: 10 – 40 m3/m2/d, re-circulation ratio: 1-2. Based on this
information, calculate the expected BOD5 removal efficiency.

2. Determine bulk volume of filter medium for treating 2mld of wastewater flow
with following data Inlet BOD5 =300mg/l, Effluent BOD5 =30 mg/l, BOD removal
efficiency = 75%, K=0.068m/d, Sp. Surface area = 80 m2/m3

Design of Oxidation Pond

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Category: Question Banks Published: Thursday, 16 June 2016 Written by Super User

1 MLD of wastewater with influent soluble BOD5 (So) = 75 mg/L, TKN = 13 mg/L
(as N) and 2 mg/L phosphorus (as P) is to be treated in an oxidation pond such
that effluent soluble BOD5 (S) is 5 mg/L. Calculate the oxidation pond surface
area, assuming the depth of the pond to be 0.5 m. Calculate oxygen
requirement for microbial respiration and oxygen supplied by algal growth, and
check adequacy of the design by assuming that 50 percent of the oxygen
produced by algal growth is available for microbial respiration. Neglect oxygen
input into the pond by mass transfer from atmosphere. Calculate the effluent
algal, effluent nitrogen and phosphorus concentration from the pond, and also
calculate the total effluent BODU from the pond.

Design of Grit Chamber

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Category: Question Banks Published: Thursday, 16 June 2016 Written by Super User

Design a grit chamber of rectangular cross-section. Following information is

provided: Design Flow (Q): 50 MLD; Settling velocity of the smallest particle to be
removed completely is 0.0236 m/s; Specific Gravity of particles (Ss): 2.65;
Horizontal mean flow velocity (V): 0.30 m/s; Theoretical depth (D): 1.4 m;
Calculate the dimensions and slope (mm/m) of the grit chamber. While designing
the actual grit chamber, add 25 percent to the depth for grit collection, and
0.25m freeboard. Also add 50 percent to the theoretically calculated length.
Value of Manning’s ‘n’ is 0.020. Assuming that the volume of grit in the
wastewater is 0.15 m3/ML, and 100 percent grit removal in the grit chamber,
calculate the total mass and mass of dry grit produced per day. The collected
grit has a porosity of 0.5.

Wastewater Collection
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Category: Question Banks Published: Thursday, 16 June 2016 Written by Super User

The present population of a certain colony in a city is 10000. The present (Year
2003) per capita average water supply to the colony is 180 lpcd (liters per capita
per day). The population of the colony is expected to be 45000 at the end of the
design period of 20 years (Year 2023). Per capita average water supply at the
end of the design period is expected to be 240 lpcd. The entire wastewater
generated in the colony is collected and discharged through a connecting sewer
to one of the trunk sewers of the city. Determine an acceptable slope and
diameter of this sewer. Make appropriate assumptions wherever required and
state them explicitly.

Design of Anaerobic Digester

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Category: Question Banks Published: Thursday, 16 June 2016 Written by Super User

1. Design a high rate two-stage anaerobic digester for the treatment of sludge
using the following data: Population = 7000, sludge produced = 0.09
kg/capita/day, volatile solids in the raw sludge = 70%, Moisture content of raw
sludge = 96%, Specific gravity of raw sludge solids = 1.2, volatile solids
reduction during digestion = 60%, Moisture content of digested sludge = 92 %,
and specific gravity of digested sludge solids = 1.6. Check for volatile solids
loading.

2. An anaerobic treatment process is used to treat a flow of 600 m3/d with an

influent soluble COD concentration of 5000 mg/L. The net biomass yield is 0.04 g
VSS/g COD removed and 95% soluble COD removal occurs at a temperature of
30oC. Assuming the gas contains 65% methane, calculate the total gas flow in
m3/d. What is the energy value of the gas produced in kJ/d (Heat value of
methane is 50.1 kJ/g at 30oC)

Design of Constructed Wetland

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Category: Question Banks Published: Thursday, 16 June 2016 Written by Super User

1. Design a subsurface flow constructed wetland system to treat 1.0 mld of

septic tank effluent having a BOD of 130 mg/L and 25 mg/L of ammonia nitrogen.
The effluent BOD must be 10 mg/L and ammonia nitrogen concentration 8 mg/L.
Assume the overall first order BOD removal rate is 1.1 d-1, rate constant for
nitrification 0.107 d-1 at 200C and average wastewater temperature during
coldest month is 100C.

