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Cec 102 Practical
Cec 102 Practical
Cec 102 Practical
NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTORY HYDROLOGY
COURSE CODE: CEC102
YEAR I- SE MESTER I.
TABLE OF CONTENT
were obtained
equipments.
drainage
stage measurement
PRACTICALS
WEEK ONE
AIM: To introduce the students to the apparatus and how to measure the discharge
APPARATUS
1. Stop watch
2. Shovel
3. Pegs
4. Measuring tape
5. Ruler
6. Venturimeter
THEORY
used. But there are other methods that are used in the field, in order to measure the
1. Area-velocity method
2. Slope-area method 4
3. Salt-concentration (or trace) method
5. Indirect method
The theory of pipe flow is that the flow that enters the pipe must be the same with
what will leave the pipe provided there is no leakage. Using the discharge equation
Q=AxV
A is the area
V is the velocity
Q = A1V1 = A2V2
PROCEDURE
1. Initially the channel section where the experiment will be conducted was
identified.
2. The length of the channel was measured and divided into segments of various
lengths. 5
3. The length was measured to be 12 m and it was divided into four segments of 3
m each.
4. All the things that will bring obstacles were removed to prevent obstructions.
7. Two floating bodies were dropped at a known point and the time is noted. By
the time the floats reach the end point, another time is also recorded.
Due to time factor, the students stopped here for this week.
6
Wind
Evaporation from
Clouds
Falling Rain
Solar
Transpiration
Run-Off
Evaporation
Infiltration
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1.4 Hydrology as applied in engineering
To the practicing engineer concerned with the planning and building of hydraulic
rapidly increasing in population, and there is need to expand the existing water supply.
The engineer first looks for sources of supply, having perhaps found a clear uninhabited
mountain catchment area, he must make an estimate of its capability of supplying water.
How much rain will fall on it? How long will dry periods be and what amount of storage
will be necessary to even out the flow? Would a surface storage scheme be better than
The questions do not stop there. If a dam is to be built, what capacity must the spillway
have? What diameter should the supply pipelines be? Would afforestation of the
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PRACTICALS
WEEK TWO
RESULTS
(mm) (m)
Example of a case of a rectangular section channel that has the following at position
1:
Length = 0.019 m
Breadth = 0.73 m
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= 0.019 x 0.73 = 0.013 m2
Discharge = A x V
Q=AxV
In the case of flow in pipe, after demonstration in a transparent pipe model, the
students were given the value of pipe diameter and velocity and are asked to
Q = л x d2 x V
4
= л (0.15)2 x 1.5 = 0.027 m3/ sec
4
10
PRACTICAL
WEEK THREE
4. To know how to measure temperature with wet bulb and dry bulb thermometer.
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APPARATUS
1. A Stevenson screen
4. Rain-o-meter
5. Evaporation pan
6. Rain gauge
7. Wind vane
8. Wind anemometer
9. Measuring cylinder
Students were ask to draw rain gauge, thermometer and evaporation pan
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PRACTICAL
WEEK FOUR
The students were taken to the laboratory to measure infiltration
APPARATUS
2. Flat bar
3. Bucket
4. Stop watch
5. Hammer
6. Scriber
7. Beaker
PROCEDURE
The site for locating the internal and external ring of the infiltrometer is first
identified. Then the rings are sunk into the soil. Bucket was used to fetch water and
it was poured into the inner and outer ring at the same time. The stop watch is used
to record the time. After one hour, the reading is taken and after each five minutes
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interval reading is taken. Steel ruler is used to measure and takes reading in order to
know the depth of infiltration. The exercise continues for two hours, the time we
TABLE
surface surface
from from
reference reference
(before filling)
filling)
The students were given assignment to calculate the infiltration rate at each depth in
cm / hr.
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PRACTICAL
WEEK FIVE
Students were divided into three groups. Each group was given a site where an open
drain is located. They were asked to go and observe the flow of run-off into the
drain.
AIM: The aim is to observe run-off flow and assess its relationship with the
The students were given assignment to measure the depth and width of each drain
before the rainfall. Then during the flow of the run-off water, they should record the
height of the water. They should find out whether the capacity of the drain is
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PRACTICAL
WEEK SIX
The students were asked to observe the cloud outside the department as the clouds
are formed prior to rainfall. They were asked to record the time the rain started to
AIM: By the time the students observe the clouds on the sky by themselves, they
. At the end, they were given an assignment to draw and explain the type of clouds
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PRACTICAL
WEEK SEVEN
This week the students visit the Kaduna old airport in order to see the instruments they
are using in their weather forecast. They were conducted round the airport where they
AIM: The aim is for the students to see different types of instruments
After the visit, the students were asked to write a report on all the instruments they have
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PRACTICAL
WEEK EIGHT
This week the visit took us to Kaduna International airport. The students were taken
round to see the equipments used for weather forecast at the airport.
AIM: The aim of the visit is to compare between the equipments that are in the old
After the visit, the students were told to draw and explained the types of equipments they
saw. Also, they should compare what they saw at the old airport with what they met at
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PRACTICAL
WEEK NINE
The students were taken to chemical engineering laboratory where they were shown
AIM: To see the measurement instruments that are used in the laboratory.
At the end of the exercise, the students were given the values of density of water
and mercury, and they were asked to calculate the density at position A, i.e. PA
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PRACTICAL
WEEK TEN
This week the students visited the weather station of the National Water
screen. Therefore after the visit, they were asked to fully describe what
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PRACTICAL
WEEK ELEVEN
This week the students went back to Kaduna old airport as it is just about to rain.
AIM: The aim of the visit is to enable the students to observe and record rainfall
The students were able to observe the rainfall recording and after the rainfall, they
opened the rain gauge and observe the level of water recorded in it.
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PRACTICAL
WEEK TWELVE
The visit this week took us to a site in Kduna township where construction of open drain
is in progress.
AIM: The aim of the visit is to show the students how an open drain is constructed. This
will give the students the idea how run-off water is collected and discharged into a bigger
At the site the students visited, it is a rectangular open drain that is constructed.
Therefore, the students were asked to measure the depth, length and breadth of the drain.
They were given assignment to draw the section of the drain and given a velocity they
were asked to calculate the amount of water (discharge) the drain is expected to carry.
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PRACTICAL
WEEK THIRTEEN
This week the visit continues with site visit. The students visited another site
AIM: The aim of the visit is to see another site where an open drain of trapezoidal
The students were again given a velocity of flow and were asked to take the
dimensions of the trapezoidal drain in order to get its area. They were expected to
submit a report on the visit and to calculate the capacity of the drain.
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PRACTICAL
WEEK FOURTEEN
The practical for this week took the students to Kaduna State Water
Board Headquarters.
AIM; The aim of the visit is to show the students the importance of hydrological
data.
At the data office of water board, the students were shown data that was
stored for many years. In order to show them example, they were given
the average values of rainfall duration and depth for the month of May
After the visit, the students were told to calculate the intensity of
rainfall for Kaduna using the data they got from water board.
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PRACTICAL
WEEK FIFTEEN
This week the students visited a bridge over a river along Kaduna-Zaria road.
AIM: The aim of the visit is to show the students how stage readings are taken in a
river.
Even though, the time of the visit was not during raining season but the students
were shown the staff that is normally fixed to one of the pillars of the bridge which
After the visit, the students were asked to draw the staff and record the level of
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