2. A FWS constructed wetland system is to be provided to treat 0.60 mld of

septic tank effluent with BOD5 of 300 mg/L and 20 mg/L ammonia nitrogen.
Design a FWS wetland to produce an effluent BOD5 30 mg/L (or less) and
ammonia nitrogen 6 mg/L. The first order rate constants for BOD5 and ammonia
nitrogen removal are 1.2 d-1 and 0.22 d-1 at 200C respectively. Assume average
wastewater temperature during coldest month to be 120C.

3. A FWS constructed wetland has an aspect ratio of 3:1 and a wastewater

hydraulic loading rate of 75 mm/d. For a flow of 2 mld and a depth of 350 mm,
calculate the area, dimensions, and flow velocity. Calculate Manning’s, the
hydraulic gradient and headloss in the system. Assume the value of the
resistance factor is 1.95. Also determine the detention time for 90% BOD
removal using apparent rate constant at 150C.

Design of Rapid Mix Tank

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Category: Question Banks Published: Thursday, 16 June 2016 Written by Super User

Design a conventional vertical-shaft rapid mix tank unit for uniformly dispersing
coagulant in 10 MLD of settled raw water as per design parameters given below:

Detention time
(t):
20 – 60 s

Ratio of tank height (H) to diameter

(D): (1:1 to 1:3)

Ratio of impeller diameter (DI) to tank diameter (D): (0.2:1 to 0.4:1)

Velocity gradient
(G):
>300 /s

Gt:
10000 – 20000

Tank diameter
(D):
<3m
Paddle tip speed
(vp):
1.75 – 2.0 m/s
Velocity of paddle relative to water (v): 0.75 x
paddle tip speed

Paddle area (Ap)/Tank section area (AT):

10:100 – 20:100

Coefficient of drag on impeller blade (CD):

1.8
Maximum length of each impeller blade (L):
0.25 x impeller diameter

Maximum width of impeller blade (B): 0.20 x

impeller diameter

Impeller height from bottom

(HB): 1.0 x impeller
diameter

Kinematic
viscosity
: 1.003 x
10-6 m2/s

Dynamic viscosity of
water : 1.002 x 10-3
N.s/m2

Determine tank dimensions (provide a freeboard of 0.5 m), impeller diameter,

paddle dimensions, number of paddles, clearance of the impeller from tank
bottom, paddle rotation speed and power input requirement.

Design of Flocculation Tank

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Category: Question Banks Published: Thursday, 16 June 2016 Written by Super User

Design a conventional rectangular horizontal-shaft flocculation tank unit for 10

MLD of settled raw water after coagulant addition and rapid mixing as per design
parameters given below:
Detention time
(t):
10 – 30 minutes
Velocity gradient
(G):
20 – 75 /s

Gt:
2 x 104 – 6 x 104
Tank Depth
(D):
<5m

Paddle tip speed

(vp):
0.25 – 0.75 m/s
Velocity of paddle relative to water (v): 0.75 x
paddle tip speed

Paddle area (Ap)/Tank section area (AT):

10:100 to 20:100

Coefficient of drag on paddle blade (CD):

1.8
Maximum length of each paddle
(l): 5.0 m

Maximum width of each paddle

(b): 0.50 m

Kinematic
viscosity
: 1.003 x
10-6 m2/s

Dynamic viscosity of
water : 1.002 x 10-3
N.s/m2

Freeboard:
0.50 m

Draw a net sketch of the designed tank (top and front view) clearly showing tank
dimensions, paddle shaft position, paddle blade dimensions, water level, etc.
Also mention paddle rotation speed and power requirement.

Air Pollution
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Category: Question Banks Published: Sunday, 29 May 2016 Written by Super User

SECTION -I

1. a) Explain in detail natural and man-made sources of air pollution by giving

suitable examples.
b) What are the major components of ,the troposphere?
c) 'Explain the effect of SOz on human health.

2. a) Explain the effects of various air pollutants on different materials

b) A coal burning poweq)lant burns 6.25 tonnes of coal per hour and discharges
the combustion products through a stack that has an effective height of 80 m,the
coal has sulpher content 4.7% and the wind velocity at the top of stack is 8.0
m/s. Atmospheric conditions are moderately to slightly stable. Detyrmine the
max. ground level conc. of SOz and the distance from the stack where it occurs.

3. a) Explai.n the different atmospheric stability conditions with respect to the

lapse rate.
b) How is maximum mixing depth determined? What is the significance of MMD
in
air pollution control?
4. a) Explain Gaussian Dispersion Model in detail. Explain the various terms in
the equation.
b) Draw wind profiles with respect to height in urban and rural area.
c) Explain radiation and subsidence inversion.

5. Wrille short notes on any THREE:

1) London Episode.
2) Global effects of air pollution.
3) Reduction in visibility due to air pollution. 4) Heat island effect.
5) Determination of stack height.

SECTIO - II
6. a) What ate the differences between stack sampling and ambient air duality
sampling? Explain giving schematic diagrams of sampling trains for each.
b) Explain in detail photochemical reactions.
7. a) An electrostatic precipitator is to be designed to remove fly ash particles
from stack gases with a flow of 10 m3/s. Drift velocity can be taken as w =
3.0x1OS dp m/s. Determine the plate area required to collect 0.5 ~m particle with
a) 90% efficiency, b) 99% efficiency.
b) Describe with neat sketch the working of cyclone separater.
8: a) Describe with neat sketch the working of wet scrubber for removal of
gaseous pollutants. .. .
b) What is the smallest diameter of particle in microns that can be removed with
an efficiency of 85% in a gravity settling chamber which is 12 m long and 3 m
high. The particle density is 2 gm/m3 and gas velocity is 0,78 m/sec. Mention
how will you improve the efficiency.
9. a) Explain in detail the working of Boghouse Filter. Where it is commonly
used?
b) Explain the different ways by which gaseous pollutants can be removed from
air.
Explain in detail.
10. Write short notes on any THREE: 1) Isokinetic samplin~.
2) Ambient Air Quality Standards. 3) Automobile' Exhaust.- ,~ 4) Different types of
Adsorbers. 5) Air Pollution Criteria.

Energy & Environment Set 1

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Category: Question Banks Published: Saturday, 28 May 2016 Written by Super User

Q1. a) Explain the concept of energy and discuss how it is related to work, heat
capacity and entropy

b) Describe various types of heat exchangers with neat sketches and equations
of heat transfer?

Q2. a) What is the source of geothermal energy? How it can be put to use?

b) Describe how hydrogen can be used as energy source

Q3. Explain the following terms

1) Thermosyphoning
2) Solar cell
3)Parabolic collector
4) Day lighting

Q4. Discuss the methods for getting energy from municipal solid waste

Q5. a) Describe the main components of wind mill

b) What are the main components of solar panel system used for lighting

Q6. a) Explain the different storage devices for electricity

b) What is charging and discharging of battery?

Q7. What are the different types of biogas plants? Explain their working with
neat sketches.
Q8. Write short notes on any four
a) Petroleum products and their environmental impact
b) Heat insulation
c) Tidal energy
d) cogeneration
e) Comparison of lighting devices

Energy & Environment Set-2

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Category: Question Banks Published: Saturday, 28 May 2016 Written by Super User

Q1. a) Explain the conventional sources of energy in respect of their availability,

production, use and heat value.
b) What are the environmental problems associated with use of fossil fuels? (8)

Q2. a) What is hydropower? Explain the working of small hydro projects.

b) Describe the energy availability from wind

Q3. a) Discuss the various heat transfer mechanisms

b) Explain the following terms

1) Internal energy
2) Heat capacity
3)Work
4) Latent heat

Q4. What is biomass? Discuss the methods for getting energy from biomass

Q5. a) Describe the box type solar cooker

b) What are the main components of community solar water heating system
Q6. a) Discuss the causes of malfunction of battery
b) What are the salient features of Nickel-Cadmium battery

Q7. What is cogeneration? Explain with neat flow diagram the cogeneration
system based on baggase as used in sugar factory. Comment on the cost benefit
aspects.

Q8. Write short notes on any four

a) Hydrogen as energy source
b) Construction of biogas plant
c) Tidal energy
d) Types of solar cells
e) LED as lighting device

Environmental Chemistry - 50 Marks

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Category: Question Banks Published: Saturday, 28 May 2016 Written by Super User
Q. 1. Answer Any Two.
a) Derive expression for pH and relationship between pH and pKa.
b) Determine the pH of 0.01 H2SO4 and 0.02 N NaOH
c) Differetiate graphically between Strong – Strong base titration and Weak acid
– Strong base titration.

Q. 2. Differentiate the following ( Any Five)

i) Molar and Molal solution
ii) Common ion and Diverse ion effect
iii) Oils, Fats and Waxes
iv) Aldehydes and Ketones
v) Starch and Cellulose
vi) Acidity and Alkalinity

Q. 3. a) Give Structural Formula for following ( Any Five)

1. Glucose
2. Phenol
3. EDTA
4. Urea
5. Peptide Bond
6. Isopropyl alcohol

b) What are enzymes? Explain the factors affecting enzyme reaction.

Q. 4. a) Give significance of BOD and COD in Wastewater analysis

b) Explain Law of partial pressure and it’s significance in solubility of oxygen

Q. 5. Explain following terms (any Five)

i) Avogadro’s Number
ii) Amphoteric Compounds
iii) Free Energy
iv) Activity coefficient
v) Coupled reactions
vi) Zwitterion
vii) Hydrogen Bond

Environmental Studies - Set 1

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Category: Question Banks Published: Saturday, 28 May 2016 Written by Super User

1Ozone deplection is harmful to____

Skin Digestion Re-production None of above
2____ gas causes acid rain
SO2 O2 N2 None of above
3All the enviromental crisis are soley due to ____ rise.
Population Water quality air Quality none of above
 4Poor sanitation affects quality of____
Manegnement of
Water source contaminants Air none of above
5Natural Sources include_____
Renewbale resources Non-Renewbale resources Both i) & ii) none of above
6Forest maintain_______
Fertile soil coorrosive soil Eruption soil none of above
7Sources of water are _____
surface water underground water Both i) & ii) none of above
8Food resources are ______
Plants Animals all the above none of above
9Forest improve_____ quality
wind noise pollution air
10Several _____ can be extracted from leaves
Properties Chemicals Substance minrals
11Water is used as ______ in industries.
solvent cooling agent cleaning agent all the above
12Forest provides______
Ecological wellbeing social wellbieng economic wellbeing all the above
13Timber extraction is done from______
Degradation Conservation Deforestation None of above
14Waterborne disease includes______
Cardio-Vascular
Hepatitis A Hypothermia Psychosocial incedent
15Ecosystem can be of any____
Size Shape Type None of above
16Biotic & abiotic components involve________
Biochemical composition Biochemical cycling Biochemical balances None of above
17All ecosystem involve ______ transformation
Ecology Energey Cycle None of above
18Energy flows from _____ to _____
Bottom,Top Top,Bottom Earth,Moon None of above
19Which one of following is not a type of biodiversity
Genetics Species Biology None of above
20Ratnagiri is located in which of folloeing state
Chennai Tamilanadu Madhyapradesh Maharashtra None of above
21Cherapunji is situated in wich of the following region in India?
The western ghats The north east India North India None of above
22The Haily National park established in 1935 was renamed as ____
Jim corbett national park Sundarban National Park Kanha Natonal park None of above
23Which of the following is considered to major threat to global boidiversity?
Genetically modified
specices Globle Warming Pollination None of above
24Which of the following is an Indian Biodiversity Hotspot
 The western ghats National Park Botanical Gardens None of above
25Which of these is a radioactive waste
Gold Silver Mercury Uranium
26Pesticides, fertilizers are called as
Non degradable
Degradable Pollutants Non-persistants pollutants persistants pollutants Pollutants
27Smog causes
Water Pollutation Air Pollution Soil Non of these
28Radio active dust causes
Physical disorder Mental disorder Genetic effect all the above
29The acidic gases like O3,SO2,NO2 affect the strength of
Building Bridges Textile Iron bars
30Natural mechanism of self clearing the atmospheric air are
Dispersion Settling Absorption all the above
31The dissolved material in water must not be more than _____ P.P.M.
150 140 152 151
32The pH of water should in between
7 to 8 8 to 10 7 to 8.5 0 to 7
333R stands for one following
Redevelope, Reproduce,
Reuse, Reduce,Recycle Reproduce,Reduce,Recycle Recycle. None of above
34CFC, if added at a particular level of atmosphere affects ozone layer
Higher level Meddle level lower level None of above
35Which gas gets deposited in lower layer of atmoisphere due to decomposition of organic matter.
Methane Ethene Nitrogen None of above
36Due to acid rain, how pH of soil gets affected.
pH decreases pH increases pH is unaffected None of above
37Which of the following radiation from sun are obsorbed by ozone
U-V radiation ? radiation Gamma radiation None of above
38The photochemical smog in India is max in which cities
Chenai & Hydrabad Mumbai & Kolkata Mumbai None of above
39The photochemical smog is also formed by __ & __ gases.
H2&O2 H2 & N2 CO & SO2 None of above
40Modern fusion bombs are also known as
Nuclear bombs Explosive of H2 fire extiguishers None of above
41Photochemical smog causes reduction in ____
Hearing Visiblity Communication None of above
42In Japan ,In 1945 two bombs were dropped on___ & ___
Hiroshima & Nagasaki Dresden Tokio None of above
43The Enviromental act in India came in existance in____
1976 1996 1986None of above
44The Enviromental laboratories are established by_____
State Government Municipal Corporation Central Government None of above
 45NWAP stands for ______
National world Assembly National wildlife
& Planning Natioanal wildlife Action plan Amendment Proposal None of above
46In India Serval Acts were passed From
1970-1980 1969-1989 1972-1986 None of above
47Amendment in forest Act was made in year____
1992 2003 1980None of above
48According to population count in 2009 which of the following country is having largest popullation
India China Pakistan None of above
49State Human Rights Commision in India is heared by____
Chief Justice of high
court Governor MLA None of above
50Chair person of wild life advisory board is___
Governor of state President of India Prime Minister of India None of above
Chemistry and Microbiology
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Category: Question Banks Published: Friday, 27 May 2016 Written by Super User
1. What is meant by following?
a. Free Energy change
b. Exergonic reaction
c. ∆G, ∆G0
d. Coupled reactions
2. Explain the relationship between ∆G0 and the equilibrium constant.
3. What are high energy compounds?
4. What is the role of ATP in energy transfer. Explain energy released when ATP is converted to ADP
and AMP.
5. Calculate the ATP yield per glucose molecule in glycolysis.
6. Classify the bacteria on the basis of oxygen requirement and describe their role in waste stabilization.
7. Classify the bacteria on the basis of temperature zone and describe their role in waste stabilization.
8. Classify the bacteria on the basis of food or source of energy and describe their role in waste
stabilization
9. Draw a typical bacterial cell and describe function of each part.
10. What is meant by gram staining? How it is used for classifying bacteria?
11. What is difference between chemotrophs and phototrophs?
12. Draw section of optical microscope with ray diagram.
13. What is difference between resolution and magnification?
14. Explain following terms.
a. Pure culture
b. Bergey’s manual
c. Fluorescence
d. Limit of resolution
e. Phase-Contrast microscopy
f. Fixed, stained smears
15. What is the principle of electron microscope? Explain the various techniques of electron microscopy.
16. What are limitations of electron microscopy?
17. Describe characteristic arrangements of cocci.
18. Describe function of following parts of bacterial cell
a. Flagella
b. Cell wall
 c. Cytoplasmic membrane
d. Spores and Cysts
19. Describe the steps in binary fission.
20. Considering binary fission, derive the expression for calculating number of generations based on
initial population.
21. Describe the plate count method for determining number of bacteria per ml.
22. Describe membrane filter technique for counting bacteria.
23. What are the methods for isolating bacterial species?
24. Draw bacterial growth rate curve.
25. Distinguish between pure culture, mixed culture, clone and strain.
26. Explain the composition of enzymes and discuss role of each part.
27. Explain the factors affecting enzyme activity.
28. Give schemauic diagram of glucose fermentation.
29. Give schemauic diagram of TCA cycle and indicate role of energy transfer compounds.
30. What are mutations?
31. What are fungi. Discuss their significance.
32. Explain the life cycle of mold.
33. Types of algae
34. ciliated protozoa
35. Replication of bacterial viruses
36. Types of protozoa
37. Calibration of spectrophotometer
38. Principle of AAS
39. Comparison between BOD and COD
40. Nitrogen cycle
41. Significance of following tests
a. Chlorides
b. Hardness
c. Volatile acids
d. MLSS and MLVSS
e. TDS
f. MPN